Digitization

Source: NAMRIA

Digitization Procedure

Display the georeferenced image

Set the map units to meters
Create a new theme/layer
Zoom to the image until pixels are big enough to be
seen
Set the appropriate snap tolerance to automatically
connect two lines

Digitization Procedure

Start digitizing. Digitize in the middle or center of the

feature. A tolerance limit of equal to and less than
0.25 mm (equal to 12.5m error) away from the midpoint
is acceptable.
Make an attribute table corresponding to the features
created.
Edit feature, if necessary.

Digitization

4.235 m.
(ground)
4.235 m. (0.0847 mm)

4.235 m.
(ground)
4.235 m.
(ground)

Projections,
Georeferencing and
Geometric Rectification

Source: NAMRIA

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Georeferencing/Geometric
Rectification
 Georeferencing is establishing relationship
between an image coordinate system (row,
column) and a map coordinate system (x, y or
longitude, latitude or Easting, Northing). It is
also the process of assigning map
coordinates to image data.
 Geometric rectification is the process by
which image or grid is converted from image
coordinates to real-world coordinates.It
typically involves rotation and scaling of grid
cells, and thus requires resampling of values.

Georeferencing/Geometric
Rectification
 The pixels of the new grid will probably not align
perfectly with the pixels of the original grid, so
resampling is needed.
 Resampling is the process of extrapolating data
values for pixels on the new grid from the values
of the source pixels.
 Rectification, by definition, involves
georeferencing, since all map projection systems
are associated with map coordinates.

Procedure

Rectification is accomplished by
Matching points of known location in both
image and map or image coordinate system
These points are used to compute the best fit
polynomial transformation.

At least, the 4
corners should be
selected as
control points for
georeferencing.

10 x 15 Map
In selecting more
points in addition
to the 4 corner
ticks, make sure
that the
reference points
are
well-distributed.

Selecting / Locating Points

Intersection of roads and other man-made

features that can to located in both map
and image.
GPS points of ground locations that can be
identified in the image.
Points should be located evenly across the
image (sometimes difficult in natural areas)

Transformation Models
Transformation Models

Minimum No. of
Points

Affine Transformation

4 points

Second Degree Polynomial

6 points

Affine Transformation

Affine Transformation

A linear correction model that involves three

parameters for X and Y.
The three parameter represent shifts in
X or Y direction
Scale
Rotation about a point.

Root Mean Square

RMS is the distance between the input (source)

location of a control point and the retransformed
location for the same control point.
The smaller the RMS the better. It is the measure of
best fit to the actual locations of map coordinates.
RMS error is normally expressed as a distance in pixel
width.
If 1 pixel for a digital 1:50,000 topographic map
scanned at 300 dpi is equivalent to 4.325 m. on
the ground, then an RMS error of 2 will be equal
to 2 x 4.325 m = 8.65 m. on the ground.

Root Mean Square

Root Mean Square

Root Mean Square

Root Mean Square

Root Mean Square