Casopis 2 2014

ISSN 2217-8139 (Print)
ISSN 2334-0229 (Online)
UDK: 06.055.2:62-03+620.1+624.001.5(497.1)=861
GRAEVINSKI
DIMK
2014.
MATERIJALI I
KONSTRUKCIJE
GODINA
LVII
BUILDING
MATERIALS AND
STRUCTURES
ASOPIS
JOURNAL
ZA ISTRAIVANJA U OBLASTI
FOR
RESEARCH
MATERIJALA
OF M A T E R I A L S
AND
I KONSTRUKCIJA
STRUCTURES
B-B
B
M
A-A
DRUTVO ZA ISPITIVANJE I ISTRAIVANJE MATERIJALA I KONSTRUKCIJA SRBIJE

SOCIETY FOR MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES TESTING OF SERBIA
Odlukom Skuptine Drutva za ispitivanje materijala i

konstrukcija, odrane 19. aprila 2011. godine u Beogradu,
promenjeno je ime asopisa Materijali i konstrukcije i od sada
e se asopis publikovati pod imenom Graevinski materijali i
konstrukcije.
According to the decision of the Assembly of the Society for

Testing Materials and Structures, at the meeting held on 19
April 2011 in Belgrade the name of the Journal Materijali i
konstrukcije (Materials and Structures) is changed into
Building Materials and Structures.
Professor Radomir Folic

Editor-in-Chief
DRUTVO Z ISPITIVNJE I ISTRIVNJE MTERIJL I KONSTRUKCIJ SRBIJE

SOCIETY FOR MTERILS ND STRUCTURES TESTING OF SERBI
GRAEVINSKI
MATERIJALI I
KONSTRUKCIJE
BUILDING
MTERILS AND
STRUCTURES
SOPIS ZA ISTRIVNJA U OBLSTI MTERIJL I KONSTRUKCIJ

JOURNL FOR RESERCH IN THE FIELD OF MTERILS ND STRUCTURES
INTERNATIONAL EDITORIAL BOARD

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Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Serbia
Fakultet tehnikih nauka, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Srbija
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Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad,
Serbia
Fakultet tehnikih nauka, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Srbija
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Dr Vladimir Gocevski
Hydro-Quebec, Motreal, Canda
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UVATERV, Budapest, Hungary
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Professor Asterios Liolios

Democritus University of Thrace, Faculty of Civil
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Department of Construction Engineering, Valencia,
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Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Northbrook,
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Dep. of Civil Eng. Politehnica University of
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Professor Tom Schanz

Ruhr University of Bochum, Germany
Dr Ksenija Jankovi
Institute for Testing Materials, Belgrade, Serbia
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Civil Engineering Institute of Croatia, Zagreb, Croatia
Assoc. professor Meri Cvetkovska
Faculty of Civil Eng. University "St Kiril and Metodij,
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University of Edinburgh, Dep. of Environmental Eng.
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ISSN 2217-8139 (Print )

ISSN 2334-0229 (Online)
GODINA LVII - 2014.
DRUTVO Z ISPITIVNJE I ISTRIVNJE MTERIJL I KONSTRUKCIJ SRBIJE

SOCIETY FOR MTERILS ND STRUCTURES TESTING OF SERBI
GRAEVINSKI
MATERIJALI I
KONSTRUKCIJE
BUILDING
MTERILS AND
STRUCTURES
SOPIS ZA ISTRIVNJA U OBLSTI MTERIJL I KONSTRUKCIJ

JOURNL FOR RESERCH IN THE FIELD OF MTERILS ND STRUCTURES
SDRJ
CONTENTS
Jan RAVINGER
Jan RAVINGER
STABILITY AND VIBRATION IN CIVIL
ENGINEERING
Original scientific paper ........................................
19
Branko MILOSAVLJEVI
MECHANICAL REBAR SPLICING
Professional paper...................................................
19
Ksenija JANKOVI
Dragan BOJOVI
Marko STOJANOVI
Ljiljana LONAR
RESISTANCE OF CEM III/B BASED MATERIALS
TO ACID ATTACK
Original scientific paper ..........................................
29
39
57
STABILNOST I VIBRACIJE U
GRAEVINARSTVU
Originalni nauni rad ..............................................
Branko MILOSAVLJEVI
MEHANIKO NASTAVLJANJE ARMATURE
Struni rad ................................................................
Ksenija JANKOVI
Dragan BOJOVI
Marko STOJANOVI
Ljiljana LONAR
OTPORNOST MATERIJALA NA BAZI
METALURKOG CEMENTA NA DEJSTVO
KISELINA
29
Anina SARKIC
Milos JOKOVIC
Stanko BRCIC
METODE ANALIZE FLATERA U FREKVENTNOM
I VREMENSKOM DOMENU
39
Anina SARKIC
Milos JOKOVIC
Stanko BRCIC
FREQUENCY- AND TIME-DOMAIN METHODS
RELATED TO FLUTTER INSTABILITY PROBLEM
Original scientific paper ..........................................
Uputstvo autorima ..................................................
57
Preview report ........................................................
STABILITY AND VIBRATION IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

STABILNOST I VIBRACIJE U GRAEVINARSTVU
ORIGINALNI NAUNI RAD
ORIGINAL SCIENTIFIC PAPER
UDK: 624.072.2.046
Jn RAVINGER
INTRODUCTION
Taking into account the stiffness and inertia forces,

dynamic behaviour of structures can be investigated.
Dynamic investigation usually starts with an example of
free vibration. It means to evaluate the natural
frequency. The simplest stability problem of structures is
buckling of a column. This problem can be arranged
preparing the equilibrium conditions on a deformed
structure. In general, however, for the evaluation of the
stability problems strains should be evaluated for a
deformed differential element what means to apply
geometric non-linear theory.
Combination of dynamics and stability yields in a lot
of problems: dynamic buckling, dynamic post buckling
behaviour, parametric resonance, etc. Introduction
example vibration of a column loaded in compression
is simple but its investigation still represents a lot of
problems.
The natural frequency can be measured by using
rather simple equipment. The comparison of frequencies
measured experimentally and evaluated numerically is
the basis of non-destructive methods for investigation of
structure properties. Generally, it can be said that in
structural design stability effects have to be taken into
consideration. These two ideas are the reason for our
investigation of the combination of vibration and stability.
Leonard Euler was probably the first scientist who
had analyzed stability problems. The former solutions
are supposed to be the linear stability. It means that we
suppose an ideal structure. The differences between
theory and reality inspired researchers to search for
more accurate models. Especially the slender web as
the main part of thin-walled structure has significant
post-buckling reserves and it is necessary to accept a
geometric non-linear theory for their description. The
problem of the vibration of the non-linear system was
Dr.h.c. prof. Ing. Jn Ravinger, DrSc. Slovak University of
Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering
Radlinskho 11, 813 68 Bratislava, Slovakia. E-mail
jan.ravinger@stuba.sk
GRAEVINSKI MATERIJALI I KONSTRUKCIJE 57 (2014) 2 (3-17)

BUILDING MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES 57 (2014) 2 (3-17)
formulated by Bolotin2. Burgreen3 analysed the problem

of the vibration of an imperfect column in early 50's. Some
valuable results have been achieved by Volmir7.
Combination of dynamics and stability is still a subject of
research all over the world.
2
DYNAMIC POST-BUCKLING BEHAVIOUR OF

SLENDER WEB
2.1 Post-buckling behaviour of slender web

displacement model
As it was already mentioned, slender web is the main
constructional element of thin-walled structure. If we
assume an ideal slender web and a distribution of the
in-plane stresses are not the function of the out-of plane
(the plate) displacements, the problem leads to
eigenvalues and eigenvectors. From the obtained
eigenvalues elastic critical load can be evaluated and
eigenvector characterizes the mode of buckling.
Post-buckling behaviour can be assumed as follows
(Fig.1 )
Displacements of the point of the middle surface are
q = [u ,v , w]T
(1)
In the post-buckling behaviour of the slender web the

plate displacements are much larger than in-plane (web)
displacements (w >> u, v) and so the strains are
w,2x
w
u,x
,xx
1 2
= v, y
z w, yy
+ w, y

u, y + v,x
2 w,x w, y w,xy
(2)
where z is the coordinate of the thickness. The indexes

x, y denote partial derivations.
y,v
pz
px
x,u
py
z,w
Figure 1. Notation of the quantities of slender web
For the next investigation, slender web with initial

deformations is assumed. Initial deformations are the
plate types only.
q0 = [0 ,0 , w0 ]T
K G ( ) = f
(4)
The w represents the global displacements

and w0 is part related to the initial displacement.
The linear elastic material has been assumed
x

= y = D ( 0 ) + w ,

1
2
( 0 )
F
.
b.t
For the approximate
solution, we take displacement functions as

w = S x 1 S y 1 ,
w0 = 0 S x1 S y 1 ,
(6)
dV - is the potential energy of the
internal forces,
U e = (q q0 ) p d - the potential energy of the

T
external forces,
where V is the volume of the slender web, is the inplane surface.
stress can be defined as =
F = tdy . Consequently, the average
(5)
where
1
2
2.2 Post-buckling behaviour of slender web loaded

in compression illustrative example
The global potential energy of the slender web is
Ui =
where K G is the stiffness matrix as the function of the

displacement parameters non-linear stiffness matrix,
f is the vector of the external load.
defined as
] T are the residual stresses.

U =U i + U e (
(8)
For the simplification we suppose the square

rectangular slender web loaded in compression simply
supported all around.
We do not need to suppose the external load as the
constant along the edge. But the external force must be
E, are the Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio,
w = xw , yw , w
(7)
The minimum of the global potential energy gives the

system of conditional equation
w02, x
w
0 , xx
1 2
0 = w0 , y
z w0 , yy
2

2w w
2 w
0 , x 0 , y 0 ,xy
where
q = B .
(3)
Due to that the initial strains are
1
E
1
D=
1 2
The displacements are assumed as the product of

the variational functions and the displacements
parameters
2x
u = 1 1
+ 2 S x 2C y 2 + 3 S x 2 ,
b
2y
v = 11
+ 2C x2 S y 2 + 3 S y 2 ,
b
iy
ix
where S xi = sin
, . . . C yi = cos
.
b
b
We have divided the variational parameters into:
- plate
D = ,
- in-plane S = [1 , 2 , 3 , 1 , 2 , 3 ] .
T

The in-plane displacements parameters are
S =
(
16 b
the
(Euler's
dimensionless
elastic
load
of
, 0 =
0
t
the
displacements
= E ( 0 )
as
function
Ui =
final equation
0.34125
02
+1 0 =
First, we present a note related to the solution of

geometric non-linear problems.
We use (for example) the Ritz variational method.
The functions of the displacements are sums of the
products of the basic functions and the variational
coefficients.
(10)
These equations could be written in the mode

(11)
The sign is used as the exponent.

The elongations taking into account non-linear parts
have the variational coefficients in quadrates and can be
recorded as
cr
(14)
(15)
Finally, we obtain the system of cubic algebraic

equations.
A partial approval of our explanation can be seen in
the example of the post bucking behaviour of the slender
web (Part 2.2, Eq.(9) where we have got the cubic
algebraic equation).
Note. In the example of the buckling of the column,
the cubic terms have been eliminated. This special
case is the consequence of the constant normal force
along the column.
Let us continue with our former considerations.
The system of linear algebraic equations can be
arranged as a matrix (two dimensional area). The
system of quadratic algebraic equations could be
arranged as a three dimensional matrix. The cubic
algebraic equations are a four dimensional matrix. We
are not able to imagine the four dimensional matrix, but
modern computers are able to compile it.
One typical property of the finite element method is a
large number of parameters (many thousands). To
arrange 1000 cubic algebraic equations represents in
4
12
computer memory 1000 =1*10 real numbers and this
is beyond possibilities.
2.3 System of non-linear algebraic equations
1 T
. = ( 2 ).( 2 ) = 4
2
U
= ... = 3
i
The parameters and 0 represent the amplitudes

of the out of plate displacements of the slender web. Eq.
(9) is arranged in Fig. 2.
It is evident that slender web could be loaded above
the level of the elastic critical load. Due to that the postbuckling behaviour can be introduced.
It has to be noted that the presented example
represents an approximate solution.
u ,w 1
(13)
The system of conditional equations may be

arranged as a partial derivation according to the
variational coefficients
(9)
q = B .
The potential energy of the internal forces is a

product of the elongations and the stresses, then, finally,
the variational coefficients are of the fourth power
, the result can be arranged into the
(12)
Assuming the linear elastic material, the stresses are

in quadrates as well.
=
, ( cr = 4 E ) and the dimensionless
4 E cr
parameters
)[ ,1,1 + , ,1,1 + ]
(
stress),
1
2
= u ,x + w,x 2 z .wxx 2
2 Et 2
E =
12 1 2 b 2
Introducing
critical
02
b
F
=
b.t
cr = 4.0 E
=0.3
0
=
0.34125 2 02 + 1
1
0 =
0
0.01
0.1
0.5
Figure 2. Post-buckling behaviour of slender web loaded in compression

The way how to solve these non-linear systems has

been found. The idea is to use the Newton-Raphson
iteration without compilation of the system of non-linear
(cubic) algebraic equations. It will be explained in the
following parts.
2.4 Incremental formulation
As it has been already explained in the previous part,
we are forced to arrange the iterative method. It can be
prepared from the incremental formulation, and so we
must prepare all the regulars in increments.
Note. All the rules for one dimensional problem
(beams, columns) are prepared. For the solution of the
two dimensional problems (webs, plates) all the steps
are similar.
As the first step, the increments and variations for
the elongations must be prepared.
If we have the linear function as
du du
f =
= u,x
dx dx
For the increments
of the function
(16)
u + u , we get the increments
d ( u + u )
du du du du
+
=
f =
dx
dx
dx
dx dx
f = f
=
d u
= u , x
dx
(17)
We do the same steps for the non-linear function

(18)
We have for the increment of this function

2
d ( w + w )
dw 1 d ( w + w )
f

=
dx
dx
dx 2
2
2
2
1 dw
1 dw
dw dw dw
.

+
=
+2
(19)
2 dx
2 dx
dx dx dx
f = f
1 dw
dw dw 1 dw
.
+
=
=
2 dx
dx dx
2 dx
1
= w,x .w,x + w,x 2
2
According to these rules the increment of the strain

can be arranged as follows
,x = u , x + w,x .w,x +
1
w, x 2 z .wxx
2
(20)
Then the variation of the increment of the elongation is

prepared
, x = u , x + w, x .w, x + w,x .w, x z .wxx (21)
In this step, we prepare the rules for the dynamic

process. In order to neglect the inertial forces, we get the
static problems.
The Hamilton's principle means: in each time
interval, the variation of the kinetic and potential energy
and the variation of the work of the external forces is
equal zero. This rule is valid for the increments as well:
t1
t1
t0
t0
(T U )dt + Wdt = 0
where T =
2 q
(22)
qdV is the increment of the
kinetic energy,
U = . + . dV
the
increment of the potential energy of the internal forces,
W = qT .( p + p )dV the increment of the work of
the external forces, t0 ,t1 the time intervals, the

mass density, V the volume (in our case it is the
volume of the beam column), p ,p the external
load, the increment of the external load.
The dots mean the time derivation.
We assume the linear elastic material (Eq. (5)). For
the increments, we have
= D
1 2
dw 1 dw
f
=
= w,x
dx
2
dx
2
2.5 The Hamilton's principle
In the case of the beam type of structures, the

volume integration can be changed into the integration
over the cross section and the integration over the
length:
A, I
the cross section area, the moment of inertia.
The longitudinal axis is situated into centre of the
gravity of the cross section.
We use the Ritz variational method
u = B S . S ,
w = BD . D ,
(23)
We have the incremental model and the variational

coefficients S a D are timeless functions.
For the increments of the displacements functions,
the independent basic variational functions can be used.
The increments of the variational coefficients are the
function of the time
u = BS 1 . S (t ),
w = BD1 . D (t )
(24)
Note. In some dynamic processes where there can

be different boundary condition for the static behaviour
and for the vibration, it is useful to have different basic
variational functions for the displacements and for the
increment of the displacements.
Finally, Eq. (22) leads to the system of conditional
equation. This system could be arranged into the mode

K M D D + K INC D D + K INC DS S + f INT D f EXT D f EXT D = 0

K M S S + K INC S S + K INC SD D + f INT S f EXT S f EXT S = 0
a
where
T
K M D = B D1
AB D1 dx is the mass matrix of
D
D
, =
S
S
the bendig displacements,
K INC D = K INC DL + K INC DG
the
incremental
stiffness matrix of the bending,
K INC DL =
T
BD1
XX EIB D1 XX dx
the linear part,
K INC DG =
T
B D1
X EA
3 2 1 2
w,x w0 ,x B D1 X dx
2
2
the
non-linear part of the incremental stiffness matrix of the

bending stiffness,
a
K INC DS = BTD1 X EA( w,x + u ,x .w,x .)BS 1 X dx
the
incremental bending axial stiffness matrix,

a
T
T
f INT D = B D1XX
EI (w,xx w0 ,xx )dx + B D1X
EA( u ,x +
w,xu,x w,x w02,x
)dx
forces,
a
the increment of the vector of
the bending external forces,

a
K M S = BST1 ABS 1dx
the mass matrix of the
axial displacements,
a
T
K INC S = BSX
1 EABSX 1 dx
K
K M = M D
K
K INC = INC D
K INC SD
the incremental stiffness
matrix of the axial stiffness.

the
1
1
f INT S = BST1X EA u ,x + w,2x w02,x dx

2
2
the
K INC DS
K INC S
f EXT D
f EXT D
f IND D
, f EXT =
f INT =
f EXT S
f EXT S
f INT S
f EXT =
Static behaviour
The inertial forces can be neglected for the solution
1 3
of 1the static
behaviour
of the structure
2
K M . 0
(27)
Note. In the case of the static behaviour, except the

Hamilton's principle, (Eq.(28)) the principle of the
minimum of the increment of the global potential energy
can be applied.
The system of the differential equations (Eq. (25)) will
be changed into the system of the linear algebraic
equation related to the increments of the displacements
K INC + f INT f EXT f EXT = 0
(28)
If the problem is not established in the increments,

but in the displacement parameters, we get the system
of the cubic algebraic equations in the mode
f INT f EXT = 0
T
It can be proved that
K INC SD = K INC
DS
incremental axial bending stiffness matrix,
,
K M S
1 2
w,x u ,x w0 ,x u ,x + w,x
2
2
2
the vector of the bending internal
f EXT D = BTD1 p D dx
(26)
where
The system of conditional equations (Eq. (25)) could

be written as
K M + K INC + f INT f EXT f EXT = 0
(25)
(29)
As previously explained in the introduction Part 2.3,

this system of cubic algebraic equations cannot be
compiled. (Note. This system can be arranged in some
simple examples only.)
Eq. (28) is the basis for the incremental solution and
for the Newton-Raphson iteration as well.
vector of the axial internal forces,

a
f EXT S = BST1 pS dx the vector of the axial external

0
We assume the system in equilibrium represented by
the parameters of the displacements . Then it is
forces, f EXT S =
2.6 Incremental solution
BST1 pS dx
the increment of the
vector of the axial external forces.

It is evident that Eq.(25) represents the system of the
differential equations of the second degree.
The axial and the bending displacement can be
joined as

valid that
f INT f EXT = 0
(30)
The increment of the external load is obtained. The

increments of the parameters of the displacements can
be obtained from Eq. (28)
= K INC f EXT
(31)
The displacement parameters of the new level are
D i = D + D
(32)
2.7 Newton-Raphson iteration
D = K INC
We do not assume any system in equilibrium

represented by the parameters of the displacements
i
. Then we have the vector of residuum
r i = f INT f EXT
(33)
For the correction of the roots (displacement

parameters), we assume the constant level of the
external load
( f EXT = 0 ) . Then it can be evaluated
from Eq. (28)

1 i
= K INC .r
The new
parameters is
approximation
of
the
(34)
displacement
i +1 = i + i
(35)
Eqs. (33 35) represent the Newton-Raphson iteration.

We have a large amount of parameters. For the
completing the iterative process, it is necessary to use
suitable norms. One of them could be
n =
( i + 1 )T . i + 1 ( i )T . i
(
i +1 T
) .
0.001,( 0.0001 )
(36)
Using the terminology of the Newton-Raphson

iteration, we have
K INC = J
(37)
The incremental stiffness matrix is the same as the

Jacoby matrix of the Newton-Raphson iteration. The
Jacoby matrix characterizes the tangent plane to the
non-linear surface and is defined as
J ij
*
K Gnel
ij
i
(38)
*
where K Gnel is the system of non-linear (in our case
cubic) algebraic equations.
2.8 Bifurcation point

In the case of the non-linear problems, many results
can be obtained represented by many paths (curves)
illustrating relation of load versus the displacement
parameters. Especially in the case of the stability
problems, stable and unstable paths should be
distinguished.
The global potential energy represents the surface.

The local minimum of this surface is the point of stable
path of the non-linear solution. From the theory of the
quadratic surfaces for the local minimum, the Jacoby
matrix (in our case, the incremental stiffness matrix)
must be positively defined and all the principle minors
must be positive as well
det
> 0 , Dk > 0 .
(39)
If any condition of Eq. (39) is not satisfied, the path is

unstable. The point between the stable and unstable
paths is called the bifurcation point. In the bifurcation
point, we have
D = K INC
det
=0
(40)
2.9 Vibration of the structure

The conditional equations have been arranged as a
dynamic process. The static behaviour is taken as a
partial problem. From the viewpoint of the dynamic, we
consider only the problem of the vibration. We are able
to evaluate the vibration of the structure in different load
levels including the effects of initial imperfections.
We assume the structure in equilibrium and zero
increment of the load
f EXT = 0
(41)
The system of conditional equations (Eq.(25) will be

reduced
K M + K INC = 0
(42)
Related to the increments of the displacements

parameters, this system represents a homogeneous
differential equation with constant coefficient. The
solution has the mode
= sin( t )
(43)
where is the circular frequency.

Putting this into Eq. (42), we get
2 K M sin( t ) + K INC sin( t ) = 0 (44)

The non-trivial solution leads to the problem of
eigenvalues and eigenvectors
K INC 2 K M
det
=0.
(45)
The eigenvalues represent the squares of circular

frequencies, and eigenvectors are the parameters of the
modes of the vibration.
Note. Incremental stiffness matrix includes level of
the load, deformation of structure and initial
imperfections as well.

STABILITY AND VIBRATION
3.1 Vibration of simply supported column loaded in

compression
We have obtained a trivial result of the linear relation

of the square of the circular frequency and the internal
force. It can be seen that during the free vibration the
initial displacements do not affect the free vibration.
In Part 2.5, the derivation has been started by using

the Hamilton's principle and generally prepared the
conditional equation for the dynamic process. In Part
2.10., we have arranged the equations for the evaluation
of the vibration.
Another simple and interesting example is the
vibration of the imperfect column. For the application of
the action of the force, we must suppose one support as
the hinge and the other support as the roller (the sliding
support (Fig 3.)). (Note: The column is displayed in
horizontal position.)
3.2 Vibration of simply supported column fixed

supports
The result represented by Eq.(46) in the case of the
level of the load as the elastic critical load gives the zero
frequency. This is out of reality. For example, the miner
foreman knocks on the columns. The low tone (the low
frequency) means the small force inside the column and
the column must be wedged. The high tone (the high
frequency) means the high level of the load and the
additional columns must be used.
To improve the obtained result the following
arrangement must be done (Fig.4.):
For the displacements and the initial displacements,
we take
w = 1 sin( x / l ) , w0 = 0 sin( x / l ) ,
The axial inertial forces are neglected and the

displacement functions are
w = 1 sin
, w0 = 0 sin
2x 2
, u = x , sin

l 3
l
l
The parameters of axial displacements are
2 =
F 2 2
2 1 02 , 3 =
12 02
EA l
8l
u = [x , sin( 2x / l )][. 2 , 3 ]T
But for the increment of the displacement, we

assume
w = 1 sin( x / l ) , u = 3 . sin( 2x / l )
The equation of the static behaviour can be arranged

in the form

F
2 EI
F = 1 0 , where F =
is
, FEU = 2
1
FEU
l
Now, different basic variational functions are used for

the displacements and for the initial displacements:
Finally, the incremental stiffness matrix is
Euler's elastic critical force.

The incremental stiffness matrix is
K INC =
4 EI l
l4
2 l
l2 2
K INC =
2 = 02 .(1 F )
where
2 l
l2 2
2 = 02 . 1 F +
4 EI
is the square of the circular
=
Al 4
frequency of the simply supported column
(46)
F + EA
4 l 12
l4 2 2
where r =
I
A
(47)
E,A,I,
1 12
2 r2
is the radius of inertia.
w0
z,w
l4
Then we get the expression for the square of the

circular frequency
Putting this into Eq.(9.59), obtained result is
02
4 EI l
Figure 3. Simply supported column with initial displacement
w0
N=-F
z,w
x
E,A,I,
Figure 4. Simply supported column with initial displacement fixed support

F/F
F/F
1.0
1.0
0.1
0.5
B
w0/r=0.
1
w0/r=1.
0.5
wc
STATIC
VIBRATION
N=-F
A
0
0.5
5.0
A
B
w0/r=0.
5
w0/r=1.
(/0
wc/r
10.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
Figure 5. Stability and vibration of imperfect column

Thus, the result close to reality has been obtained.
(Fig. 5) The displacement parameter 1 is the function
of the initial displacement and the level of the load. It
means that the initial displacement enters the problem. If
the load limits the level of the elastic critical load, the
displacement and the frequency limits the infinity.
This example represents an advantage of the
separation of the basic variational functions for the
displacements and for the increments of the
displacements.
Note. A lot of examples have been solved using the

FEM. The obtained results can be presented in the
dimensionless mode.
These results enable us to note some peculiarities.
Even the initial displacement has the same mode as the
second mode of the buckling (the mode 2), the
collapse mode of the column is the mode 1. The lowest
elastic critical load is the maximum load. The mode of
the vibration is the mode 1 in all cases.
3.4 Experimental verification
3.3 Initial displacement as the second mode of

buckling
The presented theoretical solutions are pointing to a

substantial difference in the vibration of the beam at the
moment when the critical load is reached. Considering
sliding supports, the frequency should be zero. When
supports are fixed, the frequency limits in infinity. This
curiosity has been verified by an experiment.
The equipment for experimental verification of
stability and vibration of beams loaded by pressure is
shown in Fig. 7 and 8.
A partial interesting problem is the influence of the

mode of the initial displacement. In the previous part, we
have supposed the initial displacement in the same
mode as the first buckling mode (the mode of buckling
related to the lowest elastic critical load). Due to that to
obtain the solution by the analytical way was rather
easy. The FEM has been used for the solution of more
complicated examples.
Fig 6. presents the solution of the buckling and the
vibration of the column when the initial displacement has
the mode related to the second mode of buckling.
F/Fcr
F/Fcr
1.0
1.0
F
w0=0.01 w01+0.1
w02
0.5
0.5
wd
1
w01
STATIC
0
5.0
w0=0.05 w01+0.5
VIBRATION
w02
(/0)2
wd/r
10.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
Figure 6. Stability and vibration of imperfect column with the initial displacement as the second mode of buckling
10

Side view
Screw
Ball
bearing
Manometer
Tested beam
Top view
Tested beam
Figure 7. Scheme of the test set-up
Figure 8. General view of the test (the static behaviour)

The force (the load) is produced through the screw
with a slight gradient (gradient 1.5 mm, average 30 mm),
it means the load with the controlled deformation. The
hinges are created by ball bearings in the jaw. The force
is measured by manometer. The deflections are
measured by mechanical displacement transducers fixed
to the supporting steel structure. During measuring the
frequency, the mechanical transducers are taken out
and the accelerometer is attached.
Before the presentation of results, it is appropriate to
make a note for specification of the mass matrixes due
to end bearing (Fig. 9).
The mass matrix taking into account the effect of the
end bearing will be
l
* 0.015
K M = A + 2 * 0.06 * sin
2
l
where the length of the beam is given in meters.
This effect of the end-bearing is dependent on the

mass of the beam and is small (less than 1.5 %). To
verify the dependence between the pressure force and
frequency, the beams made of various types of materials
have been analysed.
Steel hollow section profile Jckl 30/15/1.5 mm
In the case of steel, the value of modulus of elasticity
and the mass density are constant. When the exact
dimensions of closed sections were measured, small
problem occurred in measuring wall thickness.
The dimensions have been specified by measuring the
weight of the profile. The rounded corners were
considered
in
specification
of
cross-sectional
characteristics. For further evaluation the following
values were used
Jckl 29 . 9 / 14 . 8 / 1 . 53 , A = 121 . 4 mm 2 , I = 4286 . 0 mm 4 , r = 5 . 94 mm , l = 1450 mm

E = 210000 MPa , = 7850 kg / m 3 , Fcr = 4225 . 1 N , 0 = 144 . 2 s 1

11
F/Fcr
F/Fcr
1.0
1.0
Jckl
0.5
Jckl
0.5
(/0)2
wc/r
0
5.0
10.0
0.5
1.0
Figure 10. Results from measurements of the steel hollow thin-walled section Jckl
Timber beams
3.5 Vibration of frame
The modulus of elasticity of wood is an open

question in the analyses of timber beams. In the
presented measurements the critical load is identified at
the moment of the increasing of the deformation without
the increase of the force. Since the cross-sectional
characteristics (the cross section, the moment of inertia)
as well as the length of the beam have been known,
using the Euler's elastic critical force, the modulus of
elasticity can be evaluated. By measuring the weight of
the profile, the mass density of wood has been easily
and accurately evaluated. Subsequently, the natural
circular frequency has been evaluated and two timber
beams investigated.
The presented results confirmed undoubtedly a
phenomenon that the frequency of the beam increases
when the pressure force is near the critical level.
In the examples of the vibration of the columns, the

problem could be arranged in the dimensionless
equation. In the case of the frame, we have to use FEM.
The obtained results are arranged into the
dimensionless mode.
The geometry of the investigated frame is shown in
Fig. 12. When we have an example where the mode of
the vibration is similar to the mode of the buckling, the
relation between the load and the square of circular
frequency is linear and we are not able to take into
consideration the effects of initial displacements.
Generally, the behaviour of the column and the
behaviour of the frame are similar. (Fig. 5 alt A
movable support).
Timber beam
47 / 47 mm , A = 2209 mm
, I = 406640 mm
, r = 13 . 57 mm , l = 2040 mm
E = 10200 MPa , = 472 kg / m , F cr = 9836 . 7 N , 0 = 147 . 3 s 1

3
Timber beam
42 / 32 mm , A = 1344 mm
, I = 114888 mm
, r = 9 . 24 mm , l = 1650 mm
E = 9750 MPa , = 454 kg / m , F cr = 4060 . 8 N , 0 = 1154 . 9 s 1

3
F/Fcr
F/Fcr
1.0
1.0
Timber
0.5
Timber
47/47
42/32
Timber
47/47
Timber
42/32
0.5
wc/r
0
5.0
10.0
(/0)2
0
0.5
1.0
Figure 11. Results from the measurements of the timber beams
12

3.6 Vibration and residual stresses
The load conditions have been arranged to get the

mode of the buckling different to the mode of the
vibration. In this case, the relationship between the load
and the square of the circular frequency is non-linear
(Fig. 13). Analogously as in the case of the column, we
suppose a different boundary condition for the static load
and for the vibration. If the point of the load application is
fixed during the vibration process, we can take into
consideration the effects of initial displacements. (We
have supposed the same mode of initial displacements
as the mode of buckling is.)
The modes of vibration for a different level of the
load are presented as well (Fig. 13). In this case, we
have supposed the frame without the initial
imperfections. We can see that in the case of the higher
level of the load (F/Fcr>0.6), the mode of vibration is
similar to the mode of the buckling.
The residual stresses are typical in the welded steel

structures, but we can o the residual stresses even in
concrete structures, timber structures and many other
structures as well. The question is if the residual
stresses have any influence on the circular frequency.
The situation is much different in the beam type
structures in comparison to the plate structures.
The residual stresses have been mentioned in
Eq.(5). In the case of the beam structures, this equation
will be reduced
,x = E .( ,x 0 ,x ) + w
The residual stresses produce the addition in the
increment of the potential energy
. . w dV = ... (u ,x + u ,x .u ,x + w,x .w,x + w,x .w,x z .wxx ). w dV
F/Fcr
1.0
w0 = 0.0433
0.8
w0 = 0.173
w 0 = 0 . 433
0.4
0.3
0.6
Fcr=14.54*106 N
E=20 GPa, =2500 kg/m3
w
w0 = 0
r
w0 the first mode of

0.4, rc=0.1155 m
0.3
9.0 m
6.0
0.4
0.3
wc/r
0
0.4
0.8
1.0
1.4
Figure 12. Load versus displacement for different values of initial displacements
F/Fcr
1.0
w 0 = 0 . 0433
0.8
w 0 = 0 . 173
w 0 = 0 . 433
STATIC
w
w0 =
0.4
Mode of buckling
Fcr=14.54*106 N
Modes of vibration
F*= F/ Fcr
F*=0, 201=4567 s-2
F*=0, 202=15170 s-2
F*=0.6, 2=3121.3 s-2
F*=0.95, 2=520.5 s-2
w0
r
VIBRATION
Fcr=14.54*106 N
012=4567 s-2
(/0)2
0
0.4
0.8
1.0
Figure 13. Influence of initial displacements on the frame vibration

13
2 = 02 .(1 + K (3 2 02 ))
In the case of the beam type of structures, the

volume integration can be changed into the integration
over the cross section and the integration over the
length.
(49)
. dV = (u ,x + u ,x .u ,x + w,x .w,x + w,x .w,x z .wxx ). w dA dx =
V
0A
All the derivations and the variations of the

displacements functions are not any function of the cross
section.
where 02 =
4 Et 2
is the square of the circular
3b 4 1 2
frequency of a simply supported slender web and
K = 3 1 2 / 8 = 0.34125 (for =0.3).

a
. (u ,x + u ,x .u ,x + w,x .w,x + w,x .w,x ) w dA wxx z . w dA dx =
0
A
A
The residual stresses must be in equilibrium in the

given cross section
wdA = 0 , z. wdA = 0
A
... . w dV = 0
(48)
It is evident that the residual stresses in the case

of the beam structures have no influence on the
circular frequency.
Note. In the case of the statically indeterminate
structure, Eq. (48) is not valid and the residual stresses
could have the influence on the vibration.
There is much different situation in the case of the plate
structures. In this case, the volume integration is divided
into the integration over the thickness and the integration
over the neutral surface. The integration of the residual
stresses over the thickness is not zero and thus,
t/2
t/2
. . wdV = . wdz d = wdz d 0
V
t / 2
t / 2
Finally, in the case of the plate structures, the

residual stresses have an influence on the circular
frequency.
Expanding the example from Part 2.2 we can get the
result for the square of the circular frequency of the
square slender web loaded in compression
It is evident that, in comparison to the column, the

circular frequency of the slender web is influenced by the
initial displacement even in the case of the moving
supports.
The influence of the fixed (unmovable) supports can
be solved by the use of the following functions for the
increments of the in-plane displacements
u = S x 2 .C y 2 . 2 + S x 2 . 3 ,
v = Cx 2 .S y 2 . 2 + S y 2 . 3
The result can be arranged in the form
2 = 02 . 1 +
21 12 9 2 2 3 1 2 2

0 (50)
8
8
Fig. 14 shows assumptions for distribution of residual

stresses in the square slender web loaded in
compression. We suppose the constant residual
stresses through the thickness and then the approximate
circular frequency can be expressed by the equation
2 = 02 .(1 xw yw + K (3 2 02 ))
where
xw =
xw
, yw = yw
cr
cr
(51)
fy
wy
fy
Figure 14. The distribution of the residual stresses in the slender web
14

One can see that residual stresses produce shifting

of the level of the load.
Effect of residual stresses on circular frequency has

4
been proved by experiment (Ravinger ). (Fig.15). Some
results are presented in Figs. 16 and 17.
Figure 15. General view of experimental arrangement for the test of thin-walled panel
wc
Thickness
C
p0
t = 3.49 mm
cr = 121.44 Nmm-2 0 = 1166.5s-1 w* = 0.35
Flanges 60/8
p0
p
p= 0
pCR
p=
3
p0
pCR
1.0
Theory
1.0
Experimen
0.5
0.5
=
0
0.5
1.0
wc
h

0
0
0.5
1.0
Figure 16. Comparison of theoretical and experimental results for the panel with t=3.49 mm thick web

15
t = 2.505 mm
p=
cr = 65.95 Nmm-2
p0
pCR
0 = 861.5s-1 w* = 0.38
p=
2.0
2.0
Theory
1.0
p0
pCR
Experimen
2
1
1.0
=
0
1.0
wc
h
2.0
1.0
2.0
Figure 17. Comparison of theoretical and experimental results for the panel with t=2.505 mm thick web
CONCLUSION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The presented theory and results prove the influence

of the natural frequency on the level of the load, on the
geometrical imperfections and the residual stresses, too.
This knowledge can be used as an inverse idea.
Measuring of the natural frequencies provides a picture
of the stresses and imperfections in a thin-walled
structure. One idea how we can investigate the structure
is presented in Fig. 18. Many times we are not able to
measure the whole structure (global vibration) but even
measuring local parts of structure (local vibration) can
give us valuable results.
It is true that the relation of frequencies versus
stresses and imperfections represents a sophisticated
theory, but it is unlikely an obstacle for further
investigation.
This paper has been supported by Slovak Scientific

Grant Agency.
Global vibration ? (0)
Local vibration
Global vibration ? (0)

Local
vibration
Steel plate girder
Multi-storey frame
Figure 18. Scheme for non-destructive investigation of structure properties
16

5
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
REFERENCES
Baant, Z. P. Cedolin, L.: Stability of Structures:
Elastic, Inelastic, Fracture and Damage Theories.
Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford, 1991.
Bolotin, V. V.: The Dynamic Stability of Elastic
System. CITL. Moscow, 1956 (In Russian. English
translation by Holden Day. San Francisco, 1994.)
Burgreen, D.: Free Vibration of Pined Column with
Constant Distance Between Pin-ends. J. Appl.
Mechan., 18, 1951. 135-139.
Ravinger, J.: Vibration of an Imperfect Thin-walled
Panel. Part 1 : Theory and Illustrative Examples.
Part 2: Numerical Results and Experiment. ThinWalled Structures, 19, 1994, 1-36.
[5]
[6]
[7]
Ravinger, J. volk, J.: Parametric Resonance of

Geometrically Imperfect Slender Web. Acta
Technica CSAV, 3, 1993, 343-356.
Ravinger, J.: Computer Programs Static, Stability
and Dynamics of Civil Engineering Structures. Alfa,
Bratislava, 1990. (In Slovak)
Volmir, A.S.: Non-Linear Dynamic of Plates and
Shells. Nauka. Moscow. 1972. (In Russian)
SUMMARY
REZIME
STABILITY AND VIBRATION IN CIVIL ENGINEERING
STABILNOST I VIBRACIJE U GRAEVINARSTVU
Jan REVINGER
Jan REVINGER
Von Krmn theory has been used for the

description of the post-buckling behaviour of a thinwalled panel with imperfections and residual stresses.
Using Hamilton's principle in incremental form the
problem of free vibration has been established.
Examples of buckling of a column, frame and a slender
web loaded in compression emphasizing different types
of support are presented. An influence of the mode of
the geometrical imperfection is shown and an
approximate solution taking into account the residual
stresses is found.
Theoretical and numerical results are compared with
the results from a laboratory experiment.
Teorija Von Krmn je koriena u cilju opisivanja

ponaanja tankih zidnih panela sa imperfekcijama i
zaostalim
naponima
nakon
izvijanja.
Koristei
Hamiltonov princip u inkrementalnoj formi, uveden je
problem slobodnih vibracija. U radu su dati primeri
izvijanja stubova, ramova i tankih ploa optereenih na
pritisak, naglaavajui razliite vrste oslonaca. Dat je
prikaz uticaja oblika geometrijske imperfekcije kao i
priblino reenje, uzimajui u obzir zaostale napone.
Teorijski i proraunski podaci uporeeni su sa
rezultatima dobijenim laboratorijskim ispitivanjem.
Kljune rei: stabilnost, stability, post-izvijanje,
vibracije, metoda konanih elemenata, zaostali naponi
Key words: stability, post-buckling, vibration, finite

element method, residual stresses

17
18


STRUNI RAD
PROFESSIONAL PAPER
UDK: 624.012.45.078.4
Branko MILOSAVLJEVI
UVOD
Mehaniko nastavljanje armature, kao relativno nova

tehnologija u graenju armiranobetonskih i spregnutih
konstrukcija, intenzivno se razvija u poslednje dve
decenije u svetu. Mnogo proizvoaa, i sve iri
asortiman proizvoda u vezi sa ovom tehnologijom,
dovode do iroke primene u graenju savremenih
konstrukcija. Mehaniko nastavljanje armature preko
spojnica (konektora ili kaplera), predstavlja svojevrsnu
dopunu, a ne zamenu, klasinog naina nastavljanja
armature preklapanjem ili zavarivanjem. Odgovarajuom
tehnolokom, ekonomskom i konstrukterskom analizom
mogu se definisati mesta primene kod kojih je
mehaniko nastavljanje armature bolji izbor od klasinih
naina nastavljanja.
Mechanical rebar splicing, representing relatively

new technology in reinforced concrete and composite
structures construction is under fast development for
several decades. Large number of manufacturers as well
as wide assortment of products led to wider use of this
technology in contemporary structures construction.
Mechanical rebar splicing using couplers could be
considered more as a supplement than substitution of
classical rebar splicing by overlapping or welding. It is
possible to determine locations and situations where
mechanical rebar splicing is better solution than classical
splicing, using appropriate technological, economic and
structural analysis.
2
VRSTE MEHANIKIH ARMATURNIH SPOJNICA
INTRODUCTION
MECHANICAL COUPLER TYPES
U poslednoj deceniji razvijeno je i patentirano mnogo

razliitih tipova mehanikih spojnica. Po nainu prenoenja sile izmeu dve nastavljene ipke armature, mehanike spojnice mogu se podeliti u sledee grupe [1]:
During the last decade, large number of different

types of mechanical couplers were developed and
patented. It is possible to classify mechanical couplers
regarding the means of force transfer between two
spliced bars, as follows [1]:
2.1 Mehanike spojnice sa navojem
2.1 Threaded mechanical couplers
Kod ovog tipa spojnica, krajevi armaturnih ipki koje

treba nastaviti se narezuju, i zatim nastavljaju uvrtanjem
u spojnicu sa urezanim navojem (Slika 1). U zavisnosti
od proizvoaa, navoji mogu biti konini, ravni ili na
proirenom delu ipke. Povoljnost koninog navoja je
mala razlika izmeu prenika armature i spojnice, jednostavno je pozicioniranje kraja ipke u spojnicu, uz mali
ugao obrtanja za postizanje punog spoja. Za narezivanje
koninog navoja, neophodan je originalan, relativno sloen
This type of couplers is qualified by threaded ends of

reinforcing bars which are connected by crewing into the
coupler with carved in threads (Figure 1). Depending on
manufacturer, the threads could be conical, flat or on a
thickened part of the bar. Advantage of conical threading
is very small difference between coupler and bar outer
diameter, as well as simple bar positioning into the
coupler, with a minimum screw rotation angle to achieve
full connection. Special tool is needed for conical threading
Mr Branko Milosavljevi, dipl. gra. in.

Graevinski fakultet Univerziteta u Beogradu, Bulevar kralja
Aleksandra 73, Beograd, Srbija
Mr Branko Milosavljevic, Civ.Eng.

University of Belgrade, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Bulevar
kralja Aleksandra 73, Belgrade, Serbia

19
alat. Treba imati u vidu da svako narezivanje i urezivanje

navoja na ipku i spojnicu utie na konane mehanike
karakteristike materijala, pogotovu na duktilnost i
ponaanje pri ciklinom optereenju.
ing of bar end. It should be noticed that every treading of a

bar or coupler influences final material mechanical
characteristics, specially the ductility and cyclic load
behaviour.
Slika 1. Mehanike spojnice s navojem

Figure 1. Threaded rebar couplers
2.2 Spojnice sa ispunom cementnom ili epoxy
emulzijom
Sistem spojnica sa ispunom podrazumeva da se sila
sa ipke prenese na ispunu, a zatim na spoljnu auru.
Spoljna aura ima dovoljnu duinu da se omogui
prenos sile sa ipke na ispunu prijanjanjem, a ujedno
ima i funkciju utezanja ispune, ime se osigurava prenos
sila sa rebara armaturne ipke na ispunu. Ispuna moe
biti na bazi cementa, metala ili epoksi smola, i moe se
unositi u auru pre ili posle postavljanja ipki. Spojnice
sa ispunom mogu biti dvostrane (Slika 2), ili jednostrane,
gde je aura prethodno povezana s jednom od ipki
zavarivanjem ili na drugi nain.
2.2 Grouted sleeve coupler

Grouted sleeve coupler system implies that the force
transfers from the bar to the grout, than to the coupler
sleeve. The sleeve should have sufficient length to
ensure the force transfer from bar to grout by
mechanical interlock, as well as to provide confinement
to the grout. The grouts could be cement based,
metallic, or adhesive, and it can be inserted into the
sleeve before or after the positioning of the bar. Grouted
sleeve couplers can be double-ended (Figure 2) or
single-ended, where the sleeve is previously connected
to the bar by some other mechanism.
Slika 2. Mehanike spojnice sa cementnom ispunom

Figure 2. Cementitiously-grouted sleeve rebar-coupler
2.3 Spojnice s deformisanom aurom
2.3 Swaged sleeve coupler
Metalna aura se posebnim alatom plastino

deformie tako da nalegne na rebrastu armaturu i
poprimi njen oblik, ime se omoguava transfer sila sa
ipke na deformisanu auru i obrnuto (Slika 3.).
A metallic sleeve can be plastically deformed,

swaged, onto the outside of a rebar, engaging the
rebars deformations and enabling load transfer from the
bar to the sleeve and vice versa (Figure 3).
20

Slika 3. Mehanike spojnice s deformisanom urom

Figure 3: Swaged-sleeve rebar-couplers
2.4 Spojnice sa ugraenim vijcima
2.4 Bolted couplers
Kod mehanikih spojnica sa ugraenim vijcima,

prenos sile se ostvaruje preko trenja i lokalnog
modanikog dejstva vijka u kontaktu s povrinom
orebrene ipke. Po postavljanju ipke u spojnicu,
posebnim alatom se priteu vijci, a zatim se odseca
preostali deo vijka van gabarita aure. Ovakva vrsta
spojnice pogodna je za primenu kod sanacija i
nastavljanja ve graene armature, pogotovu na
nedovoljno pristupanim mestima, jer se ne zahteva
obrada kraja ipke, a montaa se obavlja runim alatom.
In case of bolted mechanical rebar couplers the

forces transfer is conducted by friction and local dowel
effect between the bolt and ribbed surface of the bar.
After the bar placement into the coupler, special wrench
is used to tight the bolts and shear off their heads. This
type of coupler is suitable for application in structural
repairs and splicing of already built-in bars, especially at
hard to reach places, because no previous bars end
preparation is needed, and only hand tools are required.
Slika 4. Mehanike spojnice sa ugraenim vijcima

Figure 4. Mechanical bolted rebar couplers
3
PRIMENA MEHANIKIH ARMATURNIH

SPOJNICA
Mehanike armaturne spojnice dizajnirane su

prvenstveno za nastavljanje ipki armature u armiranobetonskim elementima. Namenjene su za situacije kada
klasini nain nastavljanja armature - preklapanje i
zavarivanje, nije mogue primeniti, na primer:
kod nastavljanja armature s visokim procentima
armature u preseku, i velikim profilima armature;
kod nastavljanja maksimalno napregnute zategnute armature u elementima male irine (zidni nosai) ili
malih dimenzija (zatege);
kada, iz tehnolokih razloga, na prekidima
betoniranja nije mogue prepustiti armaturu za preklop u
potrebnoj duini;

THE APPLICATION OF MECHANICAL REBAR

COUPLERS
The mechanical rebar coupler is designed for

splicing reinforcement in concrete structural elements.
They are designed for the situations where classical
means of rebar splicing - by overlapping or welding are
not applicable, such as:
rebar splicing in elements with high reinforcement
percentage and large rebar diameters,
splicing of the fully loaded reinforcement in narrow
structural elements (high beams) or elements with small
dimensions (RC ties etc.)
when, due to concreting technology, it is
impossible to extend bars for overlapping at joints,
21
kada je potrebno nastaviti vie od 50% armature,

a to propisima za nastavljanje preklapanjem nije
doputeno;
kod specifinih metoda graenja (na primer,
metod gradnje top-down).
Posebna pogodnost primene mehanikih spojnica
jeste mogunost formiranja nastavaka armiranobetonskih elemenata bez prekidanja oplate u prvoj fazi
betoniranja, odnosno bez preputanja ankera kroz
oplatu. Na taj nain se omoguava upotreba velikih
inventarskih komada oplate, klizne oplate i slinog, bez
njihovog oteenja. Princip nastavljanja armature
mehanikim spojnicama kroz faze betoniranja prikazan
je na Slici 5.
splicing of more than 50% of reinforcement in

cases when such a amount of overlapping is
unacceptable by relevant codes,
in case of using specific building technologies
(top-down building method, i.e.).
Particular advantage of mechanical rebar couplers
use is the possibility to splice the reinforcement through
construction joints without formwork interruption in the
first phase of concreting, without extending the bars
through the formwork. This enables the use of large
formwork elements, sliding formwork, etc. without any
damaging. The method of mechanical rebar splicing
through construction joints is presented at Figure 5.
Slika 5. Nastavljanje armature mehanikim spojnicam na prekidu betoniranja

Figure 5. Rebar-coupler creating continuity of reinforcing across construction joint.
Jedan od malobrojnih, ali veoma znaajan primer
primene mehanikih spojnica u srpskom graevinarstvu
predstavlja Most preko Ade u Beogradu (Slika 6.). Pri
izradi pilona koriena je sloena samopodiua oplata.
Da bi se izbeglo demontiranje oplate na mestu veze
pilona sa sanduastom gredom mosta, pilon je betoniran
u neprekidnom procesu, a veza sa gredom izvedena
22
A rare, but rather significant example of mechanical

rebar couplers use in Serbian construction represents
the Ada Bridge in Belgrade (Figure 6). A sophisticated
self-lifting formwork was used for pylon construction. In
order to avoid the formwork dismantling at the joint of the
pylon and the bridge beam, pylon was continuously
concreted, and afterwards connected to the beam.
naknadno. Veza armature grede i pilona izvedena je

preko mehanikih spojnica tipa LENTON, koje su
prethodno ugraene u pilon. Povrina betona na pilonu,
na mestu spoja s gredom mosta, posebno je
projektovana sa odgovarajuim niama, kako bi se, uz
obradu povrine betona na samom spoju, osigurao
prenos izrazito visokih vrednosti statikih uticaja na
spoju pilona i grede, a naroito sila smicanja.
Rebar splicing was conducted using LENTON

mechanical rebar couplers, previously embedded in
pylon. The concrete surface at join area was specially
designed, forming niches, including special surface
preparation, in order to ensure the transfer of extremely
large shear and other forces.
Slika 6. Primena mehanikih spojnica Most preko Ade u Beogradu

Figure 6. Rebar Couplers Application Ada Bridge in Belgrade
Posebnu grupu mehanikih spojnica ine spojnice za
nastavljanje armaturne ipke i elinog zavrtanja (Slika
7) [6].
Particular mechanical rebar coupler type is the

coupler designed for the connection of reinforcing bars
and structural steel bolts (Figure 7) [6].
Slika 7. Mehanikih spojnice za zavrtnjeve

Figure 7. Rebar Bolt Couplers
Osnovna namena ovakvih ankera jeste za vezu
elinih stubova i armiranobetonskih temelja, kada se
zavrtnji, dominantno aksijalno optereeni usled uticaja iz
stuba, sidre preko spojnice i armaturnog ankera u temelj
(Slika 8 a). Ukoliko se ovakav koncept primeni na vezu
eline grede i stuba, zavrtnji i spojnice u vezi preteno
su optereeni na smicanje (Slika 8 b).

The principal use of this coupler type is connection of

steel columns and reinforced concrete foundations,
where bolts, mainly axially loaded, due the column
forces, are anchored by the coupler and rebar anchor
into the foundation (Figure 8a). If such a concept is
applied on steel beam concrete column connection, bolts
and couplers are mainly loaded in shear (Figure 8 b).
23
B-B
B
M
a)
A-A
b)
Slika 8. Veza preko zavrtanja i mehanike spojnice
Figure 8. Bolt-Rebar Coupler Connection
Mogunost primene mehanikih spojnica u okviru
smiuih konektora sa elinim zavrtnjem relativno je
slabo istraena, pogotovu za zavrtnjeve veih vrstoa.
Kod veze sa AB stubovima uobiajenih dimenzija, u
zgradarstvu se javlja i problem pojave loma betona usled
blizine ivice. Primena mehanikih spojnica kao
elemenata smiuih konektora predstavlja predmet
istraivanja u okviru ireg programa istraivanja
smiuih veza u spregnutim konstrukcijama na
Graevinskom fakultetu Univerziteta u Beogradu.
The possibility of the use of mechanical couplers, as

a part of bolted shear connectors, is rather poorly
investigated, especially for high grade bolts. The
concrete edge breakout is a problem with these
connections at columns with usual cross-section
dimension in common buildings. The mechanical
couplers use in shear connections is one of the topics of
the ongoing experimental, numerical and theoretical
research of connections in composite structures at Civil
Engineering Faculty of Belgrade University.
TEHNIKI NORMATIVI ZA MEHANIKO

NASTAVLJANJE ARMATURE
Veoma brz i intenzivan razvoj sistema za mehaniko

nastavljanje armature rezultovao je relativno velikim
brojem proizvoaa i komercijalnih patentiranih
proizvoda. Budui da proizvoai potiu iz razliitih
zemalja, i postavljeni zahtevi u vezi s kvalitetom,
mehanikim karakteristikama i ponaanjem ovih spojnica
bili su razliiti, kao i naini dokazivanja zahtevanih
osobina. Ne tako davno, Fallon je ukazao na potrebu
usvajanja jedinstvenog dokumenta koji bi definisao
zahteve i nain testiranja mehanikih spojnica. U svom
radu [3] iznosi iskustva ispitivanja spojnica koje proizvodi
britanska firma ANCON, prikazujui tipinu dispoziciju za
ispitivanje mehanikih spojnica na statiko i dinamiko
aksijalno optereenje kao i ciklino optereenje na
zamor (Slika 9a), i aktuator koji se koristi za interna
ispitivanja (Slika 9b).
24
MECHANICAL REBAR SPLICING TECHNICAL

REGULATIONS
Very fast and intensive mechanical rebar splicing

system development resulted in large number of
manufacturers and commercially patented products.
Considering the fact that the manufacturers originate
from different countries, the demands on quality,
mechanical material characteristics and behaviour of
these couplers were different, as well as the procedures
for proving the required performance. Recently, Fallon
pointed out the necessity of adopting the unified
document prescribing requirements and testing
procedures for mechanical rebar couplers. In his paper
[3], he has presented the experience of mechanical
couplers testing at British manufacturer ANCON
facilities, presenting testing layout for mechanical
couplers statically and dynamically axially loaded, as
well as couplers cyclically tested on fatigue (Figure 9a).
The actuator used for internal tests is also presented
(Figure 9b).

Spojnica
Coupler
ipka
Rebar
Gauge length
LVDT
Merna baza
2D 5D
a)
b)
Slika 9. Ispitivanje mehanikih spojnica ANCON [3]
Figure 9. Mechanical couplers testing ANCON [3]
Evrokod za betonske konstrukcije propisuje, pored

nastavljanja armature preklapanjem i zavarivanjem,
mehaniko nastavljanje armature [2]. U meuvremenu,
2009. godine su usvojeni meunarodni standardi [4], [5],
koji se odnose na nastavljanje armature mehanikim
spojnicama. U prvom delu standarda ISO 15835-1
definisani su zahtevi koje mehanike spojnice moraju da
ispune, a u drugom delu ISO 15835-2 nain ispitivanja.
Propisani zahtevi za mehanike spojnice odnose se na
sledee osobine:
vrstoa i duktilnost pri statikom optereenju:
vrstoa mehanikog nastavka mora biti najmanje
jednaka proizvodu propisane gornje granice teenja
armature (ReH,spec) i odnosa stvarne i propisane vrednosti napona teenja za armaturu ((Rm/ReH)spec. Ukupno
izduenje pri najveoj sili Agt ne sme biti manje od 70%
propisanog ukupnog izduenja pri maksimalnoj sili za
armaturu, ali ne manje od 3% u apsolutnom iznosu.
Proklizavanje (slip) pri statikom optereenju:
Proklizavanje ne sme biti vee od 0.1mm.
Zamor pri ciklinom optereenju u zoni elastinosti:
Mehaniki nastavak mora da izdri optereenje na
zamor od najmanje dva megaciklusa, sa obimom
optereenja 2a od 60 MPa.
Ponaanje pri niskociklinom optereenju u
elastoplastinoj oblasti: Propisuje se maksimalno
optereenje i maksimalna zaostala deformacija za dva
tipa niskociklinog optereenja kojima se modeliraju
zemljotresi srednjeg i velikog intenziteta.
Sve navedene osobine mehanikog spoja armature
odnose se na aksijalno optereenje. Treba napomenuti
da ISO 15835-1 u taki 3.4 definie mehanike spojnice
kao aure ili narezane spojnice ija je namena da
prenesu silu zatezanja ili pritiska s jedne na drugu ipku
armature. Dakle, smicanje se u ovom standardu ne
razmatra.

Eurocode for concrete structures allows use of

mechanical splices, along with overlapping and welding
[2]. In the meantime, during 2009, international
standards [4] and [5], covering the area of mechanical
splices was adopted. The first par of the standard ISO
15835-1 defines requirements for mechanical couplers
and the second part, ISO 15835-2 defines the testing
methods and procedures. Prescribed requirements for
mechanical couplers relate to:
Strength and ductility under static forces: The
strength of the mechanical coupler should not be less
than product of specified characteristic (or nominal) yield
strength value of the reinforcing (ReH,spec) and the ratio of
Specified tensile and characteristic yield strength value
of the reinforcing bar ((Rm/ReH)spec. Total elongation at
maximum tensile force Agt shall not be less than 70% of
the specified characteristic value at maximum tensile
force of the reinforcing bar, with a minimum value of 3%.
Slip under static forces: The total slip value
measured shall not exceed 0,10 mm..
Fatigue properties under high cycle elastic loading:
Mechanical splices shall sustain a fatigue loading of at
least 2 megacycles with a stress range, 2a, of 60 MPa
without failure.
Properties under low cycle reverse elastic-plastic
loading: There are two prescribed sets of low cycle
fatigue requirements, one simulating moderate-scale
earthquakes, and one simulating violent earthquakes.
All mechanical splice properties listed above are
related to axial loading. It should be pointed out that ISO
15835-1, in paragraph 3.4, defines mechanical couplers
as coupling sleeve or threaded coupler for mechanical
splices of reinforcement bars for the purpose of
providing transfer of axial tension and/or compression
from one bar to the other. Shear is not considered.
Numerous papers are explaining mechanical rebar
25
U literaturi postoji relativno veliki broj radova koji

objanjavaju mehanike nastavke armature, oblast i
pogodnosti primene. Uraeno je i mnogo testova na
zatezanje, uglavnom s namenom dobijanja tehnikih
doputenja u pojedinim zemljama.
Pored radova koji se odnose na ispitivanje nosivosti i
pomerljivosti armaturnih mehanikih spojeva na zatezanje pri statikom optereenju, posebno treba istai
opseno istraivanje praktino svih vrsta mehanikih
spojnica na zatezanje s kontrolisanom brzinom deformacije - sporom, srednje i velike brzine, u nameri da se
utvrdi ponaanje ovih spojeva pri dinamikom i incidentnom eksplozivnom optereenju, gde su se najbolje
pokazale spojnice s ravnim navojem (threaded rebar
couplers) [7]. U radu Sanade i dr. [8] razmatran je uticaj
naina poprenog armiranja u zoni mehanikog
nastavka armature u armiranobetonskoj gredi pri visokim
transverzalnim silama (Slika 10). Na slici desno je
predloeni nain armiranja, da bi se izbeglo pomeranje
podune armature od ivice preseka zbog neto vee
debljine spojnice u odnosu na debljinu ipke.
splicing in professional literature. Large number of splice

tests in tensile were conducted, mostly in order to obtain
the approval in different countries.
Along the papers related to testing of mechanical
couplers capacity and slip under static axial loading, the
extensive research of different mechanical splices types
under load with controlled speed should be pointed out,
conducted in order to determine the behaviour of
mechanical splices under dynamic and explosion loads.
Threaded rebar couplers showed best results in this
research [7]. Sanada et al. [8] researched the influence
of the transverse reinforcement arrangement in the zone
of the mechanical rebar splice, under high shear loading
(Figure 10). The right side of the picture presents the
proposed way of stirrups arrangement, to avoid shifting
longitudinal bars away from the section edge, due to
somewhat larger diameter of the mechanical coupler.
Slika 10. Popreno armiranje u zoni mehanikog nastavka

Figure 10. Transverse reinforcement at mechanical rebar splice
Ispitivanja su pokazala da ovakav nain lokalnog
pregrupisavanja poprene armature u zoni visokih
transverzalnih sila ne utie na ponaanje armiranobetonske grede, i preporuuje ga za praktinu primenu.
Research results showed that the local stirrups

rearrangement in the shear loaded area does not
influence significantly the reinforced beam behaviour, so
it is recommended for design use.
ZAKLJUAK
U radu su prikazani razliiti sistemi mehanikog

nastavljanja armature i definisane neke od situacija kada
mehaniko nastavljanje ima prednost u odnosu na
nastavljanje armature preklapanjem i zavarivanjem.
Razmatrani su novi internacionalni standardi za
ispitivanje i dokaz kvaliteta sistema za mehaniko
nastavljanje armature, nastali kao posledica potrebe za
unificiranjem kvaliteta u ovoj oblasti koja se intenzivno
razvija u svetu, s mnogim proizvoaima i varijacijama
mehanikih spojnica. Intenzivan razvoj proizvodnje, u
odreenoj meri, prate i istraivanja u ovoj oblasti.
Predmet onih istraivanja iji su rezultati dostupni
javnosti, predstavlja ponaanje i nosivost mehanikih
spojeva pri statikom, dinamikom aksijalnom optereenju, pri optereenju koje se nanosi razliitom brzinom.
Istraivan je i lokalni uticaj mehanikih spojnica na
ponaanje armiranobetonskih elemenata optereenih na
smicanje. U radu je prikazan i sistem mehanikih spojnica za povezivanje zavrtnja i armaturnog ankera, koji se
26
CONCLUSION
Different mechanical rebar splicing systems are

presented, and design situations where mechanical
splicing has advantage over reinforcement splicing by
overlapping and welding are defined in this paper.
New international standards for testing and proof of
systems for mechanical rebar splicing quality are
considered. The development and publication of these
standards have been initiated by the need for quality
unification in this area that is developing rapidly
worldwide, with large number of manufacturers and
diversity of products. The intensive production
development is, to some extent, followed by researching
in this area. The scope of this research, available to the
public, is behaviour and capacity of mechanical rebar
splices under static and dynamic axial loading, and
under the loading applied with different speed. The
influence of the mechanical splices reinforced beam
behaviour under shear load was also researched.
Mechanical splicing system for rebar and bolt
moe koristiti za vezu elinog i armiranobetonskog

elementa.
Malobrojni su primeri primene mehanikog nastavljanja armature u naoj zemlji. Jedan od znaajnijih - veza
pilona i grede Mosta na Adi u Beogradu - prikazan je u
radu.
Moe se zakljuiti da intenzivan razvoj proizvodnje i
primene mehanikog nastavljanja armature u svetu,
istraivanja u ovoj oblasti, kao i internacionalni standardi
koji propisuju zahteve u pogledu kvaliteta i procedure
dokaza kvaliteta, predstavljaju osnovu za razvoj
odgovarajue tehnike regulative u ovoj oblasti i u Srbiji.
Usvajanje standarda i propisa u ovoj oblasti ubrzalo bi
procedure dokaza kvaliteta i izdavanja atesta i odobrenja
za pojedine sisteme mehanikog nastavljanja armature,
ime bi se proirila primena ovih sistema u svim
situacijama kada oni predstavljaju bolje reenje u
odnosu na klasine naine nastavljanja armature.
6
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
connection, usable in steel and reinforced concrete

structural elements connections, is presented in this
paper. There are only few examples of mechanical rebar
splicing in our country. The most significant one the
pylon and beam connection at Ada Bridge in Belgrade is
presented in the paper.
It can be concluded that intensive development of
production and use of mechanical rebar splicing
systems, research in this area, as well as publication of
international standards prescribing requirements for
quality and procedures for proof of quality, is an
excellent base for development of corresponding
technical norms in Serbia. The legislation in this area
would quicken proof of quality procedures, attest and
approval issuing for individual products, leading to wider
use of this system in all situations where it is in
advantage over the classical reinforcement splicing.
LITERATURA
REFERENCES
Brungraber G. R. Long-Term Performance of
Epoxy-Bonded Rebar-Couplers. PhD thesis.
University of California, San Diego 2009
EN1992-1-1: Eurocode 2 - Design of concrete
structures. Part 1-1: General rules and rules for
buildings. Brussels, Belgium: European Committee
for Standardization (CEN); 2004.
Fallon J. Testing of reinforcing bar couplers.
CONCRETE, April 2005; 24-25
ISO 15835-1:2009(E). Steels for the reinforcement
of concrete - Reinforcement couplers for
mechanical splices of bars. Part 1: Requirements
ISO 15835-2:2009(E). Steels for the reinforcement
of concrete - Reinforcement couplers for
mechanical splices of bars. Part 2: Test methods

[6]
[7]
[8]
Lenton katalog: Sustavi spajanja armature

spojnicama
s
koninim
navojem.
ERICO
International Corporation 2008
Rowell S., Grey C., Woodson S., Hager K. High
Strain-Rate Testing of Mechanical Couplers. FInal
report. Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center
Port Hueneme, USA 2009
Sanada Y. Konishi D. Khanh N. Adachi T.
Experimental
study
on
intensive
shear
reinforcement for RC beams with mechanical
couplers.
fib
Symposium
Prague
2011.
Proceedings ISBN 978-80-87158-29-6
27
REZIME
SUMMRY
Branko MILOSAVLJEVIC
Branko MILOSAVLJEVIC
U radu su prikazani razliiti sistemi mehanikog

nastavljanja armature i definisane neke od situacija kada
mehaniko nastavljanje ima prednost u odnosu na
nastavljanje armature preklapanjem i zavarivanjem.
Razmatrani su novi internacionalni standardi za
ispitivanje i dokaz kvaliteta sistema za mehaniko
nastavljanje armature. U radu je prikazan i sistem
mehanikih spojnica za povezivanje zavrtnja i
armaturnog ankera, koji se moe koristiti za vezu
elinog i armiranobetonskog elementa. Malobrojni su
primeri primene mehanikog nastavljanja armature u
naoj zemlji. Jedan od znaajnijih - veza pilona i grede
Mosta na Adi u Beogradu - prikazan je u radu.
Intenzivan razvoj proizvodnje i primene mehanikog
nastavljanja armature u svetu, istraivanja u ovoj oblasti,
kao i internacionalni standardi koji propisuju zahteve u
vezi s kvalitetom i procedurom dokaza kvaliteta,
predstavljaju osnovu za razvoj odgovarajue tehnike
regulative u ovoj oblasti i u Srbiji, ime bi se proirila
primena ovih sistema u svim situacijama kada oni
predstavljaju bolje reenje u odnosu na klasine naine
nastavljanja armature.
Different mechanical rebar splicing systems are

presented, and design situations where mechanical
splicing has advantage over reinforcement splicing by
overlapping and welding are defined in this paper. New
international standards for testing and proof of systems
for mechanical rebar splicing quality are considered.
Mechanical splicing system for rebar and bolt
connection, usable in steel and reinforced concrete
structural elements connections, is presented in this
paper. There are only few examples of mechanical rebar
splicing in our country. The most significant one the
pylon and beam connection at Ada Bridge in Belgrade is
presented in the paper. Intensive development of
production and use of mechanical rebar splicing
systems, research in this area, as well as the publication
of international standards prescribing requirements for
quality and procedures for proof of quality, represent
very good base for development of the corresponding
technical norms in Serbia. The legislation in this area
would quicken proof of quality procedures, attest and
approval issuing for individual products, leading to wider
use of this system in all situations where it is in
advantage over the classical reinforcement splicing.
Kljune rei: mehaniko nastavljanje armature,

spojnice, testiranje, standard.
28
Key words: Mechanical Rebar Splicing, Couplers,

Testing, Standards

OTPORNOST MATERIJALA NA BAZI METALURKOG CEMENTA NA DEJSTVO

KISELINA
RESISTANCE OF CEM III/B BASED MATERIALS TO ACID ATTACK
Ksenija JANKOVI
Dragan BOJOVI
Marko STOJANOVI
Ljiljana LONAR
1
UVOD
Trajnost konstrukcija veoma je vaan parametar za

njihovo projektovanje i izgradnju. Kada je beton izloen
dejstvu kiselina prema EN 206-1 standardu, to znai da
je u XA klasi izloenosti. Prema pH vrednosti, postoje tri
klase: XA1, XA2 i XA3. Hemijska agresija takoe je
definisana u Nacionalnom dodatku za agresivne sredine.
Otpornost betona na kiseline zavisi od: propustljivosti, utvrivanja u kojoj meri kiseline mogu da
prodru u beton, alkalnosti i hemijskog sastava cementne
paste [7].
Mineralni dodaci, kao to su letei pepeo [2, 8],
silikatna praina i ljaka iz visokih pei [3, 9]
poboljavaju hemijsku otpornost zbog nieg sadraja
CH, smanjenog odnosa Ca i Si u hidratima kalcijum
silikata i fine strukture pora koju oni proizvode u betonu
[2, 7, 10]. Mehanika aktivacija izazvala je dugorono
poveanje vrstoe i unapredila sve performanse
graevinskih kompozita smanjenjem hemijskih i
mikrostrukturnih nekompatibilnosti leteeg pepela [25].
Hemijska degradacija betona posledica je reakcija
izmeu sastojaka cementnog kamena, odnosno, kalcijum
silikata, kalcijum aluminata, i posebno kalcijum hidroksida,
Dr Ksenija Jankovi, vii nauni saradnik

Institut IMS, Bulevar vojvode Miia 43, 11 000 Beograd,
Srbija, e-mail: ksenija.jankovic@institutims.rs
Mr Dragan Bojovi, dipl.in.gra., istraiva-saradnik,
Institut IMS, Bulevar vojvode Miia 43, 11000 Beograd,
dragan.bojovic @institutims.rs
Marko Stojanovi, dipl.in.gra., istraiva-pripravnik,
Institut IMS, Bulevar vojvode Miia 43, 11000 Beograd,
marko.stojanovic@institutims.rs
Ljiljana Lonar, dipl.in.gra., struni savetnik, Institut IMS,
Bulevar vojvode Miia 43, 11000 Beograd,
ljiljana.loncar@institutims.rs


UDK: 666.946:620.193.4
INTRODUCTION
Durability of structures is a very important parameter

for its design and building. In the standard EN 206-1 acid
attack means that concrete is in the XA exposure class.
According to the pH value there are three classes: XA1,
XA2 and XA3. Chemical attack is also defined in
National code for aggressive environment.
Acid resistance of concrete depends on: the
permeability, determination of the extent to which acids
can penetrate into concrete, the alkalinity and the
chemical composition of the cement paste [7].
Mineral additions, such as fly ash [2, 8], silica fume
and blast-furnace slag [3, 9] improve chemical
resistance because of the lower CH content, reduced
Ca-to-Si ratio in calcium silicate hydrates and the refined
pore structure they produce in concrete [2, 7, 10].
Mechanical activation promoted long-term strength
enhancement and improved over-all performances of
construction composites by minimizing the chemical and
micro-structural incompatibility of fly ashes [25].
Chemical degradation of concrete is the consequence of reaction between the constituents of cement
stone, i.e., calcium silicates, calcium aluminates, and
Ksenija Jankovi , Ph.D., senior research associate

IMS Institute, Bul. vojvode Miia 43, 11 000 Belgrade,
Serbia, e-mail: ksenija.jankovic@institutims.rs
Dragan Bojovi, MSc, BScCE, research assistant, Institut
IMS, Bulevar vojvode Miia 43, 11000 Beograd,
dragan.bojovic @institutims.rs
Marko Stojanovi, MSc, research trainee, Institut IMS,
marko.stojanovic@institutims.rs
Ljiljana Lonar, BScCE, professional adviser, Institut IMS,
ljiljana.loncar@institutims.rs
29
kao i drugih sastojaka, sa odreenim supstancama iz

vode, rastvora zemljita, gasova, para, i tako dalje.
Razvijen je kompjuterski model za predvianje
korozije u betonu usled agresije kiselinom [1].
Otpornost na dejstvo mlene i siretne kiseline od
velikog je znaaja, kako za podove u ivotinjskim
objektima, tako i za silose [6]. Mlena kiselina, koja se
nalazi u otpadnim vodama silosa sa siretnom kiselinom
ima veu agresivnost [2]. Degradacija cementnih
materijala od strane organske kiseline ispitivana je i
poreena sa siretnom kiselinom [13].
Sulfatna degradacija se primarno sastoji od uticaja
sulfatnih jona na cementni kamen. Sulfatni jon je uzrok
jedne od najopasnijih korozija, jer izaziva pojavu
ekspanzivnih jedinjenja, od kojih je najvanija etringita,
C3A 3CaSO4 32H2O, u obliku prizmatinih kristala [17].
Beton oteen amonijum sulfatom, oteen je ne samo
ekspanzijom, ve i omekavanjem cementnog matriksa.
Hemijske reakcije izmeu sulfata i hidratisanih
cementnih komponenti daju sledee proizvode reakcije
[14]: sekundarni gips (CaSO4 2H2O), sekundarni
etringit (3CaO Al2O3 3CaSO4 32H2O), tomasit
(CaSiO3 CaSO4 CaCO3 15H2O), brucit (Mg(OH)2), M
SH (3MgO 2SiO2 2H2O) i silika gel (SiO2 xH2O).
Prema [27, 20], etringit i gips imaju ekspanzivni i
destruktivni karakter, dok [22] tvrde da je doprinos gipsa
ogranien, pri emu ekspanzija etringita dominira.
Formiranje tomasita dovodi do gubitka vrstoe usled
raspadanja proizvoda hidratacije koji nose vrstou (C
SH) [28].
Rastvori amonijum-nitrata imaju snaan korozivni
uticaj na cementne materijale [19, 23], to dovodi do
raspada cementnih materijala prema sledeoj reakciji:
above all calcium hydroxide, as well as other constituents, with certain substances from water, solutions of
soil, gases, vapours, etc.
A computer model for prediction of concrete
corrosion by acid attack is developed in [1].
The resistance against lactic and acetic acids has
major importance, both for floors in animal buildings and
silos [6]. Lactic acid, which is found in silage effluents
with acetic acid presents a higher aggressiveness [2].
Degradation of cementitious materials by organic acid
were investigated and compared to the acetic acid [13].
Sulphate degradation primarily consists of the impact
of sulphate ions toward cement stone. The sulphate ion
is the cause of one of the most dangerous corrosions,
i.e. the corrosion of expansion and swelling, because it
initiates the occurrence of expansive compounds, the
most important one - ettringite, C3A 3CaSO4 32H2O, in
the shape of prismatic crystals [17]. The concrete
damaged by ammonium sulphate, is not only damaged
by expansion, but also by softening of the cement
matrix.
The chemical reactions between sulphates and
hydrated cement components yield the following reaction
products [14]: secondary gypsum (CaSO4 2H2O),
secondary ettringite (3CaO Al2O3 3CaSO4 32H2O),
thaumasite (CaSiO3 CaSO4 CaCO3 15H2O), brucite
(Mg(OH)2), MSH (3MgO 2SiO2. 2H2O) and silica gel
(SiO2 xH2O).
According to [27, 20] ettringite as well as gypsum
have an expansive and destructive character, while [22]
claim that the contribution of gypsum is limited while the
expansion of ettringite dominates. Thaumasite formation
leads to strength loss due to the decomposition of the
strength-forming hydration products (CSH) [28].
Ammonium nitrate solutions are very corrosive to
cementations materials [19, 23], which leads to
dissolution of cement-based materials according to the
following reaction:
2NH4NO3 + Ca(OH)2 Ca(NO3)2 + 2NH3 + 2H2O

Amonijum-nitrat dekalcifikuje ovrslu cementnu pastu
zbog uklanjanja kalcijum-hidroksida (Eq. (1)). Ovo
dovodi do dekalcifikacije i rastvaranja drugih proizvoda iz
ovrsle cementne paste, kao i do smanjenja pH
vrednosti. Shodno tome, elina armatura moe brzo
korodirati.
Ponaanje i trajnost cementne matrice u kiseloj
sredini i njen uticaj na imobilizaciju metala u procesu
stabilizacije / ovravanja toksinih otpada ispitano je
pomou testa Kch-Steinegger [12,16]. Ovaj test se
zasniva na evaluaciji degradacije materijala u
odreenom medijumu prema gubitku mehanikih
osobina, posebno otpornosti na savijanje, na koju vie
utie stepen degradacije nego na vrstou na pritisak.
Uslov za otpornost na agresivne rastvore je da zatezna
vrstoa maltera nije manja od 70% u odnosu na
referentne prizme negovane u vodi.
Ispitivani su malteri s razliitim tipovima meanih i
sulfatno otpornih cementa u svinjcima [15]. Otpornost
betona od cementa s krenjakom [21] i cementa s
leteim pepelom [26] na dejstvo sulfata pokazuje da
sulfatno otporni cementi poboljavaju hemijsku otpornost
bez poveanja trokova. Meavine se mogu klasifikovati
prema svom uticaju na poveanje otpornosti na sulfate
na sledei nain: meavine s portland cementom i
30
(1)
Ammonium nitrate decalcifies the hardened cement

paste due to the removal of calcium hydroxide (Eq. (1)).
This results in decalcification and dissolution of other
products of hardened cement paste and leads to a
reduction of the pH-value. Consequently, steel
reinforcement corrosion may occur at an accelerated
rate.
Behaviour and durability of cement matrices in acid
media and its influence on metal immobilization in the
stabilization/solidification process of toxic wastes was
done using the Kch-Steinegger test [12,16]. This test is
based on the evaluation of material degradation in a
certain medium by its loss of mechanical properties,
especially the flexural strength, which is more sensible to
the degree of degradation in comparison with the
compressive strength. Condition for resistance in
aggressive solution means that flexural strength of
mortar prisms is not less than 70 % of referent prisms
cured in water.
Influence of pig slurry on mortar with different types
of blended and sulphate-resistant cement was
investigated [15]. Sulphate resistance of concrete with
limestone cement [21] and fly ash cement [26] shows
that sulphate-resistant cements improve the chemical
resistance without cost increase. The mixtures could be
krenjakom, meavine s metalurkim cementom,

meavine s pucolanskim cementom, meavine s
metalurkim cementom i silikatnom prainom, i
meavine s pucolanskim cementom i silikatnom
prainom [4].
Analizirajui rezultate ispitivanja maltera i betona
izloenih 10% Na2SO4, zakljueno je da je mogue da se
dobije beton otporan na sulfatnu koroziju koristei CEM
II A-M (S-V) 42.5 N (minimalno 80% portland cementnog
klinkera i do 20% dodatka zgure i silikatnog leteeg
pepela). Beton s tom vrstom cementa nije otporan na
rastvor amonijum-nitrata [11].
Upotreba visokog procenta zgure visokih pei (80%)
smanjuje vreme nastajanja korozije uzoraka izloenih
dejstvu siretne kiseline [18].
Znaajno smanjenje degradacije betona usled
kiselina zabeleeno je kod betona s metalurkim
cementom [5].
Rad [24] predstavlja kritiki pregled rezultata
dobijenih mikroskopskim metodama.
U ovom radu je predstavljena otpornost maltera i
betona s metalurkim cementom CEM III/B na koroziju
uzrokovanu sulfatnom, nitratnom, ureom, mlenom i
siretnom
kiselinom.
Skenirajua
elektronska
mikroskopija (SEM) koriena je da se ispita efekat
agresivnih rastvora na mikrostrukturu i mehanike
osobine maltera. Za ocenu, korien je metod KchSteinegger.
classified in order of increasing sulfate resistance as

follows: mixtures with Portland limestone cement,
mixtures with blast furnace slag cement, mixtures with
pozzolanic cement, mixtures with BFC plus SF, and
mixtures with pozzolanic cement plus SF [4].
Analysing testing results of mortar and concrete
exposed to 10% Na2SO4 it was concluded that it is
possible to get concrete resistant to sulphate corrosion
using CEM II A-M (S-V) 42.5 N (minimum 80% Portland
cement clinker and up to 20% addition of slag and
silicate fly ash). Concrete with that cement type is not
resistant to ammonium nitrate solution [11].
The use of high percentage of blast-furnace slag
(80%) decreases the time to initiate the corrosion for
specimen subjected to acetic acid attack [18].
A significant reduction of acid deterioration was
recorded for blast-furnace slag concrete [5].
Paper presents critical review of results obtained with
microscopic methods [24].
The resistance to corrosion caused by sulphate,
nitrate, carbamide, lactic and acetic acid on mortar and
concrete with CEM III/B was presented. Optical and
scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to
examine the effect of aggressive solutions on the
microstructure and mechanical properties of mortar. The
results of the durability using the Kch-Steinegger
method have been presented in this paper.
2
EKSPERIMENTALNI RAD
Prikazano je ispitivanje na malteru i betonu usled

uticaja pet agresivnih sredina - sulfatna, nitratna, urea,
mlena i siretna kiselina. Hemijska otpornost je ispitana
u skladu s postupkom Koch-Steinegger.
Uzorci su napravljeni korienjem cementa CEM III/B
32.5 N - LH/SR (20-34% portland cementni klinker i 6680% dodatka zgure).
Hemijski sastav cementa prikazan je u Tabeli 1.
EXPERIMENTAL WORK
Testing the influence of five aggressive solutions sulphate, nitrate, carbamide, lactic and acetic acid on
mortar and concrete were presented. The chemical
resistance was tested according to the Koch-Steinegger
method.
The specimens were made by using cement CEM
III/B 32.5 N - LH/SR (20 - 34 % Portland cement clinker
and 66-80% additions of slag). The chemical
composition of cement is shown in Table 1.
Tabela 1. Hemijski sastav cementa

Table 1. Chemical composition of cement
SiO2 (%)
Al2O3 (%)
Fe2O3 (%)
CaO (%)
MgO (%)
SO3 (%)
2S (%)
Na2O (%)
K2O (%)
MnO
Gubitak arenjem (%)
Loss on ignition (%)
Cl- (%)
Prizme od maltera 10x10x60 mm sastoje se od: 450

g cementa, 1350 g standardnog peska u skladu sa EN
196-1 i 200 g vode. Referentne prizme su uvane u
destilovanoj vodi. Njihova vrstoa pri pritisku i pri
savijanju data je u Tabeli 2. Pre nego to su prizme bile

31.82
7.36
1.32
44.21
7.88
2.92
0.42
0.40
0.57
0.736
2.21
0.014
Mortar prisms 10x10x60 mm consist of: 450 g

cement, 1350g standard sand according to EN 196-1
and 200g water. Referent prisms were stored in distilled
water. Its compressive and flexural strength is given in
the Table 2. Before the prisms were exposed to
31
izloene agresivnim rastvorima, negovane su jedan dan

u kalupu i 27 dana u vodi. Testiran je uticaj 10% rastvora
Na2SO4, 2% rastvora NH4NO3, 10% uree, 5% rastvora
mlene kiseline i 2% rastvora siretne kiseline na malter.
vrstoa pri pritisku i vrstoa pri savijanju odreena je
posle 28 i 56 dana uvanja u agresivnim rastvorima.
Na Slici 1-2, prikazani su rezultati ispitivanja kao
prosena vrednost od tri ispitana uzorka.
aggressive solutions, they were cured 1 day in the mould

and 27 days in water. The influence of the 10 % Na2SO4
solution, 2 % NH4NO3 solution, 10% carbamide, 5%
lactic acid solution and 2% acetic acid solution were
tested. Compressive and flexural strength were
determined after 28 and 56 days of storage in the
aggressive solution.
The results, as an average value of three specimens,
are given in the Figures 1-2.
Tabela 2. Pritisna i savojna vrstoa referentnog maltera

Table 2. Compressive and flexural strength of referent mortar
Vreme (dani)
Time (days)
vrstoa pri pritisku (MPa)
Compressive strength (MPa)
vrstoa pri savijanju (MPa)
Flexural strength (MPa)
28
56
84
38.4
44.5
47.2
10.8
10.9
11
Slika 1. Relativna vrstoa pri savijanju maltera u odnosu na vreme odleavanja u agresivnom rastvoru
Figure 1. Relative flexural strength of mortar vs. time in aggressive solution
Slika 2. Relativna vrstoa pri pritisku maltera u odnosu na vreme uvanja u agresivnom rastvoru
Figure 2. Relative compressive strength of mortar vs. time in aggressive solution
Smanjena vrstoa pri savijanju uoena je kod
uzoraka koji su uvani u mlenoj i siretnoj kiselini.
Skenirajua elektronska mikroskopija (SEM) koriena je
da se ispita efekat agresivnih rastvora na mikrostrukturu
i mehanike osobine maltera.Tranzitna zona kvarcnog
32
Decrease of flexural strength was seen on

specimens immersion in lactic and acetic acid solutions.
Optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was
used to show the effect of those aggressive solutions on
the microstructure and mechanical properties of
peska i C-S-H faze kod referentnog maltera prikazana je

na Slici 3. Uzorci izloeni 2% rastvoru siretne kiseline
prikazani su na Slici 4. Uzorci izloeni 5% rastvoru
mlene kiseline prikazani su na Slici 5.
mortar. Transition zone between quartz grain and C-S-H

phase on referent mortar is shown on Figure 3.
Specimens exposed to 2% acetic acid solution are
shown on Figures 4. Specimens exposed to 5 % lactic
acid solution are shown on Figures 5.
Slika 3. SEM slika Tranzitna zona kvarcnog peska i C-S-H faze

Figure 3. SEM image - Transition zone between quartz grain and C-S-H phase
Slika 4. SEM slika Uzorci izloeni 2% rastvoru siretne kiseline

Figure 4. SEM image - Specimens exposed to 2% acetic acid solution
Slika 5. SEM slika - Uzorci izloeni 5% rastvoru mlene kiseline

Figure 5. SEM image - Specimens exposed to 5 % lactic acid solution
33
In the second phase two types of concrete were

tested. The specimens were made with the same
cement as mortar CEM III/B 32.5 N LH/SR, natural
aggregate (Dmax=16 mm) from river Morava, Serbia,
super plasticizer (0.8%) and water. Information about
composition of concrete is shown in Table 3. Amounts of
component materials were adopted to obtain concrete
with the same consistency.
U drugoj fazi ispitivane su dve vrste betona. Uzorci

su napravljeni sa istim cementom kao malter - CEM III /
B 32,5 N - LH / SR, prirodni agregat (Dmax = 16 mm) iz
reke Morave u Srbiji, superplastifikator (0,8%) i voda.
Informacije o sastavu betona prikazane su u Tabeli 3.
Koliine komponentnih materijala usvojene su za
dobijanje betona iste konzistencije.
Tabela 3. Koliine komponentnih materijala betona

Table 3. Quantities of component materials of concrete
Vrsta betona
Type of concrete
Cement (kg/m3)
3
Cement (kg/m )
Agregat (kg/m3)
Aggregate (kg/m3)
Voda (kg/m3)
3
Water (kg/m )
Dodatak (kg/m3)
3
Admixture (kg/m )
Pre nego to su kocke 777 cm (minimalna

dimenzija uzoraka vea od 4 x Dmax) bile izloene
agresivnim rastvorima, negovane su jedan dan u kalupu
i 27 dana u vodi. vrstoa uzoraka pri pritisku ispitivana
je nakon 28 i 84 dana (56 dana odleavanja u
agresivnim rastvorima i referentnog betona u vodi). Na
Slici 6 prikazani su rezultati ispitivanja kao prosene
vrednosti od tri uzorka.
C1
C2
390
420
1830
1813
147
147
3,1
3,4
Before the cubes 777 cm (minimum specimen

dimension greater than 4Dmax) were exposed to
aggressive solutions, they were cured 1 day in the mould
and 27 days in water. Compressive strength of
specimens was tested after 28, and 84 days (56 days of
storage in the aggressive solutions and referent concrete
in water). The results, as an average value of three
specimens, are given in the Figure 6.
Slika 6. vrstoa betona pri pritisku nakon 84 dana

Figure 6. Compressive strength of concrete after 84 days
Relativna vrstoa pri pritisku prikazana je u Tabeli 4.
Relative compressive strength is shown in the Table

4.
34

Tabela 4. Relativna vrstoa betona pri pritisku posle 56 dana u agresivnom rastvoru
Table 4. Relative compressive strength of concrete after 56 days in aggressive solution
Relativna vrstoa pri
pritisku (%)
Relative compressive
strength (%)
10% Na2SO4
2% NH4NO3
10% karbamid urea
5% rastvora
mlene kiseline
2% siretne
kiseline
10% carbamide
5% lactic acid
solution
2% acetic
acid
C1
107.3
98.0
99.6
73.5
79.7
C2
104.0
88.1
90.6
70.3
81.9
DISKUSIJA I ZAKLJUAK
Posle 56 dana odleavanja prizmi od maltera u 10%

rastvoru Na2SO4, vrstoa pri savijanju prizmi je bila
9,1% vea nego kod kontrolnih uzoraka, dok je vrstoa
prizmi pri pritisku dostigla 104,9% vrednosti referentnih
uzoraka negovanih u vodi. Posle 56 dana u 10%
rastvoru uree, vrstoa prizmi od maltera pri savijanju
bila je 4,5% vea, ali je vrstoa pri pritisku bila ista kao i
kod kontrolnih uzoraka. Trei agresivan rastvor - 2%
NH4NO3 veoma je korozivan za cementne materijale, ali
je vrstoa pri savijanju uzoraka koji su negovani 56
dana u njoj bila 1,8% vea nego kod referentnih
uzoraka. vrstoa pri pritisku smanjena je za 6,6%.
Sledei agresivan rastvor - 2% siretne kiseline takoe
je veoma korozivan za cementne materijale. vrstoa pri
savijanju uzoraka koji su odleali 56 dana u tom rastvoru
bila je manja za 10,9%. vrstoa pri pritisku dostigla je
90,0% vrednosti kontrolnih uzoraka. Rezultati ispitivanja
uzoraka koji su odleali u 5% rastvoru mlene kiseline
su sledei: nakon 56 dana u agresivnom rastvoru imali
su smanjenu vrstou pri savijanju za 4,6%, a vrstoa
pri pritisku bila je 88,6% referentnog maltera.
Analizirajui rezultate vrstoe pri savijanju prizmi
napravljenih od maltera koje su izloene agresivnim
rastvorima i kontrolnih uzoraka koji su negovani u vodi,
moe se zakljuiti da je CEM III / B 32,5 N - LH / SR
otporan na uticaj svih rastvora kojima su tretirani, jer je
po Koch-Steinegger metodi uslov za otpornost na
agresivne rastvore taj da vrstoa pri savijanju prizmi od
maltera treba da bude manja od 70% vrednosti za
referentne prizme negovane u vodi.
Uporeujui rezultate vrstoe pri pritisku betona
napravljenih sa istim cementom, moe se uoiti da
uzorci, nakon 56 dana potapanja u rastvor sulfata,
nitrata, uree, mlene i siretne kiseline, imaju vrstou
pri pritisku veu od 70% vrednosti referentnih uzoraka
koji su negovani u vodi. Pokazano je da su mlena i
siretna kiselina veoma agresivni rastvori. vrstoa pri
pritisku betona C1 izloenog 5% rastvoru mlene
kiseline dostigao je 73,5% vrednosti referentnog betona,
dok je beton C2 negovan u istom rastvoru imao 70,3%
vrstoe uzoraka negovanih u vodi. vrstoa pri pritisku
betona koji je odleao 56 dana u 2% rastvoru siretne
kiseline smanjen je za oko 20% u odnosu na kontrolne
uzorke betona negovanih u vodi.
Analizirajui rezultate ispitivanja maltera i betona
izloenih sledeim rastvorima: 10% Na2SO4, 2%
NH4NO3, 10% uree, 5% mlene kiseline i 2% siretne

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
After the 56 days in the 10 % Na2SO4 solution

flexural strength of mortar prisms was 9.1 % greater than
control specimens while compressive strength had 104.9
% value of referent specimens cured in water. After 56
days in 10% carbamide solution, flexural strength of
mortar prisms was 4.5 % greater but compressive
strength was at the same level as for control specimens.
The third aggressive solution 2 % NH4NO3 is very
corrosive to cementations materials but flexural strength
of the specimens cured 56 days in it was 1.8 % greater
than referent. The compressive strength was reduced
6.6 %. The next aggressive solution 2% acetic acid is
also very corrosive to cementations materials. Flexural
strength of the specimens cured 56 days in that solution
was reduced 10.9%. Compressive strength reached 90.0
% of control specimens. Results of testing specimens
immersion in 5% lactic acid solution were: after 56 days
in aggressive solution the flexural strength decreased
4.6 % and compressive strength was 88.6 % of referent
mortar.
Analyzing flexural strength of mortar prisms exposed
to aggressive solutions and control specimens stored in
water, it can be concluded that CEM III/B 32.5 N
LH/SR is resistant to the influence of all treated solutions
because the condition for resistance in aggressive
solution is that the flexural strength of mortar prisms
should be no less than 70 % of referent prisms cured in
water according to Kch-Steinegger method.
When comparing the results of the compressive
strength of concrete made with the same cement it can
be seen that specimens, after 56 days immersion in
sulphate, nitrate, carbamide, lactic and acetic acid, have
more than 70% value of referent specimens cured in
water. It was shown that lactic acid and acetic acid are
very aggressive solutions. The compressive strength of
concrete C1 exposed to 5% lactic acid solution reached
73.5 % of referent concrete, while concrete C2 cured in
the same solution had 70.3 % of strength of the
specimens cured in water. The compressive strength of
concrete immersed 56 days in 2% acetic acid solution
decreased about 20 % compared to control concrete
cured in water.
Analysing the testing results of mortar and concrete
exposed to 10% Na2SO4, 2% NH4NO3, 10% carbamide,
5% lactic acid and 2% acetic acid solution, it can be
concluded that it is possible to get concrete resistant to
that type of chemical corrosion using CEM III/B 32.5 N
35
kiseline, moe se zakljuiti da je mogue dobiti beton

otporan na taj tip hemijske korozije koristei CEM III / B
32,5 N - LH / SR. Ovi rezultati se podudaraju sa
istraivanjima uticaja zgure iz visoke pei na otpornost
betona na organske kiseline ili dejstva sulfata [5].
LH/SR. These results match with research of the

influence of blast-furnance slag on the resistance of
concrete against organic acid or sulphate attack [5].
ZAHVALNOST
The work reported in this paper is a part of the

investigation within the research project TR 36017
"Utilization of by-products and recycled waste materials
in concrete composites in the scope of sustainable
construction development in Serbia: investigation and
environmental assessment of possible applications",
supported by the Ministry for Science and Technology,
Republic of Serbia. This support is gratefully
acknowledged.
U radu je prikazan deo istraivanja koje je pomoglo

Ministarstvo za nauku i tehnoloki razvoj Republike
Srbije u okviru tehnolokog projekta TR 36017 pod
nazivom: Istraivanje mogunosti primene otpadnih i
recikliranih materijala u betonskim kompozitima, sa
ocenom uticaja na ivotnu sredinu, u cilju promocije
odrivog graevinarstva u Srbiji.
4
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
36
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
LITERATURA
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[10] Jankovi, K., Bojovi, D., Nikoli, D., Lonar, Lj.,

Some Properties of Ultra High Strength Concrete,
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N., Investigation of the mortar and concrete
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[12] Koch, A., Steinegger, H., Ein Schnellprufverfahren
fur Zement auf ihr Verhalten bei Sulfatangriff _A
rapid test method for cement behaviour under
sulphate attack,
Zement-Kalk-Gips, 7, (1960),
317324.
[13] Larreur-Cayol S., Bertron, A., Escadeillas, G.,
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[14] Liu, Z. Study of the basic mechanisms of sulfate
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Garcimartn a, M.A., Sanchez E., The
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the corrosion of rebar embedded in mortars
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[19] Pavllk, V., Corrosion of hardened cement paste by
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[20] Santhanam, M., Cohen, M. D., Olek, J., Effects of

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(2009), 3439
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Aimovi-Pavlovi Z., Svojstva vatrostalnog veziva
na bazi otpadnog materijala, Graevinski materijali
i konstrukcije, Vol. 55, No 2, (2012), 4757
[26] Torgal, F. P., Jalali, S., Sulphuric acid resistance
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Influence of sulphate solution concentration on the
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external sulphate attack; Concrete in Aggressive
Aqueous Environments, Performance, Testing and
modeling, RILEM publications SARL, Toulouse,
France, (2009)
[28] Crammond, N., The occurence of thaumasite in
modern construction a review, Cement and
Concrete Composites, 24, (2002), 393402
REZIME
SUMMARY
OTPORNOST MATERIJALA NA BAZI

METALURKOG CEMENTA NA DEJSTVO KISELINA
RESISTANCE OF CEM III/B BASED MATERIALS TO

ACID ATTACK
Ksenija JANKOVI
Dragan BOJOVI
Marko STOJANOVI
Ljiljana LONAR
Ksenija JANKOVI
Dragan BOJOVI
Marko STOJANOVI
Ljiljana LONAR
Cementni materijali u poljoprivrednim i drugim

industrijskim objektima izloeni su dejstvu kiselina. Zbog
toga vek konstrukcija zavisi od trajnosti maltera ili
betonskih elemenata u agresivnoj sredini. U radu je
predstavljena otpornost na koroziju koja je uzrokovana
sulfatnom, nitratnom, ureom, mlenom i siretnom
kiselinom. Skenirajua elektronska mikroskopija (SEM)
koriena je da se ispita efekat agresivnih rastvora na
mikrostrukturu i mehanike osobine maltera. Hemijska
otpornost prizmi od maltera i dve vrste betona testirana
je prema metodi Koch-Steinegger. Kako je uslov za
otpornost na agresivne rastvore taj da zatezna vrstoa
maltera nije manja od 70% u odnosu na referentne
prizme negovane u vodi, moe se zakljuiti da su malter
i beton, napravljeni sa CEM III/B, u ovom istraivanju
otporni na sve kiseline kojima su tretirani.
Cement based materials in the agricultural and other

industrial structures are exposed to acid attack. That is
the reason why the service life of structure depends on
the durability of mortar or concrete elements in aggressive environment. Resistance to corrosion caused
by sulphate, nitrate, carbamide, lactic acid and acetic
acid was presented. Optical and scanning electron
microscopy (SEM) was used to examine the effect of
aggressive solutions on the microstructure and
mechanical properties of mortar. The chemical resistance
of mortar prisms and two types of concrete were tested
according to the Koch-Steinegger method. As the
condition for resistance in aggressive solution is that
flexural strength of mortar prisms is no less than 70 %
compared to referent prisms cured in water it can be
concluded that mortar and concrete made with CEM III/B
in this investigation are resistant to all treated acids.
Kljune rei: hemijska agresija, metalurki cement,

Koch-Steinegger metod, trajnost

Keywords: chemical aggression, CEM III/B, KochSteinegger method, durability
37
38

METODE ANALIZE FLATERA U FREKVENTNOM I VREMENSKOM DOMENU

FREQUENCY- AND TIME-DOMAIN METHODS RELATED TO FLUTTER INSTABILITY
PROBLEM
Anina ARKI
Milo JOKOVI
Stanko BRI
1

UDK: 624.21:533.6
UVOD
Kompleksno neustaljeno strujanje vetra oko tela

obino je praeno odvajanjem struje vetra i eventualnim
ponovnim pripajanjem, to dovodi do fluktuirajuih
povrinskih pritisaka koji rezultuju dinamikim silama
vetra. Ova vrsta optereenja naziva se aerodinamiko
optereenje.
U principu, modeli sila (modeli optereenja) koriste
se za opisivanje efekata optereenja vetrom. Jedan
jednostavan model optereenja odnosi se na razmatranje nedeformabilne, fiksne konstrukcije i naziva se ustaljeni model optereenja. Ukoliko se zanemare fluktuacije
izazvane turbulencijom, nastali pritisci rezultuju osrednjenim silama: silom otpora du pravca delovanja vetra
D, silom uzgona upravnom na pravac vetra L i momentom M. Na osnovu ovih sila, ustaljeni koeficijenti (ili
koeficijenti sile) za otpor C D , uzgon C L i momenat C M
dobijeni su kao:
CD =
D
1 U BL
B
2
2
CL =
INTRODUCTION
Complex unsteady wind flow around the body which

is usually followed by flow separation and eventual
reattachments gives rise to fluctuating surface pressures
resulting in dynamic wind forces. This kind of load is
referred as aerodynamic load.
In general, force models (load models) are used to
describe the loading effects from the wind. One simple
load model is related to the consideration of nondeformable, fixed structure and it is called the steady
load model. If the fluctuations due to the turbulence are
neglected, the created pressures result in mean forces
such as: along-wind drag force D, an across-wind lift
force L and a pitch moment M. Based on these forces
steady coefficients (or force coefficients) for drag
lift
L
1 U 2 BL
B
2
gde predstavlja gustinu vazduha, U srednju brzinu

vazduha, B i LB su irina preseka mosta i duina. Poto
ovi koeficijenti zavise od geometrijskog oblika preseka,
najee se eksperimentalno odreuju na osnovu
standardnih testova u aerotunelu i tada su izraeni kao
funkcija napadnog ugla (slika 1). Ovi bezdimenzionalni
dr Anina arki, dipl.in.gra., asistent, Graevinski
fakultet, Univerzitet u Beogradu, Bulevar kralja Aleksandra
73, 11000 Beograd, anina@grf.bg.ac.rs
Milo Jokovi, msr.in.gra., doktorand, Graevinski
fakultet, Univerzitet u Beogradu, Bulevar kralja Aleksandra
73, 11000 Beograd, milosjockovic32@gmail.com
Prof. dr Stanko Bri, dipl.in.gra., Graevinski fakultet,
Univerzitet u Beogradu, Bulevar kralja Aleksandra 73,
11000 Beograd, stanko@grf.bg.ac.rs

CL
and moment
CM =
M
1 U 2 B 2 L B
2
CM
CD ,
are obtained as:
(1)
where represents the air density, U the mean wind

velocity, B and LB are the bridge deck width and length.
Since these coefficients depend on geometrical shape of
the cross-section, they are usually obtained experimentally from standard wind tunnel tests as a function
of angle of attack (Figure 1). These non-dimensional
Anina Sarkic, Ph.D., University of Belgrade, Faculty of Civil
Engineering, Boulevard of King Alexander 73, Belgrade,
Serbia, anina@grf.bg.ac.rs
Milos Jockovi, M.Sc., University of Belgrade, Faculty of
Civil Engineering, Boulevard of King Alexander 73,
Belgrade, Serbia, milosjockovic32@gmail.com
Prof. Stanko Brcic, Ph.D., Faculty of Civil Engineering,
University of Belgrade, Boulevard of King Alexander 73,
11000 Belgrade, Serbia, stanko@grf.bg.ac.rs
39
koeficijenti koriste se za prenos sila s modela u

aerotunelu na model mosta s realnim dimenzijama koji
se koristi pri projektovanju. Ovaj ustaljeni model
optereenja prikladan je za odreivanje statikih sila koje
deluju na popreni presek mosta i moe se takoe
nazivati i kvazistatiki model optereenja.
coefficients are used to transfer the forces from the wind

tunnel model to design model of the bridge with real
dimensions. This steady load model is appropriate for
obtaining the static forces on the bridge deck, and it can
be called also the quasi-static load model.
Slika 1. Usvojena konvencija za sile od vetra

Figure 1. Adopted convection for wind forces
Meutim, posmatranje potpuno nepokretne konstrukcije ne predstavlja ispravan pristup sagledavanju optereenja od vetra. Naime, fleksibilnost mostova se ne moe
zanemariti, poto stvara potencijal za generisanje sloene interakcije izmeu fleksibilne konstrukcije i vetra koji
je opstrujava. Mehanizam interakcije se moe opisati na
sledei nain. Sile nastale usled opstrujavanja vetra
izazivaju pomeranja i/ili deformacije konstrukcije. Ukoliko
su ta pomeranja i deformacije dovoljno veliki, oni utiu
na nain opstrujanja vetra oko konstrukcije i samim tim
izazivaju promenu samih sila. Ova interakcija izmeu
fluida i konstrukcije se naziva aeroelastinost i moe
dovesti do razliititih aeroelastinih fenomena.
Kao sledei korak, moe se uzeti u obzir aproksimacija vezana za kvaziustaljeni model kao dodatak na
ustaljeni pristup. Ovaj model tretira pomeranje poprenog preseka mosta. Ali, u ovom sluaju, ustaljeni model
optereenja proiren je na dinamiku, te se u svakom
trenutku dejstvo vetra moe modelovati pomou
ustaljenih izraza (jednaine (1)) za trenutnu konfiguraciju
poprenog preseka. Na ovaj nain se zanemaruje
memorija fluida. Ipak, ovo snano pojednostavljenje pod
odreenim uslovima moe dovesti do dobre aproksimacije sila.
Meutim, nezgode kod viseih mostova koje su u
prolosti izazvane vetrom, kao to je katastrofa mosta
Tacoma Narrows, pokazuju da su ove aproksimacije
nedovoljne za opisivanje mehanizma interakcije i kao
naredni korak je usledilo razvijanje neustaljenih modela
sila.
2
FLATER
Flater predstavlja dinamiku nestabilnost gde

energija uzeta iz strujanja vetra poveava energiju
oscilovanja mosta. Moe dovesti do snanih oscilacija s
poveanjem amplituda, a time i do kolapsa konstrukcije.
Klasian flater je aeroelastini fenomen kod kog se
dva dominantna stepena slobode konstrukcije, naime
rotacija i vertikalna translacija, spreu u nestabilnu
oscilaciju na koju utie opstrujavanje vetra. Tipini
popreni preseci koji su podloni ovakvoj nestabilnosti
su aeroprofili i mostovi aerodinaminog preseka.
Kretanje je karakterisano silama vetra koje tokom jednog
ciklusa oscilovanja dodaju energiju u sistem. Ova
40
However, this consideration of perfectly motionless

structure does not present a correct consideration of the
wind loads. Namely, the flexibility of the bridge decks
cannot be neglected, since it creates a potential in
generating a complex interaction between flexible
structure and circumfluent wind. The interaction
mechanism can be described as follows. Forces
produced from the surrounding flow are inducing
displacements and/or deformations of a structure. If
these displacements and deformations are large
enough, they influence the flow field around the structure
and consequently the forces change. This fluid-structure
interaction is regarded as aero elasticity and can lead to
different aero elastic phenomena.
As a next step of approximation a quasi-steady load
model can be taken into account as an extension of
steady approach. This model considers the motion of
bridge cross-section. But in this particular case, steady
load model is extended to dynamics, by imagining that at
each instant the wind action can be modelled by using
the steady expressions (Eq.(1)) related to the current
configuration of the cross-section at that instant. In this
way the fluid-memory is neglected. Still, this strong
simplification under certain conditions can result in a
good approximation of forces.
However, wind-induced accidents concerning the
suspension bridges in the past, such as the famous
collapse of the Tacoma Narrows bridge, proved that
these approximations are insufficient to describe
interaction mechanism and as a next step, development
of unsteady force models followed.
2
FLUTTER
Flutter is a dynamic instability where the energy

drawn from the wind flow increases the energy of the
bridge deck oscillations. It can lead to violent oscillations
with increase of amplitudes and therefore to the collapse
of the structure.
Classical flutter is an aero elastic phenomenon, in
which the two dominant degrees of freedom of the
structure, namely rotation and vertical translation, couple
in a flow-driven unstable oscillation. Typical crosssections which are prone to this instability are airfoils
and streamlined bridge decks. The motion is

razmena energije je voena razlikom u fazi izmeu

vertikalnih i torzionih oscilacija ([1], [9]) i suprotstavlja se
energiji koja se troi u priguenju konstrukcije. Kritian
uslov ostvaruje se pri odreenoj brzini vetra, koja se
naziva kritina brzina vetra, i koja je vezana za
izjednaavanje ukupnog priguenja s nulom, odnosno
konstrukcijskog i aerodinaminog zajedno. Ovaj efekat je
takoe povezan s promenom frekvencije oscilovanja.
Naime, konstrukcija osciluje sa istom frekvencijom pri
fleksionim i torzionim vibracijama to se naziva
kritinom frekvencijom.
Odvajanje vrtloga nije neophodno za nastanak
flatera, to uz injenicu da se ovaj fenomen javlja pri
brzini vetra koja je iznad kritine brzine vetra nastale
usled odvajanja vrtloga, jasno izdvaja flater od
rezonantnih problema ([3]). Na kritino stanje, nastalo
usled flatera, moe se uticati delovanjem na geometriju
preseka, takoe na priguenje i poveavanjem odnosa
izmeu svojstvenih frekvencija.
Mehanizam flatera prouavan je od strane [17] i [18],
s ciljem odreivanja svojstvenih oblika konstrukcije koji
su odgovorni za flater, a nastalih usled modifikacije
pomou aeroelastinih efekata. Ovi svojstveni oblici
konstrukcije takoe se nazivaju i granama flatera.
Popreni preseci koji nemaju aeroelastian oblik
podloni su jakom odvajanju struje vetra koja vodi ka
nestabilnosti koja je izraena pomou jednog torzionog
stepena slobode i koja se naziva torzioni flater. Praktino
u blizini kritinog stanja, strujanje vetra predaje energiju
uglavnom torzionom tonu.
U ovom radu akcenat je na klasinom flateru i
metodama za reavanje flater-problema. Prikazani
numeriki primer takoe je vezan za tipian popreni
presek mosta koji pripada grupi aerodinaminih
poprenih preseka, gde je klasini flater znaajan.
3
characterized by the fluid forces feeding energy into the

system during one cycle of its oscillation. This exchange
of energy is driven by the phase shift between the
vertical and torsional oscillations ([1], [9]) and it
counteracts the energy absorption by structural
damping. The critical condition is reached by the certain
wind speed, called critical wind velocity, related to the
total zero damping, i.e. structural and aerodynamic
damping together. This effect is also coupled with a
variation of a frequency of oscillation. Namely, the
structure oscillates with the same frequency in bending
and torsion called critical frequency.
Flow separation is unnecessary for the occurrence of
flutter and also the fact that this phenomenon occurs at
flow velocity above the critical vortex shedding one,
clearly distinguishes the flutter from resonance problem
([3]). The critical state, related to flutter, can be
influenced upon by acting on the geometry of the
section, also on the damping and by increasing the ratio
between natural frequencies.
Mechanism of flutter has been studied in [17] and
[18], with the purpose of understanding which structural
modes are responsible for the instability, as being
modified by aero elastic effects. These structural modes
are also called flutter branches.
Relatively bluffer cross-sections undergoing strongly
separated flow are prone to the single degree of freedom
torsional instability, which is called the torsional flutter.
Basically in the neighbourhood of the critical condition
the flow tends to insert the energy mainly in a torsional
mode.
In this paper, classical flutter and its solutions are of
main concern. Presented numerical example is also
related to the typical bridge cross-section which belongs
to the group of streamlined cross-sections, where
classical flutter is of a main concern.
PRISTUP U FREKVENTNOM DOMENU
3.1 Model za flater kod mostova

S pretpostavkom da ravna ploa podlee malim
harmonijskim oscilacijama pri vertikalnoj translaciji i
rotaciji sa istom krunom frekvencijom (kritian uslov za
nastanak flatera), neustaljene sile vetra su izvedene u
zatvorenoj formi u frekventnom domenu - Theodorsen
[35]. Naalost, sline analitike funkcije koje daju
zatvoreno reenje za neustaljene sile vetra, koje deluju
na uobiajene poprene preseke mostova, nije mogue
odrediti. Razlog je u vezi sa opstrujavanjem vazduha
oko oscilujueg poprenog preseka mosta, koje je
znatno kompleksnije u poreenju sa opstrujavanjem oko
ravne ploe, pre svega usled kompleksnih fizikih
fenomena kao to su masivno odvajanje strujanja,
ponovno prijanjanje, odvajanje vrtloga i tako dalje. Ipak,
analogna formulacija onoj koju je prezentovao
Theodorsen, u smislu frekventno zavisnih parametara,
zadrana je i u sluaju modela flatera kod mostova.
Scanlan [33] izveo je metod u kome su aerodinamiki parametri - flater derivati primenjeni za definisanje
neustaljenih sila vezanih za uobiajene mostove. Flater
derivati identifikovani su putem eksperimenata i koriste
se za procenu sila vetra nastalih usled kretanja konstrukcije (takoe se nazivaju i aeroelastine ili samopobuujue sile). S tim u vezi, aeroelastini uzgon i momenat po jedinici duine mosta mogu se izraziti u proiGRAEVINSKI MATERIJALI I KONSTRUKCIJE 57 (2014) 2 (39-56)
FREQUENCY-DOMAIN APPROACH
3.1 Bridge flutter model

Assuming that the flat plate undergoes small
harmonic oscillations in heave and pitch with the same
circular frequency (critical condition for the onset of
flutter), the unsteady wind forces given in the frequency
domain are derived in a closed form by Theodorsen [35].
Unfortunately, similar analytical functions giving a closed
form expressions for the unsteady wind forces acting on
a common bridge decks are impossible to obtain. The
reason is related to the air flow around an oscillating
bridge deck which is much more complicated than
around a simple flat plate, primarily due to the complex
physical phenomena such as massive separations,
reattachment, shedding of eddies, etc. Nevertheless, an
analogous formulation to the one presented by
Theodorsen, in terms of frequency-dependent parameters, is kept also in the case of the bridge flutter models.
Scanlan [33] derived a method in which aerodynamic
parameters - flutter derivatives are applied to define an
unsteady forces related to the common bridge deck. The
flutter derivatives are identified by experiments and used
to estimate the occurring motion-induced forces (also
called aero elastic or self-excited forces). Thus, the aero
elastic lift and moment forces per unit length of span,
can be expressed in the extended force model from [34]
41
renom modelu sila [34] pomou diferencijalnih relacija:
Lae =
M ae
by the differential relations:
z
B
z
1
+ K 2 H 3* + K 2 H 4*
U 2 B KH 1* + KH 2*
U
U
B
2

1
2 2
* z
* B
2 *
2 * z
= U B KA1 + KA2
+ K A3 + K A4
U
U
B
2
U ovim relacijama, K=B/U je redukovana

frekvencija, a Hi*, Ai*(i=1..4) jesu flater derivati, dok
predstavlja gustinu vazduha, U srednju brzinu vetra, B
irinu poprenog preseka mosta. Obino se za odreeni
popreni presek mosta odreuje set flater derivata i
svaki derivat se predstavlja kao bezdimenzionalna
funkcija redukovane frekvencije.
Aeroelastini model sila predstavljen jednainama
(2) i (3) baziran je na dvema pretpostavkama. Prva je da
samopobuujua sila uzgona i moment mogu biti opisani
kao linearna funkcija pomeranja konstrukcije i njene
rotacije (z; ) i njihovih prvih i drugih izvoda
), kao to se esto koristi i kako je

( z, , z,
predstavljeno i u radu [11], kao:
(2)
(3)
In these equations, K=B/U is the reduced frequency

and Hi*, Ai*(i=1..4) are the flutter derivatives, while
represents the air density, U the mean wind velocity, B
is the bridge deck width. Usually, a set of flutter
derivatives is evaluated for a specific cross-sectional
shape of a bridge deck and each derivative is a
dimensionless function of the reduced frequency.
The aero elastic force model presented in Eq.(2) and
Eq.(3) is based on two assumptions. The first
assumption is that the self-excited lift force and moment
can be described as a linear function of the structural
displacements and rotation (z; ) and their first and
), as commonly
second order derivatives ( z, , z,
used and presented in [11], as:
F = F ( z, , z, , z, ) = Pz z + P + Pz z + P + Pz z + P

gde F predstavlja ili aeroelastinu silu uzgona L ili
aeroelastini momenat M, a Pi (i = z; ) jesu
aeroelastini parametri sile. Validnost ove pretpostavke
vezana je za ograniene amplitude oscilacija pri
nastanku flatera ([34]). Uvodei drugu pretpostavku o
postojanju harmonijskog kretanja s jedinstvenom
frekvencijom pri nastanku flatera, pomeranje i njegov
prvi i drugi izvod mogu se izraziti kao:
(4)
where F represents either the aero elastic lift force L or

the aero elastic moment M and Pi (i = z; ) are aero
elastic force parameters. The validity of this assumption
is related to limited amplitudes of oscillations at the
onset of flutter ([34]). Introducing a second assumption
of the existence of harmonic motions with a single
frequency at the onset of flutter, the displacement and its
first- and second-order derivatives can be expressed as:
x = xeit , x = xieit , x = x 2 eit
amplituda pomeranja (x = z; ) i je kruna

gde je x
frekvencija kretanja. Iz jednaina (4) i (5) moe se uoiti
da se lanovi koji se odnose na pomeranja i ubrzanja
mogu kombinovati, to je u skladu s prikazom datim u
jednainama (2) i (3). Ovo omoguava interpretaciju
flater derivata kao delova samopobuujuih sila, koji se
u dinamici konstrukcija vide kao aeroelastino
priguenje,
spregnute
pomou derivata ( H1 , H 2 , A1 , A2 ) i
aeroelastine krutosti i mase, pomou
*
derivata ( H 3 , H 4 , A3 , A4 ).
Validnost ovog linearnog modela samopobuujuih
sila vezanih za popreni presek mosta predstavlja vanu
temu. Jedan od vanih efekata jeste zavisnost flater
derivata od amplitude kretanja ([23]).
Pored prikazane konvencije za flater derivate postoje
takoe i druge. Primeri se mogu pronai kod [15] i [38].
3.2 Identifikacija flater derivata
Flater derivati se obino odreuju eksperimentalno u
aerotunelu za pojedinane geometrije poprenog
preseka mosta. Za tu svrhu postoje dve glavne
eksperimentalne strategije: metod slobodnih vibracija i
metod prinudnih vibracija. Kod eksperimenata sa
slobodnim vibracijama popreni presek je elastino
oslonjen pomou opruga i eventualno priguivaa i
42
(5)
is the amplitude of the displacement (x = z; )

where x
and is the circular frequency of motion. From Eq.(4)
and Eq.(5) it can be observed that terms related to the
displacements and accelerations can be combined,
which is consistent with the representation in Eq.(2) and
Eq.(3). This allows the interpretation of flutter derivatives
as parts of self-excited forces, which feed back into the
structural dynamics as aero elastic damping, through
*
derivatives ( H1 , H 2 , A1 , A2 ) and coupled aero elastic

stiffness
and
masses,
through
derivatives
*
( H 3 , H 4 , A3 , A4 ).
The validity of this linear model for bridge deck selfexited forces is an important issue. One of the important
effects is the dependence of flutter derivatives on the
amplitude of motion ([23]).
Besides presented convention, there also exist other
conventions for flutter derivatives. Examples could be
found in [15] and [38].
3.2 Identification of flutter derivatives
Flutter
derivatives
are
usually
determined
experimentally in wind tunnel tests for individual bridge
deck geometries. For this purpose, two major
experimental strategies exist: the free vibration method
and forced vibration method. In the free vibration
postavljen je u aerotunel. Identifikacione tehnike za

izdvajanje flater derivata mogu se nai u [7], [2], [29]. U
sluaju testova prinudnih vibracija, potrebni su motor i
kinematiki mehanizam da pokreu model harmonijski u
svojim stepenima slobode. Samopobuujue sile mogu
se dobiti direktno iz merenja sila ili iz pritisaka. Ovakvi
primeri identifikacije flater derivata vezanih za
pravougaone prizme mogu se nai u [17], [19] i [12].
Poreenje ove dve eksperimentalne tehnike slobodnih
i prinudnih vibracija na primeru pravougaonog
poprenog preseka moe se nai u [36] i [37].
Sveobuhvatnije poreenje metoda vezano za poprene
preseke koji se kreu od pravougaonih prizmi do
aerodinaminih preseka prikazano je u [28]. Izvori
odstupanja eksperimentalnih rezultata i nepouzdanosti
vezane za eksperimentalne metode istaknute su i
analizirane. Implikacije uoenih razlika na nastanak
flater nestabilnosti analizirane su u [5].
Za potrebe ove studije, primenjen je metod prinudnih
vibracija s predvienim harmonijskim kretanjima i sile su
direktno merene. Za takav identifikacioni metod je
kljuno
odvajanje
slabih
signala
vezanih
za
aeroelastine sile koje deluju na poprenom preseku
mosta od jakih signala vezanih za inercijalne sile samog
modela. Reenje je da se izvedu dva seta merenja.
Referentno merenje s prinudnim vibracijama bez
strujanja vazduha neophodno je za identifikaciju
mehanikog sistema modela. Nakon toga, merenja se
ponavljaju sa identinom frekvencijom oscilovanja i
amplitudom pod dejstvom optereenja vetra u
aerotunelu. Budui da je primenjeno prinudno
harmonijsko kretanje, ove merene sile takoe se
pretpostavljaju kao harmonijske. Na ovaj nain, merene
sile bez strujanja vazduha F0 i usled strujanja vetra Fw
mogu se izraziti kao:
experiments a section model is elastically supported by

springs and eventually a damper and mounted in a wind
tunnel. Identification techniques for extracting the flutter
derivatives can be found in [7], [2], [29]. In the case of
forced vibration tests, a motor and a kinematic
mechanism are necessary to drive the model
harmonically in its degrees of freedom. Self-excited
forces can be obtained directly through either force or
pressure measurements. Such examples of identifying
flutter derivatives related to the rectangular prisms using
the pressure measurements can be found in [17], [19]
and [12]. A comparison of both experimental techniques
free and forced vibration - on the rectangular crosssection can be found in [36] and [37]. More
comprehensive comparisons of methods related to
cross-sections ranging from rectangular prisms to
streamlined sections are given in [28]. Sources of
discrepancies of experimental results and uncertainties
related to the experimental methods are pointed out and
analyzed. Implications of these discrepancies to the
onset of flutter instability have been analyzed in [5].
For the purpose of this study the forced vibration
method with prescribed harmonic motions is applied and
the forces are directly measured. For such an
identification method the separation of the small signals
of the aero elastic forces acting on the bridge deck
model from the larger signals due to inertial forces of the
model itself is crucial. A solution strategy is to perform
two sets of measurements. A reference measurement
with forced vibrations in still air is required in order to
identify the mechanical system of the model. Then, the
measurement is repeated with an identical oscillation
frequency and amplitude under the action of the wind
tunnel flow. Considering the applied forced harmonic
motion these measured forces are also assumed
harmonic. In this way, measured forces in still air F0 and
under the action of the wind Fw can be expressed as:
F0 = F0 ei (t +0 ) , Fw = Fwei (t +w )
gde su
F0 i Fw
amplitude sila, a
0 i w
fazna
pomeranja ostvarena u odnosu na primenjeno kretanje

dato jednainom (5), vezano za merenja bez strujanja
vazduha i usled optereenja vetrom (slika 2),
respektivno.
Samopobuujue
sile
se
dobijaju
izraunavanjem razlike izmeu ova dva seta merenja
prema [14], sa slike 2:
where
F0 and Fw are the force amplitudes and 0 and
w are
the phase shifts related to the applied motion
given in Eq.(5), regarding the measurements in still air

and under the action of the wind (refer to Figure 2),
respectively. The self-excited forces are obtained by
calculating the difference between these two sets of
measurements by [14], in Figure 2:
F = Fw F0
Moe se pokazati da se flater derivati vezani za
torziona kretanja dobijaju iz:
(7)
It can be shown that flutter derivatives related to the

torsional motion can be obtained from:
1
K 2U 2 B H 3* ( K ) + iH 2* ( K ) = L ( K )
2
1
K 2U 2 B 2 A3* ( K ) + iA2* ( K ) = M ( K )
2
a vezano za vertikalna kretanja iz:
(6)
(8)
(9)
and related to the vertical motion from:
1
K 2U 2 z H 4* ( K ) + iH 1* ( K ) = Lz ( K )
2
1
K 2U 2 Bz A4* ( K ) + iA1* ( K ) = M z ( K )
2

(10)
(11)
43
Lx i Mx (x=z,) jesu pomenute razlike vezane za

aeroelastini uzgon i aeroelastini momenat, respektivno, koje treba da se dobiju iz eksperimenata bez
strujanja vazduha i pod dejstvom vetra. U ovom radu,
flater derivati su definisani pratei konvenciju po kojoj su
sila uzgona i verikalno pomeranje definisani pozitivno na
gore, dok su aeroelastini momenat kao i torzione
deformacije pozitivne sa smerom kad je prednji kraj
poprenog preseka orijentisan na gore, kao to je
prikazano na slici 1. Prema jednaini (6), samopobuujue sile su takoe harmonijske u vremenu, ali s
faznom razlikom u poreenju sa zadatim kretanjem
preseka. Ovo svojstvo dozvoljava odreivanje karakteristika sile kao to su amplituda i fazna razlika merenih
signala. Mehanike nepravilnosti u kinematikom
mehanizmu kao i odvajanje vrtloga od preseka mogu da
poremete signal, zbog ega su naroito neophodni
posebno stabilni algoritmi identifikacije - videti [22].
Prema tome, postupak se moe saeti kao:
izvriti testove s prinudnim oscilacijama bez
strujanja vazduha i usled dejstva vetra pri vertikalnom
kretanju ili torzionom;
izraunati najbolje uklopljen harmonik iste prinudne
frekvencije da bi se dobili koeficijent amplitude sile i
fazna razlika vezana za primenjeno kretanje, jednaina
(6);
izraunati razliku izmeu dva merenja, jednaina
(7);
izraunati derivate na osnovu jednaina (8)-(11).
Lx and Mx (x=z,) are the mentioned differences of

the aero elastic lift and the aero elastic moment,
respectively, which should be obtained from the
experiments in still air and under the action of wind. In
this paper, flutter derivatives are defined following a
convention after which the lift force and the heaving
displacement are positive upwards, while the
aerodynamic moment and the pitching rotation are
positive nose-up, as it is shown in Figure 1. According to
Equation (6) the self-excited forces are also harmonious
in time, but with a phase shift compared to the
prescribed motion of the deck. This characteristic allows
determining force properties such as amplitude and
phasing from the measured signals. As mechanical
imperfections in the kinematic mechanism or vortex
shedding from the section can disturb the signal,
specifically stable identification algorithm are needed,
see [22].
Thus, the procedure can be summarized as:
perform forced oscillation tests in still air and under
the action of the wind in either vertical (heave) or
torsional (pitch) motion,
calculate a best-fit harmonic of the same forcing
frequency to obtain the force amplitude coefficients and
phase shifts related to the applied motion, Eqs.(6)
calculate
the
differences
between
two
measurements, from Eq.(7)
calculate the derivatives from Eqs.(8)-(11)
Slika 2. Identifikacija aeroelastinih sila u kompleksnoj ravni ([20])

Figure 2. Identification of the aero elastic forces in the complex plane ([20])
3.3 Reenje jednaina flatera
3.3 Solution of flutter equations
Kada su aeroelastine sile utvrene (jednaine (2) i

(3)), moe se dobiti kritini uslov, odnosno kritina brzina
vetra za nastanak flatera. Najjednostavniji nain za
odreivanje kritine brzine vetra jeste da se posmatra
krut model poprenog preseka mosta sa dva stepena
slobode (2DOF model); naime, posmatraju se vertikalno
i torziono kretanje; 2DOF jednaine kretanja po jedinici
duine mogu se napisati kao:
Once the aero elastic forces are established (Eq.(2)

and Eq.(3)), the critical condition, i.e. critical wind
velocity for the onset of flutter, can be calculated. The
simplest way to establish critical wind velocity is to
consider a rigid section model of the bridge deck with
two degrees of freedom (2DOF model), namely vertical z
(heave) and torsional (pitch) motion are considered.
The 2DOF equation of motion per unit span length can
be written as follows:
mz + c z z + k z z = L ae
gde su Lae i Mae samopobuujue sile predstavljene u
jednainama (2) i (3), m je masa, a I maseni moment
inercije po jedinici duine i kz i k su krutosti, a cz i c su
44
I + c + k = M ae
(12)
where Lae and Mae are self-excited forces presented by

Eq.(2) and Eq.(3), m is mass and I mass moment of
inertia per unit length and kz and k are stiffnesses and
koeficijenti priguenja za respektivne stepene slobode.

Za sluaj kritinog uslova kod flatera, vertikalno i
torziono pomeranje moe se posmatrati kao harmonijsko
kretanje sa istom krunom frekvencijom:
cz and c damping coefficients, for respective degrees of

freedom.
For the case of flutter critical condition, heave and
pitch can be considered as harmonic motion with the
same circular frequency:
z ( t ) = z e i t , ( t ) = e i t
Posle zamene jednaina (2), (3) i (13) u jednainu
(12), formulisan je problem svojstvenih vrednosti
stabilnosti kretanja, s frekvencijom flatera i kritinom
brzinom vetra kao nepoznatim:
(13)
After the substitution of Eqs.(2), (3) and (13) into

Eqs.(12) eigenvalue problem of stability of motion is
formulated with flutter frequency and the critical wind
speed as unknowns:
1
1
*
* z
*
*
2 m 1 + X 2 + i 2 z X H 4 + iH 1 B H 3 + iH 2 = 0
z
A4* + iA1*
+ 2 I 1 + 2 + i 2 z A3* + iA2* = 0
B
X
X
gde su
m = m /( B 2 )
I = I /( B 4 ) bezdimenzio-
where
(14)
m = m /( B 2 )
(15)
and
I = I /( B 4 )
are the
nalne vrednosti mase i momenta inercije mase,

respektivno, = / z jeste odnos svojstvenih
nondimensional values of the mass and mass moment
frekvencija, dok je X = / z nepoznata spregnuta

frekvencija, normalizovana u odnosu na svojstvenu
frekvenciju vertikalnog oscilovanja.
Kako jednaine (14) i (15) predstavljaju homogen
linearan sistem jednaina po z i , za dobijanje
netrivijalnih reenja determinanta mora da bude jednaka
nuli. Kako jednaine (14) i (15) predstavljaju sistem
jednaina s kompleksnim brojevima, oba dela
determinante, i realan i imaginaran, moraju nestati, to
dovodi do novog sistema jednaina:
ratio of natural frequencies, while X = / z is the

unknown coupling frequency, nondimensionalized
regarding the heaving natural frequency.
Since Eq.(14) and Eq.(15) represent linear
homogeneous system of equations of z and , to
obtain nontrivial solutions, the determinant must be
equal to zero. Since Eq.(14) and Eq.(15) presents
system of complex number equations, both, real and
imaginary part of the determinant must vanish, leading to
the new system of equations:
of inertia, respectively,
= / z
is the frequency
R4 X 4 + R3 X 3 + R2 X 2 + R1 X + R0 = 0
(16)
I 3 X + I 2 X + I1 X + I 0 = 0
(17)
gde je:
where:
R4 = 1 +
1
2 m
H 4* +
1 *
1
A3 +
H 4* A3* H 1* A2* H 3* A4* + H 2* A1*
2 I
4 m I
1 *
R3 = H 1* + z
A2
I
2
1 *
R 2 = 1 2 4 z H 4*
A3
2 m
2 I
I3 =
1
2 m
R1 = 0
R0 = 2
1
H 4* A2* H 1* A3* H 3* A1* + H 2* A4*
1 *
H +
A2 +
2 I
4 m I
*
1
I 2 = 2 z 2
I1 =
(18)
*
1 *
H4 z
A3
m
I
2
1 *
H 1*
A2
2 m
2 I
I 0 = 2 z 2 + 2
Na ovaj nain je dobijen sistem jednaina s dve
nepoznate. Nepoznate su X, koja sadri spregnutu
(flater) frekvenciju i kritina redukovana brzina Ucr, od
In this way a system of equations with two unknowns

is obtained. The unknowns are X, containing the coupled
(flutter) frequency, and the critical reduced velocity Ucr,
45
koje zavise flater derivati. Reenje se dobija grafikim

prikazom realnih reenja X vezanih za obe jednaine u
odnosu na Ured. Presek ovih krivih vodi ka reenju
flatera.
Generalno gledano, uoeno je da vie stepeni
tonova kod trodimenzionalnih konstrukcija moe biti
ukljueno u flater nestabilnost. U tom sluaju,
jednostavan 2DOF model nije dovoljan. Proraun se
moe obaviti na dva naina: primenjujui aeroelastine
sile direktno na trodimenzionalni model mosta pomou
metode konanih elemenata, to se naziva direktan
metod, ili posmatrajui odgovor konstrukcije, uzimajui u
obzir samo odgovarajui broj svojstvenih tonova, to se
naziva multimodalni metod. Diskusija u vezi s
multimodalnim metodom prikazana je u [31]. Neki
primeri implementacije sa odgovarajuim aplikacijama
mogu se nai u [8] i [25]. U radu [10] direktan metod za
flater analizu predstavljen je i uporeen s multimodalnim
metodom. S jedne strane, direktan metod obezbeuje
uee svih svojstvenih tonova, ali s druge strane,
zahteva veu raunarsku snagu.
that flutter derivatives depend on. The solution is

obtained by plotting the real X solutions of both
equations against Ured. The intersection of these curves
leads to the flutter solution.
Generally speaking, it is observed that more modes
of the three-dimensional structures can be involved in
flutter instability. In this case, simple 2DOF model is
insufficient. The calculation can be done in two ways: to
apply aero elastic forces directly to the threedimensional finite element model of the bridge, which is
called a direct method, or to consider the structural
response taking into account an adequate number of
natural modes, called multimode method. The multimode
method was discussed in [31]. Some examples of
implementation with related applications can be found in
[8] and [25]. In [10] a direct method for flutter analysis is
presented and compared to the multimode method.
Thus, direct method provides participation of all natural
modes,
but
accordingly,
it
demands
higher
computational power as well.
4
PRISTUP U VREMENSKOM DOMENU
TIME-DOMAIN APPROACH
The flutter derivatives are inadequately suited for the

time domain calculations, due to being expressed as a
function of frequency. As a counterpart to flutter
derivatives in time domain, specific non-analytical
functions can be derived. Such functions describe the
time development of the forces due to the sudden
infinitesimal structural motions and these functions are
called the indicial functions. The first relevant work
mentioning the possibility of using indicial functions is
noted in [32].
In order to define the self-excited forces, the history
of motion can be seen as a series of these infinitesimal
step-wise increments. Under the assumption of linearity
of load, the self-excited forces in time domain
(counterparts of Eq. (2) and Eq.(3)) may be expressed
as convolutions of these indicial functions:
Flater derivati nisu pogodni za proraune u

vremenskom domenu, jer su izraeni kao funkcija
frekvencije. Kao pandan flater derivatima u vremenskom
domenu mogu se izvesti funkcije koje nisu analitike.
Ovakve funkcije opisuju vremenski razvoj sila usled
naglog infinitenzimalnog pomeranja konstrukcije i ove
funkcije nazivaju se indicijalne funkcije. Prvi relevantni
rad u kom je spomenuta mogunost primene indicijalnih
funkcija zabeleen je u [32].
Kako bi se definisale samopobuujue sile, istorija
kretanja se posmatra kao niz ovih infinitenzimalnih
inkremenata.
Pod
pretpostavkom
linearnosti
optereenja, samopobuujue sile u vremenskom
domenu (pandani jednainama (2) i (3)) mogu se izraziti
pomou konvolucije ovih indicijalnih funkcija:
s
s
L ( s ) ( )d +
Lz ( s ) z( )d
Lae ( s) = qBC L' L (0) ( s) + Lz (0) z( s) +
0
0
s
s
( s ) ( )d +
( s ) z( )d
M ae ( s) = qB 2 C M' M (0) ( s) + Mz (0) z( s) +
M
Mz
0
0
(19)
(20)
Aero elastic forces in the time domain (Eq.(19) and

Eq.(20)) are expressed as a function of a dimensionless
time s=2Ut/B. As it may be observed, four indicial
functions - il are used to describe the aero elastic
forces, where subscript i indentifies the load component
L for lift and M for aerodynamic moment and subscript l
the motion component that experiences the step change
z or .
Usual practice to determine these functions is from
the corresponding (measured) flutter derivatives ([4],
[26]). This is done by taking the typical approximation, by
representing the indicial function as a sum of m
exponential groups (filters):
Aeroelastine sile u vremenskom domenu (jednaine

(19) i (20)) izraene su u funkciji bezdimenzionalnog
vremena s=2Ut/B. Kao to se moe uoiti, etiri
indicijalne funkcije il koriste se za opisivanje
aeroelastinih sila, gde indeks i identifikuje komponentu
optereenja L za uzgon ili M za aeroelastini momenat,
a indeks l komponentu pomeranja koja se menja
sukcesivno u koracima, z ili .
Ove funkcije se obino odreuju na osnovu
odgovarajuih (merenih) flater derivata ([4], [26]). To se
radi tako to se uzima tipina aproksimacija,
predstavljajui indicijalne funkcije u vidu sume m
eksponencijalnih grupa (filtera):
m
il ( s) = 1 ailk exp(bilk s)
k =1
46
(21)

S ciljem uspostavljanja veza izmeu indicijalnih

funkcija i flater derivata, zadaje se harmonijsko kretanje
u prethodno spomenutim konvolucionim integralima
(jednaine (19) i (20)). Na ovaj nain, aeroelastino
optereenje, dato konvolucionim integralima, izraeno je
u frekventnom domenu, i u ovoj formi se moe uporediti
sa optereenjem baziranim na flater derivatima
(jednaine (2) i (3)), to dovodi do ovih relacija:
In order to establish the relationships between

indicial functions and flutter derivatives, harmonic
motions are imposed into the previously mentioned
convolution integrals (Eq.(19) and Eq.(20)). In this way
the aero elastic load given by convolution integrals is
expressed in the frequency domain, and in this form it
can be compared to the load based on flutter derivatives
(Eq.(2) and Eq.(3)), providing these relationships:
dC
2 *
2 *
1
dC
A1 = M 1 2
H1 = L + C D 1 2 a Lzk *2 2
2
d
U red
U red bLzk + U red
d
a
k
1
Mzk
*2
red
2
Mzk
+
2
4 * dC M
b
dC
bMk
4
A2 =
H 2* = L a Lk *2 2Lk
a Mk *2 2
3
2
3
2
d k
U red bMk +
d k
U red bLk + U red
U red
2
dC M
1
4
dC L
4 2 *
1
2
2
A3* =
1
H
a
=
1 a Mk *2 2
Lk
2
2
3
2
*2 2
2
d
U red bMk +
d
U red
U red b Lk + U red
k
k
(22)
2 *
b
2
dC
b
dC
H 4* = L + C D a Lzk *2 2Lzk
A4 = M a Mzk *2 2Mzk
2
2
2
2
U red bLzk + U red
U red
d k
U red bMzk +
d
k
S obzirom na prirodu ovih relacija, indicijalne funkcije
(s bezdimenzionalnim koeficijentima ailk i bilk kao
nepoznatim) mogu se identifikovati uz pomo nelinearne
optimizacije najmanjih kvadrata. Detalji u vezi s
metodom koja je praena u ovom radu, opisani su u [27].
Vano je napomenuti da je direktna eksperimentalna
identifikacija indicijalnih funkcija takoe teorijski mogua
i jedan primer je zabeleen u [5].
5
Due to the nature of these relationships, the indicial

functions (with non-dimensional coefficients ailk and bilk
as unknowns) can be then identified by means of
nonlinear least-square optimisation. Further details of
the method, which is followed within this work, are
described in [27].
It is also worth of mentioning that direct experimental
identification of indicial functions is theoretically also
possible and one example has been noted in [5].
KVAZIUSTALJENA APROKSIMACIJA
5
Kao to je ve napomenuto, uobiajeno je da se

aeroelastine sile mere u aerotunelu na umanjenim
modelima mostova. Posle toga se ove sile prenose na
realni model mosta. Parametar slinosti koji omoguava
ovaj prenos naziva se redukovana brzina vetra Ured =
U/Bf.
U radu [20] ovaj se parametar slinosti objanjava
posmatranjem vazduha iza pomerljivog poprenog
preseka mosta. Naime, usled prinudnih oscilacija
poprenog preseka mosta, vazduh iza tela takoe
ispoljava kretanje sa istom frekvencijom, slika 3.
Uzimajui u obzir dolazeu brzinu vetra U, talasna
duina vazduha, koji je pod uticajem, moe se proceniti
kao LW = U T, gde je T period prinudnih oscilacija. Tada
se redukovana brzina moe predstaviti kao:
U red =
QUASI-STEADY APPROXIMATION
As already mentioned, the aero elastic forces are

usually measured in the wind tunnel on the scaled bridge
deck models. Later these forces are to be transferred to
the design model of the real bridge. A similarity
parameter which enables this transfer is called the
reduced wind velocity Ured = U/Bf.
In [20] this similarity parameter is considered by
observing the air behind moving bridge deck. Namely,
due to the forced motion of the bridge deck, the air
behind the body is also experiencing a motion with the
same frequency, Figure 3. Taking into account the
approaching wind velocity U, the wavelength of affected
air can be estimated as LW = U T, where T is the forced
motion period. Then the reduced velocity can be
presented as:
U UT LW
=
=
fB
B
B
Shodno tome, efekti memorije fluida postaju manji

kada talasna duina LW raste, bilo poveavanjem brzine,
ili smanjivanjem frekvencije oscilovanja. Za ove vie
redukovane brzine, strujanje vetra se pribliava stanju
koje je dobijeno u sluaju nepokretnog poprenog
preseka. U tom sluaju, aeroelastine sile mogu biti
aproksimirane kvaziustaljenim pristupom (pomou
koeficijenata sila (jednaina (1)). Redukovana brzina od
oko Ured20 ([13]) smatra se takom od koje
kvaziustaljeni pristup moe da se primenjuje umesto

(23)
Consequently, the fluid-memory effects become

smaller when the wavelength LW is increasing, either by
raising the velocity, or decreasing the oscillation
frequency. For these higher reduced velocities the wind
flow field approach conditions obtained in a case of a
fixed cross-section. In this case the aero elastic forces
can be approximated by quasi-steady approach (using
the force coefficients (Eq. (1)). As a transition point for
application of the quasi-steady approach instead of the
unsteady one is found at the reduced velocity Ured20
47
neustaljenog.
Aeroelastine
sile
uz
usvojenu
pretpostavku kvaziustaljenosti mogu se izvesti kao:
([13]). Aero elastic forces based on quasi-steady

assumption can be derived as:
dC
z dC L
dC
B
Lqsae = qB L C D +
+ L C D z
d
U
d
d
U

dC
B
dC z dC M
+
M aeqs = qB M
+ M
d
d
U
d U
Ci su koeficijenti sila iz jednaina (1) a dCi/d su njihovi
prvi izvodi. Bezdimenzionalni parametar i predstavlja
parametar ekscentrinosti ([27]). Izvoenje jednaina
(24) i (25) moe se nai u [27].
(24)
(25)
Ci are force coefficients from Eqs.(1) and dCi/d are its

first derivatives. The dimensionless parameter i
represents the eccentricity parameter ([27]). The
derivation of Eq.(24) and Eq.(25) can be found in [27].
Slika 3. Talasna duina LW, prema [20]

Figure 3. Wavelength LW from [20]
6
NUMERIKI PRIMER
NUMERICAL EXAMPLE
6.1 Eksperimentalna postavka
6.1 Experimental set-up
Model simetrinog, aerodinamiki optimizovanog

jednoelijskog preseka nosaa mosta (slika 4 levo)
testiran je u aerotunelu s graninim slojem na
Univerzitetu u Bohumu (Ruhr Universitt Bochum).
Aerotunel s nepovratnom vazdunom strujom ima
ukupnu duinu od 9,4 m, irinu od 1,8 m i visinu od 1,6
m (slika 4 sredina). Turbulentna mrea se nalazi na
ulazu u tunel, i proizvodi intenzitet turbulencije od oko
34%, a integralna skala turbulencije je oko 0.03 m.
Drveni model ima irinu od 0.36 m, visinu od 0.06 m i
duinu od 1.8 m. Ukupna masa modela je oko 4.9 kg.
Model je horizontalno postavljen u aerotunelu (slika 4
desno). Na poetku su sprovedeni testovi na fiksnom
modelu. Model je postavljen na dva balansa sila,
opremljena mernim trakama (koje mere sile) i koji se
nalaze na bonim stranama aerotunela. Merenja su
realizovana pri razliitim napadnim uglovima (-10 to
5
10) s Reynolds-ovim brojem od oko 10 (ovo je
odreeno na osnovu irine preseka mosta).
Pored toga, flater derivati su dobijeni sprovoenjem
testova s prinudnim vibracijama. Zbog toga, motor i
kinematiki mehanizam pokreu model mosta periodino
u dva stepena slobode (vertikalno i torziono kretanje). U
sluaju testova s prinudnim vibracijama, posebna panja
se mora uzeti u obzir da bi se aeroelastine sile
razdvojile od inercijalnih sila nastalih usled mase
modela. Za tu svrhu se obavljaju dva seta merenja:
jedno referentno merenje s prinudnim vibracijama bez
strujanja vazduha i jedno merenje pod dejstvom vetra,
kao to se pominje u odeljku 3.2. Testovi s prinudnim
vibracijama sprovedeni su koristei Reynolds-ove brojeve u opsegu od 0.6*105 do 3.5*105. Amplitude prinudnih
The model of a symmetric, aerodynamically

optimized single-box section of a bridge girder (Figure 4
left) has been tested in the boundary layer wind tunnel at
Ruhr-Universitt Bochum. The open circuit wind tunnel
has a total length of 9.4m, 1.8m width and 1.6m height
(Figure 4 middle). A honeycomb grid is located at the
inlet of the tunnel, generating turbulence intensity of
around 3-4%, and having an integral turbulence length
scale of around 0.03m.
The wooden model has a width B of 0.36m, a height
H of 0.06m and a length L of 1.8m. The total mass of the
model is about 4.9kg. The model is horizontally placed in
the wind tunnel (refer to Figure 4 right). First, tests at the
fixed model are carried out. The model is mounted on
two force balances equipped with strain gauges
(measuring the forces) which are located at each side of
the wind tunnel. The measurements are realized at
various angles of flow attack (-10 to 10) with a
5
Reynolds number of around 10 (based on the deck
width of the bridge).
Furthermore, flutter derivatives are obtained
performing forced vibration tests. Therefore a motor and
a kinematic mechanism are driving the bridge deck
model periodically in two degrees of freedom (vertical
and torsional motion). In the case of forced vibration
tests, special care has to be taken into account in order
to separate the aero elastic forces from the inertial
forces caused by the models mass. For that purpose
two sets of measurements are performed: one reference
measurement with forced vibrations in still air and one
measurement under the action of the wind, as it is also
mentioned in section 3.2. The forced vibration tests are
performed using Reynolds numbers in the range of
48

vibracija su oko 4 mm u sluaju vertikalnog kretanja i

oko 1 za torziono kretanje. Opseg frekvencija vibracija
za testove je od 1.0 do 6.6 Hz. Ostali datalji u vezi s
merenjem u aerotunelu mogu se nai u [30], a u pogledu
eksperimentalne platforme u [22].
0.6*105 to 3.5*105. The forced vibration amplitudes are

around 4mm in the case of heaving motion and around
1 for the torsional motion. The vibration frequency
range for the test is 1.0 to 6.6Hz. Further details
regarding the wind tunnel measurements can be found
in [30] and concerning the used experimental rig in [22].
Slika 4. Model poprenog preseka mosta postavljen na eksperimentalnu platformu

Figure 4. Model of the bridge deck section placed in the experimental rig
6.2 Rezultati i diskusija
6.2 Results and discussion
Dobijeni koeficijenti sila prikazani su na slici 5 u

funkciji napadnog ugla. Brzina vetra koji prilazi
konstrukciji je 4 m/s. Koeficijenti Ci, i=D, L i M iz
jednaine (1) i gradijenti C i, neophodni za izraavanje

aeroelastinih sila pri kvaziustaljenoj aproksimaciji
(jednaine (24) i (25)) pri osrednjenom napadnom uglu
od = 0, izvedeni su aproksimiranjem funkcije u obliku
polinoma mernim takama sa slike 5. Odgovarajue
vrednosti su tada definisane kao vrednosti i gradijenti
aproksimirane funkcije (funkcije u obliku polinoma) pri
osrednjenom napadnom uglu od = 0. Zbog prirode
krivih otpora, uzgona i momenta sa slike 5, koeficijenti
sila uzgona i momenta CL i CM aproksimirani su s
linearnom funkcijom, a koeficijent sile otpora CD
aproksimiran je s polinomom drugog reda. Aproksimacije
su izvedene za -4 4. Vrednosti odreenih
koeficijenata i njihovi prvi izvodi dati su u tabeli 1.
Obtained force coefficients are plotted in Figure 5 as

a function of the angle of the flow attack. The oncoming
wind velocity is around 4 m/s. The coefficients Ci, i=D, L
and M from Eq.(1) and the gradients C i, necessary for

expressing the aero elastic forces using the quasi-steady
approximation (Eq.(24) and Eq.(25)), at the mean angle
of attack = 0, are derived by fitting a polynomial
function to the measured points presented in Figure 5.
The respective values are then defined as the values
and gradients of the approximation function at = 0
(polynomial function). Due to the nature of the drag, lift
and moment curves in Figure 5, the lift and the moment
force coefficients CL and CM are approximated with a
linear function and the drag force coefficients CD is
approximated by a polynomial of second order. The
approximations are performed for -4 4. The
values of respective coefficients and its first derivatives
are given in Table 1.
Tabela 1: Koeficijenti sile i njihovi prvi izvodi pri osrednjenom napadnom uglu od = 0
Table 1: Force coefficients and its first derivatives at the mean angle of attack = 0
Statiki eksperiment
Static Experiment
CD
CD
CL
CL
CM
CM
0.0886
-0.0329
-0.0442
5.8513
0.0179
1.3984
Slika 5. Ustaljeni koeficijenti sila

Figure 5. Steady force coefficients

49
Svih osam flater derivata korienih u jednainama

(2) i (3) predstavljeni su na slici 7. Oni su mereni u
opsegu redukovanih brzina do Ured=30 (gde je Ured
=U/Bf=2/K). Na osnovu ovih vrednosti, aeroelastino
optereenje moe se odrediti pomou jednaina (2) i (3).
U ovom sluaju, konstruktivne karakteristike posmatranog mosta prikazane su u tabeli 2 i koristei 2DOF
model, opisan u odeljku 3.4, mogue je odrediti kritinu
brzinu. Stoga su na slici 6 prikazana realna reenja X,
realne i imaginarne jednaine (jednaine (16) i (17)) u
funkciji Ured. Prvi presek ovih krivih vodi ka flater reenju.
Kao to se moe primetiti sa slike 6, dobijena je kritina
brzina od oko Ucr=70.46m/s.
All eight flutter derivatives used in Eq.(2) and Eq.(3)

are presented in Figure 7. They are measured for the
range of reduced velocities till Ured=30 (where Ured
=U/Bf=2/K). Based on these values, aero elastic loads
can be evaluated by the Eq.(2) and Eq.(3). In this case,
the structural properties of the used bridge deck are
given in Table 2 and using the 2DOF model described in
section 3.4 critical velocity can be estimated. Therefore,
in Figure 6 the real X solutions of real and imaginary
equations (Eq.(16) and Eq.(17)) against Ured are plotted.
The first intersection of these curves leads to the flutter
solution. As it may be observed from Figure 6, the critical
velocity around Ucr=70.46m/s is obtained.
Circular Frequency
2.5
2
1.5
Ucr
cr
R1
R2
I1
0.5
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Wind Velocity U
80
90
100
Slika 6. Odreivanje kritine brzine i kritine frekvencije

Figure 6. Determination of critical velocity and critical frequency
Kao dodatak flater derivatima koji su odreeni iz
testova u aerotunelu, na slici 7 su takoe prikazane i
kvaziustaljene aproksimacije derivata. One su odreene
poreenjem koeficijenata koji se nalaze pored
pomeranja i njihovih prvih izvoda koji su uzeti u obzir u
dvema aeroelastinim formulacijama: aeroelastine sile
koje su bazirane na derivatima (jednaine (2) i (3)) i
kvaziustaljenoj aproksimaciji (jednaine (24) i (25)). Kao
to se moe uoiti, nemaju svi flater derivati svoje
pandane pri kvaziustaljenoj aproksimaciji. Oni koji
nedostaju su derivati H*4 i A*4, koji i nemaju odluujuu
ulogu kod praktinih primera aerodinamike mostova.
Moe se primetiti da aproksimacije prate isti trend. Jo
jedna nepoznata u sluaju kvaziustaljene aproksimacije
u vezi je sa izborom parametra ekscentrinosti i. Ovi
parametri imaju veliki uticaj na najvanije derivate
vezane za priguenje H*2 i A*2. Naime, parametri i
opisuju pozicije neutralnih taaka odgovarajuih
komponenata sile. U optem sluaju poprenog preseka
mosta, zajednika neutralna taka ne postoji ([26], [21]).
Mogue reenje bilo bi da se usvoje pozicije neutralnih
taaka u vezi s poprenim presecima gde su one
poznate, kao to je primer aeroprofila. Ipak, usled
*
*
velikog uticaja na vane derivate H 2 i A 2, i bi trebalo,
ako je mogue, da budu odreeni na osnovu dinamikih
testova (iz flater derivata). U ovom radu, pratei
proceduru koja je opisana u [21], parametri su odreeni
*
*
na osnovu izmerenih H 2 i A 2 krivih, to vodi do
z=1.761 i =-1.378. Na osnovu kvaziustaljenih flater
50
In addition to flutter derivatives evaluated from the

wind tunnel tests, Figure 7 also shows quasi-steady
approximations of derivatives. They are evaluated
comparing the coefficients which stand beside
considered displacements and their first derivatives in
two aero elastic formulations: aero elastic forces based
on the derivatives (Eq.(2) and Eq.(3)) and quasi-steady
approximation (Eq.(24) and Eq.(25)). As may be
observed, not all flutter derivatives have their
counterparts in quasi-steady approximation. The missing
ones are H*4 and A*4 which are not decisive related to
practical examples of bridge aerodynamics. It can be
remarked that the approximations are following the same
trend. Another unknown in the case of quasi-steady
approximation is related to the choice of eccentricity
parameters i. They have strong influence on the most
*
*
important damping derivatives H 2 and A 2. Namely,
parameters i describe the position of the neutral points
for the respective force components. In general case of
the bridge section a common neutral point does not
exists ([26], [21]). One possible solution could be to
adopt the positions of neutral points related to the certain
cross-section where those positions are known, such as
*
airfoil. Still due to the strong influence on important H 2
*
and A 2 derivatives, i parameters should be, if possible,
evaluated from dynamic tests (from flutter derivatives). In
this work, following the procedure described in [21]
*
*
parameters are evaluated from measured H 2 and A 2
curves which leads to z=1.761 and =-1.378. Based

derivata sa slike 7, odreena je kritina brzina kao

konzervativnija vrednost od Ucr =66.97m/s u odnosu na
kritinu brzinu prethodno dobijenu s neustaljenim
pristupom.
Kao to je ve pomenuto u odeljku 4, koeficijenti
indicijalnih funkcija se mogu identifikovati na osnovu
nelinearne optimizacije pomou metode najmanjih
kvadrata. Kao primer e biti odreeni nepoznati
koeficijenti iz jednaine (21), koji su vezani za indicijalnu
funkciju L koja opisuje silu uzgona usled rotacionog
kretanja. Na osnovu uspostavljenih relacija izmeu
indicijalnih funkcija i flater derivata koje su prikazane u
jednainama (22), nepoznati koeficijenti se mogu
odrediti na osnovu derivata H*2 i H*3. Koristei izmerene
aeroelastine derivate H*2 i H*3 sa svojim diskretnim
m
vrednostima pri redukovanim brzinama U red, m =
1,,M, funkcija greke L koja je potrebna da bude
minimizovana moe biti data kao:
M
L (p L ) =
m =1
on the quasi-steady flutter derivatives from Figure 7

critical velocity is evaluated as a more conservative
value Ucr =66.97m/s when compared to the critical
velocity obtained from previously shown unsteady
approach.
As already mentioned in section 4, indicial functions
coefficients may be identified by means of a nonlinear
least-square optimization. As an example unknown
coefficients from Eq.(21) related to the indicial function
L which describe the lift force due to the pitch motion
are going to be identified. Based on established
relationships between indicial functions and flutter
derivatives shown in Eqs.(22), unknown coefficients
should be evaluated from the derivatives H*2 and H*3.
Using the measured aero elastic derivatives H*2 and H*3
at discrete values of the reduced wind velocity Umred, m =
1,,M , the error function L can be established, which
is to be minimized:
m
( DL (p L ,U red
) DLm ) 2
2
DLm
m
( E L (p L ,U red
) E Lm ) 2
2
m
E L
(26)
2 *
*
gde je DL = -K H 3 a EL = -KH 2 i K je redukovana
frekvencija. Reprezentacija neustaljenih koeficijenata
pomou DL i EL pogodnija je zbog identifikacione
procedure u odnosu na klasinu reprezentaciju pomou
H*2 i H*3, gde su vrednosti pri niim redukovanim
brzinama umanjene. Stoga bi vrednosti pri veim
redukovanim brzinama imale vei uticaj na totalnu
greku, te bi se kao rezultat dobila slabija aproksimacija
pri niim redukovanim brzinama, gde je neustaljenost
izraenija ([26]). Vektor p L , iz jednaine Eq.(26),
where DL = -K2H*3 and EL = -KH*2 and K is reduced

frequency. The representation of unsteady coefficients in
terms of DL and EL is more suitable for this
identification procedure than the classical representation
in terms of H*2 and H*3 where the values at low reduced
velocities are scaled down. Therefore the values at high
reduced velocities would be weighted too much in the
total error, resulting in a poor approximation at low
reduced velocities, where unsteadiness is more
important ([26]). Vector p L , from Eq.(26), collects the
saima sve nepoznate parametre koji treba da budu

odreeni optimizacionom procedurom:
unknown parameters which have to be determined

through the optimisation procedure:
p L = a L 1 ,..., a LN L , bL 1 ,..., bLN L
(27)
gde su aLi i bLi, i=1-NL bezdimenzionalni koeficijenti i

NL je broj izabranih lanova za aproksimaciju indicijalne
funkcije L. Ukoliko su ustaljeni koeficijenti kao i njihovi
prvi izvodi nepoznati mogue je i njih tretirati kao
nepoznate parametre.
Optimizacija se izvodi na osnovu algoritma
pouzdane oblasti ( trust-region algoritma), koji je
implementiran u Matlab-u i koristi analitike izraze za
gradijente greke
il / p il i 2 il / 2 pil koji su
where aLi and bLi, i=1-NL are nondimensional

coefficients and NL is the number of terms chosen to
approximate the indicial function L. If the steady
coefficients and their first derivatives are unknown it is
possible to treat them as additional unknown
parameters.
The optimization is performed by using a trust-region
algorithm which is implemented in Matlab and using
analytical expressions for the error gradients
izvedeni u radu [26]. Sline funkcije greke koriste se za

identifikaciju ostalih indicijalnih funkcija. Sve etiri
sraunate indicijalne funkcije za posmatrani popreni
presek prikazane su na slici 8.
Za aerodinamine poprene preseke, s ravnomernim
izgledom svih derivata, upotreba jedne ([3]) ili dve (kao
kod Jones-ove aproksimacije Theodorsen-ove funkcije
date u [16]) grupe eksponencijalnih lanova dovoljna je
da prikae globalno ponaanje. U ovom sluaju, jedna
eksponencijalna grupa je iskoriena za opisivanje
ponaanja svih indicijalnih funkcija. Za proveru kvaliteta
identifikovanih indicijalnih funkcija, flater derivati mogu
biti odreeni na osnovu bezdimenzionalnih koeficijenata
sadranih u p il i jednaina (22). Stoga su na slici 9
Similar error functions are used to identify other indicial

functions. All four resulting indicial functions for the
considered bridge deck are presented in Figure 8.
For streamlined cross-sections, with uniform trends
in all derivatives, the use of one ([3]) or two (Jones
approximation of Theodorsens function given in [16])
groups of exponential terms is sufficient to capture the
general behaviour. In this case one exponential group is
used to describe the behaviour of all indicial functions.
As a quality check for identified indicial functions, flutter
derivatives can be evaluated based on the nondimensional coefficients contained in p il and Eqs.(22).
takoe predstavljeni odgovarajui flater derivati koji su

odreeni na osnovu identifikovanih bezdimenzionalnih
il / p il and 2 il / 2 p il
developed
by
[26].
Therefore, Figure 9 also include the corresponding flutter

derivatives evaluated based on identified nondimensional coefficients ail and bil, related to the indicial
51
function L (in Figure 9 marked as optimized) and

moreover they show satisfying agreement with
measured flutter derivatives. Similar check is also
performed for other identified indicial functions.
These functions, in the form of convolution integrals
can also be used to estimate critical wind velocity.
Namely, the equations of motion presented in Eq.(12)
can be solved for different wind velocities, only in this
case, with the aero elastic forces expressed in the time
domain (Eq.(19) and Eq.(20)). By increasing the velocity,
the critical velocity can be estimated as one causing
unstable, divergent oscillations. Nevertheless, due to the
equivalency of these two approaches, namely frequency
and time, both solutions should converge. Still, some
preferences in choosing one or the other approach
should be taken in consideration. Namely, it is noted in
[27] that from the computational point of view, stability
analysis in the time domain is more extensive, especially
when considering more complicated models then 2DOF,
and therefore frequency-domain analysis is preferable.
The same authors also mention that the time-domain
method should be used for bridge analyses where the
frequency-domain approach is more complicated (e.g.
coupled buffeting analysis, analyses including localized
damping devices), or where it is inapplicable (e.g.
analyses including structural nonlinearities, nonlinear
damping devices).
koeficijenta ail i bil, koji odgovaraju indicijalnoj funkciji L

(na slici 9 obeleeno je sa optimized) i tavie,
pokazuju zadovoljavajue poklapanje s merenim flater
derivatima. Slina provera je izvrena i za ostale
identifikovane indicijalne funkcije.
Ove funkcije, kroz formu konvolucionih integrala,
mogu biti iskoriene za odreivanje kritine brzine
vetra. Naime, jednaine kretanja predstavljene u
jednaini (12) mogu biti reene u sluaju razliitih brzina
vetra, samo u ovom sluaju, pomou aeroelastinih sila
izraenih u vremenskom domenu (jednaine (19) i (20)).
Poveavanjem brzine, kritina brzina se moe odrediti
kao brzina koja izaziva nestabilne-divergentne oscilacije.
Uprkos tome, zbog ekvivalentnosti ova dva pristupa,
frekventnog i vremenskog, oba reenja moraju da
konvergiraju. No ipak, neke prednosti u izboru jednog u
odnosu na drugi pristup, trebalo bi uzeti u obzir. Naime,
zabeleeno je u [27] da je, sa stanovita raunara,
analiza stabilnosti obimnija u vremenskom domenu,
pogotovu kada se uzmu u obzir komplikovaniji modeli od
2DOF, i stoga je analiza u frekventnom domenu
poeljnija. Isti autori takoe navode da bi metod u
vremenskom domenu trebalo da se koristi kod analize
mostova kada je pristup u frekventnom domenu
komplikovaniji (na primer, spregnuta analiza flatera i
uticaja turbulencije, analiza koja ukljuuje lokalizovane
priguivae), ili kada nije mogu (na primer, analiza koja
ukljuuje
konstruktivne
nelinearnosti,
nelinearne
priguivae).
Tabela 2: Konstruktivne karakteristike posmatranog mosta 1

Table 2: Structural properties of considered bridge2
B[m]
mz[kg/m]
m[kg/m]
fz[Hz]
f[Hz]
z[-]
[-]
18.3
12820
426000
0.142
0.355
0.006
0.005
ZAKLJUCI
CONCLUSIONS
Dinamike sile vetra koje deluju na fleksibilne

mostovske nosae nastaju usled turbulencije koja dolazi
do konstrukcije, zatim koja je uzrokovana samom
konstrukcijom, te vrtlonim tragom iza konstrukcije, kao i
usled interakcije izmeu konstrukcije i vetra koji je
opstrujava. Poslednji (aeroelastini) tip sila deluje kao
dodatni dinamiki uticaj na popreni presek mosta. Te
sile imaju potencijal da generiu aeroelastini
mehanizam samopobuujuih oscilacija nosaa, i mogu
da dovedu konstrukciju do dinamike divergencije,
stvarajui aeroelastini fenomen poznat kao flater.
Glavni cilj ovog rada je da predstave razliite metode
koje mogu da se koriste za reenje problema flatera kod
mostova. Kao prvi metod je predstavljen najee primenjivan pristup u frekventnom domenu u kom se koriste
frekventno zavisni aerodinamini parametri poznati kao
flater derivati. Razmatran je 2DOF model i definisan je
problem svojstvenih vrednosti, koji kao rezultat daje kriti-
Dynamic wind forces upon flexible bridge girders

evolve from the action of the incident, body- and wakeinduced turbulence and from the interaction between the
motion of the structure and the circumfluent wind. The
latter (aero elastic) type of forces acts as the additional
dynamic effect upon the girder cross-section. It has the
potential to generate an aero elastic mechanism of selfexcitation of girder oscillations, and it can bring the
structure to dynamic divergence, creating aero elastic
phenomenon called flutter.
The main objective of this paper is to present
different bridge flutter methods which can be used to
solve the flutter problem. At first, the most commonly
used frequency-domain approach is presented in which
frequency dependent aerodynamic parameters called
flutter derivatives are applied. The 2DOF model is considered and eigenvalue problem is defined giving as the
outcome critical wind speed - the main critical condition
Vrednosti su uzete iz [24], gde je slian popreni presek

mosta posmatran pomou multimodalne analize. Dva tona,
vezana za savijanje i torziju, odgovaraju predstavljanim
glavnim spregnutim tonovima u pomenutom lanku.
52
Values are taken from [24], where the similar bridge deck
section is considered with the use of multimode analisys. Two
modes, for heave and pitch, are corresponding to the
presented main coupled modes from the related paper.

nu brzinu vetra - glavni kritini uslov za nastanak

flatera. Kao sledei korak, ekvivalentni pristup u
vremenskom domenu, koji je baziran na indicijalnim
funkcijama, sumiran je i zakljuno je predstavljena
aproksimacija vezana za kvaziustaljenu teoriju.
for the onset of flutter. As a next step, equivalent

approach in time-domain, based on the indicial
functions, is summarized and finally the approximation
based on the quasi-steady theory is presented.
Slika 7. Flater derivati dobijeni direktno na osnovu merenja i korienjem kvaziustaljene aproksimacije
Figure 7. Flutter derivatives obtained directly from the measurements and using quasi-steady approximation

53
Prikazan je numeriki primer jednog tipinog

poprenog preseka mosta. S tom svrhom, serija
eksperimenata je sprovedena u aerotunelu na fiksnom
modelu postavljenom s razliitim napadnim uglovima,
kao i pomou mehanizma za prinudne vibracije.
Prikazane su identifikacione tehnike vezane za
frekventno zavisne koeficijente flater derivate i
vremenski zavisne indicijalne funkcije. Prednosti i
mane prezentovanih pristupa su navedene.
A numerical example is offered related to one typical

bridge deck cross-section. For that purpose, series of
wind tunnel experiments conducted upon a rigid model
placed under different angles of flow attack and by
operating a forced vibration mechanism are performed.
Identification techniques related to the frequency
dependent coefficients flutter derivatives and time
dependent functions indicial functions are provided.
Advantages and disadvantages of the presented
approaches are discussed.
Slika 8. Indicijalne funkcije

Figure 8. Indicial functions
Slika 9. Izabrani flater derivati dobijeni direktno na osnovu merenja u poreenju sa optimizovanim vrednostima dobijenim
na osnovu procene indicijalne funkcije L sa slike 8
Figure 9. Selected flutter derivatives obtained directly from the measurements compared with optimized values obtained
from indicial function estimation of the L from Figure 8
54

ZAHVALNOST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Autori zahvaljuju na uspenoj saradnji prof. dr in. R.

Hffer-u (Ruhr University Bochum), na merenju u
aerotunelu. Takoe, izraavaju zahvalnost za finansijsku
podrku u okviru projekata TR 36046 Ministarstva
prosvete, nauke i tehnolokog razvoja Republike Srbije,
kao i za finansijsku podrku u okviru German Academic
Exchange Service (DAAD) u vidu DYNET stipendije
autoru MJ, za period jul-decembar 2013.
The authors gratefully acknowledge the fruitful

cooperation with Prof. Dr. Ing. R. Hffer, Ruhr University
Bochum, related to the measurements in the wind
tunnel. The financial support through the project TR
36046 of the Ministry of education, science and technological development of the Republic of Serbia, as well as
the financial support provided by the German Academic
Exchange Service (DAAD) in the framework of a DYNET
scholarship for author MJ during period JulyDecember
2013 is acknowledged.
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35-47.
REZIME
SUMMRY
METODE ANALIZE FLATERA U FREKVENTNOM I

VREMENSKOM DOMENU
FREQUENCY- AND TIME-DOMAIN METHODS

RELATED TO FLUTTER INSTABILITY PROBLEM
Anina ARKIC
Milos JOKOVI
Stanko BRI
Anina SARKIC
Milos JOCKOVIC
Stanko BRCIC
Fenomen flatera mostova predstavlja vaan

kriterijum stabilnosti, koji mora biti uzet u obzir tokom
procesa projektovanja mosta. U ovom radu su prikazane
razliite metode koje se mogu koristiti pri reavanju
problema flatera. Najee korieni pristup je u
frekventnom domenu i baziran je na formulaciji
aeroelastinih
sila
putem
frekventno
zavisnih
koeficijenata koji se nazivaju flater derivati. Na osnovu
ovako izraenih aeroelastinih sila, odreuje se kritina
brzina vetra, kao glavni uslov za nastanak flatera.
Aeroelastine sile mogu se takoe izraziti i u
vremenskom domenu, pomou takozvanih indicijalnih
funkcija. Ove funkcije su najee odreene iz
odgovarajuih flater derivata. U sluajevima kada su
efekti memorije fluida zanemarljivi, kvaziustaljena teorija
moe se koristiti za aproksimaciju aeroelastinih sila.
Numeriki primer tipinog poprenog preseka mosta
prati prikazane pristupe.
Bridge flutter phenomenon presents an important

criterion of instability, which should be considered in the
bridge design phase. This paper presents different
bridge flutter methods which can be used to solve the
flutter problem. Most commonly used frequency-domain
approach is based on the formulation of aero elastic
forces with frequency dependent coefficients called
flutter derivatives. The critical wind speed, as the main
critical condition for the onset of flutter is obtained based
on these aero elastic forces. Aero elastic forces can be
also expressed in the time-domain, using so-called
indicial functions. These functions are usually
determined from the corresponding flutter derivatives. In
situations when fluid-memory effects tend to become
small the quasi-steady theory can be used as an
approximation of aero elastic forces. A numerical
example related to the typical bridge cross-section
follows presented approaches.
Kljune rei: Flater, reenje flatera,

optereenja, flater derivati, indicijalne funkcije
Key words: Flutter, flutter solution, load models,

fultter derivatives, indicial functions
56
modeli

UPUTSTVO AUTORIMA*
Prihvatanje radova i vrste priloga
U asopisu Materijli i konstrukcije tampae se neobjavljeni radovi ili lanci i konferencijska saoptenja sa odreenim dopunama ili bez dopuna. prema odluci Redakcionog
odbora. a samo izuzetno uz dozvolu prethodnog izdavaa
prihvatie se i objavljeni rad. Vrste priloga autora i saradnika
koji e se tampati su: originalni nauni radovi. prethodna
saoptenja. pregledni radovi. struni radovi. konferencijska
saoptenja (radovi sa nauno-strunih skupova). kao i ostali
prilozi kao to su: prikazi objekata i iskustava - primeri.
diskusije povodom objavljenih radova i pisma urednitvu.
prikazi knjiga i zbornika radova. kao i obavetenja o
nauno-strunim skupovima.
Originalni nauni rad je primarni izvor naunih informacija i novih ideja i saznanja kao rezultat izvornih istraivanja
uz primenu adekvatnih naunih metoda. Dobijeni rezultati
se izlau kratko. jasno i objektivno. ali tako da poznavalac
problema moe proceniti rezultate eksperimentalnih ili
teorijsko numerikih analiza i tok razmiljanja. tako da se
istraivanje moe ponoviti i pri tome dobiti iste ili rezultate u
okvirima doputenih odstupanja. kako se to u radu navodi.
Prethodno saoptenje sadri prva kratka obavetenja o
rezultatima istraivanja ali bez podrobnih objanjenja. tj.
krae je od originalnog naunog rada. U ovu kategoriju
spadaju i diskusije o objavljenim radovima ako one sadre
naune doprinose.
Pregledni rad je nauni rad koji prikazuje stanje nauke u
odreenoj oblasti kao plod analize. kritike i komentara i
zakljuaka publikovanih radova o kojima se daju svi neophodni podaci pregledno i kritiki ukljuujui i sopstvene
radove. Navode se sve bibliografske jedinice koriene u
obradi tematike. kao i radovi koji mogu doprineti rezultatima
daljih istraivanja. Ukoliko su bibliografski podaci metodski
sistematizovani. ali ne i analizirani i raspravljeni. takvi
pregledni radovi se klasifikuju kao struni pregledni radovi.
Struni rad predstavlja koristan prilog u kome se iznose
poznate spoznaje koje doprinose irenju znanja i prilagoavanja rezultata izvornih istraivanja potrebama teorije i
prakse. On sadri i rezultate razvojnih istraivanja.
Konferencijsko saoptenje ili rad sopten na naunostrunom skupu koji mogu biti objavljeni u izvornom obliku ili
ih autor. u dogovoru sa redakcijom. bitno preradi i proiri. To
mogu biti nauni radovi. naroito ako su soptenja po
pozivu Organizatora skupa ili sadre originalne rezultate
prvi put objavljene. pa ih je korisno uz odreene dopune
uiniti dostupnim iroj strunoj javnosti. tampae se i
struni radovi za koje Redakcioni odbor oceni da su od ireg
interesa.
Ostali prilozi su prikazi objekata. tj. njihove konstrukcije i
iskustava-primeri u graenju i primeni razliitih materijala.
diskusije povodom objavljenih radova i pisma urednitvu.
prikazi knjiga i zbornika radova. kao i obavetenja o
nauno-strunim skupovima.
Autori uz rukopis predlau kategorizaciju lanka. Svi
radovi pre objavljivanja se recenziraju. a o prihvatanju za
publikovanje o njihovoj kategoriji konanu odluku donosi
Redakcioni odbor.
Da bi se ubrzao postupak prihvatanja radova za
publikovanje. potrebno je da autori uvaavaju Uputstva za
pripremu radova koja su navedena u daljem tekstu.
Uputstva za pripremu rukopisa

Rukopis otkucati jednostrano na listovima A-4 sa
marginama od 31 mm (gore i dole) a 20 mm (levo i desno).
u Wordu fontom Arial sa 12 pt. Potrebno je uz jednu kopiju
svih delova rada i priloga. dostaviti i elektronsku verziju na
navedene E-mail adrese. ili na CD-u. Autor je obavezan da
uva jednu kopiju rukopisa kod sebe zbog eventualnog
oteenja ili gubitka rukopisa.
Od broja 1/2010. prema odluci Upravnog odbora
Drutva i Redakcionog odbora. radovi sa pozitivnim
recenzijama i prihvaeni za tampu. publikovae se na
srpskom i engleskom jeziku.
Svaka stranica treba da bude numerisana. a optimalni

obim lanka na jednom jeziku. je oko 16 stranica (30000
slovnih mesta) ukljuujui slike. fotografije. tabele i popis
literature. Za radove veeg obima potrebna je saglasnost
Redakcionog odbora.
Naslov rada treba sa to manje rei (poeljno osam. a
najvie do jedanaeset) da opie sadraj lanka. U naslovu
ne koristiti skraenice ni formule. U radu se iza naslova daju
ime i prezime autora. a titule i zvanja. kao iime institucije u
podnonoj napomeni. Autor za kontakt daje telefone. faks i
adresu elektronske pote. a za ostale autore potansku
adresu.
Uz saetak (rezime) od oko 150 do 200 rei. na
srpskom i engleskom jeziku daju se kljune rei (do deset).
To je jezgrovit prikaz celog lanka i itaocima omoguuje
uvid u njegove bitne elemente.
Rukopis se deli na poglavlja i potpoglovlja uz numeraciju. po hijerarhiji. arapskim brojevima. Svaki rad ima uvod.
sadrinu rada sa rezultatima. analizom i zakljucima. Na
kraju rada se daje popis literature.
Kod svih dimenzionalnih veliina obavezna je primena
meunarodnih SI mernih jedinica.
Formule i jednaine treba pisati paljivo vodei rauna o
indeksima i eksponentima. Autori uz izraze u tekstu definu
simbole redom kako se pojavljuju. ali se moe dati i
posebna lista simbola u prilogu.
Prilozi (tabele. grafikoni. sheme i fotografije) rade se u
crno-beloj tehnici. u formatu koji obezbeuje da pri
smanjenju na razmere za tampu. po irini jedan do dva
stupca (8cm ili 16.5cm). a po visini najvie 24.5cm. ostanu
jasni i itljivi. tj. da veliine slova i brojeva budu najmanje
1.5mm. Originalni crtei treba da budu kvalitetni i u
potpunosti pripremljeni za presnimavanje. Mogu biti i dobre.
otre i kontrastne fotokopije. Koristiti fotogrfije. u crno-beloj
tehnici. na kvalitetnoj hartiji sa otrim konturama. koje
omoguuju jasnu reprodukciju. Skraenice u prilozima
koristiti samo izuzetno uz obaveznu legendu. Prilozi se
posebno oznaavaju arapskim brojevima. prema redosledu
navoenja u tekstu. Objanjenje tabela daje se u tekstu.
Potrebno je dati spisak svih skraenica korienih u
tekstu.
U popisu literature na kraju rada daju se samo oni
radovi koji se pominju u tekstu. Citirane radove treba
prikazati po azbunom redu prezimena prvog autora.
Literaturu u tekstu oznaiti arapskim brojevima u uglastim
zagradama. kako se navodi i u Popisu citirane literature.
napr [1]. Svaki citat u tekstu mora se nai u Popisu citirane
literature i obrnuto svaki podatak iz Popisa se mora navesti
u tekstu.
U Popisu literature se navode prezime i inicijali imena
autora. zatim potpuni naslov citiranog lanka. iza toga sledi
ime asopisa. godina izdavanja i poetna i zavrna stranica
(od - do). Za knjige iza naslova upisuje se ime urednika (ako
ih ima). broj izdanja. prva i poslednja stranicapoglavlja ili
dela knjige. ime izdavaa i mesto objavljivanja. ako je
navedeno vie gradova navodi se samo prvi po redu. Kada
autor citirane podatke ne uzima iz izvornog rada. ve ih je
pronaao u drugom delu. uz citat se dodaje citirano
prema.... Neobjavljeni lanci mogu se pominjati u tekstu
kao usmeno saoptenje
Autori su odgovorni za izneseni sadraj i moraju sami
obezbediti eventualno potrebne saglasnosti za objavljivanje
nekih podataka i priloga koji se koriste u radu.
Ukoliko rad bude prihvaen za tampu. autori su duni
da. po uputstvu Redakcije. unesu sve ispravke i dopune u
tekstu i prilozima.
Za detaljnija tehnika uputstva za pripremu rukopisa
autori se mogu obratiti Redakcionom odboru asopisa.
Rukopisi i prilozi objavljenih radova se ne vraaju. Sva
eventualna objanjenja i uputstva mogu se dobiti od
Redakcionog odbora.
Radovi se mogu slati i na e-mail: folic@uns.ac.rs ili
miram@uns.ac.rs i dimk@ptt.rs
Veb sajt Drutva i asopisa: www.dimk.rs
Uputstvo autorima je modifikovano i treba ga u pripremi

radova slediti.

57
Izdavanje asopisa "Graevinski materijali i konstrukcije" finansijski su pomogli:
INENJERSKA KOMORA SRBIJE
MINISTARSTVO ZA NAUKU I TEHNOLOKI

RAZVOJ SRBIJE
UNIVERZITET U BEOGRADU
GRAEVINSKI FAKULTET
departman za
graevinarstvo
DEPARTMAN ZA GRAEVINARSTVO
FAKULTET TENHIKIH NAUKA NOVI SAD
INSTITUT IMS AD, BEOGRAD
UNIVERZITET CRNE GORE

GRAEVINSKI FAKULTET - PODGORICA
58


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ISSN 2217-8139 (Print)

ISSN 2334-0229 (Online)

DRUTVO ZA ISPITIVANJE I ISTRAIVANJE MATERIJALA I KONSTRUKCIJA SRBIJE

Odlukom Skuptine Drutva za ispitivanje materijala i

According to the decision of the Assembly of the Society for

Professor Radomir Folic

DRUTVO Z ISPITIVNJE I ISTRIVNJE MTERIJL I KONSTRUKCIJ SRBIJE

SOPIS ZA ISTRIVNJA U OBLSTI MTERIJL I KONSTRUKCIJ

INTERNATIONAL EDITORIAL BOARD

Institut za ispitivanje materijala, Beograd, Srbija

Professor Asterios Liolios

Dr Jose Adam, ICITECH

Professor Radu Banchila

Professor Tom Schanz

Professor Dubravka Bjegovi

Professor Valeriu Stoin

Lektori za srpski jezik: Dr Milo Zubac, profesor

All papers were reviewed

ISSN 2217-8139 (Print )

GODINA LVII - 2014.

DRUTVO Z ISPITIVNJE I ISTRIVNJE MTERIJL I KONSTRUKCIJ SRBIJE

SOPIS ZA ISTRIVNJA U OBLSTI MTERIJL I KONSTRUKCIJ

Uputstvo autorima ..................................................

Preview report ........................................................

STABILITY AND VIBRATION IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

Taking into account the stiffness and inertia forces,

GRAEVINSKI MATERIJALI I KONSTRUKCIJE 57 (2014) 2 (3-17)

formulated by Bolotin2. Burgreen3 analysed the problem

DYNAMIC POST-BUCKLING BEHAVIOUR OF

2.1 Post-buckling behaviour of slender web

In the post-buckling behaviour of the slender web the

where z is the coordinate of the thickness. The indexes

Figure 1. Notation of the quantities of slender web

For the next investigation, slender web with initial

The w represents the global displacements

For the approximate

solution, we take displacement functions as

dV - is the potential energy of the

U e = (q q0 ) p d - the potential energy of the

stress can be defined as =

F = tdy . Consequently, the average

2.2 Post-buckling behaviour of slender web loaded

The global potential energy of the slender web is

where K G is the stiffness matrix as the function of the

] T are the residual stresses.

For the simplification we suppose the square

E, are the Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio,

The minimum of the global potential energy gives the

Due to that the initial strains are

The displacements are assumed as the product of

GRAEVINSKI MATERIJALI I KONSTRUKCIJE 57 (2014) 2 (3-17)

The in-plane displacements parameters are

First, we present a note related to the solution of

These equations could be written in the mode

The sign is used as the exponent.

Finally, we obtain the system of cubic algebraic

2.3 System of non-linear algebraic equations

The parameters and 0 represent the amplitudes

The system of conditional equations may be

The potential energy of the internal forces is a

, the result can be arranged into the

Assuming the linear elastic material, the stresses are

Figure 2. Post-buckling behaviour of slender web loaded in compression

GRAEVINSKI MATERIJALI I KONSTRUKCIJE 57 (2014) 2 (3-17)

qdV is the increment of the

K M D D + K INC D D + K INC DS S + f INT D f EXT D f EXT D = 0

K M + K INC + f INT f EXT f EXT = 0