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2.
1
Ze 2 mv 2
2
4 0 r
r
1.6 10
19
nh
where
2
m mass of electron,
planks constant.
The spectral lines of hydrogen atom can be explained by using the relation
1
1
1
R 2 2 where R Rydbergs constant, n1 and n 2 various energy state.
n1 n2
3.
Photoelectric effect:
According to classical ideas, radiation consists of oscillating electric and magnetic
fields. The intensity of radiation is being proportional to energy E . The force exerted on
the electron is eE i.e., F eE where e is the electronic charge. Therefore the kinetic
energy of the emitted electron should depend on the intensity of radiation. This is
contradiction to the experimental facts. Also classical physics fails to explain the existence of
threshold frequency and to explain the instantaneous nature of photo emission. All the above
facts were successfully explained by Einstein using the relation
12 mv
2
max
= h
where
12 mv
2
max
4.
Compton scattering:
According to classical theory when a beam of X rays incident on matter. The
scattered X ray should possess the same wavelength as the incident one. The scattering
constant is found to be independent of the incident radiation. The distribution of scattered
X ray intensity should be symmetrical.
The experimental observations revels the following:
(i) The scattering constant was found to depend on the wavelength of the incident X rays .
(ii) The scattered radiation was found to consists of two wavelength. One same as that of
incident wavelength and the other a longer wavelength.
(iii) The distribution of scattered intensity is not symmetrical.
5.
The classical physics predicts that all solids have the same and temperature
independent molar specific heats (= 3R).
Dulong and Pettits law showed that at room temperature, Atomic weight Specific
heat = 6.4 (Atomic specific heat). But in the case of diamond and silicon it is not true (For
these two specific heat increases with temperature). The experiment showed specific heat
decreases slowly with fall of temperature and finally tends to zero at absolute zero at 0 K.
This is contradictory to Dulong and Pettits law.
The experimental observations were successfully explained quantum mechanically by
Einstein.
de
nature i.e., material particle can behave both as wave as well as particle. He proposed the
following assumptions.
(i)
Broglie waves or
Broglie wave:
c
.....................(1)
h
mc
h
p
Different forms of de
h
...................(3)
mv
where
2meV
h
3mKT
de Broglie wavelength for a particle moving a wave with very high speed or
velocity. The mass of moving particle is given by
m0
m
v2
1 2
c
m
where
mass of moving particle, m0 rest mass of particle, v velocity with
which particle moving.
Equation (3) becomes,
h
v2
1 2
m0 c
c
2meV
12.28
A
V
6.625 10 34
2 9.1 10
31
1.6 10
1
19
P Thomsons experiment:
Electron beam
Cathode
Photo
graphic
plate
D1 D2
C
A
Screen
Aluminium
cylinder
Gold foil
Diffraction
pattern
high velocities. This high energy electron beam is made incident on a gold foil, which act as a
diffraction grating. The diffraction pattern is obtained on the screen.
Theory:
High energy electrons on passing through a thin poly crystalline gold foil undergo
Braggs reflection and form a series of rings on the photographic plate (screen).
According to Braggs law
2d sin n
where n order of the diffraction pattern, d spacing between the layers where the
atoms are accommodated. The incident beam AB passes through the film at B. BP is the
reflected beam. Let OP= R & BO = l .
From figure , PBO= 2 , where = glancing angle
OP
OB
R
l
R
2l
2
l
2d
The wavelength calculated from this relation is in good agreement with wavelength
calculated using the relation
Davisson
12.28
A
V
Germer experiment:
D1
D2
E
A
L.T
H.T
L.T = Low tension battery
H.T = High tension battery
N = Nickel crystal
E = Electron gun
A = Aluminium cylinder
R = Ionization chamber
S = Circular scale
F = Filament
G = Galvanometer
Construction:
Direction of
incident beam
V = 40V
V = 44V
Fig(i)
Fig(ii)
V = 54V
= 50o
Fig(iii)
V = 68V
Fig(iv)
A smooth curve (without any hump) as shown in the fig(i). When the experiment was
repeated with accelerating potentials at 44V, 54V and 68V the graph were shown in fig(ii),
fig(iii) and fig(iv). As the accelerating potential increases a distinct hump was formed and it
was more pronounced for = 500 and V= 54V. Above 54V the hump was declined and
faded away.
Theory:
If e is the change on the electron then the kinetic energy is given by
1
mv 2 eV
2
2meV
According to de-Broglie
h
mv
h
2meV
6.625 10 34
2 9.1 10 31 1.6 10 19 54
1.66 10 10 m
1.66 A
d sin
2.15 10 10 sin 50
1.65A
Deflection
31o
Glancing angle
62o
2d sin 1 n
2d sin 2 n 1
2d sin 2 sin 1
1.58A
The theoretical value of wavelength () is given by
12.28
A
60
1.58A
Experimental and theoretical values of wavelength are in good agreement with each
other.
Properties of de
1.
Broglie wave:
Broglie wave.
(1)
According to de
2 r
n
....................
Broglie,
h
mv
2 r
h
n
mv
nh
mvr
2
2 )
3.
h
mv
h
v2
1 2
m0 v
c
Phase velocity of a De
Broglie wave.
h
According to De Broglie,
mv
If be the frequency of a matter wave then
E h mc 2
2
mc
mc 2 h
h mv
2
c
vP
v
vP
4.
Group velocity.
A particle of mass moving with a velocity v is thought of to be a group of waves
moving in a single direction. The velocity with which the energy transported is called Group
velocity.
A wave pocket consists of a group of waves the amplitude and phases are
constructively interfere over a very small region of space in which particle can be located.
Just outside this pocket they interfere destructively and the amplitude tends to zero.
Consider a free particle of mass m having
phase velocity v P and group velocity ' v g ' . If
be the de
mv g ...............(1)
1
2
mv g
2
2
mv g .....................(3)
2h
Substitute equation (1) and (3) in equation (2)
mvg 2 h
vP
2h mvg
vP
1
vg
2
or
h
2
x
2n sin
where n is the refractive index of the medium between the object and objective.
when n 1 (i.e., in air medium)
x 2 sin
................(1)
This means that if the position of the electron changes by x, the microscope will not
be able to detect it. x is made as small as possible by illuminating the electrons by radiations
frequency of radiation.
The photon undergoes scattering in the direction of OA and makes an angle with
the incident direction. In turn the electron recoils with a velocity v in a direction OB
making an angle with the incident direction.
According to the law of conservation of momentum
h h '
cos mv cos
c
c
h h '
mv cos
cos
c
c
h
mv cos ( ' cos )
c
mv cos
h
p x ' sin ' sin
c
2h '
p x
sin ..............(2)
c
2h ' sin
2 sin
c
'
x p x h
' 1
h
x p x
since
c
'
'
x p x
x p x
h
2
h
2 x
6.625 10 34
p x
2 3.14 2 10 14
p x 0.527 10 20 Kgms 1
p x
K .E E
p2
2m
0.527 10
E
20 2
9.1 10 31 2
E 97 MeV
But the maximum energy of an electron in atom is of the order of 4MeV. Hence
electrons cannot exist inside the nucleus.
PROBLEMS:
1.
Calculate the de
a potential of 60 V.
Solution:
12.28
A
V
12.28
A
60
1.585A
2.
Calculate the de Broglie wavelength associated with a marble of mass 10gms
moving with a velocity 1000 cm/s.
Solution:
h 6.625 10 34 J
m 10 10 3 Kg
v 1000 10 2 m / s
h
mv
6.625 10 34
10 10 3 1000 10 2
66.25 10 34 m
h
2mE
h 6.625 10 34 Js
m 9.1 10 31 Kg
E 200 1.6 10 19 J
6.625 10 34
4.A proton of mass 1.67 10 27 Kg has a wavelength of 0.5Ao. Calculate the energy in
eV.
Solution:
h
2mE
h2
2mE
h2
E
2 m 2
h 6.625 10 34 Js
m 9.1 10 31 Kg
E 200 1.6 10 19 J
6.625 10
E
2 1.67 10 0.5 10
34 2
27
10 2
E 5.2564 10 20 J
5.2564 10 20
E
1.6 10 19
E 0.328eV
3KTm
h
mv
h
3mKT
6.625 10 34
6. Calculate the de
th
of velocity
h
mv
6.625 10 34
1
8
1.67 10 27
3 10
20
26.44 10 15 m
h
2meV
h
2mE
6.625 10 34
2 9.1 10 31 E
Where E 143V
E 143 1.6 10 19
E 2.288 10 17
6.625 10 34
2 9.1 10 31 2.288 10 17
1.027A
2d sin
2d
1.027 10 10
sin
2 1.24 10 10
sin 0.414113
sin
24.46
8.
Calculate the de
m 1.67 10
27
Kg
Solution:
0C
h
3mKT
6.625 10 34
Calculate the wavelength of an electron having kinetic energy 1.5 MeV. Given
that mass of electron is 9.1 10 31 Kg.
Solution:
9.
h
2meV
6.625 10 34
10.
10 KV electrons are passed through a thin film of a metal for which atomic
h
2meV
6.625 10 34
2 9.1 10 31 10 10 3 1.6 10 19
0.1227 A
2d sin n
n 1
n
2d
0.1227 10 10
sin
2 5.5 10 11
sin 0.1115
sin
624'
11.
Broglie wavelength.
1
mv 2 eV
2
1
mv 2 1.6 10 19 5 10 3 V
2
p 2 m 2 v 2 2 9.1 10 31 1.6 10 19 5 10 3
2 9.1 10 31 1.6 10 19 5 10 3
p 3.81 10 23
(b)
h
p
6.625 10 34
3.81 10 23
0.17 A
12.Find the speed and momentum of a proton whose total energy is 3.5 10 9 eV.
Solution:
K .E E 3.5 10 9 eV
m 1.69 10 27
p 2 E 2m
p 2 3.5 10 9 2 1.69 10 27 1.6 10 19
p
1.8928 10 36
p 1.375 10 18 Kgms 1
p mv
p
v
m
1.375 10 18
v
1.69 10 27
v
x p
h
2
h
2 x
6.625 10 34
p
2 3.14 0.2 10 10
p 5.2746 10 24 Kgms 1
p
15. The de
Solution:
0.589 10 10
h
2mE
h2
E 2
2m
E
6.625 10
0.589 10 2 1.69 10
34 2
10 2
27
3.788 10 20
1.6 10 19
E 0.237 eV
E
h
3mKT
6.625 10 34
Momentum:
3
KT
2
3
K .E 1.38 10 23 300
2
K .E 6.21 10 21
K .E
2mE
2 1.69 10 27 6.21 10 21
p 4.58 10 24 Kgms 1
h
p
6.625 10 34
4.58 10 24
1.446 A
17. Calculate the de Broglie wavelength associated with 54V electrons and
calculate the speed of matter waves of these electrons.
Solution:
12.28
v
12.28
A
54
1.67A
2 m v
6.625 10 34
v
v
x
x
x
EXERCISE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
CONCEPT QUESTIONS
1. Why G-P Thomsons method is called absolute method?
a. Wavelength is determined by dynamical value so G-P Thomsons method is
called absolute method i.e.,
Rd
is calculated dynamically.
l
hence =
E h
c
c
h
when the
mo c
12.Waves are associated with sub atomic particles not with macroscopic
particles.
Ans. Sub atomic particles have wavelength in A0 while the wavelength of
one gram mass with the same energy has a very small value of wavelength of
nearly 10-22 m and hence is not measurable.
13. If an electron and a proton have the same kinetic energy, which one will
move farthest?
Ans. ke k p
1
1
me ve 2 me v p 2
2
2
2
mp
v
e2
me v p
Since m p > me ; ve > v p so the electron will move faster.
14.An electron and newtron have the same kinetic energy. Compare the
momentum.
Ans. K e K n
pe 2
p
n
2me 2mn
pe 2 mn
pn 2 me
Sine mass mn me , the momentum of the neutron is greater than that of
ther electron.
15.An electron and a neutron have the same de Broglie wavelength. Which
one will move faster and why?
e n
h
h
mee m p p
mp
me
e
p
Since the mass of the proton is greater than that of the electron, the
velocity of the electron is greater than that of the proton.
16.Do the de Broglie waves produce dispersion in vacuum.
Ans. De Broglie waves produce dispersion in vacuum because the phase
velocity of the wave depends on the wavelength.
17.Explain why electron cannot exist in the nucleus.
Ans. According to uncertainty principle, if the electron is confined in the
nucleus of diameter 10-14m the corresponding momentum of the electron
would be of the order of 10-20m kg ms-1. Then the Kinetic energy of the
electron would be of the order of 100 Me V. The maximum energy that the
emitted particle has is only 4MeV, hence an electron cannot exist in the
nucleus.
18.Can we observe the de Broglie wavelength with a speeding tennis ball.
Explain.
Ans. No. A speeding tennis ball of mass ~. 1 Kg can have velocity ~10 6ms1
h
m
34
6.625 10
10 39 m
6
.1 10