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222
TRANSACTIONS
ON MICROWAVE
THEORY
formulas
are much simpler and are
for many microstrip
couplers.
In
particular,
it is found that the coupling
nearly that of Case 1, while the directivity
variation
is very
and input reflec-
are applicable
at midband.
when
When
all ports
the reflection
coefficients
the
In conclusion,
useful in explaining
the behavior
Characteristics
Lines-II:
MARK
here should
of coupled
be very
microstrip
lines
of Coupled
Evaluation
K. KRAGE,
STUDENT
TECHNIQUES,
neous media.
The remaining problem
parameters for a particular
Part II, which
IEEE, AND
geometries are considered and the inductive and capacitive coupling cothe effective
dielectric
constant,
im-
INTRODUCTION
HE
DETERMINATION
of coupled
T
dium
types
of micro
surrounding
the coupled
dicts
that
equal
phase
lines
strip
for
circuits.
coupled
velocities.
of Fig.
lines
This
the
of several
dielectric
is inhomogeneous,
1, the quasi-TEM
can
of a pair
the design
When
the conductors
microstrip
the
of the parameters
is necessary
support
condition
two
theory
waves
leads to finite
meas for
preof un-
isolation
Manuscript
received July 17, 1969; revised November 11, 1969.
This work was supported by a grant from Omni-Spectra, Inc., Farmington, Mich.
The authors are with the Electron Physics Laboratory, Department
of Electrical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich,
inhomoge-
Coupled
Mode
and Parametric
Electronics.
New
GEORGE
in directional
the geometry
etlicients,
is a companion
[5] W. H. Louisell,
Part
the characteristics
utilizing
1970
Waves on Transmission
Systems.
New
[1] L. V. Bewley, Traveling
York: Wiley, 1933, ch. 6.
Lines and Networks.
New York:
[2] W. C. Johnson, Transmission
McGraw-Hill,
1950, ch. 1.
[3] M. Caulton et at., Measurements on the properties of microstrip
transmission lines for microwave integrated circuits, RCA Reu.,
vol. 27, pp. 37739 1, September 1966.
[4] B. M. Oliver, Directional
electromagnetic couplers, Proc. IRE,
vol. 42, pp. 16861692, November 1954.
ity separation
determining
NO. 4, APRIL
is the evaluation
of the various
geometry. This is considered in
Transmission
of Coupled-Line
MEMBER,
MTT-18,
REFERENCES
rnicrostrip lines which are reqnired in the equations and results derived in
I for
VOL.
Microstrip
AbstractThis
AND
Parameters
I. HADDAD,
couplers
which
SENIOR
IEEE
increases. Another
problem
made prohibitively
MEMBER,
associated
with
spacing must be
coupling.
These
compromise
be-
in detail.
KRAGE
AND
HADDAD
: COUPLED
MICROSTRIP
TRANSMISSION
LINES-II
223
co
////
, %.co
.
///
/
/
. . . . .. . . ..... . .......{..
/ ..!..<,<.!.<
. . . . ..
\
. .
Fig.
4.
Microstrip
TT
coupler configuration
with
dielectric and ground plane.
NUMERICAL
EVALUATION
COUPLED-MODE
air region
between
OF THB
PARAMETERS
S3
A numerical
N
tN////////////////A
Y-+I
evaluation
evaluated
in terms
figurations,
the quasi-TEM
evaluated
\
assumption
coupler configuration
with dielectric
on top.
to
define
velocity,
are
I
(1)
wo~o
structure,
and o
The capacitive
region
parameters
con-
field
to coupled-
the inductive
structure
Lecoe(l)
for both
Microstrip
the relations
~Fig. 2.
through
parameters
mode parameters
of the coupled-mode
for
structure capacitances
are used
an effective dielectric
constant,
c,O,W
and
for the even and odd modes as follows:
vPOe,
phase
CO(G)
~7% =
53
(2)
co(l)
and
c
Vpos=
52
sl=h
1
~+.l-d2-l.l-
(3)
4%
L.
Fig. 3.
1
1
+
c.(l)
[ co(l)
[ c.(l)
==
configuration.
c,
*[co(e,)
1
co(l)
+
C.(G)],
1
1
(4)
(5)
(6)
IEEE
224
TRANSACTIONS
ON MICROWAVE
and
From
*[co(e,)
C.(G)]
the characteristic
impedance
TECHNIQUES,
s/)/d~
~m cosh mm(y
s~)dl]
vI$/dl,
APRIL
1970
m=1
(7)
AND
q% =
cm =
THEORY
sin mm/d,
is
given by
s/)/d2
0= 4E=[%G%I
,8,
-sin m~(x
dl.4oeo
[co(l) c@(l)]/
C.(G)+ co(%)
(9)
+ co(l)
co(l)
LI
(15)
d, w)/d,,
The
A variational
c.(l)
(lo)
+ c.(l)
method,
property
~L = &
L&.eff
[ c.(l)
dl w)/d2.
(V, V,) (z
+ V,+
The quantity
s/)/dz]
which
approaches
in the Fourier
expansions
of the potentials.
The stored energy in region I is given by
and
kc=$=
The effective
propagation
we,= ~~ ~, [(E.,)2 +
co(%) CO(4
CO(G)
+ Ce(e,)
constant
(11)
Ss ,
where
(Eyi)]dx
dy,
(16)
_&:=!!&,
~. can be expressed in
ax
as
(12)
For k~ = kc,
of integration.
of the structure
(13)
2we
c=
THEORETICAL
The geometry
method.
of Fig,
Although
1 will
finite
analysis, numerical
be analyzed
thickness
was
to illustrate
included
the
in
this
will
i=l,2,3,4.
Assuming perfect metallic boundaries, the even- and oddmode potentials in the four regions are given by
m
A. sinh nry/b
sin n7rx/b,
.=1
.
42 = ~
??==1
&
sinh nr(a
V2
(17)
ANALYSIS
V2@i = O for
is then given by
y)/b
sin n~x/b,
where
w. = :
W.i
i= 1
of potential
Am and B., and hence W., in terms of Cm, D~, Em, and F~.
By the stationary property of the energy, we must have
awe
=0,
acm
awe
=0,
i7D.
dwe
awe
=0,
= O
aFm
aEm
(18)
form=
1,2,3,
. . . .
The above relations will generate four sets of equations,
each set consisting of an infinite number of simultaneous
linear inhomogeneous
equations. These equations have been
KRAGE
AND
programmed
HADDAD:
COUPLED
for solution
MICROSTRIP
on a digital
TRANSMISSION
computer.
RESULTS
without
interest.
can be normalized
a topwall
or sidewalls
will
may be eliminated
0
~eo.05
/-- ----
-J
0.4
,2
by choosing
promise
of Fig.
region III
function
Fig, 5.
or odd-mode
capacitance
for a particular
In order to determine
(with
dJh>
----
-.
is on
0.2
-----
.-.--0.4
-.
_7.
0.6
-. 0.8
-- _
.,_
0.4
-
_
..
-
_.
=5
-._,_
-_
..
in re-
-,__
--0.1
-,
\_
.,_
+-..M
12
0.8
2.0
1,6
wlh
360 computer.
with
2.0
\:___
0,2 z.
in
1.0
-~
A* :
the even-
configuration
For the
0,
2.0
Inductive
of terms, and
an aca com-
0,2
---04
-_
.-.
__0,8
wlh
-o. i
.-,
~___L
of terms is neces-
,-
..
__
_.
_,--.
-
[:
..
._,
I _. _...
s2/b
.-.
in the equations
equal to infinity,
and the effect of the sidewalls may be
made arbitrarily
small by choosing sJb sufficiently small.
For a particular
ratio of dJh and w/h, a decrease in the
ratio
._, _
..
the
---
----
.-. . ,-
be of
225
The results
sections.
NUMERICAL
configuration
LINES-II
Fig. 6.
Capacitive
coupling
versus
w/h for
t/h = O, sJh = co).
coefficient
configuration (c,=9.6,
the infinite
Fig. 1
dJh data of Bryant and Weiss [4]. The error was found to
be one to three percent for the odd mode and two to four
percent for the even mode. Since the results of Bryant and
Weiss are accurate to better than one percent, their data were
used to compute
through
However,
the coupled-mode
9 in the range
0.2 SdJh
parameters
S 1 for
of Figs.
0.4
16.
.1
\\
#
-
-.
0.2 ___
.
the coupling coefficients are nearly identical for e,= 9.6 and
e,= 16. Comparison
of kL with kc indicates that the inductive coupling, in general, is larger than the capacitive coupling for this geometry. Since
._
---
. -._._,_-,
~-~u
.
0.4
d21h=0.2
--
-._,
.
----.
--=
0.8
1,2
1.6
0.8
I.0
2,0
w/h
Fig. 7.
~ _
1~
-.-.-,
c.(l)
co(l)
(19)
c.(l)
co(l)
larger
kL =
l+
effective
dielectric
constant.
to
is
The
and
expression
~ _ erece(l)
for directivity,
it~ ?@
Eroco(l)
00
(21)
D=
(20)
kc =
Erec,(l)
kL + kc sin 6%
1+
C,*co(l)
indicates
that
the directivity
will
improve
as kL+kc,
and
IEEE
226
TRANSACTIONS
ON MICROWAVE
THEORY
AND
TECHNIQUES,
APRIL
1970
Er =16
tlh=O
/,H/--~
]\
coupling
coefficients
together
.<
~ --
1
a2,
+
~
~8
5
w
>
C
b
;7
w
d,/h=O.8
acteristic
----
d:/h=l.O
d2/h=
d2/h=0.8
---
d2/h
d2/h=0.6
d2/h=0.2
50 ohms
----
d2/h=0.4
d2/h=
d2/h=0.2
d2/h=0,05
=0,4
0.1
IS
s2/h=a.I
-./.
er= 9,6
_.~
) ./.\
t/h=O
,/
/ /
.~..z-
./~/~y.~_
.-<<-.
0.6
__
//-<<..
~_.-
-<s--;
0.0
1.2
1.6
the characteristics
In an effort
This
value
of k is
1 kL2
d
~ kLk~
of a particular
to increase
to determine
coupler.
the coupling
and improve
the
of analysis is similar
to the method
previously
discussed and
ii
230 \\i,,.
OTHER COUPLED
\l\,\.\\,
\\.
\\\\\
j\i\
\, \\ ~
or k= 0.310.
for
are then
directivity
characteristics
of the microstrip
coupler, various
coupler configurations
have been investigated. The method
\,
t\
coefficients
\\
I
\
coupling
curves
is required
2.0
wlh
190 [
The
xl)
l=
44G
210
impedance
--
0.4
The
a value of w/h~O.9
so decrease dJh
~ -
250.
small,
&i*.
51
Fig. 8.
impedance.
of 50 ohms.
_.-.
/<
slightly
impedance
--
d2/h =m
--
d2/h=l.0
d2/h=0.8
d2/h=0,6
value,
phase velocities
GEOMETRIES
coupler
constant
of Fig. 1 is that
is always smaller
gives rise to
d2/h=0.4
different
d2/h=0.2
equivalently,
d2/h=0.1
d2/h=0.05
odd-mode
effective dielectric
constant and thus kc is to
provide
an overlay of dielectric
material
on top of the
strips [1], as shown in Fig. 2, so that more of the odd-mode
field lines will reside in the dielectric. The results for the case
,\ \)\
\ Q.
\ \,NY
The problem
the odd-mode
MICROSTRIP
15.
approach
kL and,
when
the entire
o.I
0.3
0.5
07
0.9
1.1
1.3
WI h
1,5
Fig. 9.
s,/h = m ).
the
points at which kc= kL. Note that the dielectric layer must
be made thicker at weaker coupling values to maintain kc
equal to kL.
KRAGE
AND
HADDAD
--
: COUPLED
MICROSTRIF
TRANSMISSION
-.\-
0.6
----
--
._
d2/h=0,1
--
~--
---
-_
/>7
0.4
_-.-.
___
___
,,0I
r
....
..
,., ,
- *,-
__
. . . .. .
1,0
,_.
..
,-
.. . .
. . . . . ..
I
0.2
0,4
- 2,0
I
0.6
0.8
1.0
s2/h
i=zr
d2/h
.-
. .....
..
--
,2
0,5
-/~-
10+
___
..
d2/h=0.1
______
--
. ..
<:
0.2
>,y
0,4
227
LINES-II
10
s2/h=l
=2.0
8
:
&
UJ
I
~
u
,~
o
0.4
0.8
1.2
(.6
6
w/h
,~
2
Id
slh
Fig. 14.
10
d2/h=
0.1
d2/h=
0.2
d21h=0.5
--
d,/h=
1.0
kc
0.4
.x
kL
s2/h=
---
0.3
---
_-----o,
--
,~
0..2
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
slh
w/h
Fig. 15.
Fig.
12. Effective
configuration
Coupling coefficient
(,,= 10, t/h=O,
itance will then be increased by the capacitance to this conductor. In the even mode the floating potential will be close
the coupling
of a topwall
is to the microstrip,
the effective
dielectric
the lower
constant,
conductor
employs
lines to
IEEE
228
TRANSACTIONS
ON MICROWAVE
THEORY
TECHNIQUES,
APRIL
1970
,/
0,6
3.5
AND
J
/
t
,.,~
0.2
0.4
0,8
1.2
\
r
/hc=kL
1,6
wlh
Fig. 16. Effective dielectric constant versus w/h for Fig. 4 configuration
(,,, = 1, e,,= 10, s,/h=O.25, sz/h=O.75, f/k=O, ss/h= ~).
kc=kL
0.2
0,4
0.6
0,8
1,0
S,/h
Fig. 18.
.-
---
----
0.6
d /h=O.l
---&
-_
Capacitive coupling coefficient versus .sJh for Fig. 4 configuration (e,, =1, ~,= 10, w/k =1, t/h = O, ss/h = co).
--#
--
reff VS.
sl/h
0.2
- -
0.2
--
I .0
d2/h=0.1
d2/h=0.2
d2/h=0.5
--
d2/h=l.0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
w/h
Fig. 17. Capacitive coupling coefficient versus w/h for Fig. 4 configurasJh=O.75,
t/h=O,
sJh=
m).
tion (c,, = 1, e,, = 10, s,/h=O.25,
region
plane.
When
supporting
=4
~.
w
the
small values of sl/h, the effect of the air gap is to reduce the
even-mode effective dielectric constant more than the oddmode value, and therefore to increase kc. The results for
sl/h = 0.25 are given in Figs. 16 and 17 and the variations of
kc and e,.,, as a function
of sl/h for w/h= 1 are given in
Figs. 18 and 19. As is shown in Fig. 18, the value of kc can
11
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
high
directivity
of
can be
experimentally
for
small
A comparison
of these results with the previous case indicates that the teflon thickness required for kL = kc is nearly
double the value obtained
SUMMARY
for air.
AND CONCLUSIONS
.
1.0
sl/h
several
microstrip
mode form,
geometries
were presented
in coupled-
with
circuits.
REFERENCES
[1] K. C. Welters, P. L. Clar, and C. W. Stiles, Analysis and experimental evaluation of distributed overlay structures in microwave
integrated circuits~ 1968 G-MTT Symp. Dig., pp. 123-130.
[2] D. W. Kamrnler, Calculation
of characteristic admittances and
Trans.
coupling coefficients for strip transmission lines, IEEE
Microwave
Theory
and Techniques,
vol. MTT-16,
pp. 925-937,
November 1968.
New York: McGraw[3] R. E. Collin, Field Theory of Guided Waves.
Hill, 1960, pp. 155-159.
[4] T. G. Bryant and J. A. Weiss, Parameters of microstrip transmission lines and of coupled pairs of microstrip lines, IEEE Trans.
Microwave
Theory and Techniques,
vol. MTT-16,
pp. 1021-1027,
December 1968.