b bu chnh, vin thng

TCN

tiu chun ngnh

tcn 68 - 174: 2006

(Sot xt ln 1)

QUY PHM CHNG ST V TIP T

CHO CC CNG TRNH VIN THNG
Code of Practice for Lightning protection and Earthing
for Telecommunication Plants

nh xut bn bu in

TCN 68 - 174: 2006

mc lc
Li ni u ................................................................................................................................4
Chng I: Cc quy nh chung................................................................................................5
1.1 Phm vi p dng .......................................................................................................5
1.2 Mc ch p dng .....................................................................................................5
1.3 Thut ng, nh ngha v gii thch ..........................................................................5
Chng II: Yu cu trang thit b chng st, cu hnh u ni v tip t.......................11
2.1 H thng chng st nh trc tip ..........................................................................11
2.2 Thit b chng st (SPD).........................................................................................14
2.3 Cu hnh u ni v tip t trong nh trm vin thng .........................................15

Chng III: Kho st v o c ........................................................................................... 19

3.1 Quy nh chung ......................................................................................................19
3.2 Nhim v kho st ..................................................................................................19
3.3 o in tr sut ca t ..........................................................................................20
Chng IV: Thit k chng st v tip t ........................................................................ 21
4.1 Nguyn tc chung ...................................................................................................21
4.2 Thit k chng st bo v nh trm vin thng ......................................................21
4.3 Thit k chng st bo v ct ng ten vin thng...................................................24
4.4 Thit k chng st bo v ng dy thng tin ......................................................24
4.5 Thit k h thng tip t .......................................................................................25
Chng V: Thi cng lp t trang thit b chng st v h thng tip t ................. 28
5.1 Nguyn tc chung ...................................................................................................28
5.2 Thi cng lp t h thng chng st nh trc tip ................................................28
5.3 Lp t thit b chng st lan truyn .....................................................................28
5.4 Thi cng lp t chng st bo v ng dy thng tin .........................................29
5.5 Thi cng h thng tip t ......................................................................................30
Chng VI: Kim tra, nghim thu cc h thng tip t v chng st ......................... 31
6.1 Thnh phn nghim thu ..........................................................................................31
6.2 Nghim thu cc h thng, thit b chng st ..........................................................31
6.3 Kim tra, nghim thu h thng tip t ..................................................................32
Chng VII: Quy nh v qun l v bo dng .............................................................. 32
7.1 Trong qu trnh qun l v khai thc h thng tip t v chng st,
phi thc hin kim tra, bo dng cc trang, thit b theo nhng quy nh sau: ......32
2

TCN 68 - 174: 2006

7.2 Quy nh v thi gian kim tra nh k ..................................................................32
7.3 Quy nh v thi gian kim tra t xut .................................................................32
7.4 Ni dung kim tra nh k v t xut ...................................................................32
7.5 Sau khi kim tra nu pht hin ch h hng phi sa cha ngay: ..........................33
7.6 Mi ni dung kim tra sa cha nh k hoc t xut
u phi ghi vo l lch k thut v lu h s. ......................................................33
Ph lc A (Quy nh): Cu hnh u ni v tip t trong nh trm vin thng ....................34

Ph lc B (Quy nh): Xc nh vng bo v ca h thng chng st nh trc tip ............35

Ph lc C (Quy nh): Tnh ton tip t cho cc cng trnh vin thng .......................... 38
Ph lc D (Quy nh): Trnh t thi cng h thng tip t ................................................. 56
Ph lc E (Tham kho): Cc c im kh tng v a cht ca Vit Nam .................... 71
Ph lc F (Tham kho): Tnh ton h s che chn ca dy chng st ngm..................... 81
Bng t vit tt .............................................................................................................82
Ti liu tham kho.................................................................................................................83

TCN 68 - 174: 2006

LI NI U
Tiu chun Ngnh TCN 68 - 174: 2006 "Quy phm chng st v tip t cho
cc cng trnh vin thng (Sot xt ln 1)" c xy dng trn c s cc quy nh,
hng dn v Khuyn ngh ca Lin minh Vin thng Quc t (ITU), Vin Tiu chun
Vin thng chu u (ETSI) p ng cc yu cu k thut theo cc tiu chun Ngnh v
chng st v tip t cho cc cng trnh vin thng, c tham kho cc tiu chun v cng
ngh chng st ca mt s quc gia trn th gii.
Tiu chun Ngnh TCN 68 - 174: 2006 do Vin Khoa hc K thut Bu in
(RIPT) bin son theo ngh ca V Khoa hc - Cng ngh v c ban hnh theo
Quyt nh s 28/2006/Q-BBCVT ngy 25 thng 7 nm 2006 ca B trng B Bu
chnh, Vin thng.
V khoa hc - cng ngh

TCN 68 - 174: 2006

Quy phm Chng st v tip t

cho cc cng trnh vin thng
(Ban hnh km theo Quyt nh s 28/2006/Q-BBCVT ngy 25/7/2006
ca B trng B Bu chnh, Vin thng)
Chng I
Cc quy nh chung
1.1 Phm vi p dng
Quy phm ny p dng kho st, thit k, thi cng, nghim thu, qun l cc h thng
chng st v tip t cng nh vic la chn cc trang thit b chng st bo v cc cng
trnh vin thng, bao gm:
1) Nh trm v ct ng ten vin thng;
2) Thit b v ng dy thng tin;
3) ng in li phc v nh trm.
1.2 Mc ch p dng
Quy phm ny p dng nhm mc ch:
1) Bo v cc cng trnh vin thng, trnh nguy him cho con ngi v hn ch thit hi
do st gy ra;
2) Thng nht cc nguyn tc v ni dung trong cng tc kho st, thit k, thi cng,
qun l h thng chng st v tip t cho cc cng trnh vin thng.
1.3 Thut ng, nh ngha v gii thch
1.3.1 Ca bin thit b in t
A. Electronic equipment cabinet (EEC)
L mt cu trc che chn bo v thit b in t, m tt c thit b c lp t trong
c th tip cn t pha ngoi v khng phi i vo bn trong.
1.3.2 Cu trc che chn bo v thit b in t
A. Electronic Equipment Enclosure (EEE)
L mt cu hnh bo m an ton v mt vt l v mi trng cho cc thit b in t.
1.3.3 Cu trc che chn bo v thit b in t t ni trn mt t
A. Above ground EEE (AG/ EEE)
L mt cu trc che chn bo v thit b in t m i b phn hoc ton b c t
ni trn mt t.
1.3.4 Cu trc che chn bo v thit b in t t ngm di mt t
A. Below ground EEE (BG/ EEE)
L mt cu trc che chn bo v thit b in t nm ton b di mt t, tr cng vo,
ngun cung cp xoay chiu v thit b iu ho.

TCN 68 - 174: 2006

1.3.5 Ca s im ni n
A. SPC Window (SPCW)
L giao din hoc l vng chuyn tip gia mt mng lin kt cch ly v mng lin kt
chung. Kch thc ln nht ca chng l 2 m.
1.3.6 Cc tip t
A. Ground pole
L mt vt th bng kim loi, c t trong t hoc tip xc trc tip vi t, dng
ni t cc trang, thit b.
1.3.7 Dy (cp) dn t
A. Earthing conductor
L dy (cp) ni tm tip t chnh vi cc tip t.
1.3.8 Dy dn lin kt
A. Bonding conductor
L nhng dy ni cc thnh phn kim loi khng c cch in trong nh trm v
nhng thnh phn kim loi t ngoi dn vo vi cc mng lin kt m bo cho s lin kt
ng th.
1.3.9 Din tch ri ro
A. Risk Area
L din tch ca min bao quanh cng trnh vin thng, khi st nh vo din tch ny
c th gy nguy him cho cng trnh vin thng.
1.3.10 Dng st nh trc tip gy h hng cho cp treo (J)
A. Direct lightning current to aerial cables (J)
L dng st nh nht gy ra h hng cho cp treo khi st nh xung t.
1.3.11 t
A. Earth
L mt vt th dn in, c in th c quy c bng 0.
1.3.12 in cc tip t t nhin
A. Natural Earth Electrode
L cc b phn bng kim loi ca cc cng trnh c tip xc trc tip vi t v c
s dng cho mc ch tip t.
1.3.13 in cc tip t nhn to
A. Artificial Earth Electrode
L nhng in cc c s dng ring cho mc ch tip t. N l mt vt dn in c
dng bt k (ng, cc, tm, tia nm ngang...) khng bc cch in bn ngoi v c chn
trc tip trong t hoc tip xc trc tip vi t.

TCN 68 - 174: 2006

1.3.14 im ni n
A. Single Point Connection (SPC)
L v tr duy nht trong mt mng lin kt cch ly m thc hin ni vi mng lin
kt chung. im ni n phi c kch thc thch hp ni cc ng dn. im ni n
thng l mt thanh dn ng, mt s trng hp s dng lp v kim loi ca cp.
1.3.15 in li
A. Public power
L ngun in h th, nhn t mng in ca a phng t trm vin thng.
1.3.16 ng dn kt ni
A. Bonding - bus
L mt dy dn hoc mt nhm dy dn kt ni tm tip t chnh vi cc thnh
phn kim loi trong nh trm vin thng.
1.3.17 H s phm cht ca cp c v kim loi
A. Quality factor of a metal - sheathed cable
L t s in p xung cho php ln nht i vi cht cch in gia cc si li cp v v
kim loi ca n vi tr khng truyn t ca v. T s ny c biu din bng kA.km.
1.3.18 H s che chn ca v cp kim loi
A. Screen factor of a metal cable sheath
L t s gia tr khng truyn t v tr khng ca mch c to bi v cp v t. N
cng c th c xc nh nh t s gia in p st trn vch trong ca v cp kim loi v
st p trn mch ngoi c to bi v cp v t i vi mt dng in trn v ngoi. Bit
h s che chn ca cp ta c th dng tnh in p xung thay cho tr khng truyn t.
1.3.19 H thng tip t
A. Grounding system
H thng tip t bao gm dn tip t v cp (dy) dn t.
1.3.20 Hiu qu bo v (ca h thng chng st nh trc tip)
A. Protection efficiency (of external lightning protection system)
Hiu qu bo v ca h thng chng st nh trc tip c th hin bng t l gia s
ln st nh hng nm khng gy h hng cho cng trnh v tng s ln st nh vo cng trnh.
1.3.21 Khi h thng
A. System block
L ton b cc thit b m khung ca chng v cc phn dn kt hp to thnh mt
mng lin kt nht nh.
1.3.22 Mng lin kt
A. Bonding Network (BN)
Mng lin kt l mt tp hp cc phn t dn in c ni vi nhau nhm che chn
nh hng in t cho cc h thng thit b in t v con ngi.

TCN 68 - 174: 2006

1.3.23 Mng lin kt chung
A. Common Bonding Network (CBN)
L mt tp hp cc phn t kim loi lin kt vi nhau mt cch ngu nhin hoc c ch
nh to thnh mt mng lin kt chnh bn trong nh trm vin thng.
1.3.24 Mng lin kt dng mt li
A. Mesh Bonding Network (MBN)
L mng lin kt m tt c cc khung thit b, cc gi , cc ca bin, dy dng ca
ngun mt chiu c u ni vi mng lin kt chung (CBN) ti nhiu im.
1.3.25 Mng lin kt cch ly
A. Isolated Bonding Network (IBN)
L mng lin kt c mt im ni n n mng lin kt chung hoc mt mng lin kt
cch ly khc. Tt c cc mng lin kt cch ly u c 1 ng ni ti t qua im ni n.
1.3.26 Mng lin kt cch ly mt li
A. Mesh - Isolated Bonding Network (M-IBN)
L mng lin kt cch ly m trong cc thnh phn ca n c ni vi nhau to
thnh mt cu trc dng mt li.
1.3.27 Mng lin kt cch ly hnh sao
A. Star - Isolated Bonding Network (S-IBN)
L mng lin kt cch ly m trong cc thnh phn ca n c ni vi nhau to
thnh mt cu trc dng hnh sao.
1.3.28 Mng TN
A. Terrestrial Neutral
L mng in h p c im trung tnh trc tip ni t.
1.3.29 Mng TN-C
A. Terrestrial Neutral Combined
L mng TN c dy bo v v dy trung tnh (dy PEN) chung. Cc b phn dn in b
h (v ca thit b in) c ni vi dy ca mng tip t bo v (PEN).
1.3.30 Mng TN-S
A. Terrestrial neutral separated
L mng TN c dy bo v v dy trung tnh ring bit. Cc b phn dn in b h (v
ca thit b in) c ni vi dy tip t bo v (PE). Dy bo v (PE) c th l v kim loi
ca cp in lc hoc mt dy dn ring.
1.3.31 Mng TN-C-S
A. Terrestrial Neutral Combined and Separated
L mng TN trong c phn u ca mng c dy bo v v dy trung tnh chung cn
phn sau ca mng c dy bo v v dy trung tnh ring bit.

TCN 68 - 174: 2006

1.3.32 Mng TT
A. Terrestriated Terrestrial
L mng in h p c im trung tnh trc tip ni t cn v thit b in c ni
vi tip t bo v c lp.
1.3.33 Mng IT
A. Insulation Terrestrial
L mng in h p c im trung tnh cch ly vi t cn v thit b in c ni vi
tip t bo v c lp.
1.3.34 Mng tip t
A. Earthing Network
L mt dn tip t hoc lin kt nhiu dn tip t c chc nng khc nhau trong mt
khu vc a l.
1.3.35 Mt st
A. Lightning Density
L s ln st nh xung mt km vung din tch mt t trong mt nm.
1.3.36 Ngy dng
A. Thunderstorm day
L ngy c c trng kh tng m ngi quan st trc nghim nghe r ting sm.
1.3.37 Nh trm vin thng
A. Telecommunication Building
L nh trm trong vn hnh h thng thit b vin thng, nhm mc ch khai thc
cc dch v vin thng.
1.3.38 Nh thu bao
A. Subscribers Building
L nhng ngi nh ca cc c quan, cc hng hoc nh m ti s dng cc dch v
vin thng.
Nh thu bao c chia lm 2 loi:
a. Nh thu bao dng kinh doanh cc dch v vin thng. l nhng nh thu bao
ln cha cc thit b chuyn mch, thit b truyn dn, thit b vi ba...
b. Nh thu bao s dng trc tip cc dch v vin thng:
- Nh thu bao s dng trc tip a dch v vin thng (gm thoi, fax, truyn s
liu...).
- Nh thu bao s dng trc tip mt dch v vin thng, nh my fax, hoc my in
thoi.

TCN 68 - 174: 2006

1.3.39 Ngun mt chiu ng v cch ly
A. Isolated d.c return (d.c - I)
L h thng ngun mt chiu trong dy dn v c mt im ni duy nht vi mng
lin kt.
1.3.40 Ngun mt chiu ng v chung
A. Common d.c return (d.c - C)
L h thng ngun mt chiu trong dy dn v c ni vi mng lin kt.
1.3.41 Tm tip t chnh
A. Main Earthing Terminal (MET)
L mt tm ng m niken c khoan l, bt vo bn baklit v bt cht vo tng
u ni cc ng dn bo v, cc ng dn kt ni ng th v cc ng dn t chc
nng vi mng tip t.
1.3.42 Thit b chng st
A. Surge Protective Device (SPD)
Thit b chng st l thit b hn ch qu p t bin v r dng st, bo v cc h thng
vin thng. SPD cha t nht mt phn t phi tuyn.
1.3.43 Trm in t xa
A. Remote Electronic Station
L trm hoc ca bin trong cha cc thit b vin thng, bao gm thit b chuyn
mch, thit b truyn dn, c t xa trung tm, ch c mt tng, tng din tch mt sn
khng ln hn 100 m2, khng c ng ten trn nc v bn cnh trm, c nhu cu ngun in
xoay chiu.
1.3.44 Vng kt ni
A. Ring bonding - Bus
L ng dy dn kt ni c dng vng khp kn.
1.3.45 Vng chng st
A. Lightning Protection Zone (LPZ)
L vng c phn chia trong mt khu vc trm vin thng, c c trng bi mc
khc nghit ca trng in t v nh hng do st gy nn.

10

TCN 68 - 174: 2006

Chng II
yu cu trang thit b chng st,
cu hnh u ni v tip t
2.1 H thng chng st nh trc tip
2.1.1 H thng chng st nh trc tip dng in cc Franklin
H thng chng st nh trc tip dng in cc Franklin phi bao gm cc thnh
phn sau:
- in cc thu st;
- Dy thot st (dy dn st);
- H thng in cc tip t.
2.1.1.1.in cc thu st
a) in cc thu st phi c dng thch hp (dng thanh, dng dy, dng li) c b tr
sao cho to ra vng bo v che ph hon ton cng trnh cn bo v. Phng php xc nh
vng bo v ca in cc thu st c trnh by trong Ph lc B.
b) Vt liu v kch thc vt liu c la chn lm in cc thu st phi m bo
khng b h hng do nh hng in, in t ca dng st, nh hng ca hin tng n mn
v cc lc c hc khc. in cc thu st c th bng cc vt liu: ng, nhm, thp v phi
c tit din ti thiu tu theo vt liu c quy nh trong bng 2.1 nh sau:
Bng 2.1: Tit din ti thiu ca in cc thu st
Vt liu lm in cc

Tit din nh nht (mm2)

ng
Nhm
Thp

35
70
50

Ch : C th dng cc loi vt liu khc nu chng m bo cc iu kin tng ng.

c) C th dng cc b phn bng kim loi ca cng trnh (ng mng, ro chn, cc
thnh phn ca cu trc mi, ng ng...) lm in cc thu st t nhin nu chng khng b
che ph bi cc vt liu cch in v tho mn iu kin v tit din ti thiu i vi in cc
thu st.
d) in cc thu st phi c ni vi dy thot st theo ng thng nht, bng cch
hn hoc bt vt, m bo in tr mi ni khng ln hn 0,05 W.
e) Cc in cc thu st c th c kt cu l bn thn i tng cn bo v. Nu dng
kt cu bng ct, phi lm bng vt liu m bo bn c hc, ph hp vi iu kin
kh hu.
f) Dng in cc thu st c la chn tu theo cu trc ca nh trm. in cc thu st
dng thanh thch hp vi cc cu trc nh v nn hn ch cao t 0,2 m n 3 m. in

11

TCN 68 - 174: 2006

cc thu st dng dy thch hp vi mi cu trc, c bit vi cc cu trc thp v di. in
cc thu st dng li thch hp vi mi cu trc.
Ch : in cc dng thanh khng ph hp vi cu trc c cao ln hn bn knh qu
cu ln vi mc bo v tng ng (xem Ph lc B).
2.1.1.2 Dy thot st
a) Dy thot st phi c b tr theo cc ng thng v ngn nht t in cc thu st
v m bo tnh dn in lin tc. Bn knh cong ca dy thot st khng c nh hn 20 cm.
b) Vt liu v kch thc vt liu c la chn lm dy thot st phi m bo khng
b h hng do nh hng in, in t ca dng st, nh hng ca hin tng n mn v cc
lc c hc khc. Dy thot st c th bng cc vt liu: ng, nhm, thp v phi c tit din
ti thiu tu theo vt liu c quy nh trong bng 2.2 nh sau:
Bng 2.2: Tit din ti thiu ca dy thot st
Vt liu lm dy thot st

Tit din nh nht (mm2)

ng
Nhm
Thp

16
25
50

Ch : C th dng cc loi vt liu khc nu chng m bo cc iu kin tng ng.

c) Cc dy thot st phi c b tr xung quanh chu vi ca cng trnh cn bo v sao
cho khong cch trung bnh gia chng khng vt qu gi tr quy nh trong bng 2.3. Cn
t nht 2 dy thot st trong mi trng hp.
Bng 2.3: Khong cch trung bnh gia cc dy thot st
Mc bo v

Khong cch trung bnh (m)

I
II
III
IV

10
15
20
25

d) Cc dy thot st phi c lin kt vi nhau bng cc vng dy dn nm ngang cch

nhau 20 m, trong c mt vng dy nm gn mt t.
e) C th s dng cc b phn sau ca cng trnh lm dy thot st t nhin nu chng
m bo tnh dn in lin tc v kch thc quy nh trong mc b.
- Khung kim loi ca cng trnh;
- Ct thp lin kt ca cng trnh;
- Cc b mt bng kim loi c dy t nht l 0,5 mm;
Ch : Khng cn trang b cc vng dy dn nm ngang nu dng khung kim loi hoc
ct thp lin kt ca cng trnh lm dy thot st.
g) Ti v tr ni vi in cc tip t ca mi dy thot st, phi lp mt khp ni phc
v o th (tr trng hp dy thot st t nhin). Khp ni ny phi c ng kn trong iu
kin bnh thng v c th m ra bng dng c trong trng hp cn o th in tr tip t.

12

TCN 68 - 174: 2006

h) S lng dy thot st ph thuc vo in cc thu st:
- Nu h thng in cc thu st gm cc thanh thu st, cn t nht mt dy thot st cho
mi thanh thu st;
- Nu h thng in cc thu st gm cc dy thu st, cn t nht 1 dy thot st cho mi
u dy thu st;
- Nu h thng in cc thu st c dng li, cn t nht 2 dy thot st phn b u
xung quanh chu vi cu trc cn bo v.
2.1.1.3 H thng in cc tip t
a) H thng in cc tip t phi c ni vi cc dy thot st m bo tn nhanh
nng lng st xung t v lm cn bng in th gia cc dy thot st.
b) in cc tip t phi lm bng vt liu khng b n mn in ho.
c) Tr s in tr tip t ca h thng in cc tip t phi m bo khng ln hn 10 W.
d) H thng in cc tip t gm cc in cc thng ng v nm ngang thch hp vi
trng hp dng in cc thu st dng thanh hoc dy.
e) H thng in cc tip t dng vng ring thch hp vi h thng chng st dng
in cc thu st dng li vi nhiu dy thot st v trong trng hp vng t rn, i
trc. Vi in cc tip t dng vng, phi m bo t nht 80% chiu di vng ring c
chn trong t.
f) Cc in cc tip t chn su c hiu qu trong trng hp in tr sut ca t
gim theo su hoc in tr sut ca tng t pha di nh hn so vi tng t su
ca cc tip t thng thng.
2.1.2 H thng chng st nh trc tip pht tin o sm
H thng chng st nh trc tip dng in cc pht tin o sm phi bao gm cc
thnh phn sau:
- in cc thu st pht tin o sm;
- Dy thot st (dy dn st);
- H thng in cc tip t.
2.1.2.1 in cc thu st pht tin o sm
a) in cc thu st pht tin o sm phi bao gm mt kim thu st c u nhn, mt
b phn khi to tia tin o v mt ct ni vi h thng dy thot st. H thng in
cc thu st pht tin o sm phi c vng bo v che ph ton b cu trc cn bo v.
Phng php xc nh vng bo v ca h thng in cc thu st pht tin o sm c
trnh by trong Ph lc B.
b) Kim thu st pht tin o sm phi lm bng ng, hp kim ng hoc thp khng g
v phi c tit din ngang ln hn 120 mm2.
c) Kim thu st pht tin o sm phi cao hn cu trc cn bo v t nht l 2 m.

13

TCN 68 - 174: 2006

d) in cc thu st c ni vi dy thot st bng mt h thng lin kt ti ct . H
thng lin kt ny phi bo m bn c kh v tip xc in.
2.1.2.2 Dy thot st
Dy thot st ca h thng chng st pht tin o sm tun theo cc quy nh trong
mc 2.1.1.2.
S lng dy thot st ph thuc vo in cc thu st:
- Cn t nht mt dy thot st cho mi in cc thu st pht tin o sm.
- Cn hai dy thot st tr ln nu cu trc cn bo v cao hn 28 m v/hoc phn nm
ngang ca dy thot st ln hn phn thng ng. Cc dy thot st phi c phn b u
xung quanh chu vi cu trc cn bo v.
2.1.2.3 H thng in cc tip t
H thng in cc tip t ca h thng chng st pht tin o sm tun theo cc quy
nh trong mc 2.1.1.3.
2.1.3 H thng phn tn nng lng st
2.1.3.1 H thng phn tn nng lng st phi bao gm cc thnh phn sau:
- H thng in cc to ion trung ho;
- H thng dy dn in tch ln in cc;
- H thng tp trung in tch cm ng trong t.
2.1.3.2 H thng phn tn nng lng st phi m bo kh nng ngn cn s hnh thnh tia
st nh xung i tng cn bo v
2.2 Thit b chng st (SPD)
2.2.1 Nguyn tc la chn
chng st lan truyn trn ng dy in lc h p v ng dy tn hiu, phi la
chn thit b chng st tu theo in p yu cu bo v ca i tng cn bo v v dng
xung st yu cu bo v.
- in p yu cu bo v c la chn ph thuc vo loi ng dy v thit b vin
thng, theo TCN 68 - 140: 1995 Chng qu p, qu dng bo v ng dy v thit b
vin thng.
- Dng xung st yu cu bo v ph thuc vo mc khc nghit ca trng in t
do st ti vng chng st (LPZ) ca v tr lp t thit b bo v.
Ghi ch:
- LPZ 0: L vng cha cc i tng khng c che chn, cc trng in t do st
gy ra vng ny khng b suy hao. LPZ 0 c chia thnh LPZ 0A v LPZ 0B:
LPZ 0A: Cc i tng trong vng ny chu st nh trc tip v bi vy c th phi
chu hon ton dng in st.

14

TCN 68 - 174: 2006

LPZ 0B: Cc i tng trong vng ny khng chu st nh trc tip nhng trng in
t do st gy ra khng b yu i.
- LPZ 1: L vng cha cc i tng khng b st nh trc tip. Dng in trong tt c
cc thnh phn kim loi trong vng ny c gim i so vi vng LPZ 0. Trng in t
trong vng ny c th yu i ph thuc vo cc bin php che chn.
- LPZ 2,...: L cc vng c thit lp khi c yu cu c bit gim nh dng dn cng
nh cng trng in t bo v thit b.

LPZ 0A

LPZ 0B

LPZ 1

Li chn 2 cho phng my

LPZ 2

Thanh lin kt 2
ti ranh gii LPZ 1
v LPZ 2

Phng my

H thng
chng st
ct ng ten
bn ngoi
Thanh lin kt 1
ti ranh gii LPZ 1
v LPZ 0
Cp in lc,
vin thng

Lin kt cc li chn 1 v 2
Li chn 1 cho cng trnh xy dng

H thng
tip t

Hnh 2.1: Minh ha phn vng chng st LPZ ti trm vin thng
2.2.2 Yu cu k thut
- Thit b chng st trn ng in lc h p v ng dy tn hiu phi c hp
chun theo cc yu cu k thut quy nh trong TCN 68 - 167: 1997 Thit b chng qu p,
qu dng do nh hng ca st v ng dy ti in - Yu cu k thut.
- Thit b chng st phi c trang b b phn hin th hoc cnh bo trng thi lm vic.
2.3 Cu hnh u ni v tip t trong nh trm vin thng
2.3.1 Quy nh chung
Cu hnh u ni v tip t cho cc h thng thit b ti cc nh trm vin thng, cc
nh thu bao, cc trm in t xa phi m bo:
- Nh trm c trang b mt mng lin kt chung (CBN). Mng CBN phi c u
ni vi mng tip t ca khu vc nh trm.
- Mng tip t trong khu vc nh trm phi l mt mng tip t duy nht hoc thng
nht v ng th.

15

TCN 68 - 174: 2006

- Tng h thng thit b trong nh trm vin thng phi c u ni vi mng CBN
qua mt mng lin kt M-BN, M-IBN hoc S-IBN.
2.3.2 Cu hnh u ni v tip t chun cho nh trm vin thng
2.3.2.1 Mng lin kt chung (CBN)
- Nh trm vin thng phi c trang b mt mng lin kt chung (CBN) theo hng
dn trong Ph lc A.
- Mng lin kt chung phi c ni ti mng tip t ca nh trm thng qua tm tip
t chnh.
- Nh trm vin thng phi c trang b mt tm tip t chnh. Tm tip t chnh
phi c t gn ngun cung cp xoay chiu, cc ng vo ca cp vin thng (cng gn
cng tt) v phi c cc v tr ring cho kt ni trc tip n cc b phn sau:
+ Mng tip t ca nh trm thng qua ng cp dn t;
+ ng dn bo v (PE);
+ V kim loi ca tt c cp nhp trm;
+ Mng CBN;
+ Cc dng ca ngun 1 chiu;
+ My o (khi thc hin o th).
- Thi cng tm tip t chnh c thc hin nh trong Ph lc D.
2.3.2.2 Mng lin kt BN
- Cc thit b in t trong tng h thng thit b trong nh trm vin thng phi c
lin kt vi nhau bng mt mng lin kt BN. Trong mt nh trm c th c nhiu loi cu
hnh mng lin kt, tu thuc vo yu cu ca tng h thng thit b. Mng lin kt BN c th
l mt trong ba dng sau:
+ Mng lin kt mt li (M-BN);
+ Mng lin kt cch ly mt li (M-IBN);
+ Mng lin kt cch ly hnh sao (S-IBN).
Cc mng lin kt c thc hin theo hng dn trong Ph lc A.
- Mng lin kt mt li (M-BN) c th p dng vi hu ht cc h thng thit b, khi
thit b khng c yu cu c bit v vic hn ch dng r t mng CBN chy vo khi h
thng thit b v thit b dng ngun mt chiu d.c C.
- Mng lin kt cch ly mt li (M-IBN) c p dng khi c yu cu c bit v hn
ch dng r t mng CBN chy vo khi h thng thit b v thit b dng ngun mt chiu
d.c C.
- Mng lin kt cch ly hnh sao (S-IBN) c p dng khi c yu cu c bit v hn
ch dng r t mng CBN chy vo khi h thng thit b v thit b dng ngun mt chiu
d.c I.
2.3.2.3 Cu hnh h thng cung cp ngun in

16

TCN 68 - 174: 2006

a) H thng cung cp ngun xoay chiu:
- Trong nh trm, phi dng loi TN-S (trong nh trm khng c im ni chung dy
bo v PE v dy trung tnh N).
- ng cp ngun xoay chiu phi t cch cp tn hiu t nht l 100 mm, tr trng
hp c bin php che chn thch hp.
b) H thng cung cp ngun mt chiu
- Dy (+) v (-) ngun mt chiu phi i gn nhau.
- in p mt chiu ri trn mi dy dn v mt chiu phi m bo nh hn 1 V. Gi
tr ny c tnh ton vi dng ti ln nht trn dy cp ngun i km trong iu kin lm
vic bnh thng.
- Dy (+) ngun mt chiu c ni vi CBN ti nhiu im (ngun d.c C). Trong
trng hp c bit, yu cu hn ch dng r t CBN chy vo thit b (thit b nhy cm vi
cc t bin trong trng hp ngn mch), dng ngun mt chiu d.c- I (dy (+) ngun mt
chiu c ni vi CBN ti duy nht mt im).
2.3.3 Cu hnh tip t chun cho nh thu bao
- Cc nh thu bao ln, c quy m v chng loi thit b nh mt trm vin thng, phi
p dng cc quy nh v cu hnh u ni v tip t chun nh trong 2.3.2.
- Nh thu bao c quy m nh hn (s dng trc tip cc dch v vin thng), phi thc
hin cu hnh u ni v tip t theo nhng quy nh sau:
a) Trang b mt tm tip t chnh (MET). Tm tip t chnh ny t cng gn li vo
ca cp ngun v cp vin thng cng tt;
b) Phi thit lp mng CBN bn trong nh thu bao bng cch lin kt tt c cc phn t
kim loi trong nh thu bao vi nhau v vi tm tip t chnh (MET).
c) Phi trang b mt mng tip t (h thng tip t). Mng tip t ny phi tha mn
in tr tip t m cc thit b trong nh thu bao yu cu.
d) Dy bo v PE ca h thng ngun phi c ni n tm tip t chnh;
e) Cp ngun xoay chiu v cp vin thng phi cch nhau t nht l 100 mm tr trng
hp c che chn hp l;
f) V che chn ca tt c cc cp i vo nh thu bao phi c ni trc tip vi tm
tip t chnh;
g) V tr lp t cc thit b chng st trn ng dy thng tin, ngun h p phi c
b tr cng vo nh thu bao. di dy t t thit b bo v n MET cng ngn cng tt;
h) Trong mt s trng hp, tu theo yu cu ca thit b u cui vin thng, phi lp
t nhng b bo v ph ti thit b u cui vin thng hn ch xung to ra do ghp in
t bn trong nh thu bao.
i) Trng hp nhiu nh thu bao c ng cp vin thng dn t mng cng cng vo
ln lt tng nh, phi thc hin tip t v bo v cho thit b vin thng t trong mi nh
nh trng hp nh c lp.

17

TCN 68 - 174: 2006

Ring trong trng hp cp i bn trong nh khng tip xc vi ng in lc cao p,
khong cch gia cc ngi nh nh hn 50 m, cp gia cc nh c mn chn kim loi v cc
mn chn ny c ni vi cc tip t ca mi nh th ch lp b bo v nh th nht,
khng cn lp b bo v nh th hai.
2.3.4 Cu hnh u ni v tip t trong trm in t xa
- Phi thc hin cu hnh u ni v tip t trong cc trm in t xa theo dng cu
trc che chn bo v thit b in t (EEE) hoc dng ca bin thit b in t (EEC).
- Cu trc che chn bo v thit b in t (EEE) hoc ca bin thit b in t (EEC) phi
bao gm nhng thnh phn sau:
a) Mng lin kt chung CBN to bi s lin kt tt c nhng thnh phn cu trc kim
loi sn c ca nh trm vi ng dn kt ni (vng kt ni) c xy dng b sung;
b) Tm tip t chnh;
c) Dy dn t thc hin ni mng tip t vi tm tip t chnh;
d) Dy dn t bo v v dy dn lin kt.
- Phi thc hin mng lin kt M-BN i vi cc khi h thng thit b v thc hin kt
ni gia mng M-BN v CBN theo hng dn trong Ph lc A.

18

TCN 68 - 174: 2006

Chng III
kho st v o c
3.1 Quy nh chung
- Nhim v kho st l phi nm c cc s liu cn thit cho vic thit k chng st.
Kho st c tin hnh sau khi c nhim v thit k chng st.
- Ch nhim n thit k chng st phi ph trch nhm kho st v vic kho st
phi c s tham gia ca i din c quan qun l cng trnh vin thng cn thit k chng st.
- Ty thuc vo tm quan trng, quy m, kch thc cng trnh cn thit k chng st
t chc mt hoc vi nhm kho st.
- Tuyt i bo m an ton lao ng trong cng tc kho st chng st. Khi kho st
phi tun th theo cc quy nh v an ton lao ng ca Nh nc v ca Ngnh ban hnh.
- Cng tc kho st chng st c tin hnh i vi cc cng trnh xy dng mi hoc
cc cng trnh b st nh hng hoc cng trnh cn ci to nng cp chng st do c
nhiu nguy c st nh.
3.2 Nhim v kho st
3.2.1 Ni dung kho st
3.2.1.1 Kho st cng trnh dng tuyn (ng dy thng tin cp kim loi, cp si quang)
Khi kho st cng trnh dng tuyn, cn quan tm:
- c im kh tng (s ngy hoc gi dng) trong nhng vng ng dy i qua;
- c im in tr sut ca t trong nhng vng m ng dy i qua;
- c im lp t (treo hay chn ngm);
- c im ca mi on ng dy i qua cc vng c c im kh tng v a cht
khc nhau (chiu di, cao treo cp hoc dy trn, chn su v in tr sut ca t
trong mi on...).
3.2.1.2 Cng trnh dng im (nh trm hoc ct ng ten vin thng)
Khi kho st cng trnh dng tuyn, cn quan tm:
- c im kh tng (s ngy hoc gi dng) trong nhng vng cng trnh c xy dng;
- c im in tr sut ca t trong vng;
- c im nh trm vin thng (kch thc, kt cu nh hoc cha lp h thng
chng st nh trc tip bo v, cc h thng tip t trong khu vc trm vin thng...);
- c im ca cc cng trnh lin quan khc nh nh my n, trm bin th in AC
(kch thc, kt cu nh);
- c im ct ng ten vin thng (kch thc ct, khong cch t ct ng ten n nh
trm vin thng, c im cp ng ten phi ...);
- c im cc loi ng dy vo trm (chiu di, cch lp t ca cc ng in
li, ng dy thng tin hoc cha lp thit b chng st...);

19

TCN 68 - 174: 2006

- c im cc cng trnh bng kim loi dn vo khu vc trm (cc ng ng nc,
ng kh t...);
- c im ca a hnh xung quanh cng trnh cn chng st (cc cng trnh xy dng
k bn, ng bng hay trn ni, chnh lch im lp t cng trnh so vi mc trung
bnh ca a hnh xung quanh...).
3.2.2 Ni dung bo co kho st
- Bn v s mt bng khu vc trm hoc mt bng tuyn ng dy;
- Cc s liu kho st, o c (c im nh trm vin thng, trm bin th, ct ng ten,
my n, ng dy vin thng, ng in li, in tr sut ca t trong khu vc...);
- Cc kh khn cha c gii quyt;
- D kin cc bin php gii quyt...
3.3 o in tr sut ca t
Cc phng php trong thc t xc nh gi tr in tr sut ca t gm c: o thm
d in cc tip t mu; o su thm d i xng (phng php 4 in cc).
3.3.1 Xc nh in tr sut ca t theo phng php thm d in cc tip t mu
Phng php thm d in cc tip t mu ch xc nh c gi tr in tr sut ca
t n su chn in cc v s dng trong trng hp khng c loi my o 4 in cc
tin hnh theo phng php o su thm d i xng. Mch o c quy nh nh trong
hnh 3.1.
T kt qu o in tr R ca in cc tip t mu, tnh ra gi tr in tr sut ca t
su chn cc bng cng thc:
r=

2 plR
ln(4l / d)

(3.1)

Trong :
r- in tr sut ca t, W.m;
l- chiu di phn chn su ca in cc tip t mu, m;
d - ng knh ngoi ca in cc tip t mu dng tr trn, m (nu in cc tip t
c dng thp gc, vi cnh l b th d = 0,95b).
E

E
l

D2 = 0,62D1
D1 > 2,2 l

Hnh 3.1: o in tr sut ca t theo phng php thm d in cc mu

20

TCN 68 - 174: 2006

3.3.2 Xc nh in tr sut ca t theo phng php o su thm d i xng (phng
php o in vt l)
3.3.2.1 Phng php Wenner
Mch o theo phng php Wenner c trnh by trn hnh 3.2.
in tr sut ca t c tnh bng cng thc:
r = 2paR, (W.m)

(3.2)

Trong :
R - gi tr in tr o c, W;
a - khong cch gia cc in cc, m;
C1 P1 P2 C2

P1

C1

C2

P2

l < a/20

Ghi ch:
- su chn in cc l phi nh hn a
- Chn l a/20 v l < 1 m.

Hnh 3.2: o in tr sut ca t theo phng php Wenner

3.3.2.2 Phng php Schlumberger
Mch o theo phng php Schlumberger c trnh by trn hnh 3.3. in tr sut
ca t c tnh bng cng thc:
r=

pR(l2 - d2 )
, (W.m)
2d

(3.3)

Trong :
l- khong cch t cc in cc dng n tm thm d O, m;
d - khong cch t cc in cc p n tm thm d O, m;
R- gi tr in tr c c trn my o, W;
C1 P1 P2 C2

P1

C1
l

O
d

C2

P2
d

Hnh 3.3: o in tr sut ca t theo phng php Schlumberger

21

TCN 68 - 174: 2006

Chng IV
Thit k chng st v tip t
4.1 Nguyn tc chung
4.1.1 Vic thit k chng st v tip t c tin hnh sau khi d n kh thi c cc cp
c thm quyn ph duyt (d n kh thi, d n u t).
4.1.2 Thit k ch c thc hin sau khi c y vn bn, ti liu, s liu kho st o
c thc a.
4.1.3 Thit k chng st v tip t cho nh trm, ct cao ng ten v ng dy thng tin
c tin hnh theo trnh t c bn sau:
- Tnh ton tn sut thit hi do st gy ra i vi cng trnh vin thng khi cha c
trang b bo v, phng php c nu trong TCN 68 - 135: 2001 Chng st bo v cc cng
trnh vin thng - Yu cu k thut;
- So snh vi gii hn tn sut thit hi cho php c quy nh trong TCN 68 - 135: 2001;
- Nu tn sut thit hi vt qu gii hn cho php, phi la chn cc bin php bo v
thch hp sao cho tn sut thit hi do st tho mn yu cu trong TCN 68 135: 2001.
4.2 Thit k chng st bo v nh trm vin thng
4.2.1 Chng st nh trc tip cho nh trm vin thng
4.2.1.1 Chn mc bo v
Thit k h thng chng st nh trc tip cho nh trm vin thng phi m bo sao
cho hiu qu bo v ca h thng p ng c yu cu bo v ca nh trm. Hiu qu bo
v E ca h thng chng st c xc nh nh sau:
E 1 Fd/ Fd;

(4.1)

Trong :
Fd - tn sut thit hi do st nh trc tip ln nh trm vin thng;
Fd - tn sut thit hi do st nh trc tip c th chp nhn c.
Ch : Cc gi tr Fd, Fd c xc nh theo TCN 68 135: 2001.
Bng 4.1: Mc bo v ca h thng chng st tng ng vi hiu qu bo v
Mc bo v

Hiu qu bo v E

I
II
III
IV

0,98
0,95
0,90
0,80

4.2.1.2 Thit k h thng chng st nh trc tip

H thng chng st nh trc tip phi c thit k m bo hiu qu bo v la
chn theo 4.2.1.1.

22

TCN 68 - 174: 2006

Vic thit k h thng chng st nh trc tip phi m bo cc yu cu c quy nh
trong mc 2.1, tu theo loi h thng chng st c la chn.
4.2.2 Chng st lan truyn t bn ngoi nh trm
4.2.2.1 Chng st lan truyn t ng dy thng tin i vo nh trm
a) La chn loi cp c v che chn vi tr khng truyn t nh.
b) Thc hin tip t v lin kt ng th cho v cp theo quy nh trong Tiu chun
Ngnh TCN 68 141: 1999 Tip t cho cc cng trnh vin thng Yu cu k thut.
Cp ng trc dn t ng ten xung phi c t trong lng ct thp v tip t v tr t
ct thp sang cu cp v v tr i vo nh trm.
c) Lp t thit b chng st ti v tr cp i vo nh trm. Thit b bo v phi c la
chn theo quy nh trong mc 2.2.1 v phi hp tt vi kh nng chu ng ca thit b cn
bo v.
4.2.2.2 Chng st lan truyn t ng dy in lc i vo nh trm
a) La chn loi cp c v che chn vi tr khng truyn t nh.
b) Thc hin tip t v lin kt ng th cho v cp theo quy nh trong Tiu chun
Ngnh TCN 68 141: 1999.
c) Lp t thit b chng st ti v tr cp i vo nh trm. Thit b bo v phi c la
chn theo quy nh trong mc 2.2.1 v phi hp tt vi kh nng chu ng ca thit b.
d) Dng my bin th h p ring cung cp ngun in cho nh trm. Trong trng
hp ny, phi lp t thit b chng st trn ng dy trung v cao p trc khi vo trm
bin th. Thit b chng st c la chn phi hp tt vi kh nng chu ng ca ng
dy v chu c dng xung st xut hin ti v tr lp t.
4.2.3 Chng st lan truyn v cm ng in t bn trong nh trm
a) Thc hin lin kt ng th ti ranh gii gia cc vng chng st (LPZ) i vi cc
thnh phn v h thng kim loi (cc ng ng dn kim loi, cc khung gi cp, khung gi
thit b).
b) Thc hin cc bin php che chn in t:
- Lin kt cc thnh phn kim loi ca to nh vi nhau v vi h thng chng st nh
trc tip, v d mi nh, b mt bng kim loi, ct thp v cc khung ca bng kim loi ca
ta nh.
- Dng cc loi cp c mn chn kim loi hoc dn cp trong ng kim loi c tr khng
thp. V che chn hoc ng dn bng kim loi phi c lin kt ng th hai u v ti
ranh gii gia cc vng chng st (LPZ). ng dn cp phi c chia lm hai phn bng vch
ngn bng kim loi, mt phn cha cp thng tin, mt phn cha cp in lc v cc dy dn
lin kt.
c) Lp t cc thit b chng st ti giao din dy - my (ti ranh gii LPZ1 v LPZ2).
Thit b chng st c la chn phi hp tt vi kh nng chu ng ca thit b cn bo v
v chu c dng xung st xut hin ti v tr lp t.

23

TCN 68 - 174: 2006

d) Thc hin cu hnh u ni v tip t trong nh trm vin thng theo quy nh trong
mc 2.3.
4.3 Thit k chng st bo v ct ng ten vin thng
gim nh tn sut thit hi do st gy ra i vi ct ng ten vin thng, phi trang b
h thng chng st nh trc tip cho ct ng ten. Thit k chng st nh trc tip cho ct
ng ten c p dng theo mc 4.2.3.
Ch :
- Vi ct cao ng ten bng kim loi, khng cn trang b dy thot st m dng thn ct
thc hin chc nng ny, vi iu kin phi hn ni v mt in kh cc t ct vi nhau
qua tt c cc mt bch ct.
- Cc thnh phn kim loi ca ct ng ten vin thng phi c lin kt in lin tc vi
nhau v vi cc thnh phn v kim loi ca thit b k thut.
4.4 Thit k chng st bo v ng dy thng tin
4.4.1 La chn mi trng lp t
Khi thit k tuyn cp, phi ch xem xt, la chn mi trng lp t sao cho c th
li dng c yu t che chn sn c ca mi trng xung quanh.
4.4.2 La chn cp c gi tr dng gy h hng ln
i vi cp nm trong vng nguy him v hay b st nh, phi la chn cp c gi tr
dng gy h hng ln gim tn sut gy thit hi.
4.4.3 Thc hin tip t cho tuyn cp
- Phi thc hin tip t mn chn kim loi ca cp treo ti hai u tuyn cp v dc
theo tuyn cp theo quy nh trong TCN 68-141: 1999 Tip t cho cc cng trnh vin thng.
- C th tng s ln tip t dy treo cp (gim nh khong cch gia cc im tip t)
nhng vng hay b st nh.
4.4.4 Trang b dy chng st ngm cho cp chn
gim nh dng st nh vo cp chn, dng dy chng st ngm bng kim loi chn
pha trn, dc theo tuyn cp thu ht mt phn dng st (xem ph lc F). Dy chng st
ngm phi bng ng hay lng kim c ng knh khng nh hn 4 mm, hoc nhiu si dy
thp m km c tng tit din khng nh hn 38 mm2. Dy chng st ngm phi c b tr
dc theo ton b chiu di on cp cn c bo v v ko di thm mt on Y, vi Y
c tnh bng cng thc:
Y 5 . (r)1/2, (m)

(4.2)

Trong :
r = in tr sut ca t, W.m.
4.4.5 Lp t thit b chng st
Lp t thit b chng st ti cc im cp nhp trm lm gim tn sut thit hi cho
cp do st nh trc tip vo trm. Thit b chng st phi c la chn phi hp tt vi kh

24

TCN 68 - 174: 2006

nng chu ng ca cp. Thit b chng st phi c ni gia cc dy dn kim loi ca cp
vi thanh tip t chnh ca nh trm. Ti di cp chn Lp = 5.r1/2 (vi r l in tr sut
ca t, W.m) tnh t nh trm, phi lp thm cc thit b chng st gia cc dy dn kim loi
ca cp v v cp (hoc ng kim loi).
4.5 Thit k h thng tip t
4.5.1 Nguyn tc thit k
- Tt nht, nn dng mt h thng tip t dng chung cho cc chc nng tip t
chng st, tip t cng tc v bo v trong mt khu vc nh trm vin thng.
- Trong trng hp c sn h thng tip t chng st cho nh trm, khi thit k h
thng tip t cng tc v bo v cho thit b, phi thc hin lin kt ng th hai h thng
tip t trn.
- H thng tip t dng chung phi c gi tr in tr nh hn gi tr in tr tip t
tiu chun thp nht.
- H thng tip t chung phi c thi cng v tr thch hp nht (trung tm) sao cho
chiu di cp dn t l ngn nht.
- Phi lin kt ng th gia h thng tip t ca khu vc nh trm vi h thng tip
t chng st ca ct cao ng ten k bn.
4.5.2 Xc nh in tr sut ca t
- Trc khi thit k cc h thng tip t, phi o in tr sut ca t ti khu vc d
kin trang b tip t. Phng php o v s mch o c quy nh trong mc 3.3,
chng III.
- in tr sut ca t dng trong tnh ton h thng tip t c xc nh bng cng
thc:
rtt = k ro, (W.m)

(4.3)

Trong :
rtt - in tr sut ca t dng trong thit k chng st;
ro - in tr sut ca t o c;
k - h s ma, k =1,6 1,8.
4.5.3 Chn vt liu lm in cc tip t
Vt liu lm in cc tip t s lm nh hng n tui th ca h thng tip t. V
vy, vic chn vt liu lm in cc tip t ph thuc vo chc nng ca h thng tip t.
1) H thng tip t cng tc:
H thng tip t cng tc c thi hn khai thc l 15 nm. Vt liu lm in cc tip
t cng tc phi bng ng hoc bng thp m km.
Phng php tnh ton c nu trong Ph lc C.

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TCN 68 - 174: 2006

2) H thng tip t bo v c thi hn khai thc l 30 nm. in cc tip t ch cn
lm bng thp m km.
3) H thng tip t dng chung cho cc chc nng tip t cng tc v tip t bo v
phi c xem xt nh i vi h thng tip t cng tc.
4.5.4 La chn loi h thng tip t
Vic la chn loi h thng tip t ph thuc vo 3 iu kin sau:
- iu kin mt bng ni s thi cng h thng tip t;
- in tr sut ca t ti ni thi cng;
- Gi tr in tr tip t tiu chun.
H thng tip t thng c xy dng theo cc loi sau:
1) H thng tip t dng hn hp (gm cc in cc thng ng v cc di nm ngang)
H thng tip t dng hn hp c s dng trong nhng iu kin sau:
- Gi tr in tr sut ca t ti ni thi cng h thng tip t khng ln hn 100 W.m
v tng i ng nht su t 1 n 5 m;
- Mt bng thi cng khng b hn ch;
- in tr tip t tiu chun yu cu nh (thng thng l h thng tip t cng tc).
2) H thng tip t l nhng di st hoc ng nm ngang
H thng tip t l nhng di st hoc ng nm ngang c s dng trong nhng iu
kin sau:
- Gi tr in tr sut ca t ti ni thi cng h thng tip t khng ln hn 100 W.m
v tng i ng nht su t 1 n 2 m;
- Gi tr in tr tip t tiu chun yu cu ln t 5 n 10 W (thng thng c dng
i vi cc h thng tip t bo v c lp xa trung tm);
- Mt bng thi cng khng b hn ch.
3) H thng tip t chn su
H thng tip t chn su c s dng trong nhng iu kin sau:
- Gi tr in tr sut ca t ti ni thi cng rt nh cc lp t di su;
- Gi tr in tr tip t tiu chun yu cu nh (thng thng l h thng tip t
cng tc);
- Mt bng thi cng cht hp.
4) H thng tip t bao gm nhng tm thp hoc ng chn dng ng
H thng tip t bao gm nhng tm thp hoc ng chn dng ng c s dng
trong nhng iu kin sau:
- Gi tr in tr sut ca t ti ni thi cng h thng tip t khng ln hn 100 W.m
v tng i ng nht su t 1 n 5 m;
- Mt bng thi cng qu cht hp;

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TCN 68 - 174: 2006

- Gi tr in tr tip t tiu chun yu cu trong phm vi t 3 n 5 W.
4.5.5 Tnh ton h thng tip t
Cc h thng tip t phi c tnh ton, thit k m bo thi hn khai thc nh sau:
1) H thng tip t bo v: 30 nm;
2) H thng tip t cng tc: 15 nm.
Cc cng thc tnh ton h thng tip t c nu trong Ph lc C.
4.5.6 S dng ho cht ci to t
Tu theo yu cu thc t, c th s dng cc loi ha cht ci to t nh sau:
1) Dng ho cht ci to t dng ho tan nhm mc ch gim nh in tr sut ca t.
2) Dng ho cht ci to t dng ng cng nhm mc ch:
- Gim nh in tr tip t;
- Tng n nh ca in tr tip t;
- Chng n mn cho cc in cc tip t;
- Tng kh nng tip xc vi t trong trng hp dng in cc tip t chn su.

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Chng V
Thi cng lp t trang thit b chng st
v h thng tip t
5.1 Nguyn tc chung
- Tt c cc trang thit b chng st v tip t, trc khi lp t phi c kim nh
theo ng n thit k c ph chun.
- n v thi cng phi thc hin thi cng theo ng thit k v khng c t sa
cha thit k v bn thi cng.
- Vic thi cng lp t cc h thng chng st v tip t khng c gy nh hng,
lm gin on thng tin lin lc.
- Trong qu trnh thi cng, n v thi cng phi tuyt i tun th cc quy nh v an
ton in v an ton lao ng ca nh nc, ca ngnh v ca n v thi cng ra. Khi c
dng st, nguy him, tuyt i khng c php thi cng.
5.2 Thi cng lp t h thng chng st nh trc tip
- in cc thu st v dy thot st phi c lp t theo ng cng ngn cng tt.
- Tt c cc thnh phn trong h thng chng st nh trc tip phi c lp t m
bo chc chn v mt c kh chu c cc tc ng do gi, cc iu kin thi tit v cc
tc ng c hc khc.
- Dy thot st phi c gn cht vo tng v c lp t ni an ton, trnh gy
nguy him cho con ngi.
- Dy thot st trong h thng chng st nh trc tip bo v ct cao ng ten phi c
lp t trong lng ct thp v c c nh chc chn vo thn thp.
- Cc h thng chng st pht tin o sm v phn tn nng lng st phi c lp
t theo ng quy nh ca nh sn xut.
5.3 Lp t thit b chng st lan truyn
- Nu ng dy in h p vo nh trm vin thng qua nh my n, phi lp t thit
b bo v s cp ngay ti nh my n hoc trm bin th. Nh my n phi c trang b tip
t ni t cho my n, bin th v thit b chng st.
- Thit b chng st c lp t ti nh trm vin thng phi t trc t phn phi
in chnh AC.
- Lp t thit b chng st trn ng dy tn hiu ti v tr ng dy i vo nh trm
v ti giao din gia ng dy v thit b ng theo thit k.
- Vic thc hin lp t chi tit cn tun th hng dn ca nh sn xut thit b.
- Khi ct in li thi cng lp t thit b chng st, phi c cc bin php thch hp
nh s dng in my n, c quy khng lm gin on thng tin lin lc.

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5.4 Thi cng lp t chng st bo v ng dy thng tin
5.4.1 Cp quang c thnh phn kim loi
- Vi tuyn cp quang c thnh phn kim loi, phi m bo tnh lin tc ca thnh
phn kim loi theo chiu di ca cp, k c cc ch ni v cc b ti to. Phi ni cc thnh
phn kim loi vi thanh lin kt cn bng th (e.p.b.b) (ni trc tip hoc qua thit b chng
st) ti hai u tuyn cp. Nu khng c thanh lin kt cn bng th, phi ni cc thnh phn
kim loi ny vi thanh lin kt cn bng th dng ring bn trong kt cui mng quang.
Cp lin tc

Mt bch hoc hp ni

Mng ngn m
Phn t chu lc
ng cch ly

Nh

i dy ng
e.p.b.b

Hnh 5.1: Ni cc phn t bng kim loi trong cp si quang

Khi thc hin tip t dy treo cp hoc dy t treo cp, dy ni t phi c t trong
ng nha bo v v c buc c nh, chc chn vo thn ct. Ch thc hin tip t v bc
kim loi ti cc hp cp.
- Khng thc hin tip t cho v kim loi ca cp quang ngm c lp v bc cch in.
- Khng lp t cp quang vi cp in lc trong cng mt ng.
- Khi lp t dy chng st ngm, phi bo m tnh dn in lin tc dc theo chiu
di dy chng st ngm.
- Lp t thit b chng st ti cc im cp vo nh trm theo yu cu thit k v
hng dn lp t chi tit ca nh sn xut thit b.
5.4.2 Cp kim loi
- Khi lp t, phi ch duy tr tnh lin tc cc thnh phn kim loi (mn chn in t,
dy treo cp, cc thnh phn gia cng...) ti cc mi ni, b cp, t cp v hp cp dc
tuyn. Phi ni cc thnh phn kim loi ca cp (ni trc tip hoc qua thit b chng st) vi
thanh lin kt cn bng th ca nh trm ti hai u tuyn cp.
- Khi thc hin tip t dy treo cp hoc dy t treo cp, dy ni t phi c t
trong ng nha bo v v c buc c nh, chc chn vo thn ct. Ch thc hin tip t
v bc kim loi ti cc hp cp.
- Ch thc hin tip t v cp ngm ti cc hp cp.
- Khi lp t dy chng st ngm, phi bo m tnh dn in lin tc dc theo chiu
di dy chng st ngm.
- Lp t thit b chng st ti cc im cp vo nh trm theo yu cu thit k v
hng dn lp t chi tit ca nh sn xut thit b.

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5.5 Thi cng h thng tip t

5.5.1 Thi cng h thng tip t
n v thi cng h thng tip t phi thc hin thi cng theo ng thit k v theo
trnh t c trnh by chi tit trong Ph lc D.
5.5.2 Thc hin lin kt cc h thng tip t
Khi c nhiu h thng tip t dng cho cc chc nng khc nhau, phi thc hin lin
kt cc h thng tip t c chc nng khc nhau trong mt khu vc nh trm vi nhau
m bo s cn bng in th bng cc phng php sau:
5.5.2.1 Phng php 1: Thc hin lin kt bng li san bng in th
Li san bng in th l li kim loi chn di t. Din tch mt bng thi cng li
san bng in th ty thuc vo a hnh ca cc h thng tip t nhng phi m bo li
san bng in th cch cc h thng tip t khng ln hn 5 m.
Ch : Nn thc hin thi cng li san bng in th cng thi im thi cng cc h
thng tip t.
Li thi cng c thc hin theo trnh t sau:
- o t trn din tch mt bng cn thit vi su t 0,5 n 0,7 m;
- Trn mt bng ( c o t), t dy ng hay dy thp m km c ng knh t
3 mm n 5 mm hoc nhng di ng hay nhng di st c kch thc 15 mm x 1 mm hay 10
mm x 2 mm to thnh hnh li c kch thc 30 cm x 30 cm hoc 50 cm x 50 cm;
- Phi hn tt c cc mt li to thnh 1 li dn in lin tc;
- Thc hin lin kt (hn ni) li san bng vi cc h thng tip t ti nhng v tr
thch hp (dy dn l ngn nht, khng ln hn 5 m) bng dy ng trn vi tit din ln hn
hoc bng 14 mm2;
- Lp t nn cht.
5.5.2.2 Phng php 2: Lin kt bng phng php ni trc tip
Cc h thng tip t c lin kt vi nhau bng cp ng hoc thanh ng trn c tit
din ln hn hoc bng 50 mm2 chn su di mt t khong t 0,5 n 0,7 m.
Trong trng hp dng cp ng nhiu si, ng knh mt si khng nh hn 1 mm.

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Chng VI
Kim tra, nghim thu cc h thng tip t v chng st
6.1 Thnh phn nghim thu
Ch u t ra quyt nh thnh lp Hi ng (Ban) nghim thu. Thnh phn tham gia
nghim thu phi c i din cc bn nh sau:
1. i din ch u t;
2. i din thit k;
3. i din thi cng;
4. i din qun l khai thc cng trnh vin thng.
Hi ng (Ban) nghim thu c nhim v lp bin ban nghim thu. Bin bn phi c
xc nhn ca cc i din ni trn.
6.2 Nghim thu cc h thng, thit b chng st
6.2.1 Ni dung nghim thu
Thc hin nghim thu theo cc ni dung sau:
1. Nghim thu theo thit k k thut thi cng;
2. Nghim thu v c hc. H thng phi c lp t chc chn;
3. Nghim thu v thm m. H thng lp t phi m bo m quan;
4. Nghim thu v an ton cho con ngi. H thng c lp t phi bo m an ton
cho con ngi khi lm vic gn;
5. o gi tr in tr tip t ca h thng hay thit b chng st (khi dng ring h
thng tip t). So snh gi tr in tr tip t o c vi tiu chun thit k yu cu;
6. Xem xt h s kim nh cc thit b chng st trc khi lp t.
6.2.2 H s nghim thu
H s nghim thu cc h thng, thit b chng st gm c:
1. Cc h s thit k;
2. Bin bn o kim c tnh k thut ca cc h thng, thit b chng st trc khi
lp t;
3. Bin bn nghim thu cc h thng chng st nh trc tip, nghim thu lp t thit
b chng st trn cc ng dy thng tin v trn cc ng in li;
4. Cc h s cung cp thit b;
5. L lch xc nhn ngun gc ca h thng hay thit b chng st c lp t;
6. Bin bn bn giao thit b chng st.

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6.3 Kim tra, nghim thu h thng tip t
6.3.1 Quy nh v th tc nghim thu:
1) Nghim thu lp t h thng tip t phi l hng mc c nghim thu u tin ca
ton b cng trnh vin thng c xy dng.
2) Kim tra, nghim thu h thng tip t phi thc hin theo hai giai on:
a) Giai on 1: Kim tra, nghim thu cc b phn chn di t (phi nghim thu trc
khi lp kn t);
b) Giai on 2: Kim tra, nghim thu ton b h thng tip t.
6.3.2 Quy nh v ni dung kim tra, nghim thu h thng tip t
Kim tra, nghim thu h thng tip t gm c:
1) Kim tra vic thi cng dn tip t (phn chn di t).
a) Kim tra chung vic lp t so vi thit k;
b) Kim tra s ph hp vic s dng vt liu, kch thc ca cc in cc tip t vi
thit k;
c) Kim tra bn c hc v dn in ca cc mi hn, mi ni;
d) Kim tra vic lp t cho cc in cc tip t.
Kt qu kim tra c a vo bin bn theo mu quy nh trong ph lc D.
2) o th nghim thu ton b h thng tip t.
Sau khi kt thc bc thi cng cp dn t s tin hnh nghim thu h thng tip t.
o in tr tip t ti tm tip t chnh. Phng php o v mu ghi bin bn c trnh
by Ph lc D.
6.3.3 H s nghim thu lp t cc h thng tip t
1) H s v thit k;
1. Vn bn ngh thay i thit k (nu c) hoc ngh thay i vt liu xy dng
dng cho h thng tip t (nu c) c cc bn ch u t, thit k tho thun;
2. Cc bin bn kt qu o lng kim tra ca h thng tip t c hai giai on;
3. Cc vn bn nh gi ca Hi ng (Ban) nghim thu cc b phn chn di t v
ton b h thng tip t;
4. S hon cng h thng tip t (ghi r v tr h thng tip t v s cp dn t).
6.3.4 Kt lun, bn giao
Sau khi kim tra o th, Hi ng (Ban) nghim thu phi c kt lun nh gi trn c
s so snh vi tiu chun.
Nu cha t, Hi ng (Ban) nghim thu phi xc nh trch nhim thuc v n v thi
cng hay n v thit k. Ch u t yu cu n v chu trch nhim tip tc b sung hay sa
cha h thng tip t v phi quy nh thi hn hon thnh. Sau khi b sung, sa cha xong
phi kim tra nghim thu li.
Ton b h s nghim thu phi bn giao cho n v qun l.

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TCN 68 - 174: 2006

Chng VII
Quy nh v qun l v bo dng
7.1 Trong qu trnh qun l v khai thc h thng tip t v chng st, phi thc hin
kim tra, bo dng cc trang, thit b theo nhng quy nh sau:
1. Kim tra nh k
2. Kim tra t xut
3. Trong 1 nm u sau khi xy dng cng trnh, cn thng xuyn theo di ni t h
thng tip t sau cc trn ma ln, nu thy ln phi lp thm t ngay.
4. Vic bo dng, sa cha phi c thc hin tng phn, sao cho m bo thng tin
lin lc 24/24 gi trong ngy.
7.2 Quy nh v thi gian kim tra nh k
1. Mt thng mt ln kim tra cc mi ni, lin kt. Sit cht li c vt ni dy dn ti
tm tip t chnh v tm tip t ca tng tng, tm tip t ca gi my, gi phi tuyn...
2. Su thng mt ln phi o kim tra cc t tip t.
3. Su thng mt ln phi kim tra cu hnh u ni v tip t bn trong nh trm.
4. Su thng mt ln phi kim tra h thng chng st trc tip (c phn thu st v
dn st).
5. Su thng mt ln phi kim tra cc thit b bo v chng st lp t trn ng dy
thng tin v ng in li.
6. Kim tra nh k c thc hin vo thi im lu lng thng tin thp nht.
7. Khi thc hin kim tra nh k, khng thc hin vo thi im c ma, dng.
7.3 Quy nh v thi gian kim tra t xut
Kim tra t xut khi c nhng s kin sau y:
- Sau khi b st nh;
- Sau cc trn bo;
- Sau khi sa cha cng trnh hoc thay i thit b;
- Khi c s thay i lin quan n mt bng c h thng tip t (o bi, lp t ng
ng, trng cy, trng ct, lm nh...).
7.4 Ni dung kim tra nh k v t xut
- Kim tra gi tr in tr tip t tiu chun ti tm tip t chnh.
- Kim tra cc mi hn, mi ni ca cp (dy) dn t v cc dy dn lin kt thc hin
tip t.
- Kim tra ton b thit b chng st.

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TCN 68 - 174: 2006

- Kim tra ton b h thng chng st nh trc tip.
- Kim tra cc chi tit c nh thit b chng st, lp t ng dy thng tin v ng
in li.
- Kim tra trng thi lm vic ca cc thit b bo v chng st thng qua h thng n
hin th.
- Kim tra cc mi ni ca mng lin kt vi mng lin kt chung.
7.5 Sau khi kim tra nu pht hin ch h hng phi sa cha ngay:
- i vi h thng tip t: Nu tr s in tr tip t ln hn so vi tiu chun phi c
bin php x l;
- Vic kim tra v sa cha nh k phi kt thc trc ma dng st ca a phng.
7.6 Mi ni dung kim tra sa cha nh k hoc t xut u phi ghi vo l lch k
thut v lu h s

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Ph lc A
Cu hnh u ni v tip t trong cc nh trm vin thng
A.1 Cu hnh u ni v tip t trong nh trm vin thng
Cu hnh u ni v tip t trong cc nh trm vin thng c thc hin theo trnh t sau:
1. Xy dng mng lin kt chung (CBN) cho nh trm vin thng.
2. Thc hin u ni mng lin kt chung (CBN) vi mng tip t ca khu vc nh trm.
3. Xy dng mng lin kt cho cc khi h thng thit b trong nh trm vin thng,
ng thi thc hin u ni cc mng lin kt vi mng lin kt chung (CBN).
A.1.1 Xy dng mng lin kt chung cho nh trm vin thng
A.1.1.1 Trnh t xy dng mng lin kt chung (CBN)
Mng lin kt chung ca nh trm vin thng c dng tng qut nh trong s hnh A.1.
1. Trnh t xy dng mng CBN i vi nh trm vin thng xy dng mi hon ton
a) Xy dng ng dn kt ni:
- Ti mi tng ca nh trm vin thng xy dng mt vng kt ni khp kn quanh sn
nh ( su t 0,5 n 0,7 m di nn nh), hoc thc hin vng kt ni khp kn xung
quanh tng nh. Vng kt ni c thc hin bng cp ng hoc nhng di ng hay thp
m km c tit din ti thiu khng nh hn 100 mm2.
- Thc hin lin kt cc vng kt ni ca mi tng bng cc dy lin kt thng ng ta
nh mt lng Faraday, khong cch gia cc dy thng ng khng ln hn 5 m. Dy lin
kt thng ng l thanh ng hoc thp m c thit din khng nh hn 100 mm2.
- Xy dng tm li trn ton b nn nh trm su t 0,5 n 0,7 m bng nhng
di thp m km hoc ng tit din ln hn 14 mm2, vi kch thc mt li 30 cm x 30 cm
hoc 50 cm x 50 cm (phi thc hin hn tt c cc im giao nhau ca li).
- Thc hin hn ni tm li vi vng kt ni xung quanh sn nh hoc xung quanh tng.
b) Thc hin lin kt khung b tng ct thp ca kt cu nh trm.
- Trong trng hp s dng khung b tng ct thp lm dy dn st, phi thc hin
hn ton b khung b tng ct thp ca kt cu nh trm ti cc im ni v giao nhau.
c) Thc hin u ni ng dn kt ni vi cc thnh phn kim loi trong nh trm:
- Vi dy dn st ca nh trm (nu c);
- Vi ton b khung b tng ct thp ca kt cu nh trm;
- Vi khung gi cp nhp trm;
- Vi cc ng dn nc, cc ng dn cp bng kim loi.
2. Trnh t xy dng mng CBN i vi nh trm vin thng c sn
a) Xy dng ng dn kt ni:
- Ti mi tng ca nh trm vin thng xy dng mt vng kt ni khp kn xung
quanh tng nh. Vng kt ni c thc hin bng cp ng hoc nhng thanh ng, hay
thp m km c tit din ti thiu khng nh hn 100 mm2.

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b) Thc hin u ni vng kt ni vi cc thnh phn kim loi trong nh trm:
- Vi tt c cc dy dn st ca nh trm v tng phn khung b tng ct thp v mt s
dm b tng c th thm nhp c;
- Vi khung gi cp nhp trm;
- Vi cc ng dn nc, cc ng dn cp bng kim loi.
A.1.1.2 Mt s quy nh km theo khi xy dng mng CBN
1) Tt c cc ng cp i vo trm (nhp trm) phi t gn nhau:
- ng vo cp dn in xoay chiu ca cc thit b;
- ng vo cp vin thng ca cc thit b;
- ng vo ca cp dn t.
2) Khi thc hin ko cp ngoi vi nh trm phi bao bc cp bng ng dn kim loi
hoc ng nha c tui th cao 50 nm (cp c lun trong ng kim loi hoc ng nha).
3) Trong cc nh trm cao tng c khung thp phi ch nhng im sau:
- Cp ko gia cc tng phi t gn trung tm ca nh trm;
- Nu cp c bao bc bng ng dn kim loi c th t bt k v tr no.
4) Nu thit b vin thng c trang b thit b bo v qu p s cp trn cc ng
dy vin thng, thit b bo v phi c ni ti v cp v vi mng CBN xung quanh.
5) Nu ti li vo ca ng in xoay chiu c t cc thit b bo v chng qu p,
nhng thit b bo v ny phi c ni ti mng CBN.
6) Mng lin kt CBN phi cung cp 1 ng dn vi tr khng thp song song hoc
gn vi v cp hay cc dy dn bn ngoi ca cp ng trc.
7) H thng cp trong nh trm phi b tr theo tuyn ngn nht v phi t st mng
CBN v v cp c lin kt trc tip vi mng CBN.
8) Cc h thng thit b phi c c nh cht vo sn hoc tng gim in dung
k sinh.
A.1.2 Thc hin u ni mng lin kt chung vi mng tip t ca nh trm vin thng.
A.1.2.1 Thc hin u ni mng CBN vi mng tip t ca nh trm thng qua tm tip t
chnh. Gia mng CBN v tm tip t chnh cng nhiu ng lin kt cng tt.
Trng hp mng tip t ca nh trm vin thng ngay di sn nh hoc xung
quanh nh trm, phi thc hin ni mng CBN vi mng tip t thng qua tm tip t chnh
bng nhng di ng hoc thp m km c tit din t 50 mm2 n 100 mm2.
A.1.2.2 Quy nh i vi tm tip t chnh
1) Mi nh trm vin thng c trang b mt tm tip t chnh
- Tm tip t chnh phi c t gn ngun cung cp xoay chiu v cc ng vo
ca cp vin thng (cng gn cng tt).
2) Tm tip t chnh c ni trc tip n cc b phn sau:
- Mng tip t ca nh trm thng qua ng cp dn t;

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- ng dn bo v (PE);
- V bo v (v kim loi) ca tt c cp nhp trm;
- Mng CBN;
- Cc dng ca ngun 1 chiu.
3) Thi cng tm tip t chnh c thc hin nh mc 2.7 trong Ph lc D.
A.1.3 Xy dng mng lin kt cho cc khi thit b trong nh trm vin thng v thc hin
u ni vi mng CBN

Vng kt ni

Cc dy
lin kt
Khung
b tng
ct
thp

Tm tip t chnh
B tng
mng
Mng tip t

Hnh A.1: Mng lin kt chung

A.1.3.1. Xy dng mng lin kt mt li (M- BN)
1) Trnh t xy dng mng M-BN
a) Xy dng tm m mt li
- Tm m mt li c tin hnh xy dng theo yu cu ca cc nh thit k v qun
l khai thc thit b. Tm m mt li c kch thc ln cha ng c cc thit
b v gi cp nm trong khi h thng M-BN.

37

TCN 68 - 174: 2006

- Tm m c lm bng dy (di) ng trn hoc bng dy (di) thp m km c tit
din ln hn 14 mm2 hn thnh li t di sn t thit b.
- Kch thc mt li thng nm trong phm vi:
20 cm x 20 cm,
30 cm x 30 cm,
40 cm x 40 cm,
50 cm x 50 cm.
b) Thc hin ni (hn) tm m mt li vi mng CBN ti nhiu im (cng nhiu
im ni vi mng CBN cng tt) bng di ng trn hoc thp m km c tit din ln hn
14 mm2.
c) Thc hin ni phn dn ca khi h thng thit b vin thng vi tm m mt li.
- Thit b vin thng vi nhng mch in t c cung cp chung mt lp bc kim loi
c gi l in th chun ph khp trn b mt cc bng mch in.
- Tt c cc b mt in th chun c ni vi nhau ng thi c ni vi khung
gi thit b hoc vi v kim loi cp ca h thng cp ln cn (nm trong khi M-BN) bng
nhng dy ng c tit din ln hn 14 mm2.
- Thc hin ni cc ca bin, cc khung gi thit b, v kim loi cp vi tm m mt li
bng dy (di) ng theo ng ngn nht c kch thc nh trong bng A.1 (cng nhiu
ng ni cng tt).
Bng A.1: Quy nh kch thc ca dy dn lin kt
TT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

38

Tn dy dn lin kt
Dy n lin kt v kim loi ca cp thu bao (chn)
Dy dn lin kt cho v kim loi ca cp thu bao (treo)
Dy dn lin kt cho cc b bo v thu bao trn gi
phi tuyn MDF
Dy dn lin kt cho thit b bo v ngun 220V (thit b
bo v s cp)
Dy dn lin kt cho ngun c quy
Dy dn lin kt cho phn kim loi khung gi b nn
Dy dn lin kt cho phn khung gi b i in
Dy dn lin kt cho cc phn kim loi khung gi tng i
Dy dn lin kt cho cc phn kim loi khung gi phi tuyn
Dy dn lin kt cho cc gi cp

Tit din
ti thiu (mm2)
14
14
14
100 (L> 50 m)
14
100300
14
14
14
14

TCN 68 - 174: 2006

Ct ta nh

Ct thp

Vng lin kt
Khi h thng
Thit b M-BN (1)

Tng n+1
Sn

Ni

Ni v cp vi
khung gi

Li lin kt

Ct thp

Tng n

Thit b M-BN

Khi h thng
thit b M-BN (2)
Tng 1
ng ng

L1 L2 L3 N PE
PE

Phn phi in AC
iu ha

Panel cp ngun
48V DC
Khung
thit b
ngun DC

Tng hm

Cc tip t chnh
PE

Cp
thng tin

Vng lin kt

Dy dn v DC

Dy +48V DC
Ct thp lin kt
Cp ni b

n in cc
tip t
n ct thp mng/vng lin kt

Cp trong h thng c che chn

Dy dn lin kt

Hnh A.2: Mng M-BN trong nh trm vin thng

39

TCN 68 - 174: 2006

A.1.3.2 Xy dng mng lin kt cch ly mt li (M-IBN)
Mng lin kt cch ly mt li (M-IBN) trong nh trm vin thng c m t trong s
hnh A.3.
1) iu kin thc hin mng lin kt cch ly mt li
- Cc khi h thng thit b vin thng trong nh trm vin thng c thc hin ni
vi mng lin kt chung (CBN) bng mng lin kt cch ly mt li khi chng c nhng yu
cu sau:
+ Yu cu che chn cao;
+ Dng r 1 chiu, xoay chiu... trong CBN khng c chy vo khi h thng thit b
vin thng.
- Khng thc hin mng lin kt cch ly mt li (M-IBN) i vi khi h thng thit
b khng phi l thit b vin thng nh: Thit b ngun, iu ha khng kh, nh sng...
2) Trnh t xy dng mng lin kt cch ly mt li:
Thc hin mng lin kt cch ly mt li theo trnh t sau:
a) Xy dng tm m mt li cch ly hon ton vi CBN xung quanh. Tm m c
kch thc ln cha ng c cc thit b v cc gi cp nm trong khi h thng
M-IBN.
- Tm li m c lm bng dy (di) ng hoc bng nhng dy (di) st m km
c tit din phi ln hn 14 mm2.
- Cc mt li phi hn vi nhau.
- Kch thc mt li cng nh cng tt, trong phm vi:
- 20 cm x 20 cm ; 30 cm x 30 cm ; 40 cm x 40 cm ; 50 cm x 50 cm.
b) Thc hin ni khung gi cp, khung gi thit b vi tm m mt li.
Cc khung gi cp, cc khung v gi ca thit b nm trong khi h thng M-IBN
phi c ni vi tm m mt li ti nhiu im bng dy dn lin kt c kch thc nh
trong bng A.1.
c) Thc hin u ni mng lin kt cch ly mt li (M-IBN) vi mng lin kt chung
(CBN).
- Thc hin u ni mng M-IBN vi mng CBN phi c thc hin trong phm vi
im ni n (SPC).
- im ni n (SPC) phi t vng ln cn ca khi h thng M-IBN.
- im ni n trong trng hp ny l di ng dc theo cnh ca tm m mt li
c kch thc 2000 mm x 20 mm x 2 mm. Di ng c hn vi cnh tm m mt li.
- Thc hin ni cc ng kt ni ca mng CBN ti SPC bng dy ng c tit din
ln hn 14 mm2.
3) Mt s quy nh km theo khi xy dng mng lin kt cch ly mt li
a) Nu cp i t CBN vo M-IBN l cp c v bc kim loi hoc l ng dn cp bng
kim loi th phi ni mi u v bc cp hoc ng dn vi khung thit b v vi im ni n
(SPC).

40

TCN 68 - 174: 2006

b) V kim loi ca cp xon ti u kt cui ca mng M-IBN h mch (khng ni
vi M-IBN) cn u kia ni vi mng CBN.
c) Cc phn kim loi ln cn khi h thng M-IBN phi c lin kt vi SPC
trnh hin tng sc in hoc nh thng lp cch in ca v cp.
ng cp tr khng thp (phn t CBN)
Cc khung gi ca khi
h thng 1 c ni
bng tm m mt li

Ni gia SPC1 v ng cp

Sn

SPC1

Tm m
mt li

Khuyn ngh ni mn
chn cp vi gi cp

Ct thp sn
Khi h thng 3

Cch ly gia tm m mt li
v CBN ngn dng ngoi lai

SPC3
SPC2

Khi h thng 2
SPC

Ca s kt ni mt im
Dy dn lin kt ng th
Ct thp lin kt
Cp nhp hoc cp ni b khng che chn
Cp nhp hoc cp ni b c che chn
Cp chm (
) dc theo cnh tm m mt li biu th SPC ca n
Cp ni b h thng i vo khi i vo khi h thng phi i st SPC

Mng A.3: Mng M-IBN trong nh trm vin thng

A.1.3.3 Xy dng mng lin kt cch ly hnh sao (S-IBN)
Mng lin kt cch ly hnh sao trong nh trm vin thng c m t nh trong s
hnh A.4.

41

TCN 68 - 174: 2006

1) iu kin thc hin mng lin kt cch ly hnh sao
Cc khi h thng vin thng trong nh trm vin thng c thc hin ni vi CBN
bng S-IBN vi nhng iu kin sau:
- Yu cu che chn in t trng cao.
- Dng r mt chiu v xoay chiu trong CBN khng c chy vo khi h thng thit
b vin thng.
- Yu cu thi cng n gin, tit kim kinh ph.
2) Trnh t xy dng mng lin kt cch ly hnh sao:
a) Thc hin lin kt cc thnh phn kim loi ca khi h thng S-IBN.
- Cc gi cp trong khi h thng S-IBN c ni vi nhau v ni vi CBN ti thanh
dn ni n (SPCB) bng dy dn lin kt c tit din ln hn 14 mm2 (bng cp nhiu si c
v bc).
- Cc ca bin, khung gi thit b trong khi h thng S-IBN cch ly hon ton vi CBN ;
v chng c ni vi nhau v ni vi CBN ti thanh dn ni n bng dy dn lin kt c
tit din ln hn 14 mm2 (bng cp nhiu si c v bc).
b) Thc hin u ni mng lin kt cch ly hnh sao (S-IBN) vi mng lin kt chung
(CBN) ti thanh dn ni n (SPCB).
- Thanh dn ni n l mt thanh ng c kch thc trong phm vi sau: Chiu di
khng c ln hn 2000 mm, chiu rng t 50 n 100 mm; b dy khng nh hn 3 mm
c gn cht vo 1 v tr thch hp chiu di ca dy lin kt l nh nht.
3) Mt s quy nh khi thc hin mng lin kt cch ly hnh sao.
a) V che chn ca cp i vo khi h thng S-IBN c ni vi mng S-IBN ti SPCB,
phn bn ngoi khi h thng s c ni vi CBN.
b) H thng con l mt phn ca khi h thng chnh c t trong 1 tng vi h
thng chnh v phi dng chung im ni n (SPC) vi h thng chnh ( trnh s chnh
lch in p qu mc gia gii hn ca CBN v IBN ln cn).
c) Cc h thng khung thit b, cc thnh phn kt cu kim loi trong MBN t cch SIBN nh hn 2 m phi c lin kt vi thanh dn SPCB v l do an ton con ngi.
d) Khi thc hin lin kt mng S-IBN phi thc hin kim tra bo dng thng xuyn
m bo s cch ly tuyt i.

42

TCN 68 - 174: 2006

Ct
FGB

Thit b BN mt li
(c th cch SPCB nhiu
hn 1 tng)
IBN (khng v
dy dn v +48V)

Tng n+1

Thp xy dng
(CBN)

Cch in

FGB

i dy xon khng c
che chn dn n chuyn mch

SPCB
SPCW

Gi phi tuyn
(thit b BN - mt li)

Tng n

Thit b BN - mt
li (khng v
ng +48V) dc

i dy xon khng chn

dn n thit b nhp cp

B
Ghp st

Tng 1 (c th
cch SPCB
hn 1 tng)

nhp c

Busbar +48V dc
cch ly

B
Khung gi
b ngun chnh

n in cc
tip t
FGB
SPCB
SPCW

Ct thp lin kt v thp xy dng

Dy dn lin kt
Dy dn +48V dc (khung v dy -48V i song song)
Cp nhp trm hoc cp ni b h thng
Thanh t tng (mt phn ca CBN)
Busbar lin kt n im
Ca s lin kt n im

Hnh A.4: Mng lin kt S-IBN trong nh trm vin thng

A.2 Cu hnh u ni v tip t trong trm in t xa
A.2.1 Nguyn tc chung
Trong cc trm in t xa c thc hin cu hnh u ni v tip t dng cu trc
che chn bo v thit b in t (EEE) hoc cabin thit b in t (EEC) c ch ra hnh A.5.

43

TCN 68 - 174: 2006

Dy lin kt ph

Vng kt ni

Dy lin kt

Khung thit b
Dy dn t

MET
PE

V thit b cp ngun A.C

Dy dn t
Mng tip t

Hnh A.5: Cu hnh u ni v tip t trong trm in t xa

A.2.2 Cc thnh phn ca mt cu trc che chn bo v thit b in t (EEE) hoc cabin
thit b in t (EEC)
Cu trc che chn bo v thit b in t hoc nhng cabin thit b in t, bao gm
nhng thnh phn sau:
1) Mng lin kt chung CBN to ra bi s lin kt tt c nhng thnh phn cu trc kim
loi sn c ca trm vi ng dn kt ni (vng kt ni) c xy dng b sung.
2) Tm tip t chnh.
3) Dy dn t thc hin ni mng tip t vi tm tip t chnh.
4) Dy dn bo v v dy dn lin kt.
Thc hin ni cc khung gi kim loi ca cc khi h thng thit b trong EEE hoc
EEC vi mng CBN theo cu hnh mng lin kt mt li (MBN).
A.2.3 Nguyn tc thc hin
A.2.3.1 Trm in t xa phi c trang b mt tm tip t chnh bng ng. Phng php
thi cng tm tip t chnh c trnh by trong Ph lc D.
1) Tm tip t chnh phi c t gn ngun cung cp xoay chiu v cc ng vo
ca cp vin thng.
2) Tm tip t chnh phi c ni n:
- Dy t bo v PE;
- H thng tip t ca trm in t xa;
- Mng lin kt chung CBN.

44

TCN 68 - 174: 2006

A.2.3.2 Trm in t xa phi xy dng mt mng lin kt chung (CBN)
1) Xy dng mng CBN i vi trng hp trm in t xa c dng cu trc che chn
bo v thit b in t (dng EEE).
a) Xy dng ng kt ni bn trong phi c dng vng khp kn c gi l vng kt
ni. Mi EEE xy dng 2 vng kt ni: 1 vng kt ni gn trn, 1 vng kt ni gn sn.
Vng kt ni phi c gn vo tng hoc dc theo pha ngoi cc gi cp gn
tng v phi cao thch hp thun li cho vic ni cc khung gi thit b.
b) Thc hin ni vng kt ni vi cc thnh phn kim loi ca trm nh: khung b tng
ct thp ca trm.
c) Thc hin ni vng kt ni vi tm tip t chnh.
d) Phi c 1 thanh ni ph bc cu qua vng kt ni thc hin u ni khung gi
thit b lp t cch xa cc bc tng vi CBN c thun li.
2) Xy dng mng CBN i vi trng hp trm in t xa c dng cabin thit b in
t (dng EEC).
a) i vi cabin thit b in t mng CBN c to nn bi nhng thnh phn kt cu
xy dng v nhng bc tng chn bng kim loi c hn ni vi nhau.
b) Mng CBN phi ni n tm tip t chnh MET.
A.2.3.3 Vic b tr cng vo ca cp ngoi vi phi bo m cc nguyn tc sau:
- Khong cch gia cng vo cp thng tin trong EEE v cng vo ca cp ngun phi
cng nh cng tt v khng c ln hn 4 m.
- Khong cch gia cc cng vo cp thng tin v MET cng phi nh hn 4 m (o dc
theo tng).
A.2.3.4 Khong cch gia cp thng tin chy song song vi cp in lc khng c mn chn
tnh in t nht l 10 cm.
A.2.3.5 Thc hin ni cc thnh phn kim loi ca cp ngoi vi vi vng kt ni (vi mng
CBN)
a) Cc mn chn bng kim loi hoc cc thnh phn cu trc bng kim loi ca cp
ngoi vi phi c ni vi vng kt ni hoc ni trc tip vi tm tip t chnh. im ni
cng gn cng vo cp cng tt. Vi khong cch khng ln hn 2 m.
b) Nu cc cp ngoi vi pht trin su vo bn trong EEE v t xa ch ni th mi
ni th hai n vng kt ni phi u cui ca cc cp ti ni chng c ni vi cp
bn trong.
c) Nu khng th b tr c cng vo cc cp ngoi vi cch tm tip t chnh (MET)
nh hn 4 m (o dc theo tng) th phi c thm t nht 1 trong cc mi ni ph gia v kim
loi cp ngoi vi n cc phn t sau:
- n vnh ai ngoi ca h thng tip t ca trm;
- n in cc tip t ch yu hoc cc thnh phn thp gia cng;

45

TCN 68 - 174: 2006

- n vng lin kt th hai (gn sn nh).
Mi ni thm n cp ngoi vi cng gn cng vo cng tt v khng c vt qu 2 m.
d) Cc thnh phn kim loi lin tc v in ca cc cp si quang ngoi vi khng c
i vo trong EEE qu ch ni n vng kt ni. Nu cc phn t l gin on th c i
vo trong EEE chng phi c ni n vng kt ni ti thit b u cui.
- Trong mt EEC, mi ni gia cc phn t kim loi ca cp ngoi vi v bus kt ni
phi cng gn cng vo cng tt.
e) Trong cabin thit b in t (EEC) mi ni gia cc thnh phn kim loi ca cp
ngoi vi v vng kt ni phi cng gn cng vo cng tt.
A.2.3.6 Tt c cc khung, gi, v bc bng kim loi ca thit b bn trong 1 EEE v tt c
cc thnh phn kim loi khc di vo EEE (ng dn nc, ng dn kh...) phi c
ni n vng kt ni bn trong (ni n mng CBN).
A.2.3.7 Nu s dng cc b bo v trn cc i dy thng tin th cc cc chung (cc tip t)
ca cc b bo v phi c ni n tm tip t chnh (MET).

46

TCN 68 - 174: 2006

Ph lc B
Xc nh vng bo v ca h thng chng st nh trc tip
B.1 Vng bo v ca h thng chng st nh trc tip dng in cc Franklin
Vng bo v ca in cc thu st ca h thng chng st nh trc tip dng in cc
Franklin c xc nh bng cc phng php sau:
- Phng php gc bo v;
- Phng php qu cu ln.
C th dng mt phng php hoc kt hp hai phng php trn xc nh v tr ca
cc in cc thu st cho mt cng trnh, sao cho vng bo v ca cc in cc thu st giao
nhau v che ph hon ton cng trnh cn bo v.
a) Phng php gc bo v
Phng php gc bo v thch hp vi cc cng trnh c cu trc n gin hoc vi mt
phn nh ca cng trnh ln.
Theo phng php ny, vng bo v to bi mt in cc thu st c xc nh bng
hnh nn c nh l in cc thu st (c cao h) v gc sinh a (xem hnh B.1). Gc a c
xc nh ph thuc vo mc bo v v cao ca in cc thu st so vi b mt c bo v
(xem bng B.1).
Bng B.1: Xc nh vng bo v ca in cc thu st
Mc bo v

h (m)
R (m)

20

30

45

60

20

25

II

30

35

25

III

45

45

35

25

IV

60

60

45

35

25

* Khng p dng phng php gc bo v cho cc trng hp ny (ch p dng phng

php qu cu ln).

a
h

Vng bo v

Hnh B.1: Xc nh vng bo v ca mt in cc thu st

47

TCN 68 - 174: 2006

Khng p dng phng php gc bo v trong trng hp cao h ln hn bn knh
qu cu ln R xc nh trong bng B.2.
Hnh B.2 v B.3 minh ha vng bo v ca mt in cc thu st thng ng v mt in
cc thu st dng dy dn nm ngang.
A

ht

B
A
B
OC
ht
a

- nh ca in cc
- mt phng chun
- bn knh ca vng c bo v
- cao ca in cc so vi mt phng chun
- gc bo v theo bng B.1

Hnh B.2: Vng bo v ca mt in cc thu st thng ng

A

a
ht
A
O

a
ht

Hnh B.3: Vng bo v ca mt in cc thu st dng dy dn nm ngang

48

TCN 68 - 174: 2006

b) Phng php qu cu ln
Trong trng hp khng s dng c phng php gc bo v, c th dng phng
php qu cu ln xc nh v tr ca ca in cc thu st. Phng php ny thch hp vi
cng trnh c cu trc phc tp.
Theo phng php ny, in cc thu st s c lp t cc v tr sao cho khng c
im no ca cng trnh cn bo v chm vo mt qu cu tng tng bn knh R ln trn
t, xung quanh ton b b mt cng trnh v ln trn nh ca cng trnh theo tt c cc
hng (xem hnh B.4). Nh vy, qu cu ln s ch chm mt t v/hoc in cc thu st.
Bn knh ca cu ln c xc nh theo mc bo v ca h thng chng st (xem bng B.1).
in cc thu st

R: Bn knh qu cu ln (theo bng B.1)

Hnh B.4: Xc nh in cc thu st theo phng php qu cu ln

B.2 Vng bo v ca h thng chng st nh trc tip pht tin o sm
Vng bo v ca h thng chng st pht tin o sm c xc nh bng bn knh
bo v tng ng vi cc cao khc nhau.
Bn knh bo v c xc nh bng cng thc sau:
Rp = h(2R - h) + DL (2 R + DL )
Trong :
R - bn knh qu cu ln, c xc nh theo mc bo v, m (xem bng B.1);
h - cao ca kim thu st so vi mt phng i qua v tr cn bo v ang xt, m;
DL - li v chiu di tia tin o ca in cc pht tin o sm so vi in cc
Franklin, m.
li DL c tnh nh sau:
DL(m) = v(m/ms). DT(ms)
Trong :
DT (ms) - li v thi gian ca s hnh thnh tia tin o ca in cc pht tia tin o
sm so vi in cc Franklin, c trng cho tnh hiu qu ca h thng pht tin o sm;
Ghi ch: Gi tr DT do nh sn xut cung cp.
v (m/ms) = 1 m/ms - vn tc tia tin o.

49

TCN 68 - 174: 2006

Ph lc C
Tnh ton tip t cho cc cng trnh vin thng
C.1 Tnh ton in tr tip t trong t ng nht
C.1.1 in tr tip t ca mt in cc trong t ng nht
C.1.1.1 in tr tip t ca mt ng kim loi chn thng ng trong t ng nht c xc
nh bng cng thc:
1. Khi nh ca ng ngay trn mt t:
Rd =

r
4l
ln , W;
2 pl d

(C.1)

Trong :
r - in tr sut ca t, W.m;
l - chiu di ca ng, m;
d - ng knh ngoi ca ng, m.
2. Khi nh ca ng su trong t:
Rd =

r
4l(l + 2 h)
ln
,W ;
2 pl d(l + 4 h)

(C.2)

Trong :
h - khong cch t mt t n nh ca ng, m.
Ch : Nu thanh tip t bng thp gc, thay d = 0,95a; vi a l chiu rng pha ngoi
ca thanh thp gc.
C.1.1.2 Khi thit k cc h thng tip t dng cc ng kim loi chn thng ng trong t,
hp l nht khi chn chiu di ca ng l = (1,5 3) m; khong cch t mt t n
nh ca ng chn khng nh hn 0,7 m; ng knh d, ca ng chn theo loi t
nh sau:
1. t c ln cht trung bnh d = (2,5 4) cm;
2. t rn, chn loi ng c d = (4 6) cm.
C.1.1.3 in tr tip t ca mt di kim loi dt, di, t nm ngang su h trong t
ng nht, c xc nh bng cng thc:
Rd =

r
1,5l
.ln(
), W
pl
bh

Trong :
b - chiu rng ca di, m;
l - chiu di ca di, m;
h - su chn di, m;
r - in tr sut ca t, W.m.

50

(C.3)

TCN 68 - 174: 2006

C.1.1.4 in tr tip t ca mt dy kim loi tit din trn, ng knh d, t nm ngang
su, h trong t ng nht, c xc nh bng cng thc:
Rd =

r
l
ln(
), W
pl
dh

(C.4)

Trong :
d - ng knh ca dy, m.
C.1.1.5 Khi thit k cc h thng tip t, dng cc dy kim loi di, hp l nht chn dy c
ng knh d = (2 6) mm, su t dy hoc di tip t khng nh hn 0,7 m.
Chiu di ca dy hoc di tip t chn ti u theo in tr sut ca t, nh trnh
by trn hnh C.1
,m
80

60

40

20
10

200

400

600

1000

2000

5000

10000

Hnh C.1: Chn chiu di ca dy hoc di tip t theo in tr sut ca t

C.1.1.6 Ni c din tch t hp c th dng in cc tip t loi dy trn hoc dt, t di
dng mt vng trn
1. in tr tip t ca mt dy dt, t di dng mt vng trn trong t ng nht,
xem hnh C.2a, c xc nh bng cng thc:
Rd =

r
7D
.ln(
), W
2
pD
bh

(C.5)

Trong :
r - in tr sut ca t, W.m;
D- ng knh ca vng trn tip t, m;
b - chiu rng ca di dt, m;
h - chn su ca tip t, m.
2. in tr tip t ca mt dy tit din trn, t di dng mt vng trn trong t
ng nht, xem hnh C.2, c xc nh bng cng thc:
Rd =

r
5D
.ln(
), W
2
pD
dh

(C.6)

51

TCN 68 - 174: 2006

hoc bng cng thc:
Rd =

r
1,27l
.ln(
), W
pl
dh

(C.7)

Trong :
d - ng knh ca dy, m;
l = p.D - chu vi ca vng trn (chiu di tip t dng vng trn), m.
a) Dng dy dt

h
b
D

b. Dng dy trn

h
d
D

Hnh C.2: in cc tip t dng vng trn

C.1.1.7 in tr tip t ca in cc bng kim loi dng tm trn hoc ch nht c xc
nh bng cng thc:
1. Tm kim loi dng trn t trn b mt t ng nht
r
Rd =
, W;
(C.8)
2D
2. Tm kim loi dng trn t su h trong t ng nht, vi h >0,5D
r 2
1
(C.9)
Rd = +
, W;
8 D ph
Trong :
h - su chn tm kim loi, m;
r - in tr sut ca t, W.m;
D - ng knh ca tm trn hoc ng knh tng ng ca cc tm dng ch nht
hoc vung, cm;

52

TCN 68 - 174: 2006

Ch thch: ng knh tng ng ca mt tm kim loi dng ch nht hoc vung l
ng knh ca ng trn c din tch bng din tch ca tm xem xt.
C.1.1.8 Vic s dng in cc tip t dng tm phng t trong t theo phng nm ngang
hoc thng ng rt kh do th tch o h tip t ln, c th dng cc di kim loi
xon thnh dng l xo, to ra mt ng c chiu di l = 1,42 m vi ng knh d = 0,2
m hoc chiu di l = 0,71 m vi ng knh d = 0,4 m, khi tnh ton in tr tip
t theo cng thc nh i vi in cc tip t dng ng.
C.1.2 Tnh ton in tr tip t c nhiu in cc trong t ng nht
C.1.2.1 nhn c tr s in tr tip t yu cu, ta cn ni song song mt s cc in
cc tip t n vi nhau. H thng tip t ny c gi l h thng tip t c
nhiu in cc. Trn hnh C.3 trnh by mt h thng tip t gm nhiu ng v trn
hnh C.4 trnh by mt h thng tip t gm nhiu tia di.

Hnh C.3: H thng tip t gm nhiu ng

a) Hai tia

b) Ba tia

c) Bn tia

Hnh C.4: H thng tip t gm nhiu tia di

53

TCN 68 - 174: 2006

C.1.2.2 in tr tip t ca mt h thng gm n ng kim loi ging nhau, chn thng ng
trong t ng nht, khi b qua nh hng ca dy ni cc in cc (dy ni cch
in vi t) do tc dng che chn ln nhau ca cc in cc, c xc nh bng
cng thc:
Rd =

R0
, W;
nh

(C.10)

Trong :
R0- in tr tip t ca mt in cc n c lp, W;
n- s in cc trong h thng;
h- h s s dng in cc tip t (gi tr trung bnh t tr s o thc nghim, ly ging
nhau cho tt c cc in cc trong h thng).
C.1.2.3 in tr tip t ca mt h thng gm nhiu ng kim loi ging nhau chn thng
ng trong t ng nht, c xt n in tr tip t ca dy (di) ni cc in cc
tip t vi nhau, c xc nh bng cng thc:
Rd =

R1R2
, W;
nh2 R1 + h1R2

(C.11)

Trong :
R1- in tr tip t ca cc dy (di) ni cc in cc tip t, W;
R2- in tr tip t ca mt ng (thp gc) chn thng ng, W;
h1- h s s dng ca dy (di) ni;
h2- h s s dng ca in cc chn thng ng;
n - s in cc chn thng ng.
Ghi ch: y l trng hp cho cc ng tip t chn theo mt hng.
C.1.2.4 Tr s h s s dng ph thuc vo kch thc cc in cc tip t, khong cch
gia cc in cc v s b tr cc in cc
H s s dng cc di ni cc ng (hoc thp gc) t thnh hng c trnh by trong
bng C.1.
H s s dng cc di ni cc ng (hoc thp gc) t thnh khung kn c trnh by
trong bng C.2.
Bng C.1: H s s dng cc di ni cc ng (hoc thp gc) t thnh hng

54

T s khong cch gia cc

ng vi chiu di ca ng, a/l

H s s dng theo s ng trong n hng

4

10

20

30

50

65

0,89

0,86

0,79

0,75

0,56

0,46

0,36

0,34

0,92

0,90

0,85

0,82

0,68

0,58

0,49

0,47

TCN 68 - 174: 2006

Bng C.2: H s s dng cc di ni cc ng (hoc thp gc) t thnh khung kn
H s s dng, khi s ng trong khung, n

T s khong cch gia cc

ng vi chiu di ca ng, a/l

10

20

30

50

70

100

0,55

0,48

0,43

0,40

0,32

0,30

0,28

0,26

0,24

0,70

0,64

0,60

0,56

0,45

0,42

0,37

0,35

0,33

C.1.2.5 in tr tip t ca mt h thng gm cc thanh (ng) b tr trn din tch S trong

t ng nht, c th c xc nh bng cng thc:
R=

2K l
r 8l

. ln( ) - 1 + (
)( n - 1)2 , W
2pln d
S

(C.12)

Trong :
r - in tr sut ca t, W.m;
l - chiu di ca thanh (ng), m;
d - ng knh ca thanh (ng), m;
S - din tch ca h thng tip t, m2;
n - s in cc (thanh, ng);
K - h s, c gi tr trnh by trn hnh C.5.
C.1.2.6 in tr ca mt h thng tip t c dng bt k gm cc thanh hoc ng chn
thng ng trong t ng nht c th c xc nh bng cng thc:
R=

r
.
2pln

4l+7t
2l

+ A , W;
ln( ) + 0,5ln
d
l+t

(C.13)

Trong :
d - ng knh ca ng tip t, m;
t - su chn ng tip t, m;
n - s lng cc ng tip t;
A - tr s xt n s che chn ln nhau ca cc thanh hoc ng tip t.
Cc gi tr ca A i vi mt s cc trng hp tip t c trnh by trong bng C.3.

55

TCN 68 - 174: 2006

1,40

K
1,35
1,30
Vi su chn ng
tip t t = 0

1,25
1,20
Vi t = S /10

1,15
1,10
1,05
1,00

Vi t = S / 6
0,95
0,90

2
3
4
5
6
7
T s chiu di v chiu rng ca din tch tip t

Hnh C.5: Gi tr h s K i vi h thng tip t gm cc thanh (ng)

ph thuc vo t s chiu di v chiu rng ca din tch tip t
Bng C.3: Cc gi tr ca A cho mt s trng hp tip t gm cc ng chn thng ng
Dng h thng tip t

56

S in cc

R.2.p.l/r

3,07

1,34

10

3,18

0,82

21

4,30

0,445

40

7,33

0,385

80

8,98

0,175

69

9,95

0,212

98

11,30

0,165

21

6,27

TCN 68 - 174: 2006

C.1.2.7 in tr ca mt h thng tip t c dng bt k gm cc dy hoc di t nm
ngang trong t ng nht c th c xc nh bng cng thc sau:
R=

r L2
. ln( ) + A , W;
2pL dt

(C.14)

Trong :
L - tng chiu di ca tip t, m;
r - in tr sut ca t, W.m;
d - ng knh ca dy lm tip t, m;
t - su chn tip t, m;
A - tr s xt n s nh hng ln nhau ca cc b phn tip t ring r, c gi tr i
vi mt s dng tip t c trnh by trong bng C.4.
Bng C.4: Cc gi tr ca A cho mt s trng hp tip t nm ngang
Dng tip t

Dng tip t

1,5

0,48

1,69

1,76

1,86

2,10

2,34

0,36

3,67

3,41

3,31

3,29

3,35

0,87

4,95

5,16

5,44

6,00

6,52

2,13

5,61

5,04

4,73

4,43

4,33

5,27

8,55

8,24

9,40

10,3

11,11

8,81

9,02

22,73

7,20

l/D=3/2

Gi tr ca A khi t s cc cnh

C.1.2.8 in tr ca h thng tip t gm n dy (di) t nm ngang trong t ng nht

di dng bc x (cc di c cng mt im ni) c tnh bng cng thc:
Rd =

r 4l

ln - 1 + N( n) , W;

pln d

(C.15)

Trong :
l - chiu di ca tia, m;

57

TCN 68 - 174: 2006

d - ng knh ca dy, m;
n - s tia;
r - in tr sut ca t, W.m;
n-1

N( n) = ln
k =1

l + sin(pk / n)
sin(pk / n)

Vi n > 6; N(n) (n-1) ln(2.1,707) - ln(n)

Mt s cc gi tr ca N(n) c trnh by trong bng C.5.
Bng C.5: Mt s cc gi tr ca N(n)
n

12

100

N(n)

0,7

1,53

2,45

4,42

6,5

11,0

11,6

C.1.2.9 in tr tip t ca h thng gm n tm kim loi ging nhau ni song song vi nhau
bng dy cch in, c xc nh bng cng thc:
Rd =

R
,W
nh

Trong :
n - s tm;
R - in tr tip t ca mt tm, W;
h - h s s dng tip t, ph thuc vo s tm v s b tr ca cc tm, c gi tr thay
i trong phm vi t 0,25 n 0,7.
C.2 Tnh ton in tr tip t trong t khng ng nht
C.2.1 Tnh ton in tr tip t ca cc tip t n trong t khng ng nht
C.2.1.1 Trong thc t t c kt cu khng ng nht. Thng t c nhiu lp c xc nh
bi kt cu a cht ca t. Gi tr in tr sut ca cc lp t pha trn thay i
theo ma
Vic tnh ton in tr tip t trong trng hp ny theo dng kt cu t ng nht s
c sai s ln.
tnh ton in tr tip t trong trng hp t c nhiu lp c th s dng h s
ma. Nhng kt qu nghin cu thc nghim h s ma cho thy rng h s ma l khng
ging nhau khng nhng ch cc ch khc nhau m cn thay i mnh trong phm vi ca
mt vng khng ln lm, ph thuc vo v tr c th b tr tip t.
c kt qu tnh ton chnh xc hn cn phi xt n cc lp t c dn khc
nhau. Mc d trong trng hp tng qut t c kt cu nhiu lp, nhng tuyt i a s cc
trng hp chnh xc ta c th thay bng cu hnh t hai lp, trong lp trn c chiu
dy h v c in tr sut r1 cn lp di dy v cng c in tr sut r2.

58

TCN 68 - 174: 2006

C.2.1.2 in tr tip t ca mt ng chn thng ng trong t khng ng nht gm hai
lp (xem hnh C.6) c xc nh bng cng thc:
1 h l-h 4l
R= +
ln( ), W;
d
2p r2 r1

(C.16)

Trong :
d - ng knh ca ng, m;
l - chiu di ca ng, m;
h - chiu dy ca lp t pha trn, m;
r1, r2 - in tr sut tng ng ca cc lp t pha trn v pha di, W.m.
1

t
h

Hnh C.6: in cc tip t chn thng ng trong t c hai lp

C.2.1.3 in tr tip t ca mt dy (hoc di) di nm ngang trong t khng ng nht
gm hai lp, c xc nh bng cng thc:
1. Khi dy (hoc di) tip t di nm trong lp t pha trn (t < h)
l
0,25l
0, 25l
r1 l2 n
R = l ln + K 2arsh
+
arsh
+
arsh

, W
( hn + t )
4 hn
(
hn
t
)

2p dt n=1

(C.17)
2. Khi dy (hoc di) tip t di nm trong lp t pha di (t>h)

0,25l
0,25l
r l2
R = 2 l ln + K n arsh
+
arsh

, W
(
hn
t
)
(
n
2)
h
t
+
+

2 p dt n=1

(C.18)

Trong :
l - chiu di ca dy (hoc di), m;
K = (r2-r1)/(r2+r1) - h s khng ng nht ca t;
d - ng knh ca dy, m; (nu l di, th ng knh tng ng ca mt di c
chiu rng b c ly bng d = b/2).
C.2.1.4 in tr tip t ca in cc di dng vng trn trong t c hai lp, khi mt
phng ngn cch gia hai lp trng vi mt ng th, c xc nh bng cng thc:

59

TCN 68 - 174: 2006

R=

r1
r1 - r2
4 D2 + h2
8D
.ln
.ln
, W;

p2 D d p2 D 2 + h2
h

(C.19)

Trong :
D - ng knh ca vng trn tip t, m;
d - ng knh (hoc ng knh tng ng) ca dy (hoc di), m;
r1, r2 - in tr sut tng ng ca cc lp t trn v di, W.m;
h - chiu dy ca lp t pha trn, m.
C.2.1.5 in tr tip t ca in cc dng tm trong t khng ng nht, gm hai lp khi
mt ngn cch trng vi mt ng th tip t, c xc nh bng cng thc:
R=

r1 2(r1 -r2 )
d
. 1.arctg , W;
2D
pr1
2h

(C.20)

Trong :
D - ng knh (hoc ng knh tng ng) ca tm, m.
C.2.1.6 in tr tip t ca in cc dng li t trong t khng ng nht gm hai lp,
c xc nh bng cng thc:
R=

r1 +(r2 -r1 ).e- bh r1

+ , W;
2D
L

(C.21)

Trong :
L - tng chiu di cc dy (hoc di) di, m;
D - ng knh din tch ca li, m;
b - tham s (1/m) khi xt n s phn b khng ng nht ca r theo su ca t.
Gi tr ca b c trnh by trn hnh C.7.
C.2.1.7 Trong trng hp lp t pha trn c in tr sut ln, m bo tiu chun in
tr tip t khng th tng s lng in cc tip t, ta c th dng mt hoc hai
tip t chn su. Cc tip t chn su l cc tip t chn thng ng c chiu di
ln hoc ngn c t mt su ln, ni t c dn in tt. Dng tip t
c la chn khc nhau theo iu kin c th. thun tin ta chn in cc tip
t l cc thanh di ng nht c tit din khng i
in tr tip t ca h thng tip t chn su c xc nh gn ng bng cng thc
nh trong C.2.1.2.

60

TCN 68 - 174: 2006

1,0
K = 0,333
K = 0,500

0,9

K = -0,333
0,8
0,7
0,6
0,5
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1

K = -0,500
h=1m
1
3
5
3
5

0,0
-0,1

S, m
5

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

3
-0,2
1
-0,3
1
-0,4

Hnh C.7: S ph thuc ca tham s b vo din tch b tr h thng tip t v chn su

C.2.1.8 xc nh chiu di ca tip t chn su theo cc s liu in tr tip t yu cu
v cc gi tr chiu dy ca lp t pha trn h, in tr sut ca cc lp t r1, r2
bit trc ta c th dng ton hnh C.8
Trnh t xc nh chiu di ca tip t chn su nh sau:
T mt im pha bn phi ca trc honh tng ng vi chiu dy ca lp t pha trn
h, ta k mt ng thng gc vi trc honh n ct mt ng ca th tng ng vi t s
r2/r1. T im ct ta k mt ng song song vi trc honh n ct mt ng ca th
nhnh bn tri tng ng vi t s r2/R. T im ct mi nhn c ta tip tc k mt ng
thng vung gc vi trc honh, im ct ca ng thng vung gc ny vi trc honh cho
ta gi tr chiu di ca tip t chn su.
Trn hnh C.8 minh ha cho trng hp h = 15 m, r1 = 500 W.m, r2 = 100 W.m, R = 20
W. Gi tr chiu di ca tip t chn su tm c l l = 18,5 m.

61

TCN 68 - 174: 2006

A

50

0,001

0,01
0,1
0,2

2 /R

= 50

0,3

30

30

2,0

0,5

1,0
0,1

10
15

0,01

2/ 1 = 0,75

20

,m

10

25

30
50

40

30

18,5
20

15
10

10

20

30

40

50

h, m

Hnh C.8: Ton xc nh chiu di ca tip t chn su

C.3 Tnh ton h thng tip t khi c ci to t
C.3.1 Khi cc h thng tip t t trong t c in tr sut ca t cao, lp t gn vi
in cc tip t ng vai tr chnh to ra in tr i vi dng t tip t chy
vo t.
Vy gim nh in tr tip t, ta ch cn gim in tr sut ca t xung quanh
in cc vi khong cch khng ln lm (1,5 2,5) m.
S dng bt than cc cho php gim nh in tr tip t, nng cao n nh lm vic
ca tip t trong nhng iu kin khc nhau ca t v kh hu. Mc gim nh in tr tip
t v nng cao n nh c xc nh tu thuc vo chiu dy (ng knh) ca lp trung
gian bng bt than cc.
C.3.2 in tr ca mt in cc tip t dng thanh (hoc ng) chn thng ng trong t
c cht hot ho c xc nh bng cng thc:
Rhhd = 0,37K 1

rd
lb

2l b
4 hb + 3l b rhh d hh
ln
ln
+ 0,5 ln
+
, W; (C.22)
d
4
h
+
l
r
d

hh

b
b

Trong :
K1- h s nhit ca t thay i theo ma, i vi in cc dng thanh (ng) ly
bng 1,3;
rd - in tr sut ca t, W.m;
lb - chiu di ca in cc, m;
hb - khong cch t mt t n gia in cc, m;
db - ng knh ngoi ca in cc, m;
rhh - in tr sut ca bt than cc, W.m;
dhh - ng knh ca cht hot ho - lp trung gian bng bt than cc bao quanh thanh
(ng) thp, m.

62

TCN 68 - 174: 2006

Ch thch:
- i vi cc in cc bng thp gc, thay db bng ng knh tng ng ca ng, c
ngha l db = 0,95.a (a l chiu rng ca thanh thp gc).
- in tr sut ca bt than cc rhh, gm cc ht c ng knh khng ln hn 10-15
mm, dao ng t 0,22 n 2,5 W.m. Trong tnh ton ly bng 2,5 W.m.
C.3.3 in tr tip t ca mt tip t di nm ngang hoc di ni h thng tip t gm
nhiu in cc chn thng ng trong bt than cc c xc nh bng cng thc:
Rhhn = 0,37K 2

r d 2l n
t
r
d
+ ln n + hh ln hh , W;
ln
l n dn
2 t rd
dn

(C.23)

Vi iu kin: ln >> dn v tn << ln/4

Trong :
K2- h s nhit ca t thay i theo ma, i vi tip t nm ngang ly bng 1,8;
rd - in tr sut ca t, W.m;
ld - chiu di ca tip t nm ngang, m;
dd - ng knh ngoi ca in cc tip t nm ngang, m;
tn - chn su ca in cc tip t nm ngang, m;
rhh- in tr sut ca bt than cc (cht hot ho), ly bng 2,5 W.m;
dhh- ng knh ca lp trung gian bng bt than cc, m.
Ch thch:
- i vi cc in cc bng thp gc hoc thp dt thay dn= 0,95.a (a l chiu rng ca
thp gc hoc thp dt);
- Gi tr in tr sut ca t trong cc cng thc tnh ton cc im 4.5 v 4.6 c
xc nh bng cng thc: r = r.k, W.m; vi
r - gi tr in tr sut ca t o t c, W.m;
k - h s xt n s thay i m ca t theo ma.
C.3.4 i vi h thng tip t thc hin ci to t bng mui v t mn, khi tnh in
tr tip t ca mt in cc, vn dng cc cng thc tnh nh trong trng hp
khng ci to t, vi lu :
Khi ci to bng t mn: gi tr r c ly bng in tr sut ca t c thay th vo.
C.4. c tnh xung ca in tr tip t
C.4.1 H s xung
c im lm vic ca h thng tip t i vi dng st (dng xung) khc vi dng
mt chiu v dng c tn s thp (tn s cng nghip, m thanh...).
Nu tr s dng xung ln s lm xut hin cng in trng gy nh xuyn cc
phn ring l trong t. Khi xut hin s nh xuyn, in tr sut ca t gim, din tch
tip xc ca in cc tip t tng, do in tr tip t gim. i vi h thng tip t
chng st phi xt n hin tng ny.
c tnh xung ca in tr tip t c m t qua h s xung a.

63

TCN 68 - 174: 2006

H s xung a l t s gia in tr tip t xung Rx v in tr tip t i vi dng
in cng nghip tn s 50 Hz (R50).
a=

Rx
R50

(C.24)

C.4.2 in tr tip t xung i vi h thng tip t c mt in cc c xc nh bng

cng thc:
Rx = a.R50

(C.25)

Trong :
R50 - in tr tip t i vi dng in tn s cng nghip 50 Hz;
Rx - in tr tip t i vi dng xung.
C.4.2.1 H s xung a i vi in cc tip t dng ng (cc) c xc nh bng cng thc:
4pl2 E0
ln
I xr
a=
4l
ln
d

(C.26)

Trong :
l - chiu di ca ng (cc), m;
Ix - bin dng st, A;
d - ng knh ca ng, m (Nu l thp gc thay d = 0,95a vi a l chiu rng thp gc);
E0 = (6-12) kV/cm - gi tr trung bnh cng in trng nh xuyn trong t.
C.4.2.2 H s xung a i vi di (dy) tip t nm ngang c xc nh bng cng thc:
a = 1+

L0l
T1R50

(C.27)

Trong :
L0 - in cm mt n v chiu di ca dy (di) tip t nm ngang, c xc nh
nh sau:
l

L 0 = 0,2 ln +1,2 , mH/m ;

b

b - chiu rng ca di;

l - chiu di ca di hoc dy;
T1 - thi gian xc lp sn trc ca dng xung st, ms;
R50 - in tr tip t ca di hoc dy tn s cng nghip 50 Hz, W.
C.4.3 H s xung a ph thuc vo in tr sut ca t, cng dng xung, thi gian
xc lp sn trc ca xung v dng kt cu ca h thng tip t. H s xung
dng tnh ton tip t chng st bo v thit b thng tin c trnh by cc
bng C.6 v C.7

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TCN 68 - 174: 2006

Bng C.6: H s xung ca mt ng hoc cc tip t di (2-3) m
in tr sut
ca t, W.m
100
500
1000

H s a khi dng in qua thit b tip t c gi tr, kA

5
10
20
40
0,85 0,90
0,75 0,855
0,6 0,75
0,50 0,60
0,6 0,7
0,5 0,60
0,35 0,45
0,25 0,30
0,45 0,55
0,35 0,45
0,25 0,30

Bng C.7: H s xung ca mt di (hoc dy) tip t nm ngang c chiu rng (20-40)mm,
vi sn trc ca sng xung T1 = (3-6) ms
in tr sut
ca t, W.m

H s xung a khi dng in qua thit b tip t c gi tr, kA

10
20
40
0,75
0,65
0,40
1,15
1,05
0,95
0,55
0,45
0,30
1,00
0,90
0,80
0,55
0,45
0,35
1,15
1,10
0,95

Chiu di
tip t, m
5
20
5
30
10
60

100
500
1000

C.4.4 Do c tnh xung ca in tr tip t, cn phi chn di hoc dy tip t c chiu

di thch hp. Cch chn chiu di ca di hoc dy tip t ti u theo in tr
sut ca t nh trnh by trn hnh C.1.
C.4.5 in tr tip t xung i vi h thng tip t c nhiu in cc
C.4.5.1 in tr tip t xung ca h thng tip t gm nhiu ng c ni vi nhau bng
dy hoc di cch ly vi t, c xc nh bng cng thc:
Rx =

R o a1
;W
nr1

(C.28)

Trong
Rx - in tr tip t tng i vi dng xung;
Ro - in tr tip t ca mt ng;
a1 - h s xung i vi ng tip t;
h1- h s s dng i vi ng tip t.
C.4.5.2. in tr tip t xung ca h thng tip t gm nhiu ng c ni vi nhau bng
dy (di) khng cch ly (tip xc trc tip) vi t, c xc nh bng cng thc:
R o R d a1 a 2
Rx =
;W
(C.28)
a1Roh2 + a1Rdh1n
Cc h s xung ca ng (cc) a1 v ca dy ni a2 c trnh by trong bng C.8.
Bng C.8: H s xung ca ng a1 v dy ni a2
Loi
tip t

Chiu di
tip t, m

H s
xung

ng (cc)
Dy (di) ni

23

a1

50
1

H s xung vi in tr sut ca t, W.m

50 100 100 300 300 500
500 1000
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,35

65

TCN 68 - 174: 2006

5 10

cc ng

a2

0,9

0,7

0,5

0,4

C.4.6 Tip t dng li

Trong bng C.9 trnh by cc s liu h s xung dng tnh ton tip t dng li c
cc mt li [(5 x 5) (15 x 15)] m2 vi bin dng st ln hn 10 kA.
Trong bng C.10 trnh by cc s liu ca h thng tip t dng li, c cc mt li
khc nhau, vi bin dng st nh hn 10 kA v dng st i vo li tip t nhng ch
khc nhau.
Bng C.9: Cc s liu ca h thng tip t dng li

r, Wm

100
1000
2000
5000

H s xung a, vi ng knh ca vng trn (m) c din tch tng ng vi li tip

t v ch dng in vo thit b tip t
20
Tm
0,7
0,5
-

40
Mp
1,30
0,55
-

Tm
1,45
0,65
-

60
Mp
2,70
0,85
-

Tm
1,80
0,80
0,75
0,70

80
Mp
3,5
1,0
0,9
0,9

Tm
0,75
0,80
0,75

Mp
1,3
1,2
1,2

Bng C.10: Cc s liu ca h thng tip t dng li

C ca h thng
tip t, m2
Li 20 x 20
Mt li 10 x 10

r, W.m
100
1500

V tr dng st
vo li

Ix, (kA)

Rx, (W)

R50, (W)

Gc

9,7

2,74

2,1

1,30

Tm

8,8

1,47

2,1

0,70

Gc

4,2

15,2

28,2

0,54

Tm

4,3

14,1

28,2

0,50

Li 40 x 20
Mt li 10 x 10

1500

Gia ca cnh
di pha ngoi

4,6

14,2

24,8

0,57

Li 30 x 30
Mt li 10 x 10

1500

Gc

4,7

10,8

18,6

0,58

Gc

10,5

2,6

0,91

2,85

Tm

9,8

1,5

0,91

1,65

Gc

4,8

11,3

13,1

0,86

Tm

4,9

8,1

13,1

0,62

Gc

10,0

3,12

0,8

3,9

Tm

9,8

1,6

0,8

2,0

Li 40 x 40
Mt li 10 x 10
Li 60 x 60
Mt li 10 x 10

100
1500
100

Ch thch:
Rx l in tr tip t tng i vi dng xung;
R50 l in tr tip t tn s 50 Hz.

C.5 Gi tr trung bnh in tr sut ca t

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TCN 68 - 174: 2006

Trong trng hp khng o c gi tr in tr sut ca t, c th ly gi tr in tr
sut trung bnh ca t nh trnh by trong bng C.11.
Bng C.11: in tr sut trung bnh ca mt s loi t
Loi t

in tr sut trung
bnh ca t (Wm)
m 1520%

Than bn
t en, t mu
t st
t st pha

25
50
60
80

Loi t

in tr sut trung
bnh ca t (Wm)
m 1520%

Ct pha (310% st)

Ct m
t

300
500
1000

67

TCN 68 - 174: 2006

Ph lc D
Trnh t thi cng h thng tip t
D.1 Cng tc chun b
D.1.1 Tip nhn v nghin cu h s thit k h thng tip t
Sau khi nhn c h s thit k h thng tip t, ngi ph trch thi cng phi xc
nh c cc ni dung:
1) Dng ca h thng tip t theo cc phn loi sau:
- H thng tip t gm nhiu in cc chn thng ng;
- H thng tip t gm nhiu tia nm ngang;
- H thng tip t hn hp dng li;
- H thng tip t chn su.
2) Xc nh vt liu lm in cc tip t.
3) H thng tip t c thc hin cc bin php ci to khng.
4) Xc nh loi cp hoc thanh dn ng dng lm cp dn t.
D.1.2 Chun b my o in tr sut ca t v in tr tip t sau khi thi cng
- Kim tra s hot ng ca my o;
- Kim tra cc thang o, chnh xc ca cc thang o xem c p ng c yu cu
o in tr sut ca t ti vng chun b thi cng v in tr tip t sau khi thi cng.
D.1.3 Chun b cc dng c v phng tin thi cng
Cn c vo bn thit k h thng tip t chun b mt s trong nhng dng c phng
tin sau:
- Cuc xng o rnh;
- Ba ng in cc tip t dng thng ng;
- Khoan tay cho php khoan su vo t t 1,5 n 3 m thi cng dn tip t thng ng;
- Dn khoan cho php khoan su vo t t 10 n 30 m thi cng dn tip t chn su;
- My hn in hn ni cc in cc tip t vi nhau bng thanh st dt;
- My hn hi hn in cc tip t v dy ni bng ng;
- M hn thic hn cp dn t vi dn tip t;
- Km, c l, m lt bt cht cc in cc tip t vi dy ni;
- Chi qut nha ng;
- Chi qut sn;
- Mt s dng c phng tin khc.

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TCN 68 - 174: 2006

D.2 Trnh t thi cng
D.2.1 o rnh, h, khoan l tip t
1) H thng tip t gm nhiu in cc chn thng ng
o rnh su t 800 n 1000 mm, rng t 400 n 500 mm c chiu di v hnh dng
theo bn v thit k.
2) H thng tip t gm nhiu tia nm ngang
o rnh su t 700 n 1000 mm, rng t 250 n 400 mm, c chiu di v hnh dng
theo bn thit k.
3) H thng tip t hn hp
Thc hin kt hp mc 1 v 2 vi lu sau:
C th thay th vic o rnh bng cch o ton b nn t khu vc nh thi cng
su t 700 n 1000 mm.
4) H thng tip t chn su.
i vi h thng tip t chn su ta phi s dng phng php khoan l:
- ng knh l khoan cho php ln hn ng knh ca mt in cc hoc mt chm
in cc t 10 n 15 mm.
- Chiu su ca l khoan bng chiu di ca in cc tip t.
- Khong cch gia cc l khoan phi bo m theo ng thit k.
D.2.2 Chn cc in cc xung t
1) H thng tip t thng ng
Chn cc in cc tip t c p dng bng 3 phng php:
Phng php 1: ng trc tip cc in cc xung t.
- nh du cc v tr c in cc trn rnh o theo ng bn thit k;
- t np chp bng thp ln u trn ca in cc sau ng tng in cc ring r
ti cc v tr nh du cho n khi u trn ca in cc cao hn mt y rnh t 100 n
150 mm.
Phng php 2: o cc h chn in cc.
- Ti cc v tr nh du (c cc in cc) o cc h vi kch thc 800 mm x 800
mm c chiu su nh hn chiu di in cc 150 mm;
- t cc in cc xung h ti v tr trung tm;
- Lp t nn cht cc in cc.
Phng php 3: Dng my khoan.
- Ti cc v tr nh du (c cc in cc) khoan su xung t, chiu su ca l
khoan nh hn chiu di in cc 150 mm. ng knh l khoan ln hn ng knh in
cc 50 mm, cho php ng knh l khoan ti a l 150 mm;

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TCN 68 - 174: 2006

- t cc in cc xung cc l khoan;
- Lp t v nn cht khong trng cn li gia in cc v l khoan.
2) H thng tip t dng tia nm ngang
t di st vo cc rnh o, trng hp cn hn ni gia cc on in cc chiu
di mi hn phi khng nh hn hai ln b rng thanh in cc.
3) H thng tip t lin kt mt li
Phi hp cc bin php p dng cho tip t thng ng v tip t dng tia nm ngang.
4) H thng tip t chn su.
- Trng hp in cc l ng thp, ni cc on ng vi nhau bng hn in. Trc khi
hn ch lp 2 on ng kht vi nhau. Sau khi hn phi cch in nhng mi hn theo
hng dn mc D.2.5.
- Trng hp in cc l ng ng, thc hin ni cc on vi nhau bng ai, bu lng,
ecu, vng m bng ng m niken. Khi ni ch lp cc u ng kht vi nhau.
D.2.3 Hn ni cc in cc vi nhau
Cc phng php hn ni cc in cc tip t: Hn in, hn hi hoc hn ho nhit.
D.2.3.1 Hn ni cc in cc ca h thng tip t thng ng
1) Hn ni cc in cc tip t bng st (xem hnh D.1)
- Hn cc thanh st dt vo cc in cc tip t ti v tr cch u trn ca in cc
30 mm;
- Phi dng cc vng m i vi trng hp in cc tip t l ng;
- Phi thc hin lm sch nhng v tr cn hn khi cc lp sn, g, hc n;
- Mi hn phi m bo ph kn chu vi phn tip xc v chiu cao ca mi hn phi ln
hn 2 ln b dy ca thanh ni st dt;
- m bo mi hn khng b xp rng bn trong.
2) Hn ni cc in cc tip t l nhng ng ng
C th thc hin bng 2 phng php sau:
Phng php hn hi:
- G thanh ng vo cc in cc tip t ti cc v tr cn hn,
- Thc hin hn hi.
Phng php ni bng bu lng, cu, vng m ng m niken.
- Dp hoc kp cht ct ng vo hai u ca nhng on cp c chiu di quy nh
theo thit k.
- Dng c l vn cht nhng ct ng vo in cc tip t thng qua ai, bu lng, cu
bng ng m niken.
D.2.3.2 Hn ni cc in cc ca h thng tip t nm ngang
Hn ni chm tia tip t bng phng php hn in.

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TCN 68 - 174: 2006

- Hn cc tia tip t vi nhau ti v tr trung tm. Trc khi hn phi nh sch cc u
thanh st.
- Chiu di mi hn phi m bo ln hn 2 ln b dy thanh st dt. Phi hn cho chn,
mi hn khng c xp, rng. Mi hn phi m bo ph kn chu vi phn tip xc.
Thp ng
30

Thanh ni

Tm p

a) in cc thp ng
30

Hn in
Thp gc
Thanh ni

b) in cc thp gc

Hnh D.1: Phng php ni cc in cc thng ng

D.2.3.3 Hn ni cc in cc ca h thng tip t lin kt mt li (xem hnh D.2)
- Thc hin hn ni cc in cc tip t thng ng vi cc di tip t nm ngang (di
st hoc ng).
- Thc hin hn cc di st hoc ng vi nhau to thnh mt li.
- Nu trong thit k yu cu tm m li th phi thc hin hn tm m li bng dy
st (ng) c ng knh t 3 mm n 5 mm vi kch thc mt li 20 cm x 20 cm hoc
30 cm x 30 cm vi dn tip t hn hp (cc im giao nhau ca tm m phi hn).
D.2.3.4 H thng tip t chn su
- Trng hp in cc l ng hoc thanh ng trn, vic ni cc in cc vi nhau cng
c thc hin nh ai, bu lng, cu, vng m bng ng m niken.

71

TCN 68 - 174: 2006

- Trng hp in cc l ng hoc thanh thp trn tin hnh ni bng cch hn thanh
st dt c kch thc ng nh thit k vo cc in cc tip t chn su (phi c vng m)
ti v tr cch u trn ca in cc 30 mm.
in cc thng ng

Di nm ngang

Mi hn tm li m

Hnh D.2: H thng tip t lin kt dng mt li

D.2.4 Hn ni u cp dn t vi dn tip t
Trc khi hn cp dn t phi thc hin:
- Chn in cc tip t v tr trung tm ( hn cp dn t);
- Nu in cc tip t bng st (thp) th phi hn 1 tm thp c 50 mm x 200 mm x 5
mm c mt mt trng ng vo in cc tip t c chn (ti v tr s hn cp dn t).
Phng php 1: Thc hin hn hi.
- u cp (dy) dn t c thc hin hn hi vi in cc tip t v tr c chn.
Phng php 2: Thc hin bng ai, bu lng, ecu.
- Nu in cc tip t bng thp: Dng ai, bu lng, ecu bng ng m niken kp cht
u cp dn t vo tm thp trng ng (tm thp c hn in cc tip t v tr trung
tm c chn) nh hnh D.4.
- Khi u cp dn t c qun xung quanh bng dy ng mm trng thic
ng knh 1 mm vi di ln hn 100 mm.
- Nu in cc bng ng, ni u cp dn t vi dn tip t ti v tr in cc tip t
trung tm bng cch kp cht u cp vo in cc chn nh hnh D.3. Khi u cp
dn t c qun xung quanh bng dy ng mm 1 mm trng thic di khng nh
hn 100 mm.

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TCN 68 - 174: 2006

M ng cc

Trng thic

Dy ng 1 mm trng thic

Cp

ai p

ng dn

y rnh

Hnh D.3: Phng php ni cp dn t vi dn tip t

D.2.5 Bo v cc mi hn
Ph cch in cn thn cc mi hn theo trnh t sau:
- Qut hc n ln th nht;
- Qun hai lp bng dnh cch in PVC hoc bao gai;
- Qut hc n ln th hai.
D.2.6 Lp t v nn cht
- Kim tra ln cui (v tr ca cc in cc cng nh cc mi hn...).
- Lp t vo khong trng gia l khoan v in cc tip t, nn cht.
- Lp t vo rnh, c mi lp dy 150 mm n 300 mm nn cht mt ln cho n lc
y rnh.
D.2.7 Thi cng tm tip t chnh
Khi thi cng tm tip t chnh phi tun theo nhng quy nh sau:
- Tm tip t chnh phi c kch thc ng yu cu thit k. Chng c th c nhng
kch thc sau:
700 mm x 120 mm x 10 mm.
400 mm x 120 mm x 10 mm.
200 mm x 120 mm x 10 mm.
- Tm tip t chn phi c lm bng ng.
- Ton b bu lng, cu, vng m dng kt cui cp phi bng ng m niken.
- Tm tip t chnh phi c t v tr thch hp: gn ngun cung cp v cp
nhp trm.

73

TCN 68 - 174: 2006

- Tm tip t chnh c bt vo tng bng inh vt nhng phi cch in hon ton
vi tng.
- Phi thc hin hn cp (dy) dn t vi tm tip t chnh.
- Tm tip t chnh c bt vo tng phi cao thch hp tin cho vic kim
tra in tr tip t thng k.
D.2.8 Thi cng cp (dy) dn t
Khi thi cng cp dn t phi tun theo nhng quy nh sau:
- Cp dn t phi l loi cp gm nhiu si bng ng c ng knh 1,4 n 1,6 mm,
tit din t 100 mm2 n 300 mm2 c v cch in hoc l nhng di ng vi kch thc 30
mm x 2 mm (dy dn t bng 1 hoc nhiu di 30 mm x 2 mm);
- Cp (dy) dn t phi chy theo ng ngn nht t dn tip t ti tm tip t v
cng t mi ni cng tt;
- ngoi nh trm (ngoi tri) cp dn t phi i ngm di mt t su t 300
n 500 mm;
- Ti nhng ch d b va p lm hng cp nh: qua ng, qua tng, ca... phi lun
cp vo ng st.
D.3 Thi cng h thng tip t c ci to t
D.3.1 Thi cng cc th thng tip t c ci to t bng mui n.
Trn hnh D.5 trnh by mt ct dc h thng tip t thng ng dng di c ci to t
bng mui n. Thc hin ci to t nh sau:
- i vi tip t dng thng ng: lm y h o c ng knh trung bnh 0,8 m
xung quan thanh tip t bng mt hn hp (hoc thnh lp) t nghin nh v mui n.
Lng mui tnh ton cho mi mt chiu di ca thanh tip t l 8 kg n 10 kg.
- i vi tip t dng di: lm y dc theo rnh o gn bn tm tip t dng di
mt hn hp t vi mui n, theo tnh ton cho mi mt chiu di ca tip t l 16 kg (8 kg
cho mt mt chiu di mi bn rnh o).
Vic ci to bng mui n gim nh in tr tip t vi ln. C cch 2 hoc 3 nm,
phi ci to li t.

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TCN 68 - 174: 2006

Hnh D.5: H thng tip t c ci to bng mui n

D.3.2 Thi cng cc h thng tip t c ci to t bng t mn
Nu cc lp t khng c dn in cao hoc c dn cao nhng chiu dy khng
ln lm (20 cm), th vic gim nh in tr tip t ta c th thc hin nh sau:
- Ta o cho tng thanh (ng) tip t mt h c bn knh (1,5 2,5) m, vi su
bng chiu di ca thanh (ng) cng vi 0,8 m (xem hnh D.6);
- Sau khi t tip t, ngi ta lm y h bng loi t c in tr sut khng ln lm
v m cht t;
- Vi h thng tip t gm nhiu thanh, ta tin hnh ni cc thanh sau khi h cha
c lp t;
- Ta c th dng loi t lp y h loi bt k c in tr sut nh hn in tr sut
ca t gc ni trang b tip t t 5 n 10 ln.

75

TCN 68 - 174: 2006

aM

700 mm

t mn
Tip t

t gc

100 mm

Hnh D.6: Ci to tip t bng phng php t mn

D.3.3 Thi cng h thng tip t c ci to t bng cc hot cht ho hc
D.3.3.1 Thi cng cc h thng tip t c ci to t bng bt than cc
Trn hnh D.7 trnh by trang b cc tip t trong t c lp trung gian bng bt than cc.
Hiu qu lm gim nh qu trnh n mn cc in cc khi c lp trung gian bng bt
than cc ph thuc vo kch thc ht than cc v xm thc ca t. Vi kch thc ht
than cc trung bnh (ng knh khng ln hn 1015 mm) tc n mn cc in cc bng
thp t trong t c lp trung gian bng bt than cc c ng knh khng nh hn
(0,250,30) m gim i 10 ln so vi tc n mn cc in cc bng thp t trong t
thng thng.

76

TCN 68 - 174: 2006

a) Tip t dng thanh chn thng ng trong t
0,7 m
0,1 m

0,1 m

V tr cch in

Cp

0,15 m
2,5 m

in cc chn thng ng
Bt than cc
0,15 m

0,25 m

b) Tip t dng dy nm ngang

0,7 m

1,2 m

Cp
Ch cch in

0,1 m
0,25 m
0,15 m

0,25 m

Bt than cc

0,25 m

in cc nm ngang

Hnh D.7: Trang b tip t trong t c lp trung gian bng bt than cc

D.3.3.2 S dng hp cht RES-LO ci to t
S dng RES-LO c th lm gim tc thi v d dng in tr sut ca t v gi n
nh theo cc ma trong nm. Vic s dng RES-LO khng cn yu cu thit b c bit.
RES-LO c pha vi nc v rt ln mng hoc h thng dy t, c 20 kg RES-LO c
pha trn vi 40 lt nc. Hiu qu ci thin in tr sut ca t bng RES-LO t n 90%.
Trong nhng iu kin a cht kh khn, lng RES-LO cn thit cho h thng tip t c
th c la chn theo biu hnh D.8.
Biu hnh D.8 hng dn la chn RES-LO cn thit t c in tr tip t
tho ng theo loi t bit. Vi loi t no , theo ng cong tng ng, d tm lng
RES-LO cn thit (trn trc honh) t c gi tr in tr tip t yu cu (trn trc tung).
Khi gi tr in tr sut ban u ca t cng cao th c tnh ca RES-LO th hin
cng tt.

77

TCN 68 - 174: 2006

120
110
100
90
80
70

t st pha, st
t phin st, dip thch
t st/t phin st

60
t st
50
40
30
20
10
5

10

15

20

25

30 (kg)

Hnh D.8: Biu xc nh lng RES-LO cn thit

D.3.3.3 Ci to t bng hot ho GAF (Grounding Augumentaiton Fill)
Trn hnh D.9 th hin mt in cc tip t c x l bng GAF v bn cu giao din
ca n.
in tr ca mt in cc tip t c xc nh bi t bao quanh in cc (nm trong
bn cu giao din vi bn knh bng 1,1 ln chiu di in cc), v vy h c x l bng
GAF s nm trong bn cu giao din. ng knh D ca h s c quyt nh do yu cu
gim in tr tip t.
V d: D = 15 cm khi yu cu gim in tr tip t l 34%.
D = 90 cm khi yu cu gim in tr tip t l 63%.

78

TCN 68 - 174: 2006

in cc tip t

R = 1,1 L

H c x l bng GAF

D
Bn cu giao din

Hnh D.9: Bn cu giao din v h c x l bng GAF

D.4 Phng php o in tr tip t
1) o in tr tip t phi tun theo quy nh trong Tiu chun Ngnh TCN 68141:1999.
2) m bo kt qu o in tr tip t chnh xc cn thit phi b tr cc in cc
o th (cc in cc p v in cc dng) ngoi vng nh hng ca tip t v phi bo m
khong cch t tip t cn o n in cc p bng 62% khong cch t tip t n in
cc dng (cho trng hp b tr cc in cc theo mt ng thng).
nh hng n kt qu o in tr tip t do b tr in cc p v in cc dng c
trnh by trn hnh D.10.
Cch b tr cc in cc o th cho trng hp tip t l mt in cc thng ng
c trnh by trn hnh D.11 v cho tip t di dng li hoc ca nhiu in cc tip t
c trnh by trn hnh D.12.

79

TCN 68 - 174: 2006

in tr
o c

D2 = 62% D1

in tr chnh xc
(nu C2 ngoi vng bn cu giao din)

D2
Ghi ch:
- C2 l in cc dng;
- D1 l khong cch t tip t cn o n in cc dng C2;
- D2 l khong cch t tip t cn o n in cc p P2.

Hnh D.10: nh hng ca cch b tr in cc o n kt qu o in tr tip t

My o in tr tip t

in cc tip t cn o

C1 P1 P2 C2

P2
L

in cc
p

C2
in cc
dng

C2

D2 = 0,62D1
Vng nh hng ca
in cc tip t

D1 2,2L

Hnh D.11: B tr o in tr ca in cc tip t thng ng

My o in tr tip t

C1

P1 P2 C2

ng cho ca li tip t

C2

D
cc
P2 in
p

C2

in cc
dng

D2 = 0,62D1
Vng nh hng ca
li tip t

D1 5D

Hnh D.12: o in tr ca li tip t hoc ca nhiu in cc tip t

80

TCN 68 - 174: 2006

D.5 Mu bin bn kim tra o th v nghim thu h thng tip t
D.5.1.1 Thnh phn:
1) i din ca c quan qun l, s dng h thng tip t
- H v tn

- C quan

- Chc v

- Chc danh

2) i din cho n v thi cng h thng tip t

- H v tn

- C quan

- Chc v

- Chc danh

3) Ngi o th kim tra

- H v tn

- C quan

- Chc v

- Chc danh

D.5.1.2 Ni dung, kt qu o th kim tra nh bng D.1

Bng D.1: Kt qu kim tra thi cng dn tip t
TT

Cc bc kim tra

Tiu chun

Kim tra vic lp t c ph

hp vi thit k quy nh
khng.

Theo ng s ca bn
thit k

Kim tra vic s dng vt liu

(cht liu, kch thc ca cc
in cc tip t)

Kim tra tt c cc mi hn,

mi ni.
Kim tra vic lp t cho cc
in cc tip t.

Theo ng quy nh trong

bn thit k v vt liu v
kch thc ca cc in
cc tip t
Quy nh trong ph lc D

o th in tr tip t ca dn
tip t

Kt qu
kim tra

nh gi

C mi lp dy 150 n
300 mm nn cht 1 ln
cho n lc y rnh.
Gi tr in tr tip t
tiu chun (theo thit k).

Khng ln hn tiu
chun cho php.

81

TCN 68 - 174: 2006

D.5.2 Bin bn nghim thu h thng tip t
D.5.2.1 Thnh phn:
1) i din ca c quan qun l, s dng h thng tip t
- H v tn

- C quan

- Chc v

- Chc danh

2) i din cho n v thi cng h thng tip t

- H v tn

- C quan

- Chc v

- Chc danh

3) Ngi o th kim tra

- H v tn

- C quan

- Chc v

- Chc danh

D.5.2.2 Ni dung o th, nghim thu

1) o th in tr tip t ca h thng tip t.
- o th in tr tip t ca h thng tip t phi c tin hnh ti tm tip t.
- o in tr tip t theo quy nh phn D.4.
2) Kim tra cp dn t.

82

TCN 68 - 174: 2006

Ph lc E
Cc c im kh tng v a cht ca Vit Nam
E.1 Cc c im kh tng Vit Nam
E.1.1 Cc vng hot ng dng st Vit Nam
Cc vng lnh th vi iu kin kh hu, thi tit v a hnh khc nhau th c im v
hot ng dng st khc nhau; mt khc iu kin trang b k thut khc nhau th mc
thit hi do st gy ra cng khc nhau. V vy mi vng cn phi t tin hnh iu tra, nghin
cu v c tnh hot ng dng st v cc thng s phng in st a phng ca mnh
t ra nhng bin php phng chng st thch hp c hiu qu.
E.1.2 T cc ngun s liu khc nhau v ngy dng, gi dng, s ln st nh xung cc
khu vc, ngy gi xut hin v kt thc dng hng nm, qua x l, tnh ton ton
lnh th Vit Nam c phn ra 5 vng c trng v cng hot ng dng st
l:
1. Khu vc ng bng ven bin min Bc (Khu vc A);
2. Khu vc min ni trung du min Bc (Khu vc B);
3. Khu vc min ni trung du min Trung (Khu vc C);
4. Khu vc ven bin min Trung (Khu vc D);
5. Khu vc ng bng min Nam (Khu vc E).
E.1.3 c tnh hot ng dng st ti cc khu vc ca Vit Nam c trnh by trong
bng E.1
Bng E.1: c tnh dng st ti cc khu vc ca Vit Nam
c tnh
dng st

Khu vc ng
bng ven bin
min Bc
(A)

Khu vc min
ni trung du
min Bc
(B)

Khu vc
cao nguyn
min Trung
(C)

Khu vc
ven bin min
Trung
(D)

Khu vc
ng bng
min Nam
(E)

Thi gian ko
di trung bnh
ca ngy dng,
(gi)

4,05

3,5

2,03

2,1

0,1215.Td

0,105.Td

0,06.Td

0,0609.Td

0,063.Td

GA
= 5,18.N-86,48

GB
= 5,6.N-85,25

GC
= 3,75.N-41,53

GD
= 2,39.N-16,71

GE
= 3,5.N - 70

Mt st, Ng
(ln/km2.nm)
Quan h hi quy
ngy gi dng
trong nm

Ch thch:
G - s gi dng trong nm ca khu vc;
N - s ngy dng trong nm ca khu vc;
Td - s ngy dng trung bnh trong nm ca khu vc.

83

TCN 68 - 174: 2006

E.1.4 St l mt hin tng kh tng rt phc tp xy ra trong thin nhin. Cng
hot ng ca dng st thay i t vng ny sang vng khc
St nh xung t c th gy ra thit hi nghim trng cho cc phng tin v tuyn
in t, mc nguy him do st gy ra ph thuc vo cc yu t chnh nh sau:
- Cng hot ng ca dng st trong vng;
- c im a cht (gi tr in tr sut ca t) trong vng;
- c im a hnh, a l...
E.1.5 Theo mc nguy him, ngi ta c th phn ra 2 vng st l:
- Vng st nguy him t;
- Vng st nguy him cao.
Cch phn vng nh vy c minh ha trn hnh E.1. Trong cc vng c mc
Keraunic (s ngy dng) cao v c in tr sut ca t ln l cc vng st nguy him cao v
ngc li l cc vng st nguy him t.
100

2
50
Mc
Keraunic
(D)
20

1
10
102
103
Vng st nguy him t Vng st nguy him cao
10

104

Hnh E.1: Phn vng st theo mc nguy him

Bng E.2 trnh by s ngy dng trung bnh trong nm mt s a phng ca Vit
Nam. Cc kt qu do Trung tm Vt l a cu ng dng (Vin KHVN) x l s liu, theo s
liu ca Tng cc kh tng thu vn 1976 - 1980 v c ban hnh trong Quy chun xy
dng Vit Nam - Tp III, Nh xut bn Xy dng, 1997.
Trn hnh E.2 trnh by bn phn vng mt st ca Vit Nam.
Trn hnh E.3 trnh by ng phn b xc sut bin dng st o c trn ng
dy trn khng 220 kV min Bc Vit Nam.
Trn hnh E.4 trnh by ng phn b xc sut dc dng st o c trn ng
dy trn khng 220 kV min Bc Vit Nam.

84

TCN 68 - 174: 2006

Bng E.2: S gi v ngy dng trung bnh trong nm mt s a phng ca Vit Nam
TT

Tn i trm

Tnh, thnh ph

Gi dng
TB nm

Ngy dng
TB

1
2

Min Bc
Bc Kn
Bc H

Bc Kn
Lo Cai

369
272

89
79

4,14
5,43

3
4
5
6

Bch Long V
Bc M
Bc Sn
Bi Thng

Hi Phng
H Giang
Lng Sn
Thanh Ho

181
213
173
268

56
60
60
74

3,23
3,55
2,88
3,62

7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26

Bi chy
Bo H
Bo Lc
Cao Bng
Ch R
C Ni
Con Cung
Ca Ro
i T
in Bin
ng Hi
H Giang
H Nam
nh Lp
H Tnh
Hm Yn
Hi Dng
Hong Su Ph
Hi Xun
Hn Du

Qung Ninh
Lo Cai
Cao Bng
Cao Bng
Bc Kn
Sn La
Ngh An
Ngh An
Thi Nguyn
Lai Chu
Qung Bnh
H Giang
H Nam
Lng Sn
H Tnh
Tuyn Quang
Hi Dng
H Giang
Thanh Ho
Hi Phng

248
317
143
265
288
334
298
248
318
285
222
417
322
182
281
290
233
214
383
275

92
74
53
91
75
89
95
82
85
96
73
101
86
67
91
84
71
70
103
65

2,69
4,28
2,69
2,91
3,84
3,75
4,18
3,02
3,73
2,79
3,04
4,13
3,74
2,71
3,08
3,45
3,35
3,06
3,38
4,23

27
28
29
30

Hng Yn
Hng Kh
Kim Cng
K Anh

Hng Yn
H Tnh
H Tnh
H Tnh

287
355
251
220

83
102
84
70

3,45
3,48
2,98
3,15

31
32
33

Lc Sn
Lai Chu
Lng

Ho Bnh
Lai Chu
H Ni

368
223
262

103
106
89

3,57
2,10
2,94

34

Lng Sn

Lng Sn

276

80

3,10

35
36

Lo Cai
Lc Ngn

Lo Cai
Bc Giang

302
293

118
84

2,55
3,48

37

Mai Chu

Ho Bnh

380

102

3,72

85

TCN 68 - 174: 2006

TT

Tn i trm

Tnh, thnh ph

Gi dng
TB nm

Ngy dng
TB

38

Mc Chu

Sn La

278

90

3,18

39
40
41
42

Mng Ci
M Cng Chi
Mng Khng
Mng T

Qung Ninh
Yn Bi
Lo Cai
Lai Chu

436
255
148
368

83
87
48
93

3,25
2,3
3,08
3,95

43
44
45
46

Nam nh
Ngn Sn
Nho Quan
Ninh Bnh

Nam nh
Bc Cn
Ninh Bnh
Ninh Bnh

190
255
281
171

72
69
100
68

2,64
3,70
2,81
2,52

47
48

Ph Bng
Phong Th

H Giang
Lai Chu

248
320

72
84

3,44
3,81

49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63

Ph Lin
Ph Yn
Ph H
Qunh Chu
Qunh Lu
Qunh Nhai
Sa Pa
Sng M
Sn ng
Sn La
Sn Ty
Snh H
Tam o
Tam ng
Ty Hiu

Hi Phng
Sn La
Ph Th
Ngh An
Ngh An
Sn La
Lo Cai
Sn La
Bc Giang
Sn La
Sn Ty
Lai Chu
Vnh Ph
Lo Cai
Ngh An

360
328
315
409
323
171
204
199
311
304
326
219
217
193
269

83
88
92
112
91
66
74
74
79
97
72
80
74
64
81

4,34
3,73
3,42
3,65
3,54
2,59
2,76
2,69
3,93
3,13
3,13
2,73
2,93
3,01
3,31

64
65
66
67

Thi Bnh
Thi Nguyn
Thanh Ho
Tht Kh

Thi Bnh
Thi Nguyn
Thanh Ho
Lng Sn

150
329
298
166

88
87
89
59

1,70
3,78
3,35
2,81

68
69
70
71
72

Thun Chu
Tin Yn
Trng Khnh
Tun Gio
Ta Cha

Sn La
Qung Ninh
Cao Bng
in Bin
in Bin

161
355
282
255
64

66
84
84
91
35

2,43
4,22
3,36
2,80
1,82

73
74

Tuyn Quang
Vn Chn

Tuyn Quang
Yn Bi

307
399

96
90

3,20
3,77

75
76

Vn L
Vinh

Nam nh
Ngh An

333
221

76
83

4,38
2,90

86

TCN 68 - 174: 2006

TT

Tn i trm

Tnh, thnh ph

Gi dng
TB nm

Ngy dng
TB

77
78
79
80

Vnh Yn
Vit Tr
Yn Bi
Yn Chu

Vnh Phc
Ph Th
Yn Bi
Sn La

207
285
251
177

78
89
80
76

2,65
3,20
3,13
2,32

81

Ca ng
Min Nam
A Li
Bo Lc
Bn Tre
Bin Ho
Bun M Thut
C Mu
Cam Ranh
Cng Long
ng Thp
Cn Th
Cn o
Lt
Nng
Hu
Kon Tum
M Rc
Min Ty
M Tho
Nam ng
Nha Trang
Phan Thit
Ph Quc
Phc Long
Plyku
Qung Ninh
Quy Nhn
Rch Gi
Sc Trng
Tn Sn Nht
Ty Ninh
Tr Mi
Tuy Ho
Vng Tu

Qung Ninh

151

50

3,02

Tha Thin Hu
Lm ng
Bn Tre
ng Nai
c Lc
C Mu
Khnh Ho
Tr Vinh
ng Thp
Cn Th
B Ra - Vng Tu
Lm ng
Nng
Tha Thin Hu
KonTum
c Lc
Ph Yn
Tin Giang
Tha Thin Hu
Khnh Ho
Bnh Thun
Kin Giang
Bnh Phc
Gia Lai
Qung Ngi
Bnh nh
Kin Giang
Sc Trng
TP. H Ch Minh
Ty Ninh
Qung Nam
Ph Yn
B Ra - Vng Tu

489
260
256
55
289
397
207
231
144
200
163
214
191
309
430
86,75
154,75
234,50
261,50
206
166,75
101,25
212,50
196,50
192,50
263,25
325
77,75
312

125
95
44
116
123
40
135
111
90
78
90
73
87
70
94
91
118
141
55
71
107
116
94
102
57
119
98
122
105
131
57
93

3,91
2,24
2,08
1,38
2,14
3,58
2,30
2,96
2,25
2,29
2,32
2,27
2,10
2,62
3,04
1,57
2,17
2,19
2,25
2,19
1,63
1,77
1,78
2,00
1,57
2,50
2,48
1,36
2,27

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33

Ghi ch: K l t s gia s gi dng trung bnh nm v s ngy dng trung bnh nm

87

TCN 68 - 174: 2006

Bn phn vng mt st vit nam
map of lightning density distribution on the vietnam

Hn Du
Bch Long V

Hn Ng

Cn C

Hong Sa

Ch gii - Legend

L Sn

9,5
Mt st - Lightning density
B Vng ni trung du MBc - Mountainous and midland zone of Northern Region
A Vng ng bng ven bin MBc - Flat coastal zone of Northern Region
D Vng ven bin Mtrung - Flat zone of Central Region
E Vng ng bng MNam - Flat zone of Southern Region
C Vng ni trung du Mtrung - Mountainous and midland zone of Central Region

Ph Quc
Trng Sa
Cn o

Hnh E.2: Bn phn vng mt st ca Vit Nam

88

TCN 68 - 174: 2006

%
100
95,5
98
95
2
90
1

80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
5
4
3
2
1
0,5
0,1
2

6 7 8 9 10

20

30

40 50 60

70

80

100

Ghi ch:
(1) o ti Gia Sng, Thi Nguyn.
(2) o trn ng dy trn khng 220 kV min Bc Vit Nam.

Hnh E.3: ng phn b xc sut bin dng st o c

trn ng dy trn khng 220 kV min Bc Vit Nam

89

TCN 68 - 174: 2006

%
100
95,5
98
95
2
90

80
70
60
50
40
]

30
20
10
5
4
3
2
1
0,5

0,1
2

6 7 8 9 10

20

30

40 50

60

70 80

100

Ghi ch:
(1) o ti Gia Sng, Thi Nguyn.
(2) o trn ng dy trn khng 220 kV min Bc Vit Nam.

Hnh E.4: ng phn b xc sut dc dng st o c

trn ng dy trn khng 220 kV min Bc Vit Nam
E.2 c im a cht ca Vit Nam
E.2.1 Nguy him do st gy ra i vi cc phng tin v tuyn in t trn mt t c lin
quan n cc c im a hnh, a l, kh tng v a cht. Bin dng st nh
xung t c khuynh hng gim n mt gi tr khng i khi in tr sut ca t
ln. Hai yu t c bn khi phn vng st nguy him phi quan tm l mc Keraunic
v gi tr in tr sut ca t.

90

TCN 68 - 174: 2006

E.2.2 xc nh gi tr in tr sut ca t ti khu vc t trm vin thng ta phi tin
hnh o t nh quy nh mc 3.3.
in tr sut ca t ph thuc vo thnh phn cu to, m, lng mui v nhit
ca t. Cc gi tr in tr sut v in dn sut ca mt s loi t v nc c trnh by
trong bng E.3.
Bng E.3: in tr sut v in dn sut ca t v nc
c im ca vng
Vng ven bin ct kh
Vng ng bng, m ly, rng
Vng t trng trt, t en
Vng t c
Vng ni
Nc sng v h
Nc bin

in tr sut, r ( W.m)

in dn sut, s = 1/r (S/m)

(5,0 10).103
(1,2 3,0).102
(1,0 2,0).102
(0,5 1,0).103
(1,0 2,0).103
(0,04 1,0).103
(0,25 1,0)

(0,1 2,0).10-3
(3,0 8,0).10-3
(5,0 10).10-3
(1,0 2,0).10-3
(0,5 1,0).10-3
(1,0 24).10-3
(1,0 4,0)

E.2.3 S ph thuc in tr sut ca t vo nhit c xc nh bng biu thc sau:

r t = r18 / [1 + a(t0 - 180)];
Trong :
rt- in tr sut ca t nhit t0C;
r18- in tr sut ca t nhit 180C;
a- h s nhit ca dn in, trong gii nhit (180C 500C) c gi tr bng 0,026.
E.2.4 Trong nhng trng hp khng th tin hnh o t gi tr in tr sut ca t ti
khu vc t trm c th ly gi tr in tr sut t bn phn vng in tr sut
ca t Vit Nam, nh trnh by trn hnh E.5.

91

TCN 68 - 174: 2006

Ranh gii Tnh, Thnh ph

bn phn vng in tr sut biu kin ca t, r (Vi AB = 6 m)

Hnh E.5: Bn phn vng in tr sut ca t Vit Nam

92

TCN 68 - 174: 2006

Ph lc F
Tnh ton h s che chn ca dy chng st ngm
F.1 Tc dng che chn ca dy chng st ngm ph thuc vo v tr lp t ca dy
chng st ngm v c nh gi bng h s che chn h
H s che chn h c xc nh bng t s cc dng in trn v cp khi c (Ish) v
khng c (Ish) dy chng st ngm nh sau:
h = Ish / Ish
F.2 H s che chn ca mt dy chng st ngm (xem hnh F. a)
H s che chn ca mt dy chng st ngm c xc nh bng biu thc:
h = ln(x/s) / ln(x2/s.r)
Trong :
r - bn knh trung bnh ca v cp;
s - bn knh ca dy chng st ngm;
x - khong cch gia cc trc ca cp v dy chng st ngm
Bng F.1 v F.2 cho cc gi tr h s che chn i vi mt s kch thc dy dn v
khong cch gia dy dn v dy chng st ngm khc nhau.
Bng F.1: H s che chn vi r = 10 mm
x(m)

s = 2 mm

s = 3 mm

s = 5 mm

s = 8 mm

s = 12 mm

0,15

0,61

0,59

0,56

0,52

0,48

0,25

0,60

0,58

0,55

0,52

0,49

0,50
1,00

0,59
0,57

0,57
0,.56

0,54
0,53

0,51
0,51

0,49
0,49

Bng F.2: H s che chn vi r = 20 mm

x(m)

s = 2 mm

s = 3 mm

s = 5 mm

s = 8 mm

s = 12 mm

0,15

0,68

0,65

0,62

0,59

0,55

0,25
0,50

0,65
0,63

0,63
0,61

0,60
0,59

0,57
0,56

0,54
0,54

1,00

0,61

0,60

0,58

0,55

0,53

F.2. H s che chn ca nhiu dy chng st ngm c b tr trn mt ng trn

xung quanh cp
F.2.1 Trng hp dng hai dy chng st ngm (xem hnh F.b)

93

TCN 68 - 174: 2006

Bng F.3: H s che chn ca 2 dy chng st ngm
x(m)

g = 300

g = 450

g = 600

g = 900

0,15

0,38

0,36

0,34

0,33

0,25

0,38

0,35

0,34

0,33

0,50

0,37

0,35

0,34

0,33

1,00

0,37

0,35

0,34

0,33

F.2.2 Trng hp dng ba dy chng st ngm, vi khong cch x = 0,25 m (xem hnh F.c)
Bng F.4: H s che chn ca 3 dy chng st ngm (x = 0,25 m)
g = 300

g = 600

g = 900

g = 1200

0.33

0.26

0.23

0.22

F.2.3 Trng hp dng n dy chng st ngm b tr i xng xung quanh cp, vi khong
cch x = 0,25 m (xem hnh F.d, F.e, F.f)
Bng F.5: H s che chn ca n dy chng st ngm
b tr i xng xung quanh cp (vi x = 0,25 m)
n=4

n=6

n=8

0.16

0.09

0.06

shield

cable

(a)

(b)

(d)

(e)

(c)

(f)
T0508870-99

Hnh F: B tr dy chng st ngm xung quanh cp

94

TCN 68 - 174: 2006

Bng t vit tt
Ch vit tt

Ting Anh

Ting Vit

EEC
EEE
AG/EEE

Electronic Equipment Cabinet

Electronic Equipment Enclosure
Above Ground EEE

Cabin thit b in t
Cu trc che chn bo v thit b in t
Cu trc che chn bo v thit b in t
t ni trn mt t

BG/EEE

Below Ground EEE

BN
CBN
MBN
IBN
M-IBN
S -IBN
SPC
SPCW
LPZ
IT
TN
TN- C
TN- S
TN-C-S

Bonding Network
Common Bonding Network
Mesh Bonding Network
Isolated Bonding Network
Mesh- Isolated Bonding Network
Star - Isolated Bonding Network
Single Point Connection
Single Point Connection Window
Lightning Protection Zone
Insulation Terrestrial
Terrestrial Neutral
Terrestrial neutral combined
Terrestrial neutral separated
Terrestrial neutral combined and
separated
Terrestriated Terrestrial

Cu trc che chn bo v thit b in t

t ngm di mt t
Mng lin kt
Mng lin kt chung
Mng lin kt mt li
Mng lin kt cch ly
Mng lin kt cch ly mt li
Mng lin kt cch ly hnh sao
im ni n
Ca s im ni n
Vng bo v chng st
Mng IT
Mng TN
Mng TN- C
Mng TN- S
Mng TN-C-S

TT

Mng TT

95

TCN 68 - 174: 2006

ti liu tham kho

1.
2.

3.

4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.

96

IEC 1024-1: Protection of structures against lightning. Part 1: General principles

03/1990
IEC 1024-1-1: Protection of structures against lightning. Part 1: General principles.
Section 1: Guide A - Selection of protection levels for lightning protection systems,
08/1993
IEC 61024-1-2: Protection of structures against lightning
Part 1-2: General principles
Guide B - Design, installation, maintenance and inspection of lightning protetion
systems. 05/1998
IEC 61643-1: Surge protective devices connected to low - voltage power distribution
systems. Part 1: Performance requirements and testing methods, 02/1998
ITU-T Directives: The protection of telecomunication and equipment against lightning
discharges, ITU, 1974 and 1978
ITU-T Recommendation K.39, Risk assessment of damages to telecommunication sites
due to lightning discharges, 10/ 1996
ITU-T Recommendation K.40. Protection against LEMP in telecommunication centers,
10/ 1996
ITU-T Recommendation K.25, Protection of optical fibre cables, 11/ 2000
ITU-T Recommendation K.47, Protection of telecommunication lines using metallic
conductors against direct lightning discharges, 09/ 2000
ITU-T Recommendation K.27, Bonding configurations and earthing inside a
telecommunication building, 1996
ITU-T Recommendation K31, Bonding configurations and earthing of
Telecommunication installations inside a Subseriber's building, 1993.
ITU-T Recommendation K35, Bonding configurations and earthing at remote electronic
sites, 1996.
NZS/ AS 17681991: New Zeland/Australian Standard Lightning Protection.
ETSI EN 30 253: Enviroment Engineering (EE); Earthing and bonding configuration
inside telecommunications centres, 12/ 2001
NFC 17-102: 1995/French Standard Lightning protection. Protection of structure and
open areas against lightning using early streamer emission air terminals, 07/ 1995
UL 1449 Standard for Transient Voltage Surge Suppressors, 08/1996
TCN 68-141: 1999: Tip t cho cc cng trnh vin thng, Tng cc Bu in, 1999.
TCN 68-135: 2000: Chng st bo v cc cng trnh vin thng, Tng cc Bu in, 2000.
TCN 68-167: 1997: Thit b chng qu p, qu dng bo v cc thit b vin thng,
Tng cc Bu in, 1997
TCN 68-174: 1998: Quy phm chng st v tip t cho cc cng trnh vin thng,
Tng cc Bu in, 1998.