H. E. Hpopoe SAMAYM NO OBUYEA OHSHKE aaevonscrae staynas Moonta L.E.lrodov Problems in General Physics Mir Publishers MoscowSecond ping 1983 Revise fom the 199 Rusia ition | Printed he Union of Soviet Socials Reps IBN 5-43-008004 © Mosarenicrn tlayean, Fasnan penny nooxatonetatone nape 1S © Eoglish tneestation Me Publisher, tor PREFACE “This book of problems is intended as a tetbook for students at higher edcational iasttuions staying advanced couse in physi Besides, bovause of the great number of simple problems it may be used by students studying a general course in physi ‘The book contains about 1900 problems with hints for solving the most complicated ones For students convenience each chapter opens with a time-saving summary of the principal formulas Tor the Ealevant ares of physics. Asa Tule the formulas are siven without detailed explanations sifce a stv ‘den, saring solving problem, assumed to kaow the meaning of the ‘Quantities appearing in the Formulas. Explanatory notes ae onl ven In'those cases when misunderstanding may aie ‘All the formulas In the text and answers ae in Sk system, except in Part Six, where the Gaussian system fs used. Quantitive data and answers are presented In accordance wih the rules of approximation and humeral acuracy "The main payical constants and ables are summarised a the end of the book “The Petidic Sytem of Element sprinted tthe frontend sheet and the Table of Elementary Particles at the back sheet ofthe Book a the preset edition, some misprins are corrected, and a number of problems are subsllued by new ones, othe quaziative data in the are hanged rene (273, 136, 2.19, 9.28, 397 4194 a 538), conclusion, the author wants to expres his deep gratitude o cal leagues Irom IPL and fo readers who sent thee emarks 08 some probs Jems helping thereby co improve the book LE, IrodooCONTENTS Preface "Fount stein‘ Peng aug Rotation " ae ° PART ONE, PHYSICAL FUNDAMENTALS OF MECHANICS ‘ LE Ne Rinminial Sgn’ Drie oS QS Moret fh area 1.4, Unter" Gravion g EE Bonnie o's da Beds a 16; Elite Deformations of w Stia Body a 1 Fiougnamiee 2 1 Relative secasies > a PARE TWO, THERMODYNAMICS AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS 124, Eguaton ofthe Gas State, Process FE Titi law ol emda Heat aii EE Rise’ tua ot Cane Boltzmann's Law and itoxellS 2. Bon cual Lai of Tieodyinin! Boi s EE Devise tapltey etsea ee 5 26, Bite varices ie 25, Bape Pome a PART THREE. ELECTRODYNAMICS... 45 LA Gomme Bleetve Field In. Vacuum 4s EE Canduri and Diletes "it Elecite Bild it EE HESS Gittins wey o's Fil ie ‘ES Emnstane Mametie Pld ‘Maga, ii LE etecnanae Induction Maxwe's Eguaiens ie LE Motion’ Gharged aril Ble and Mage ie PART FOUR, OSCILLATIONS AND WAVES . 46 ‘4, Meshanial Ovations ‘| we Ee 7 i is ve Hadiition 18 PART FIVE, OPTICS... « a 5 199 So: Phetamaty pd ame Opten Se 3'3 Difscuen of Laight ‘ ate Sob Palette of Bite a5a: Oper sh loving Seunoe = 527 heal adios. Quantam itis of jai PART SIX. ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS Se ee de es Bo aietiet ad Coes é Nicear resins Elaaenary "Partie APPENDICES. Bane Telgenomgtiet Formas SSS indo Vale Gre Aphabet iri Cats’ aid’ Appvmitios Some ets om Vator Bena hd Totes Beauty of Substance ‘Them “Expansion” Cotte Ele goat: Tenie Sorat med Vapour Boa ime arauters of Ligue abd Solas mate ‘Magnetic Sancti f Par and Diaiiginti eluctive tod nee otaton of the Plane of Polrntion ‘Welk Foci Varo Yet Mass ‘Absorption Coogiesie Teotsion Boars of Atos BE en High Ao H Halle Wie oF waitin ric Formulas Hlectrdyase fa in 81 ‘a Gains a Gosia Bey A FEW HINTS FOR SOLVING THE PROBLEMS 4, Flest of sll, look through the tables in the Appendix, for many problems cannot be solved without them. Besides, the roforence data {uote in tho tables wil make your work esser and save your time 2 Begin the problem by recognizing its mesning and its formula: tion. Make sure that the date given are sufficient for solving the data cam be found ta the tables in the Appendix Wherever possible, dea a diogram clucidating the essence of the problem; in many case this simples both the Search for a solution find tho salution ital. i probit, in the general form, that ie in fy sought will be expressed in the given data. A solotion in the general form Is porticularly valuable since it maies clear tho relationship between Exe sought quantity and the given dats. What is more, an answer ob tained in the general form allows one to make a fairy accurate Judge> tment on the correctnese of the solution ist (Soe tho next itom). “é. Having obtained the solution in the general fori, check to see it it has the right dimensions. The wrong dimensions are an obvious Indication of «wrong solution. If possible, investigate the behaviour ‘of the solution in some eXtreme special cares. For example, whatever the form of the expression for the pravitetlonal force between two textendd bodies t must turn into the well-known law of gravitational Interaction of mass points the distance botween the bodies inezoases, theewise it ean br immediately inferred that the solution Is wrong. ‘3. When starting calefations.remembor that the numericat values of physical quantities are always known only approximately. Thore- fore, in ealealations you should employ the rules for operating with approximate numbers, In particular, in presenting tho quantitative nla and. answers strict ettention should be paid to the rules of lapproximation and numerical accuracy. Ee Heving obtained the numerical Saswer, evaluate its plausibil fay. In some cases sch an evaluation may disclose an error in the result obtained. For example, a stono cannot be thrown by a man ‘ver the distance of the order off km, tho velocity of a body cannot Surpass: that of Hight Ine vacuut, ete.NOTATION ‘Vectors are written in boifce upright type, et fF: the same letters printed tn lightface italle type ( ) denote the modules of Unit ecto 1, 4, K are the unit veetor of the Cartesian coordinates, y= (some times the unit vectors are donated at ey, tye #3) sy Gus es ae the unit vectors of the eylindrtal coo vee the unit vector of a tormal anda tangent. Mean values are taken in angle brackets (e.g (W2, (Ph Symbols A, d, and § in front of quantities denote: arth Entenciment of 8 gunn, ig Ars — a AU = he ditetstialGafinitesimol increment od. dU, 5, the elementary value ofa quantity, og. 84, the slementary work ‘Time derivative of an srbttary tuncion fis denoted by i, oc by dot over ater, Yer apatar © Cnn 1 wel 6 det te flowing Fe tradent of (red 9) Erb. the dergee fe, Fi the el ur By Integrals of any multiplicity ane dented by « singe sia {end ifr ony hy the integration slements dV, «volume elomeny 4 ste element, and, + lie element. The sign § denotes an tougetover load sre, or aroun lsd lop PART ONE, PHYSICAL FUNDAMENTALS OF MECHANICS 4. KINEMATICS ‘+ Average vector of wloity an acceleration of © poi: wast, wat, ay te Ar he dinamo we (nic of adie wt Neat and sede fe pol walt aan Acceleration of pint expr in peieions a the tangent and the omnfh to's ajc was, mee, (tte ates he aio frat ofthe tty a th en pit 4 Rotetion betseonMowar and angular quantities for » rotating said Wm lath y= OAR, Ju = BR, cen the radius seta ofthe consdeo pin lative oan arhtary point "th Sac bathe rotation a {A.A motorboat going downstream overcame a raft at a point 4s, ++ “tig min later it turned back snd after some cme passed the ea Ata distance 1 = 6.0 kim from the point a. Find the fow velocity ‘suming the duty of the engine to’ be coastant. 1.2.'A point traversad ball the distance with a velocity v4. The ining part of the distance was covered with velocity u for half the time, and with velocity 0 for the other half of the time. Find the mean velocity of the point averaged over the whole time of mo~ tion.3. A cor starts moving rectlinesely, fist with acceleration w — ‘31 mie (the nial velocity is equal io zero), then uniformly, and finally, decsloreting atthe same rate w, comes to.a stop. The total time of motion equals 1'~ 25's, The average velocity during that time is equal to {e) = 72 km por hour. How long does the ear move uniformly? ‘1k. A'point moves rectilinearly in one direction. Fig. 4.4 shows iH tt Lot Cor plot fin ge velocity of the point during the time of motions (f) the maximum velocity {0} the time moment fy al which the instantanoous velocity Is esque to the mean velocity averaged over the Brst fy seconds. 4.5. Two particles, 1 and 2, move with constant veloetis wand ‘Ache ital monet thele radia vectors aro eqval oy ad Flow must these four vectors be intreloted forthe particles tocol fide 116. A ship movos along the equator to the east with velocity ‘90 kmilour, The southeasters wind lowe at an angle @ 00" 18 the equator nih velocity >= 15 kaou. Find the wind velocity UF raltiveto the ship and the angle between the equator and the ‘ind iretion in the reference frame fixed to the ship Ip snare ene pot -on an bank of yer rxeh it ying right cross on the other hank. One of them. oscs Retivr alone the stig 4) mle th ther tiny oh trl to the-stivom and then walks the distance that he has tteay by the sro to got to point 2. What wns the valocity ‘of his wolking if both swimmers reached tho destination simults- hously? The streom velocity fy = 20 kra/hour and the velocity © tf each swimmer with respect fo water equals 2.5 ki por hou 118 Two Donts, 4 and B, move away from a boy anchored st the ie oa sive: along tho motu’ perpndtcly straight ines ‘iver, and the boat across the river” Having iistance from the buoy the boots roturned: oof times of motion of boats Tq/t ifthe velocity of ‘ach boat with respect to water is'm = 1.2 times greater than the Stream veloetty 119. A boat moves relative to water with a volocity which ie m= 1 times less than the river flow veloc ngle to the roam direction must the boat move to minimize diftng? ously fom tho same point: oO GO" ta the hore onial. Tho initial velocity of each body ie equal to vg ~ 25 mis, Neglecting tho air drag, Bnd the distance between the bodies ' 0 inter. ALL, Two particles move in @ uniform gravitational field with an accdleration f- At the intial moment the particles were located at fone point and moved with velocities = 3.0 mis and P, = 4.0 mils horiootally in opposite directions. Find the distanen between the particles at the moment when thelr velocity vectors become mut Ally perpendicular F2. "Thrve points are located at the vertices of an equilateral triangle whose side equals @. They all stat moving simultaneously ‘with velocity v constant tn modulus, with the frst point heading fontinually for tho second. tho socond for the third, and the third for the fst. How soon will the poins converge? 1.13. Point A’ moves uniformly with velocity v=o thatthe weetor ¥ is continually. “atmed” al point B which In its turn moves recti- inearly and uniformly with velocity uv. At the initial momeut of nnd the Points re sepereted by e distance I. How soon Will the points converge? 1.14. A'train of length 1 — 350 m starts moving rectilinerly with constant accaleration i ~ 3.0-40"? mist; t= 30 alter the start the Toeomotive headlight i switched on (event 1), and % = 60's after that event the tal signal light is switched on (event 2). Find the ‘distance between these events in the reference frames fixed to the train and to the Earth, How and et what constant velocity ¥ ro Live to the Earth must oertaln reference frame K move for the two ‘evonts to occur in Tt atthe same point? TH43. An elevator car whose foor-to-eiling distance is equal to 2.7'm ‘starts ascending. with constant acceleration 1.2 m/s%, 2.0 8 ater the start bolt begins falling from the ceiling of the ear. Find: (@) the bolts fre fell ime: (b) the displacement and the distance covered by the bolt during tho foe fall In the reference feame xed to tho elevator sha,1.16. Two particles, 1 and 2, move with constant velocitis oy ‘nd vy along two mutually perpendicular stesight lines toward the {nterstction point 0. At the moment =O the particles were located atthe distanees 1, and fom the polnt 0. How: soon will the distance Botwoon the particles Income the smallest? What ie it equal to? 1:47. From point A located on a highway (Fig. 1.2) one by cat's soon as possible to point # loeated in the field at ad from the highway. Tt is koown that the car moves in the Beld 9 times slower than on the highway. At what distence from point D fone must turn off the highway? “LS. A point travels along the 2 axis with a velocity whose pro Jection o, is presented as a fonction of time by the plot in Pig. 13, Fig 1 Pie 13, Assuming the enordinate of the point 2 = 0 at the moment ¢ = 0, ‘raw tho approximate time dopendence plots for the acocleration wy, the x coordinete, and the distance covered haalt'a cielo of radius ® = 160 cm during the following quantities aver () the modulus of tho mean valocity vector |v): {o) the modulus ofthe meen vector of the total -neceleration |w)] if the point moved with constant tangent acceleration, 1.30" radiue vector of (1 — at), where a isa constant vactor and a i a positive factor. Fiat: a) of thn (b) the time interval At taken by the particle to returo to the in: ‘ual points, and the distonce ¢ covered during that time. 1.31. At'the moment £0 particle Teaves the origin end moves in the positive divection of the 2 axis. [es velocity varies with time as vor (1 — te), whore vy is the joitial velocity vector whose modulus equals vp = 10.0 cm/s; x = 5.0's. Find (a) the 2 coordinate of the particle at the moments of time 6.0, 10, end 20's, {) the moments of time when the particle is et the distance 10.0 xm from the origin: “ velocity v and the acceleration w af the particle as functions (she distance sera Dy he ple daring tt 4.0 an dite tft lh of the 2 axis varies as v= %\/z, where a is a positive constant. Satin ain not |S peas Es ie e (b) the mean velocity of the particle averaged over the time that aarti that he an eh {B.A nt mover ly wih eran wwe dsl epends on the velocity v of the partile as w= eT; where a ia @ wre att NT tl Sen he sly a bt equal to vp What distance wil traverse before stope? What heetht CS ee SETS et etl Om Pi ike Mae onde lee GP eh ettan a sot ur fee dae Gas maar ar eee anette iat cleo 1.54 poiat monet th Hn psig to th lw z= Pee eee anes) WS devoanon ote pln leery a a he fain; AR ein ate lass & Rts tis (3h mamen at wih th vloky var fms an engl x4 wi tee a ta : tag pit evs ih ple 2 eco he ly <~ Find: i EEE 1 he dtm stove hy he pit ding the ine (i ee coche atte on cancion ona talent tte ks geil ete Hm, ict Sue an 1. et oss Ghat eo hans a ‘ae ota a el ton of ie and over the total tite of motion. ni BH ie i uae fhe Eth ato ge‘0 the horizontal with the intial velocity vy. Assuming the air drag te bo negligible, fn: () the time of motion (B) the meximum height of etcent and the horizontal range; at what valu of the angle they will bo equal to euch otha (@) the equation of trajectory y (2), where y and 2 ace di ofthe body slong the vertieal and the horizontal respectively, (@) the curvature radil of trajectory at it fitial point and at ite peak, 1.30, Using the conditions of the foregoing problem, draw the ap proximate tine dependence of molt of the normal and tangent Ecesleration vectots, as well az ofthe projection of the total accele: tation vector w, an the velocity vector divetion. 131. A hell starts falling with sro initial velocity on a smooth inclined plane forming an angle with the horizontal. Having fall- nthe distance hy the ball rebounds elastically off the inclined plane ‘At what distance from the lmpact point will the ball rebound for ‘he Second time? 32. A cannon and ta same level. How soon will th BHD 'afs reach the t 133. A cannon i ‘als the first at tho anele Dy ~ 60" an the secon 8, = 48" to the horiontal, the azimuth being the same. Neglecting te air drag, find the time Interval between Grings Tending to the collision of the shel 1.34. A balloon starts risiog ftom the surface of the Barth. ‘The ascension rato ts constant and equal to. Due to the wind the ba {oon gathers the horizontal velocity component 0. — ay. whore « isa constant and y isthe helght of ascent Pind how the following ‘quantities depend on tho height of secon: (a) the horlzontal drift ofthe balloon (} (0) the totaly tangential, and normal acelerations of the balloon 4°33. A particle moves in the plane xy with velonty ¥ = al “+ ba, wire i an} age the unit vectors of the z aid y axes, and @ and 6 ecoastants: At the initial moment of time the particle was foatel fat the point = Fine {@) the equation of the particle's trajectory y (2) (8) the Ctrvsture radius of trajectory 8 a function of = 1.36. A particle A moves in one direction along a given trajectory wit tangential sccoleration ty = at, where a isa constant veclot fining in direction with the axis Fig. 44), and isa unitvector inculing in direction wilh the velocity vector at-a given. poi. Find how the velocity of the particle depends on 2 provided that Its ‘elocty is aoglgible at the point 2 =O. '37.,A point moves along #cirle with a velocity » = af, where 40.30 mist Find tho total aceleration of the point at the mo- are 5.10 kam apart and located at the hell Jang with the initial velocity ment when it covered the m-th (7 ~ 0.40) fraction ofthe circle after the beginning of motion. 1.38: A point moves with decslerstion slong the circle of redius sothat at any moment of time its tangential and normal accelerations Fig 14, ce equal in moduli. At th initial moment — 0 the velocity of the point equals vy Find: ) the velocity of the of tho distance covered # (the total acecleration of tho point as «function of velocity and the distance covered ae af 1.38. A point moves along an ar ofa citcleof radius . It velocity opends on the distance covered #23 — aV/s, where a isa constant. Find the angle between the vector of the total acceleration and the vector of velocity ao function of L408 particle moves along sn arc of circle of radius R acooeding to the law asin ot, where I isthe displacement from the faitial position measured slong the ave, and'e and. ave constants. ASSun- Ing df = 1.00 m, a = 0.80 m, and w = 2.0) rads, Bod {e) the magnitode of the total acceleration of the particle at the points f= ani f= kas ‘) the minimum value ofthe total aceleration tnqig and the ear reiponding dsplacament fn ‘hdd. A point moves inthe plane ao that ite tangential acceleration snd ts normal acedlereion wy = be, where a and natant ad tis tne. At the moment ¢ = the point wat in how the curvature ras fof the poin' trajectory snd the total seceleation wo depend on the distance covered 1.42. A particle moves along the plane trajectory y (2) with velo- city v whose modulus is constant. Find the acceleration of the par- cle atthe point 2 = and the curvature radluy of the teajeclory Sat pala he trajectory the fora (afin pacing a (b) of an ellipse (fa) + (V0) = 1; @ and bare constants hee. 1a" A’paile ‘moves longa cine of aus 50 tn co that ita radius vector e relative to the point O (Pig .8) rotates with the constant angular veloety ‘= 0.40 rads. Find the modulus of the alot of fhe pari, the rmodulus and direction of ie total “sesleraton. 18 fonction of time and as « function 2981 "1.44, A whoo! sotates around a stationary axis so that the rotation snle varies with Lime ae @ = at" where a = 0.90 radi Find the {otal acceleration w of the poi A ai the rim atthe moment t = 2.53 I the linear velocity of the point at thie moment » — 0.65 mis 1.45, A shell nequires the initial velocity» — 30 m/s, heving made n ~ 2.0 turns inside the barvel whose length is equal to t= 2.0'm. Assuming that the shell. moves inside the berrel with a uniform acceler tion, find the angular velocity of Ts axial folaison atthe moment when” the. shell Seager the bare TTH6. solid body rotates about a station ry" axis eecording 10 the Taw = at ‘a8, where a 6.0 rad/s and’ = 2.0 ad) Find (a) tho meen values of the angular velo- city and angular acceleration averaged over the time interval between ¢ = 0-and the complete stop: eration at the moment when the body stops tating about a stationary exis with an fat, where @ = 20-10" cotation will the total acel fn arblteary poiat of the body form an angle @ = G0" with is velo- city vector? ‘TAB. A solid body rotates with deceleration sbout a stationary axis with on angular deceleration © V uy where is its angular Yelocity. Hind the mean angular velocity of the body averaged over {he whole time of rotation iat the initial moment of time ies angular velocity was equal 10 oy £49. A solid hody rotates shout a stationary axis so that iis anew: Jag velocity depends on tho rotation angle a2 @ =e 9p, where iy anid a are positive constants, At the moment ¢ 0 the wngle 9° 0. Find the time dependence of (a) the rotation ang (0) the angular velocity. 1.50.'A solid body starts rotating about a stationary axis with an angular acceleration B = By cos, whore By isa constant vector and g {stn angle of rotation from the initial position. Find the engulor ‘velocity of the body as 8 function of the angle q. Draw the plot of this dependence. 1.51.,A rotating disc (Fig. 1.) moves in the positive direction of the’ ails: Find the equation y (2) describing’ the position of the instantaneous axis of rotation, at the foitial moment the axit C Gf the dise was Tocated at the point O alter which it moved (a) witha constant velocty'n, while the dse started rotating coun terclockwise with constant ongular acceleration p (the initial engu- Tar veloetty i equal to 200) 1 (0) with.» constant seceleration w (and the zero inital velocity), wile the dae rotates counterclockwise with custant angular velo: tye. 52. A point A is located on the rim of a wheel of radius 2 — =16.56 m "which rlls without slipping along a horizontal Surfasn with velocity v = 1.00" mis. Find {a} the modulus end the diction ofthe aoselerstion vector of the point A '() the total distance # traversed by the point A between the two succasive moments at which it touches the surfece. E59. A fall of radiaa A = 10.0-cm tlle witht slipping down an inclined plane so that is entre moves with constant staeeraton A Fig. 18, Mig 1 we ~ 2.80 emis # = 2.00 ater the beginning of otion its position Corresponds to that shown tn Figs 17 Find {@) the vloetis of the pots i, By and Os {B,th teslrtinn of thew poi Cylinder cols without "slipping over horizontal plane Ta eh of te eines equal fr Pid crgntarad ajectories traced out bythe pnts A and B see Figs 1.7) 1130. Two solid bodice rotate shout stationary i sgeninn of on oly ative te ti ber ATsalid body rotates with sagan velocity @ = ath 5 ‘a=0.30 ail b= O00 ends an Tand'} an the ont cin he an yea a) the moduli af the anguler vlacty and the angular aceeration oe mone 1 da 7 a the angle between the voters ofthe angular velocity and the ‘angular scesleration at thet moment. a ‘£51. A round coue with hallangle 2 ~ 30° and the radius ofthe base i= 5.0'cm tolls uniformly and without slipping over hort ont plane os thown in Pig 18.'The coos spot is hinged tthe Point which tn the same love with the put C, the-cone bese fontre. The velocity of point C's b = 40.0 cma Find the woul of » 7(6) the voctor of the angular velocity of the cone and the angle i forms with the vortia y he vector af the angular acclratin of the coe, 58. A sol tates with a constant angular veloclty = 0556 radle about « horizontal axis all. At'the moment £0 Pig 18 tho axis 4B starts turning about the vertical with a constant angu- lar acceleration By = 0.40 rad/s. Find the engular velocity: and angular accolration of the body after ¢ = 35's 1.2. THE FUNDAMENTAL EQUATION OF DYNAMICS Toe fs cond fea lameataleqontion of dyaamie of mse point (Nemton's se niler am s Teyema apn gum sormii Sad pel tas ay +, The egaton of dynam of «pol in the non cert rforence fee phi tt i daatast engl ety abut ex os warty nw = Fo my f mee 4 2m Iw, (2 ‘peg he aus vctor of tho point wate to the assaf rotation othe 1.58. An aorastat of mass m start coming down with a constent sctleration w. Determine the ballast mase to be dumped for the ferostat to reach the upward acceleration of the same magnitude ‘The alr drag Is to he Doglected, 1,60. In the arrengemoat of Fig, 1.9 the masses my, my, and my of bodies are equal, the masses af the pulley and the thieads are hogligible, end there iso rietion in the pulley. Find the accel eration w'with which the body mg comes down, and the tonsion of the thread binding together the bodies m, end my if the eocthicient ‘of fiction between these bodies and the horizontil surface is equal to K, Consider possible case, 1.61. Two touching bars 1 and 2 are placed on en inclined plane forming #0 angle with the horizontal (Fig. 1-10). The masies of the bars are equal to my and mg, and the coeficionta of friction be- ™ Fig 19 i. 0, ‘owoen the inclined plane and these bars are equal to fy and ky r0- spectively, with by > By, Find (a) the force of i (0) the min tion of the bars in the proces of moti 0 of tho angle. at which the bars start lid body was launched up an inclined pl tthe horizontal. Find the coef escent. following pesemeters of the arrangement of Fig. 1.11 the angle which the inclined plane forms with the Horizontal, and the coefficient of fricion K Between the body mm snd the inclined plone. The masses of the pulley and the threads, fe well as the friction in the pulley, are nogligibe. Assuring both Bodies to be motionlese at the initial moment, find the mass retio mim, at which the body my a)‘ starts coming down: (sas gol vp {Tae The inclined plane of Fig. 1.14 forms an angle a = 90° with the horizontal. The mass ratio mal? = 9 = 213. The cootciont of friction between the body m, and the inclined plane is equal to k = 40, The mats of ply andthe heady ary oglige. Find the magnitude and the direction of secaleration of the body my when the formerly stationary system of masses starts moving. 16. panic of masa, wth» ar of mass my Paced a fi on 1 sooth horizontal plano. A horizontal force growing with time t fs Ps af (ais constant) is applied to the bar. Find how the accaler- ions of the plank wy 4ad ofthe hart, depend on f, if the coticlent ‘of friction between tho plank an the bar is equal to k- Draw tho ap> proximate plots of theve: dependences, 1:56. A small body 4 starts sliding down from tho top of « wedge (Fig, 442) whose bose ie equal to l= 210m, The coaficiont of Friction between the body and the wedge surface is k= 0.140. At awhat value of the anglo a will the time of sliding be the leat? What wi ibe equal to? See 4.87, bar of mass mis pulled by meana of «thread up’anincin plane forming an anglo @ with the horiontal Fig. 0). The cock 7 Ma tt Pra 1.2. Acintof friction is ogua to &. Find the angle whieh th the ust form withthe inclined plane forth taion of th taead Yo ‘nium. What i it equal ft TH85, Ai the moment Othe force F Pig Lt9 Pig 114 anent direction ofthis force forms an ange a with the ori (Pig. 1.14). Find: Pee 10,88 ole of the body atthe moment of is Broking othe plane {i) the distance traversed by the body up to this moment 4. t0.'A bar of mano reting ont atovth horizontal plane nats roving due wo the force P = ing of constant magaltades Ia te [rocess fit rectilinear motion the angle between the diection of {ite fores andthe horcontl varies as @~ an; where aaa constant, And si the distance traversed by the bar from is fait poston iad‘ the velocity ofthe bar ae a function of the angle © ‘70. horizontal plane with the coficeat of fttion K supports two bodies'« bur and an eects motor with © beter on & block A'tnread attached to the bar fs wound on the shal ofthe lees toto. The distance betmeen the bara the secs motor is sal {wit When the motor is switched on, the bat hose mass is ee that of the other body, starts moving with @ constant ac- aftation wow soon will the bodies collide? TTL’A palley xed to the ceiling of an clovator car caries & tnroad whote ends are attached to the loads of masses my and my ‘The car start going up with an acolertion wo, Assuming the masse (of the pulley and the thread, as well as the Teietion, to be negligi find i) the acceleration of the load my relative to the elevator shaft antl relative to the ear "b) the Yorce exerted by the pulley on the exling of the car. Wha. Find the acceleration w of bedy 2 in the arrangement shown An Fig, 4.15, ite mass iy mes as greats the mass of bar T and a Pig 15, ig. 18, ‘the angle that the inclined plane forms with the horizontal is equ tava. The masses of the pulleys and the threads, as well asthe fic- tion, are asrumed to be negligible. Look into posible cases, “Nid. nthe arrangement shown in Fig 1.18 the hodies have masses img, my, mgs the Tieton is absent. the masses of the pulleys and he thends are. negligible. Find the acceleration of the body my, Kin Ingement shown ia Fig. 4.17 the mass of tho rod Mt cexcoeds the mast m of the ball. The bali has an opening permitting iid 1 ly ig 1.07 Pig 4.18 ig. 119. 258 ofthe pulley 1 slide slong the thread with some fection. Th fand the friction in its axle are negligible. AU the initial moment the Dall Was locatad opposite the lower end of the rod. When st Tre, aboth bodies began moving with constant aceslerations. Find the flsion fon betyen the ba andthe that if toons ote the Dekinning of motion the bil got opposite the upper end sf the The od Tength equals ad ae 4.75. Tm the arrangement shown in Fig. 1.18 the mass of ball 7 J = 1.8 times as great as that of rod 2 The length of the late, 4 = £00 em. ‘The masses of the pulleys and the threads, swell eo the friction, are negligible. The ball is set‘on the sane ievel cet, lower end of the rod and then released. How soon wil the bal fe coppsite the upper end of the rod? ug 27: Ja MC aangOOn! showy Fig. 1.19 the mass of bady 7 is 1 = 40 times ag great as that of body 2. The height = 90 on ‘The masses of the pulleys and the threads, as well ss the friction, ste nogligible. Ata certain moment body 2s elensed and the evaage. ment set in motion. What fs the maxitum height that ody 3 aol fo up to 1.77, Find the sceslerations of rod A and wedge B in the arrange- ‘ment shown in Fig. 1.20 ifthe ratio ofthe mass of the wedge to tt of the rod equals n, and the fiction between all contact sertaces ts depligibe 4.78. In the arrangement shown in Fig. 1.24 the masses of the wedge A and the body m are known. The appreciable friction exists ig 24 wedge and the body m, the fiction costfcient being qual to k. The masses of the pulley aad the threed are negligible Find the acceleration of the body m relative tothe hovirontal surface fon which the wedge sles, 4.79, What isthe minimum acceleration with which bar A (Pig 1.22) should be shifted horizontally to. Keep bodies 7 and’ 2 Mationary relative to the bar? The masses of the bodies are equal, and the cock Acient of friction between the bar and the odies ts equal to 4. The ‘masses of the pulley and the threads are negligible, the Teetion in the pulley’ is absent 4.80. Prism 7 with bar 2 of masa m placed on it gets horizontal acceleration w directed to the left (Pig. 1-29). At‘what maxianest Yalue of this acceleration will tho bar be sill stationary relative to ‘the prism, i the eoeflcient of feietion between them fc ot a? * Poi 1 of mass my and with angle « (40 Fig. 1.28) resto on a hoa Bar tn ll oe pm, Rae fg th fiction to be negligible, find the acceleration of the prism ‘42 Te the arrangement shen io Pig: 124 the ames mo the bar and Ar of the woe, well as the woe angle are known. Fig 12. Pig 1.28 1s of the pulley and the thread are negligible, The frietion ind the sezeerstion of the wedge ticle of mass m moves along a ciel of radius 2. Pind the modults of the average vector of the fores acting on the particle ver the distanco equal to «quarter of the Clece, ifthe particle moves (a) uniformly with velocity v: (@) with constant tangential acceleration va the initial veloety helng equal to zero. ita ema eal a wih hamhramedas Moetee e Ba wil Taek aed enh SE 1p ety mth a a os BEE i ct acme an 6less spring to polot B. The sprig stillaes is equal to x. The whole sytem lates wi a conta angus elacity abot «verted Skis passing through the pelnt O. Find the elongation of the spring. iow is the result fected by tho rotation direction? 189 Acyelist rides along the circumference of a circular horizontal plate of vadius R, tho frietion eoetReient being dependent only oo a & distance r from the contre O of the plane as k-~ ky({--riR), where 4, isa constant. Find the radius of the elzele with the centre at the point. slong which the cyclist an ride with the maximum velocity What is this velocity? 1.90." A- car moves with @ constant tangential acceleration wy = = 6163 mis" along'a horizontal surfaco cireumseribing a circle of radive A= 40m: The cooficlont of sliding Teietion betweon the ‘ubeels of the car and the surface is k= 0.20. What distance will {he car Hide without sliding iat the initial moment of time its veloc- ity {equal to zero? 1.1. Acar moves uniformly along a horizontal sine curve y asin (ela), where @ nnd ae certain constants, The coefficient of friction between the wheels and the road ls equal to K.AL what Yeloc~ Ry will the ear tide without sliding? "92. A chain of mass m forming tcicle of radius fis slipped on « math round eone with half-angle 0. Find the tension of the chain it it rotates with s constant angular Velocity w about a vertical axis Coinciding with the symmetry axis of the con 1.98. A fixed pulley carries a weightless thread with masses m, and’ m; at its ends. Ther i friction between tho thread and the pul Tey, Itig such that the thread arte alipping whe the rato maim, — Find (2) the frition coeticient; (3) the ceeleention of the masses when mum = 1 > ne H23g."A. particle of mass m moves along the interal mogth aur- face of s vertical eglinder of radius 2 Find the force with which the Particle acte on the cylinder wall if at the initial moment of time Fe velocity equals vy ad forms em angle % with the horizontal. Ey 1.95. Find the magnitude and direction of the free acting on the jaricle of mass m during a motion In the plane sy according 00 the Five ein of, y= 8 cor ot, whore a,b, and’ ae constant, 1.36. A'body of mass m is thrown at_an angle (0 the horizontal with the fitial velocity vy. Assuming the air drag to be negligible Bnd: {@) the momentum increment Ap that the body acquires over the first seconds of motion {b) the modulus of the momentum increment Ap during the total time of mati 0-4 stationary particle of mass m expe- riences feat force F = a1 (t=), where alo constant Yector, tis the time during whieh the given force ets. Find {a) the momentum of the particle when the action ofthe force dis- {(@) the distance covered by the particle while the force acted. 8. At the moment £ ~ 0 «pastel of mass m starts moving due tov force F'Fy sin of, where Fy and are constant, Find the Aistance covered by the particle ne fanetion off Draw the approx imate plot of this Tunction 1.99. At the moment t= 0» particle of mass m starts moving due to 4 force F= Fy cos ot, where Fy and’ ate constants, How lon will it be moving until it tops forthe frst tine? What distance wil traverse during that time? What is the maximum velocity of the article over this distance? 100. A motorboat of mess m moves long lake with velosty oy Avie moment {=O the engine of the boat is shut down: Assuning ihe resistance of water to be proportional to the velocity of the boat Fy id (@) how long the motorboat moved with the shutdown engine: {@) the velocity ofthe motorboat asa function of the distance. cov: red withthe shutdown engine, aa well as the total distance covered {he complete stope (6) the mean ‘veloity of the motorboat over the tine interval (beginning with the moment # = 0}, during which its velocity de- {Ot Having gone through a plank of thickness &, a bullet hanged its velocity fom vp to 0. Find the time af motion of the bulletin the rank amuming he rsistance fore toe proportional ‘.foa'A smal bar starts Sliding down an ‘aclined plane forming ‘angle «with the horizontal. ‘the frietion coefficient depends on Ae distance’ covered as F = az, where a is constant. Pind the Aistance covered by the bar till t stops, and its maximum velocy over this stance 1403. A‘body of mass m rests on « horizontal plane with the fic: ion concent k. At the moment # = 0'« horontal forests applied tol, which varies with time as F — al, where a is «constant vector aFind the distance traversed by the body during the first t seconds after the foree action began. {.404. A body of mass m ia thrown straight up with velocity 2p [Find tho velocity v' with which the body comes down if the air dra ‘equals lo, whore & ia a constant and vis the velocity of the body F hove. magoitude is. const ‘whose vector rotate in that plane with elect. Assum= to be stationney at att () the distance covered by. the partiele between two succosive stops {nd the moan velocity over ths t “1406. A small dise A is placed on an inclined plane forming an angle @ with the horizotel (Fig. 1.27) and is imparted an initial ‘elocity by. Find how the velocity of the dise depends on the ang It the friction cosfcient k~ tan a and at the initial moment gy 32, Pig, 12, 407. A chain of length 1 is placed on « smooth spherieal surface of radius R with one of its onde Bxed at the top of tho sphere, What ‘wil be the acceleration wo ofeach element of the chain when its upper Sha iets? Ti sumed tat the leg of he bain SPY; where a't este conan. Rin the work performed iy thistoron sod the Meroment of the body's potential energy {i mavitatiol fal of te Bath over te Ha a the event {WERK Te potential nurry aa urile ts eataa fla as ibe fora Ui eal ie where's and Bae postive comnts, ris the {Tetance rom tho contre af the et. Fin. ty rae of coefnaing tt sua poston fhe atielestaamine Shelber this position i sesdy i“ (b) the maximum magnitude of the attraction force; draw the pists U'oy'and Fy) tie poyecion of the force onthe radian vee ‘tin. tn a cartnin two-dimensional eld of fea the potential entey of «particle os te form Uta ys where and ite" postve Constante whose magnitudes ore dirt Find out ol whetier this contal {G} whats the shape ofthe ognetntalstass and also of the sutfens fr whic the nagtodn of thn rector of force Fm const 138. There aro two satonary folds of free Fo apt and F cr = asi + byl, where and J aro th wait vectors of tnd aad bre constant, Find oat mhethor thes elds are pot “if3h. A body of mass m is pushed with the initial weloety ‘up an inclined plane set at an angle oto the horisontal. The friction olicint fs al tok, What distance wil the body cover before Sopaend what works the frelon foes pedora over this dit S435. A small dise A slides down with initial vlocity equal to ses rie tp oath a hgh Hf hing hon portion (Fig 1-30), What mist be tho height of the horizon Ton Ato ensur the maxianum distange# covered hy the dise? What int egual wo {458.'K small body A start sliding from the height 4 down a0 inclined groove passing ito a hall-ciele of redive hi (Fig. 13h) 4 4 Mie 1.30 Fin 13 Assuming the friction to be negligible, nd the velocity of the body {the highest point of ls trajectory (ater breaking of the groove). 1.197. 4 ball of mass m is susponded by a throad of longth 1. With what minimum velocity has the point of suspension to be shifted in the Horizontal direction fo the ball to move slong the etele about that point? What will be the tension of the thread st the moment it will be passing the horizontal position? 'L.198."A horizontal plane supports «stationary vertical cylinder of radius Wand a dise attached to the eylinder by & horizontal theead AB of length fy (Pig. 1.32, top view). An initial velocity», iB Fig As. Fg. 438 1s imparted to the dse as shown in the figure, How toog_ will it ‘move along the plane until it strikes against the Oplinder? The frie tion is asane to be absent sas: 24.199. A smooth rubber cond of lngth 1 whose cota of elas ticity st i cuspmnded by one end fom th porn Figs 135), ‘he oer ond i Red with aveteh-3-'A small Gene A of asm san faling rom the point 0. Neglecting the sae of the threat {nthe cath, ft the masinum slonyatn ofthe cod 1.1004 smal br A oting on esoothhorisomel plane is at- tadied by threndsto a point P fig 1.20 ond, by mans of weights shad hn ae 7 . lo Ib a » oo ve oe Besides, the ar is also attached to a point O by means ofa light non Aeformed spring of length. fy — 80 cin and sifless x 5 mally ‘where m is the mas of the ba. The thread PA having been burged, the bar starts moving. Find its Velocity at the moment when iis broaking off the plane AAG A horizontal plane supports a plank with 2 bar of mase m= 1.0 kg placed on It and attached hy light elastic non-de- formed cord of length Jy 40 om to.a point © (Hip. 1-35), The coe ficiet of friction between the bar and the plank equals K = 0:20, The plank is slowly shifted to the right until the bor starts sliding over il Il occurs at the moment when the cord de ngle 0 =X Find the work that bi een perform 3 the friction force acting on the har ia the rel- fence frame fixed tothe plane. 1.142. A smooth light horizontal od AB can rotate about a ver- eal axis passing through its end.. The rod is Hted with a small love of mass m attached to the end A by a weightless spring of Leng {and stiffness. What work must be performed to slowly get this sYstem going and reaching the angular velocity 0? ‘4.148. A pulley fixed to the ceiling caries 4 thread with bodies of masses m, aid my atached to its ends. The masses of the pulley and the theead are nggligible, Friction Is absent. Pind the acceleration ‘woof the centee of inertin ofthis system. ‘144, Two Interacting particles form a closed system whose centre of inertia is at rest. Fig. 1-30 illustrates the positions of both par. ticles ata certain moment and the trajectory ofthe partile of mass my. Draw the iejectory ofthe pasticle of mast m if my = m2 ™ 0.38 ig is attached to a vor- of a thread (Pig. 1.37), and fotates with ‘angular velocity o — 35 rad/s. Tho thread forms an angle 6 "75" with We vertical. Find the distance between the chain's entre of gravity and the rotation axis, and the tension of the thread. % 1:46. A round cone A of mass m = 3.2 kg and halt angle = 10" rolls uniformly and without slipping long a round conical surface so that its apex O re- ‘mains stationary (Fig. 1.28). The centre of gravity of the cone A seat thesaine level as the point and ata distance f= {7 cm from it. The cones axis moves 3" ‘with angular velocity. Pind: (a) the static friction force scting on the cone A, ito = 10 rads (3) at what values of a the cone 4 will rll without if the coofcient of Trietion between the surfaces is equal Fg. 1.38 1.147. In the reference frame K two partiles travel along the = axis, one of mass m with velocity vy, and the other of mass with Velocity: ve, Find {@) the velocity V ofthe reference frame K” in which the cumulative kinetic enerzy of these particles is ‘minimum; (@) the cumulative kinetic energy of these particles in the K’ frame, “L148. The reference framo, in which the centre of inertia of a given aystem of particles Is at rest, translates with a volocty V relative ig 7. to on inertiel reference frame K. The mass of th ‘equals m, and the total energy of the system in the frame of the centre ‘of inertia is equal to B. Find the total energy E of this systom of partleles io the reference frame. K- 1:49, Two stall discs of masses mand m, Interconnected by a weightless spring rest on a smooth horitontal plane. The diss are set in motion with initial veloeties 0, and vy Whose directions are = s‘mutually perpendicular and Iie ina horizontal plane. Find the total, ‘nergy ofthis system in tho frame ofthe centre of inertia, "{s150, A system consists of two small spheres of tastes my and my interconnected by # weightless spring. AU the moment f= 0 the ‘phe re nt olan with iil weloten wy and a ‘which the system atarta moving inthe Earths uniform gravitational Feld. Noplecting the air drag, Bad the time dependence of the total ‘momentum of this aystem in the proosss of motion and of the radius Yectr of is cance ot inertia rative tothe inital postnn of the TA1St. Two bars of masoes my and my connected by a weightisa spring of tligess x (Pig. 1.39) ret on'a anooth hortzontal plane. a £ L, Lf pulons i. 140 Ber 2 is shifted small distance tothe left and then releaed. Find th fly ofthe cnr of fae ofthe apo alo ar? hea 1352."Two bare connected by a woightles sprig of stisies sant length (inthe aon deformed state) seston 4 horizontal plane ‘Xonatant horizontal fore F starts ating on ove af the bars shown in Fig, 110, Find the maxiam and misum distances between the bars uring the subsequent motion of the ayeem, the maces of the bans ae (a) equals {Beda com, end ms, and tho force Fis applied to the bar of EIB" A atom cmt of wo nti tes, nc of am ied togeter by the compres. weightless pring of suas (Eig: 1.4%). The bes ave also connected by thread Mile is Darned through sta esrtain momect. Find: 7 Me) at what valves of AL the ital compression of ihe spring, the lower cube will bounce up afer the thread is been burwed throu foto wha ait hth, ante of pravty of hin fn system wll rie ithe nti compression of the spi Brey mabe. a ante 1154. Two identical buggies J and 2 with one man ip cach move without frelon. dve to Inertia along the parallel ralla toward each other. Whon the bugle get oppsi other sho men exchange thelr places by jumping tn the sire: tion perpendicular to the motion zetion. Aa consoquenss, Dusyy w 14 bogey 2 keops moving i ction, with its ve- {ity becoming equal to v. Find the initial velocities of the buggies Whi vy if the mass of each buggy (without a man) equals Mand Ue mase'of each man rm. "155: Two identical buggies move one after the other due to inertia (withont friction) with the same velocity Vp. A man of mass rides {he rear buggy. Ata certain moment the man jumps into the front Dusuy with’e velocity u relative to his buggy. Knowing that the tise of each boggy is equal to M, find the velocities with which the Duggies will move after that F156, Two men, each of mass m, stand on the edge of «stationary hogy ot an Bf. suming the ection io be Selig velocity of the buggy after both men jump off with the same hori Zootal velocity g relative to the buggy: (1) simultaneously; 2) one Site the other. In what cave will the ¥elocty ofthe buggy be greater Mt how many times? "L157" A chain haage ona thread and touches the surface ofa table by its lowes end: Show that after the (bread has bean burmed through, the foree exerted on the table by the falling part of the chain at any moment is twice as greet ea the force of pressure exerted by the part trendy resting on the table J stops Te156. A stool ball of mass m = 50 g falls from the height A = = iO m on the horizontal surface of a massive slab. Find the eum [ative momentum that the ball imparts to the flor numerous bounces, if every impact deereases the velocity of the ball n = 1.25 times. 4:150, A raft of mass M with aman of massm aboard stays motion lest on tho surlace of lake, The man moves a distance V. relative to the raft with velocity ¥'(@) and then stops. Assuming the water Feeistanee {0 be negligible, find: Wa) the displacement of the rit relative to the shore; {8} the hertzontal component ofthe force with which the man acted on the raft during the motion. "160. A stationary pulley cartes a rope whose one end supports ladder with a man and the other end the countersoight of mast M. ‘The man of masem climbs up a distance 1’ with respect to the ladder dnd then stops. Negleeting the mass of the rope and the friction in the pulley exle, find the displacement I of the centre of inertia of this eystom, Tut A‘canon of mat stare aiding tly down a smooth Inlined pl ile to the horizontal, Alter the eannon cov red, the she leaving the canton in imp. As a consequence, the innon stopped. Assuming the mass of the shell to be negligible, “compared to that of the canton, determine the duration of the shot {'i62, 4 horizontally Oying bullet of mass m gets stuck in a body cof mass Mf suspended by two identieal Uoreads of length I (Fig. 1.42). aAs rm the tees swerve through an ane, Assuming m ma). Find the maximum angle through ‘Tile the striking particle may deviate asa rsult of the collision. 117. Thzes identical dises 4, B, and C (Fig. 145) reat on a smooth horizontal plane. The dise A set in motion with velocity ¥ alter =‘which it experiences an clastic collision simultaneously with the ists B and C. The distance between the centres of the latter discs [rior tothe collision is times greater than the diameter of each dise. Find the velocity of the dise A after the Callison. At what value of will the dice ae 4 real fer the align: stop: move on? 177. A molecule callies with enother, (>)_2, / Oe Demonstrate that the angle of divergence 8 ‘stationary, “molecule. of the” same. tase yeas 90" when the isons ally os clastic (dirs trom £0" when the colison nee is inelastic 178. A rockot ejects « steady relative to the ocket. The gos is whose velocity is equal to w argo rate oquals Hkg’s. Demon ‘that the rocket’motion equation inthis case takes the form now = F = py ‘m is the mass of the rocket ata given moment, w I6 Its aceel- ma and F is the extersal force 1479. A rocket moves in the absence of external foross by eject- iy Jet with velocity w constant relative to tho rocket. Find the velocity ¥ of the rocket at the moment when its mass is ‘equal to m, if at the initial moment it possessed the mass my and {te velocity was equal to nero. Alake se of the formula given tthe foregoing problem. 1-180. Find the law according 10 which the mass of the rocket varies with time, when the rocket moves with a constant sccae ton wy the external forces aro absent, the gas escapes with a com stant velocity w relative to the rocket, and Its mas at the Initial ‘moment equals my WaSt. A spaceship of mass my moves in the absence of external forces with a'eonstant Velocity vy, To change the motion direction, ‘jot engine is switchod on, It starve ejecting a ges jet with velocity ‘which is constant relative to the spaceship and directed at right ‘angles (o the spaceship motion. The engine is shut down when the rats of the spaceship doereases to m, Through what sngle a did the ‘motion direction of the spaceship deviate due to the jet engine op- 1-182. A cart loaded with sand moves along a horizontal plane due ‘to a constant force F coinciding in direction with the car's velocity Hole in the bottom vith ff, iat the initial moment {= O the cart ‘with loaded sand had the mass my and its Velocity was equal to toro, ‘The tricion ta to he neglected. 4.483. Aatcar of mass mg starts moving to the right due to a constant horizontal force F’ (Pig. 1.48). Sand spills on the tear from a stationary hopper. The velocity of loading is constant aod qual to j Kg/s. Find the time dependence of the velocity and the Sccoleration of the flatear in the process of loading. The friction Is fogligtbly small ‘si. A chain AB of length 1 is located in a smooth horizontal tubo so that its fraction of length h hangs freely and touches the surface of the table with its end B (Pig. 1.47). At certain moment Pip 1.48, Pip tar, free. With what velocity will this end bet Particle rlative to a certain SINE, whete sand b are con t vectors, with ab. Find the force moment N relative to the point 0 scting on the particle when the angie between the vectors N and M equals 45°. ‘L188. A ball of ass m is thrown at en angle «to the horizontal with the initial velocity by- Find the Uime dependence of the ag nitudo of the balls angular momentum vector relative to the poist from which the ball i thrown. iad the naguler momentom Mf at the highest point of the trajectory ifm = 180 gy a.— 45, andy — "95 mis. The ai drag isto be noglacted 1487. A dise of ass m sliding over & smooth horizontal surface with velocity » experiences perfectly elastic collision with a smooth stationary wall at a point O (Fig. 1.48). The Angle between the motion direction of the ise 4 fd the normal of the wall is equal toc. Find (a) the points colative to which the angular momentum M of the dise romaine constant fn this process (@)the magnitude of the increment of th vector of the disc's angular momentum relative {to'the point O° whichis located. nthe plane ofthe dise’s motion at the distance [rom the point 0. 4.488. A small ball of mass m suspended Fit. 1.48, from the coiling ate poigt O bys thresd of length moves along’ horizontal circle with a constant angul Velocity w. Kelative to which points does the anguler momentum M of the ball remain constant? Bind the magnitude ofthe Ineexentof the vector of the bal's angular momentum relative to the point pickad up during half « revolution. 1580. AU Dall of mase me falls down without initial velocity from height f over the Earth's surface. Find the ineroment of the all's Sngilar momoatim vector picked up during tho timo of falling (ela- tive to the point 0 of the fefronce frame moving teanslationally tn {horizontal drvetion ‘with « velocity ¥). The ball starts falling from the point O. The air drag ie to be noglected. T190. A'smooth horizontal dise totates with a constant angular velocity o about # stationary vertical axis passing through ts eantro, the point 0. At a moment f — 0a dise is set in motion from that be ft i ne Fig. 4.48, Fig. 130 point with velocity vy. Find the angular momentum AF (2) of the {ise relative to the polat O in the reference frame fixed to tho dis, Mako sure that this engular momentum is caused by the Corio force, {ai91. A particle moves along « closed trajectory in a contra field of foror where the particles potential energy U — fe" (kis 2 positive eonetant, ris tho distance of the particle from the cantro O Ur ihe field). Find the sass of the particle if ils minimum distanco from the point Owqualer and its velocity at the potat farthest from 0 onaale Py 1:192.‘A amall ball is suspended from a point O by a light thresd of length {."Then the ball i drawn aside <0 that the three deviates through an angle 8 from the vertical snd st in motion In a hore tontal direction st right angles to the vertical plano in which the thread is located. What fe the inital velocity that has to bo imparted {0th bal that i ald deviate through th anu a in the procass of motion 44498", small body of mass me tied to a nonrstrtchable thread moves over @ smooth horizontal plane, The other vad of the thread {being drewa into a hole O (Pig. 4.49) with a constant velocity. Find the thresd tension a4 funetion of the distance r between the body end tho hole it r-~'ry tho angular volocty of the thread is sual to ae ‘e194. A light non-stretahable thread is wound on @ messive fixed pulley of radius ft. A small body of mass m is thd to the free end Sr ths thread. At s moment {=O the system is reloazod and starts ‘moving. Find ite angular momentum relative to the pulley axle as function of time f « lA anny nh of mac nd a tart oling without slipping down an inclined plane at an engl a to the hor Tontal. Find the time dependence af the angulor momoatam of the [Sphere relative to the polt of contact st the initial momeat. How Tie ohio rele changy tn theese of petty sot cliaed 1-196. X cortaia sytem of particles possesses total momentum nd'an angular momentum Molative to point O. Find its angular ‘omentum M.eelative to point O- who position with mepet to {he point O'is deormined hy the radius ettor ty. Find ovt when ‘he Bngular momentum of the system of particles doce no depend fm thevehoic of the point 0. 1197. Demonstrate that the angular momentom M of the systom of parte aie to 9 pon Oo th fre ram Ken bo presented a8 MS 4 trop, ‘whero MI is its proper angular momentum (in the reference freme ‘moving transationally and Sed to the centr of inertia) fe Is the ‘radius vector of the centre of inertia relative to the point O.'p is the {otal momentum of the systam of particles tn the reference frame K. 1198. A ball of mast'm moving with velocity vg experiences 6 hetd-on elastic collision with one of the spheres of a stationary ‘ight dombbell as whown in Fg. 1-50. The mass of each sphere equals ‘mid, and the distance between them isl. Disregending the sizeof the sphere, find tho proper angular momentum AY of the dambboll after the collision, Lo, the engular momentum in the reference frame mov {ng translational and fixed to the dumbbells centre of inertia 1.198. Two small identical dises, each of mass m, ison a smooth horizontal plane. The dises are interconnected. by’ alight. nou de- {formed spring of length [y and stilness x. Ata certain moment one of the dies {s set in motion in a horizontal direction perpendicular to the spring with velocity Uy. Find the mexiniam elongation of the spring in the procass of motion, if itis kuown to be considerably Tees than unity. 4.4, UNIVERSAL GRAVITATION + Universe revitetion tae 7 (say ‘The aguars of the prodn of rvaasin of any two planet around the ‘un she propionate he Cubes ofthe major somlotes of tele is (Keple Te a (ib) potential of the gravitational + Seng a 15 Orbit and eseape velo: - ae VEE = ¥En, say4.200, A plonst of mass M moves along a circle around the Sun with velocity b= 349 kin/s (clave to the heliocentric reference Tame}. Pind the period of rvotution of this planot around the Sun, “L20i, The Jupitor's period of revolution around the Sun is 13 times that of the Barth” Assoming the planetary orbits to be circular, fin: (a) bow many times the distance between the Jupiter and the Sun excouds thet between the Earth and the Sun; () the velocity and the acceleration of Jupiter in the heliocentric ference ‘e 1202. 4p so that its minimum di oum distance to 2 Meng use of Kepler's laws, fod Its period of evolution around the Sun 1:203. A fall body stars felling onto the Sun from a distance ‘equal to the radius of the Earth's orbit. The tatiel velocity of the Sbdy ig equal to zero ia the heliocoatric roorence frame. Making tse of Kepler's laws, ind how long the body wil be falling. “L204. Suppose we have made a model of the Solar system scaled down in the ratio but of materials of the seme moan density as the actual materials of tho planets and the Sun. How will the orbital periods of revolution of planetary models change in this case? 11205. A double star isa system of two stars moving around the conire of norte of the system de to gravitation. Find the distance Setween te compononte of the double star, if its total mass equals MF ‘and the period of revolution "1.206, Find the potential energy of the gravitational interaction (6) of two masa points of masses mand m located at distance r from ach other; “h) of a mass point of mass m and a thin uniform rod of mass M an Fength if thoy see located along a straight Line at a distance a from each other; also ind the Torce of their inter “L207. A’planet of mass me moves along aa ellipse around the Sun oo that {ig haximom snd aiaimum distancis from the Sun are equel to rr and ry respectively. Find the angular momentum AP of this Planet relative to tho contre of the Sun ‘long an ol tnorgy-as function of a 1A'planet A moves slong an elliptical orbit around the Sun. Av ihe moment whoa It was at the distance re [som the Sua its velo- ity was oqual to ond the aoglo betwoon the radius vector ry and the velocity vector ¥, was equal to a, Pind the maximum, and tini- frum distanese thet wil separate this planet trom the Sun daring Hs orbital motion 1.310.-A cosmie body A moves to the Sun with velocity vy (when far from the Sin) snd aiming parameter 1 the arm of the vector vo “ relative to the centre of the Sun (Pig. 1.51). Find the minimum aise fence by which this body will got to the Sun. ‘L214, A particle of mass m is located outside @ uniform sphere of mast Bf at'n distance r from its centre. Find: (a) the potential energy of gravitational Interaction of the particle and the sphere ib) the gravitational force which the sper exerts on the particle 4.212. Demonstrate that the gravitational fore ecting on par- ‘ela 4 ‘inside a uniform spherical layer of matter is equal to zero. “213. A particle of mast m wes transferred from the contro of th bate of a utiform hemtephere of mass AF and radius Ft into iabnity Fie 54. What work yas performed in the prosss hy the gravitational force rte om the particle by the hewepherst 214. Ther is uniform sphere of mass A ond radiue R Pind the strength © andthe potential of the gravitational fold of this Spare aaa function of the dist > feom ia entre (ith Fz SES Ay Brew ie sppontnate pas of te enins 2) nd 0 TEs? inside« ullorm spay of nig p thr ig sph cavity whow contre is at distance 1 Trom th centro of the spor. inde strength Gof the gravitational eld aside the exvity ‘246. A uniform sphere fee's mane Mand radius R Pind tho ‘presse p inside the sphere, eased hy gravitational compression, Bie tunduon of the datenco rifom ie utr. Evaluate p a tho ‘try of the Earthy sstuming i to be a uniform sphere T:Eif Find the proper potential eaergy of gravitational itera tion of matter foratag Yq) thin uniform epharical layer of mas m and radiue Ri {8} tunitorm sphoreot asm snd radius W (ake woof the answer to Peony 134), 1.218. Two Barth's satelite move in common plane slong oir cular orbits: Th oriial rads of one satellite r= 7000 km le {hat of the othor satelite ia Ar 0 em lass” What time interval Separates tho periodic approeches of tho satel to eachother over Go misioum distance 1.318. Calculate the ratios of the following acsleations: the scclesiion ty du tothe gravitational forea on the Earth's surfocthe acceleration w, due to the contrfugal force of inertia on the Earth's equator, atd the accolertion wy caused by the Sun to the bodies om tho Earth 1.290, At what height ovor the Barth's pole tho froe-fall accole ratio decrooses by one per cents by hall? 1.221. On the pole af the Earth body is imparted velocity vy directed vertically up. Knowing tho radius of the Barth and the free fall sovsleation on Tis worface, find the height to which the body ‘wil socend. Tho air drag is to be-noglected. 1.208. An artificial satellite fs Iounehed into cioulae orbit around the Barth with velocity v relative to the reference frame moving tans- Jationally and Sxed to tho Barth's rotation axis, Find the distance {rou the satellite tothe Earth's surfaco. The radius of tho Barth and the fovefell ncceleration on Its surface azo supposed to be known. 1.285. Caleulate the radius of the eireular orbit of a stationary Barth's satallita, whieh remains motionless with respect to its sur- face. What are lis velocity nnd acceleration ia the inertial reference frame fixed at a given moment to the contro of the Earth? TOBA. A. satellite evolving in a cirular oquatorial orbit of re dig A 2.00-10" ki from west to east appoars over a certain point St the equator every t= 44.6 hours. Using those data, ealculate fhe mass of the Earth. The gravitational eoastaat is supposed to be knowa, 1.205 A satolliterovolves from east to west in a clzcular equatorial orbit of radius 100-40" kaa around the Earth. Find the velocity fd tho acceleration of the satelite in the rofereace frame Hxed to the Barth, 1.208. A satallite must move io the equatorial plane of the Earth close to its surface either in the Earth's rotation direction or against 1c°Find how mony times the kinetic energy of the satellite in the Inter caso exesnds that ia the former cas (inthe reference frame xed (0 the Bart). 1.957, An tific) satellite of the Moon gevolves in a citculae orbit whose radius exceuds the radive of the Moon 7 times. In the Satellite experienoas 9 slight resistance due t0 the resistance forge to depond on the velocity faP, whore or is'a constant, nd how long the ‘xtellito wil Sit until i falls onto the Moon's surface. {M08 Calculate the orbital and eetape velocities for the Moon. Compare tho results obtained with the corresponding velocities for the Earth 1.280. A spaceship approsches the Moon along a parabolic trajec- tory which is almost tangent to the Moon's surface, At the moment ff tho meximom approae the brake rocket was fired fora short time fnvorval, and the spaceship was transfered into a circular oF Moon satellite, Find how the spaceship velotity modulus inrossed fn the proceat of braking 11236."A spaceship ‘launched into a circular orbit close to the Barth's surface. What additional velocity has to be imparted to the pncaship to overcome tho gravitational pull? 1.281. At what distance from the coatre of the Moon is the poiat at which the strength of the rosultaat of the Earth's and Moon's gravitational fields is equal to zoro? ‘The Farth’s mass is assumed to bon = 81 times that of the Moon, and the distance hetweun tha con- fos of thes planots 60 times sroatarthaa the radius of the Baeth 1.282, What is the minimum work that has to be posformed to beg actip mest 2.0108 fom the suretol te Earth 1.253. Find approximately the third cosmic velocity vy 0. the ‘minimum velocity that ins to be imparted to s body relative to the Earth's surface to drive it out of the Solar system, The rotation of the Easth shout its own axis it to be noglocted 1.5, DYNAMICS OF A SOLID pop ‘+ ouation of dynamics of «sll body rotating shou 8 wtationacy axis = My (4.5) here 1, 6 the algsbene sum of dhe moments af extra ores ative tothe FAED pccording to Steiner's theotem: To To met as) “+ Kiowtc energy ofa solid ody rotating about stationary axes roadie. (as) seat gh zeonmed by eter fares daring the ration a lid body Ae freee us Wine eee of slid ody im plane matin rath aE 59 oasip betmcen the anzula wleity of gyroacope prcesan, ste angler mormontans M egal to ahd he moment W athe ee for Ww) = a3 4.284, A thin uniform rd of mass m ~ 1.0 kg moves trans ionalty with aeceleration w =2.0 mist due to two alipralel Torens Fy and Fy (Fig. 152). Too distance betwoun the pointe st which these {orca arésppied i equal to = 30 cm. Besiles, tis known that FL 80 NFind te length of the tod {C2850 A fores F= AUB] is applied to a potat whose radi vetior relative to tho origin of oondlnates fs equal to F ~ al = Pfr where o, by Ay Bane constants, nf} are the eat votors ofthe 2 and y axes, Find the moment N and tho arm J of the force F twlative to the poiat 0. 1.236. A foree F, = A] is epplied to a point whose radius vector 1 aly while force Py = tis applied to the point whose radius Vector ty'= bj. Both radius vectors are determized relative to the ‘origin of coordinates 0, 4 and j are the unit vectors of the z and y ‘7 ol ls ig 1.82. Hig, 489 sass, o, by A, B ar constants, Find the erm J of tho resultant force Telatie (the point O- 1239, Thre ores aro applied to © square plate aa shown in Fig, 153. Find the modulus direction, end the point of pplication {ing gesltent fore, if this point ie ten on the td BU ‘238. Find the moment of ner (0) of thin uniform rod rulative tothe axis which is porpendicalar to the rod and pasos toxgh fs end tthe mass ofthe eo Io m end {ta oogth “o) af © thin unorm rectangular plate relative to the axis passiog yetpondiculer to the plane of tho plate through dne ofits vertices, T'ke'sidos ofthe plato are equal 10 and by and ita mass im Uda aaa” the naman a ine : {6} of « coppor unions: dae relative to the symmetry axis porpon- aialar tothe plane of the dine fits thieknge sequal to =20 mm nd its redive to 100 mim “b) oft uniform solid cone relative to its symmetry axis, i the smisy of the cone is ogual to m and the rai af ts base to ‘L240, Demoustroe that ke caae of = thin plate of arbitrary shape tigre isthe following rolaonship betweow the moments of Inertia: fy-+ 4 Ty, where subindioe {, 2, and 3 define theve {Wally porpendbular Saou passing through one polat with axes end 2m ithe plane of the pat. Onng she rltgship, Sn the nomen of irda ofa thin uniform round dae of radius Wend mass mm relative to the exis colgeding with ome of ia dinners {241."A Sniform dive of tadine f= 20 em hes 2 round cut as shown in Pig: 1.54 The mass of the romaining Ghaded) portion ofthe ise equals m = 7.3 kg. Pind the moment of inertia of such a dise relative tothe axis passing through lis centre of inertia and perpen Aiculas to the plane of the dise 1242, Using the formula for the momont of inertia of « uniform photo, Hind the moment of inertia of a thin spherical layer af ase mand radius It reletive to the axis passing through ite centre, {Dkg. A ght thread with 3 body of mess m Led to ils end Is wound ‘on a aniform solid cylinder of mass Mand rads (Fig. 1.55). At moment 20 the systom Issel ta motion ‘Assuming the friction in the axle of tho eylia: der to be negligible, find the time dependence of (@) the angular velocity of the cylinder: () the kinetic energy of she whole system Y24h. The ends of thin threads. tightly wound on the eale of radius r of the Maxwell Soave atch to a haicontal bar, “When ‘he dso unwinds, the bat is aised to keep the fiseat the same height. The mass of the dise FIC 154 with the axlo isequal to m.the moment of Iertia ofthe arrangement relative to is axis J. Pind the tension of ‘each thvad and the acceleration of the ba. 1-245. A thin horizontal uniform rod AB of mass m and longth J can rotate freely about a vertical axis passing through its ong. A ‘Ata certain moment the end B starts experiencing 8 constant fovea qf Fg. 13 Pl. 1.86 F which is always perpendicalar to the original position of the sta- tionsry rod and directed in-a horizontal plane. Find the angular ve- locity of the tod as fonction ofits rotation angle g counted relative to the initial postion 1.246, In the arrangoment shown in Fig. 1.56 the mass of the uni- form solid'eslinder of radias Ris equal fo m ond the masses of two Bodies are equal to.m, and m,. The thread slipping and the fiction inthe axle of the eylinder ae Supposed to be abseats Find the angler acceleration of the cylinder and the ratio of tensions 7y'T, af the vertical sections of the tread in the process of motion.1.247. In the system shown in Fig. 4.57 the masses of the bodies are known to be mand my, the coefiien of frition between the body tr and the horizontal plone is equal to &, and e pulley of mass m tassumed to be a uniform dise. The thread does not alip over the pulley. At the moment £ =" 0 the body m, starts desconding. Assum= Fig the moss of the thaead and the friction in the axle of tho pulley to be negligible, find the work performed by the friction forees acting fn the body m, over the frst £ seconds after the bogianing of motion. ‘1248, uolionn eslinder of radius Rie spinnod about Its as to the angular velocity wy and then placed lato a corner (Fig. 1.58). tery" a Fig 157. Fig. 1.58, ‘The coefciont of freon betwoon the corner walls and the eylindor ‘equal to E- How many turns wil the eylinder accomplish before i ape? £5200. & uniform dise of xdiue is spinned tothe angular velocity co tnd then carefully pled on a horizontal surfeon, How long wil the die be rotating om the sures ifthe friction coeticiat is equal {OE The presue exerted by the dsc on tho surface can be regarded 2 unitorm 1250.°A ftywhool with the initial angular velocity oy dcclerates due to the forces whose moment relative to the axis Is proportional {othe square rot of is aagulor velocity” Find the mean angolar Nejocity bf the iywheol averaged over tho total deceleration time {'2ot, ‘uniform eylinder of radius ead mass MY ean rotate freee ly about a stationary hortaontal axis O (Fig. 139), A thin cond of Teogti and moss'm fs wound on the eytinder in a single ler. Pind tc ongulor soceeration ofthe ylindar s-s fanetion of the length ofthe hanging part of the cord. The wound part of tho cord is up- sowed to have fs centre of gravity on the epliner axis ‘258, A uniform sphere of mas 'm aad eadtue Mt rolls without slipping down an inclined plane set st an angle to tho horiaootal. Fink 1) the maging of the ton ete t which sptg (0) the kinetic energy ofthe sphere socnds ater tho begining ot motion, 13554 uniform cylinder of mass m = 8.0 kg and radius 13 cu igs 1.00) sorte descending at a moment t= O.due to fvity. Neglecting the mass of the thread, find (0) the te cylinder (0) th time dependence ofthe instantancous power developed b ‘the grevitational force. a ved by 1.254, Thin theesds ry tightly wound on the ends of «uniform solid-eglinder of mast The rs ets ofthe threads ar attach fo Pg. 1 {he ceiling ofan elevator car. Thecartarts going up with an astlers tion we, Find the acceleration w”of the cylinder folative to the ear and the ore Fexerod bythe eyinderoa thecelling (through the tress), 1.355. A'spoo! witha shtead wound on ii paced on on daclined smoth plane st a an angle. = 0" tothe horiaontal. The fre end ‘lth thread is attached to tho wall ss shown in Fig: 191, The tos OF pal tm AU eet offi seve ows fale! = 045 gra, tho min ofthe wound thread layer * — 3.0 em Find the acceleration of the spool Daina 1-256. A uniforn slid eylinder of mass m sts on owo horizontal plas A thread is wound 90 the cylinder. The henging nd of the Eine i pulled venically down with a contant lors B Fig. 1.6, ion of each thread and the angular acceleration of the Pig. 16. Fig, 1.62 Find the maximum magnitude of the force. which still does not bring about any sliding of the eylindor it the cnefciont of feition Between the eylinder and tho planks is equal to k. Whet is the ac: oexertion tags a he axis of the exiner lig down the ieined Plane? 1/257. A spool with thread wound on it, of mass m, ests ona rough horizontal surface, Its moment of inertia relative to ls own eis is fequal to / ~ yf, whero yi ¢ numorlesl Tactor, and Is the out- {he tadjus of the spool. The radius of te wound thevad layee i equal tor. The spool is pulled without sting by the thread with «constant force F aitroted at an angle to the horizontal (Fig. 1.03). Find (0) the projection of the acceleration vector of the spool axis onthe (bh) the work porformed by the force F during the frst ¢ seconds ter the beplaning of motion. ‘258. ‘The arrangement shown in Fig 4. consists of two identical ‘unform solid cylinder, each of masa m, on which two Tight threads ig. 1.6 ce wound symmetrically. Pind the tension ofeach thread in the pro- fase of motion. The friction in the axle of the upper cylinder is ‘sumed to be absent 350. In the arrangement shown in Pig. 1.65 a weight A poswesee mass m9 palley B posetsees mace Mf Also kaown are the moment of {nora 7 of the pulley zelative to its axis and the radii of the pulley se R and 20. The mass of the theeads is negligible. Find the accelere- dromot ae weight forte apron i tf 7 Stan uniform slid eylinder of mast m, ca roy rotate about ivoutel ons xed to mount 0 of mass me (Eig. 488). A con: Sia horizontal fren F ie appted to theend of ight thea tight Ty wound on the estingrs ‘The te ton between the mount and the sup. ting orizogtal plane is sumed be thant lad: (a) the aceleration of the point: (3) the Kinet omersy of thi ys. tern seconds afer the begining of mote : “EBBL. A plank of mass my witha anton sphere of mss’ placed on rests om a sooth horibmal plane ‘A Constant horizotal foreo F's Splied to the plank. With what coloration will the panic andthe erate of th sphere move pro ded tare ts no siting hetwoon the plank tnd the shore? ‘nd."K untforn solid eylindor of ase m and rai Fe oot fa rolation about its axis with an angulsr velocity, then lowered with Tis Intra surface onto a horicomal pane and lends Th float of fietion between the ellndee Find: {a) how long the eyliner will move with sliding: (5) the total wort prtormed by the ding fretion force acting "1-288. A uniform bal of radu r rolls without slipping dowa from the top of jas. Find tho angular velocity of the bal, ‘aU the moment {breaks off the sphore. ‘Tho initial vlocity of tho ball is neeligible 1.264."A uniform solid eylindor of radius to» 15 em rolls over a horizontal plane pessing into an inclined plane forming an angle Pip 8 ip 18 2 = 9° with the horizontal Fig. 1.67). Find the maximum value of the valoity oy which stil permite th oylinder tool onto tho inclined plane section’ without a jump. The sliding is assumed to be abseat. ais xe othe isi ofa thin egid hoop of ins an nas equal to tha of the body The hoop walls wittone sllopog overs horizontal planes atthe sooats wan the bod gots into the lowor position, th ent of the hoop moves with velsicy ig $00, Pi. 17, (Pa. 1.65), At what values of wll the hoop move without houne- ie 286. Determne the kinetic energy of tractor erewtr blt of smasym if the trator motes with weloeity (ge 85) ‘L2H ior phere of as al nas’ role with ie dng over horteoatal plane, rating about» hortontl sale (Flas. Ta she process the cance‘ tho." NoTONA! sale OA Sphie moves with eloehy song ecivle Oi rion Hr Find the Kinecenesy of the ‘nl 13h. Demonstrate that in the reference frame oating with ">" constant angular Yelocty'@ nhout satonsry ais Df mse m experiences the fesulant (G)centifagal force of inertia, Ry = a\mu't, were Reis the tedius €6sor af the body's cone of iesia ela to the ain on ii ovee Foy — 2m Iv, where 120 the velocity of The body's “enue ot Inertia inthe rotating reteence true 1.208, x midpoint ata thin uaifor rod Ad of tase mand length 1s lly fed to rotation axle OO" a shown Tn Fig. Ltt Phe rod ist loto rotation with a contant angular velocity", Pind the fesultant moment ofthe centiugal foes uf inertia teative Wo the Foint Cin th eterence frome fed tothe ae OO" and to the ro 270.‘ conical pendlam, thin nto rod of length apd in state gmt ans rica ue wih nga lot SRE aa aged). Find the angle 8 bntueen the 271. Auiform cube with edge gests ona horizontal plane whose fection coefcien equals &- The ube is stip matin withon tal ‘elocty travels some distance over the plane and come toe stemd. « ' still, Bxplain the disappearance of the angular momentum of the ‘ube relative to the axis tying in the plane at right angles to tho ‘ube's motion direction, Find the distance between the resultant of (qavitational foress and the reaction forces exerted by tho support fing’ plane, 1.272. A smooth uniform rod Ai of mass M and length 1 rotates, tresiy with an angular voloety Gp in 8 horizontal plane about a sto- tionary vertical axle passing through ite end A. A sual sleeve of hase m starts sliding along the rod from the point A. Find the veloc ity o” of tha sleeve folative to the rod at the moment lt reaches Its other ad. 4.273. A uniform rod of mass m = 5.0 lg and length 2 = 90 em rests on a smooth horizontal surface One ofthe ends of the tod is struck tvth the impulse J 3,01N:s in a horizontal diection perpendicular to the rod: As'a result, the rod abtains the momentum p=3.0 Ns. Fina the force with which one half ofthe tod will act on the other in the process nfimetion, 1.274. A thin uniform square plate with side J and moss AF can rotate frely shout a stationary vertical axis eoluelding with one of Hts sides, A small bal of mass m fying with velocity v at right angles to the plate strikes elastically the centr of it. Fad (a) the velocity of the boll v" after the impact {3} the horizotal component of the zesultant Tones which the axis will exert ou the plate after the impact. 1.27%. A vortislly oriented uniform rod of mass M and length 1 can rotate about ile upper end. A horizontally fying bullet of mass imstrikes the lower end ofthe od and gos stuck (nit 96a eval, the fod sings through an angle a. Assuming that m . Fina: (3) the rational decrement ofits volume {5} the lationship between the compressibility Band th oastic constants aod Slow thet Poli's ratio cannot exceed 12 ‘One ent of stl fectangularsirlr i embedded into 2 vali (ig. L7H. Duo to gravity it sage alghtly. Find the radios of Sarvoture of the neutral foyer ae the dated Tne fn the figure) fn‘the vicinity of the point O i the length of the protruding section of 1 sade gua to = 6.0m and the ticks ofthe ner goals 1.801. The bending of an elastic rod is described hy the elastic ceric pissing through centres of gravity of os crasaections At ‘Snail Bendings the equation of this curve takes the form we 1 () 8h bending moet of he leaf the Srey rerponaig ton fcordanes Es Youngs modula, FSS ome ont oh tower oe spa ing throgh the neste! Iyer T= [8S Pig. 1.2) Suppose one end of steel rod of square crott-ection withsie a in-embdded Into @ well the proteading section elng of Tenth 1 Fig 6 (i. 1.76). Assuming the mess of tho rod to be negligible, nd the Shape ofthe elastic curve andthe deletion of the rod hy Its end ‘bending moment of the couple Nu Baton nied song th Yani, ‘tect irder ‘of ength resis freely on (Pig. 72. Tho moment of inertia ofits cross-section Ts equal to T (e8 the foregoing problem), Neglecting the mass of the girder and ‘SScuming the sagging tobe aight ind the defection}. due the force Fappliow to the middle of the gird 1309."The thickness of a rectangular steel girder equals. Using the equation of Problem 401, find the defeetion i tausod by the Weight of tho girder in two cases Va) one end of the girder {s embedded foto a wall with the length ‘of the protruding seation being equal to (Fig. 78a). (b) tl gitder of length 2t vets freely on two supports (Fi o supports 1.788). 1.04. A steel plate of thickness has the shape ofa square whose side oaals [with haf Tao plate Is rigidly fixed to. vertical 2x16 —— Pip 137 90 which stat with constant snglar accleration (Pig, L.79) Find the deflection h assuming the sagzing to be sms e306: otermfan he rou fatween tow torque Wand the torsion angie g for (a) the tube whose wall thickness Or fs considerably los than the ‘ube radius; (5) for the solid od of eigcalar erose-setion. Tht length J, ra- dina r, and shear modulus Gare supposed to be known, 8 S33, o ig 1.78 Pig 4.70 4.306. Calculate the torque 4 twisting a ste! tube of length "i'm through an angie g 200 Gutsde diameters of the tube are equal to 5) ‘om {:307, Find the maximum powor which can be transmitted by aesne ofa steel shaft rotating bout its axis with an angular velocity = 120 radia, i its lengths ~ 200 em, radius r = 4-30 cm, and he permissible torion sagle 9 = 2.5" {.d08. A uniform ring of mass m, with the ouside radius ry, is sited tightly on a ‘shaft of radius m The sha is rotated about ita fanis with constant angular seeeoration pind the moment of slate forees in the ving 84a funetion of the distance som the ro- 11308, Find the elastic deformation energy of a ste! rod of mass mo 3.i kg stretched to a tonale strain = 1.0°10 i510. Asie linden! rd of length {snd radius rf suspended by its end from the celing {a) Find the elastic deformation energy U of the rod £0) Detine & in terms of tensile steain ALT of the ro.1.311, What work has to be performed to make hoop out of a ibd of length {= 20 mt with h 6:0 em and thickness ‘20 mm? The proces ie asuined to prooed within the elasticity Tangs of the materia T5312 Fina 'th elastic deformation energy of steel rod whose pe end is fod and the othr ie tvstd through ap engle p ~ 6-0 Theat te ad al oF = 10. my and the rales oF 1.518 Find how the volume density of the elastic deforsation nergy is divtibuted in a see rod depending on he distance r fom ‘tenet ‘he length of the rod is equal tof the torsion angle to 1314, Find the volume density af the clastic deformation energy in ies wer atthe depth of R= 1000 4.1. MYDRODYNAMICS tt née eration of yim fel Bai Eaeran se eg the ld deny, fis the volume density of mas foes ‘he's of gall), Up's tha prsars pradient ‘ Baenocll'sogetin. Ta the sendy ow ofa ies! uid Pe soph pa const ay long aay seems " Neynolds suber desing the Sow pastrn of «viscous Mis Re= pei, ae ‘whee {ina charset log, isthe Bad viscosity. flo’ law. The ylue of uid Doing through s cress tbe (in hee ani aR =p 8) oT rads oud length,» — py 6 the pes dier- 2 be ee r @ sntee R aa 1 tk! lw. The friton force on th sper of radius + moving tv vitor Bi: an P= Gams 9) 41.315. Ides] Duld Nows along 2 flat tube of constant cross-section, located in horizontal plane aud bent as shown in Fig. 1.80 (to iow). The ow lg steady" Are tho pressures and velocities of the fa ‘qual at points J and 25 What is the shape of the streamlines? 1-316. Two manometric tubes ate mowated on. horizontal pipe of Varying eross-section t the sections 8, and 5, (Fig. 18%), Find the volume of water flowing across the pipe’s section per init time Hthe diflerence in water collimns is equal to AA. 1.317. A Pitot tube (Fig. 1.52) is mounted along the axis of a gas pipsline whose cross-sectional area ie equal to S- Assuming the vis: Ensity to be negligible, ind the volume of gas flowing across the se Fig, 4.80 Fin 18 section of th pipe por vai time tthe diference in the liquid col Sinn fe equal we Aly and the densities ofthe lguld and the gos ace snd p respectvel). Pr P5I8e Aide ves with » smal holo in tho Bottom ie filed wit water and Keroone, Neglecting the iscosity, Bnd the ¥elo- fowy i the thickness of the ral (6 hy 30 em and tht of ert hg = 20 cm 110 A wi cylindrical vessel 50 cm height is Bild with water and rests on a tab ‘AsSuming the vseosity to be segligile, nd 9 Svat eight from the Bottom of the vessel small Tole shotld. be perforated forthe water jt om ing out of it to bit tho sueace of the table at the ‘maxiium ‘datance Toor fom the ves) Bind Tove 1328074 bent tube is lowered into @ water stream as shown in Fig. 89, The yloety of the stream teatve to th tobe Is equal to bE 2S er The closed upper end ofthe tube located st the night ig oi2 tn has sll orice. To what eight 8 will the water st un 321. The horitontsl bottom of w wide vesal with ap ideal fod has’ soon rite of radius Ry over which n round closed cylinder ix ‘mounted, whose radius ty >My (Pig. 184). The clearance between {ecplnder and the btios ofthe esse! i very amaly the Bud don fity lp. Find the static peesore ofthe Bosd inthe clearance fsetion of the distance r from the ani of tho orifes (and the epi Gry tthe helght of the Dut is equal ta ‘Doze! What work should be done In onder to aquene from ahoriotally lated eylindr (Pigs 85) daring th ‘by means ofa constant fore sting on the piston? The volume of ¥=- tern the cylinder i equal (othe cromeseetonal aren of the ore o Fig 1.82.fee to s, with s being considerably less than the piston area, The friction and viscosity are negligibly sel 1.223.'A cylindsial vessel of height % and bace area Sis filled with witor. An orifice of ares < Sis opened In the hotiom of the Wessel. Neglecting the viscosity” of wa ler, determine how soon all the water will pour out of the vessel 1.324. A horizontally oriented tube AB of length I rotates with constant Angular velocity” © about a stationary {erticel axis 00” passing through tho end 4 Fig. 1:85). The! tobe fs Hilled with an {eal fvid. The end 4 0! the tube i open, the clowed end f haga very” uma orifice Find the velocity of the fluid relative to the. tube aa # function of the column “height” 11325. Demonstrate that in the case of d steady flow of an ideal fuid Ea, (Ja) tome into Bernoullt equation ‘1326. On the opposite sides of a wide vertical vessel filled with water to dential holes are opened, each having the eross-seetfonal Fle 1.88 Fig. 185. area $= 0.50 em. The height difference betwoon them is equal to ‘Mh = St em. Find the resultant foree of rection of the water Now ing out of the vessel S27. The side wail of « wide vertical eylindrical vesel of height 78cm has narrow verlical sit rynning allthe way down to the bottom of the vets. The length of the slit is 1 = 50 em and the ‘width b 1,0 mon, With the sit closed, the veseel ie filed. with ter. Pind the resultant fore of reaction of the water flowing out af ‘vesel immediately after the slit is opened 328. Water ows out of «big tank along « Lube bent at eight an the inside ‘equal tor ‘The water fow rate is 0 ~ 0.30 Titres per sand. Find the moment of teaction fores of flowing water, ating on the tube’s walls, eelatlve To tho point 0. 1.329, A side wall of « wide open tank is provided with «narro {ng tubs (ig. 4.88) through which water fons out The eros section tes of the ile decreases from, 3 = 3.0 em? to #0 em The ‘rato level In tho tank fs = 48 am higher than that in the tube. q Noglecting the viscosity of the water, fad the horizontal component ‘of the foree tending to pull the tube out of the tank, Pip tar. Fig. £88, 1.390. A eylindrical vessl with water is rotated about ite var: teal axis with a constant angular velocity w. Find: (a) the shape of the free surface of the wate (6) the water presure distribution over the bottom of the vessel along its radius provided the pressure a the contral pot is eq¥al to P41 331. A thin horitontal dise of radius Rl ~ 10 em is located with in a eylindrical cavity Alled with oil whose viscosity n= 0.08 P (Fig. 189). The clearance between the disc and the horizontal planes ig. 1.80, of th cavity is oul to = 1.0mm, Find th pone dvalaped by the viscous foreas acting on ‘whoa it rotates with the angular elocly os redin Th ood elects tre to be nqletads S981 o1,882. A tong cylinder of vs Ry is displaced along its axis witha constant velocity ty inside a stationary coanial eylindot of Tadius fy The space between the epimers is flled with viscous lige Gia. Find the selocty of the liguid as function of the distance {rom the axis of the cylinders. The flow is lamina TIR33, Avid. with viseosity 9 lls the space betweon two long coutial cylinders of radii yaad Ry, with Pty Jf, The inner ey ftdor is stationary wile tho ovr one is rotated ‘with a constant Angular velocity a. The fuid Now fs laminar, Taking into coount that the fletion force acting on a unit area ofa eplindical surface ‘Of radius is defined by the formula o = my (ular, find: (Gy the angular velociy of the rotating Mid 96 & fonction of ra ius F {iy ‘ihe moment ofthe friction frees ating ona unit length ofthe outer cylinder 11394. A tube of length 1 and radius 2 carves a se Auld whose density is rand viscoity 1. The td flow Denison the distance rdrom the axisof the ube as = Find Za) the volume of the Auld fowing across the section of the tube per unit tie {bythe Kinetic energy ofthe Suid within the tabe's volume: {2} the friction force exerted on the tube by the uid; (4) the pressro diference at the ends of the tube {35 Ih the errangement shown tn Fig. 1.90 2 viscous Tiguid whose density ep HD glem? lows along tube ott of «wide tak ly low of ocity de PR, Fi. 0, ast = ree, where 2 = 0.50 m", xis the distanee from the Kine inet: Fibd the ratio of Reynolds numbers for two cross-sections separated: by Ar= 3.2m. W397. When a sphere of radius 7, — 1.2 mm moves in glycerin, the'laminar flow is observed if the velocity of the sphere does not fexcoed vy — 23 emis, At what minimum velocity vy of « sphere of adios ry = 5.5 em will the flow in water become turbulent? The ow viscosities of glycarin and water ere equal to 3 = 13.9 Pand ny = ate ety re eeetneeeutaea 12a, K nd pre std king i lycra woz vieonty istgul gts BOR. Whats he maton emacea se ATi de tow mount thet phen si romst asises es town tat tie Manion tothe Potala Not eae elds mbes" Gree areca gh et serie es ter 18 Nea tai dander d = 3.0 mm starts sang wich reteset neta al shape ect ee 00 BH Ss ortega! en lst he ball ee Fae eae a ie 1.8, RELATIVISTIC MECHANICS ion of length and slowing of moving eek: ; as 3% fe orf he nn le, ‘e Lorents transformation*: mt viet qa am se) here fi the ine nar Between events {ad 2, athe ditace bate Srp OSRES ET Seat an | 1D4 2 ee dence bt 1) (2) ws) Kite ergs o's relatvse pate: matt Ty Talmage (40) in en tog witha vole Vm he pal he ene "wth thes ands Sue aie ond Sy ana'y aes paralcast TeAouti Done he ey and mommtam «lati toni, pm VETTE sn) 1» When considering the ealison of paticls it helps to ue the fallow. Baptankt, aan ad moses ofthe eytenprar tothe opal or the sytaa) forme 140. A rod moves lengthwisp with a constant velocity 9 relative to te acti voferonco fame K. At what valu of v wil the Tength SF the sod inthis remo bo y = 0.9% lve thn te proper length? {Safe a tranglo the propor iongth ofeach side equals a: Find the perimeter of thls triangle in the reference frame moving relative constant velocity V along one ofits Disetors: (b) sides, Investigate the results 0 velocity of light. T'S4d, Find tho propor length ofa rod if in tho laboratory frame af rafronee ite ylucity is 0 e/2, the length = 1.00 my and the fngle between the rod and it direction of motion is @ P$i8 A'stationary upright cone has a taper angle 0 — 55", ant tho acta of the lateral suelaa. Sy = 40 a, Find: @) Ke {apor angler (b) Tt lateral surface ares, "in tho veference frame ving with » velocity v= (45}e along the axis of the cone, “TSH, With what velocity (relative to the roferenca frame K) did the clock aver if daring the sma interval = 5.0 6, moasared by the clock ofthe fume 4, it bocam slow by At = 0-10 3? “.3i5- A cod foe with constant volocity past « muck which is stationery in the reference frame K. in the fame Kit takes Af serso'nw forthe rod toy past the mar, Tn the refeonce frame fixed 1 the rod the mark moves past the rod for A” = 25ns. Find the prop- fr length of the rod 15305. Tho proper lifetime of an unstable pesticle is equal to ‘Augai0 ne, Find tho distance this particle will traverse ll it dlotay inte laboratory frame of roferonee, whore Its lifetime Is oma teat = 20 ms. 1347, In tho reforonco frame Ka muon moving with a velocity vo S000 tenveltod a distance { = 3.0 kam from Us bitiplac» (0 the point where it decayed. Find {a} the proper ifotime af this mon; {6 he Sisto vied Bye mba in the fame K “tom the imvon's standpoint” "2548, Two pacicles moving ins lsboratory frame of reference ong the sain straight ne wih the sate velocity = (Se tik Aeltat stationary targt with the time interval At = 50 ns. Pind wd at V ce and Vee, where eis the the proper distance betwoen the particles prior to their hitting the tango TBD, A rod moves along a ruler with a constant velocity. When the positions of both ende of the rod are marked simultancously in the teference frame fixed to tho ruler, tho difference of readings on the ruler is equal to Azy = 4.0 m, But shen the positions of the rods fends are marked simultanoot ce frame fixed to the od, tho difference of readings on the same Ter [sequal to Ay — ‘S50, Find the proper lng ofthe od aad is velcty relative 1.390. Two rods of the same pro} ‘righ and Toft ends of the ods elaede tho velocity of one rod rolative to tho othe ‘.B5ie Two unstable ‘partiles move in the tuforence frame song aight line in thesame direction with» velocity © = 0.000. ‘The istanes betas them In thin reference frame Is egal to T= Misia At eearain moment both parties decay simultaneously {in the rfaence frame fed to them, What te foterval between the omens of dacay of the to particln will be observed inthe frame ‘£2 Which particle decays lotar in the frame, K? 1.352, AUTod allotted along the x exisof tho reference frame K moves ia the postive ircton ofthe z axle witha constant velocity IT pl Ain nando of ino, th oat 2 at thd. finds {o) the proper length of th ro, if at the moment tthe coords ath pot A iegual to and at the mom fy the cord ate of the point # ie equal to {ne iatervel should soperate the markings of coordnatas ads fe ame forth dean of aoraaten ial to the proper length of the rod. ‘°Hit. The rod A'Z moves mith a constant volosty relative to te rod AB (Pg, 91), Bath rods have the some propor length Ip and # fg ———s— o——=9 z 3 Pla 1.94 At tho ends of each of them clocks are mounted, which are synchro- hized pairwise: A with and A’ with J” Suppoee tho momeat when ‘th clock B’ gots opposite the clock A is taken for the begiaaing of he fe count in the rlrenc ramos zd to wach af th rods, De(@) the readings of the eloeks B and B' at the moment when they are’ opposite cach other (@) the same for the clocks A and A” 1.394. Thero aro two groups of mutually synchronized clocks K and " moving relative to each other with a velocity 9 as shown {a Fig. 4.92, The moment when the clock A” gets opposite the clack SCOHOECO: ig. is taken for the beginning of the time count. Drew the approximate Bosition of hands of all tho clocks at this moment “in terms of the clocks"; “in terms. of the A" clocks" 15355. The reference frame A’ moves in the positive direction of ‘he's axis of the ferme K with a relative veloelty ¥. Suppose that tthe moment when the origins of coordinates O and O” cotncide, the lock readings nt thee points are equal to zero in both frames. Pind the dsplacement velocity 2 of the point (ia the frame K) at which {he redings ef the Sloksof both tletnce frames wil be permanent ly identical, Demonstrate that 2< V. 11356, At wo points ofthe referone frame K two events occured separated by tio ntoryal be Demonstrate that there events ob0y Ge cameandlfet aletionsip in the frame A (eg shot fred nd s bet thing's target). ey obey thet releioship i any Ctr ineal reference frame’ ‘07. The apace tmo Glog of Fig. 4.99 shows three events A, z.tand ¢ wbich occured on thes ata of tome Toertil relrence frame. Find? 1a) the tne interval between the events A and B in the reference frame whore the two events oecurred tthe same point, {bythe distance between ho points at which the events A and C sceuted inthe telerence frame where these fo events tre simulta 11358, Tho velocity components of s particle moving in the zy plant of the tlornce tome Kae equal tov, and ey Fla the yloc iy’ ot this particle inthe frame which moves with tho velocity Vioslstive to the frame in the postive direction of te'z exis: 1350. "Two particles move toward each other with velocttes ype ty acai to abort tate oe hs 0 () the approach veloctty of the particles in the laboratory frame of Teference! (2) their relative velocity. 1.360. Fao rods having the samo proper longth Ip moxe lengthwise toward each othor parallel to a common axis with tho same velocity eta + rr Pig. 4.98, jrlative to the laboratory frame of reference, What fs the length of {ach rod in the selerenceIrame ited t0 the other od? 41.361. Two relativistic particles move at right angles to each other in. laboratory frame of referenes, one with the volocity vy and the othr with the velocity vy Find’ their relative velocity. 4.382, An unstable particle moves in the referonce frame K’ slong ite y" axis with velocity vm its tura, the frame A” moves felative to the frame tn the positive direction of its + axis with a ‘elocity V. The 2” and z axasf tho two reference framos coincide, th Y' and y axes are parallel. Find the distance which the particle tra. ‘oraes in the frame Ky if its proper Ii 1 to Ay ‘363. A particle moves in the locity » angie to the s sxe. Pind the corresponding angle in the fra tmoving with » volocity V relative to the frame K In tho positive di- Feetion ofits axis, If the 2 and 2" axes of the two frames coincide 1.364, The tod AB oriented parallel to the 2” auts of the reference frame K’ moves in ths frame with a velocity o” along its y/ axis. Ta {ts tur, the frame K” moves with @ velocity V relative to the freme Kas shown in Fig. 1.94 Find the angle 0 between the rod and the axis in the Irame K. “365. The frame A” moves with a constant velocity V relative to the Irate K: Find the acceleration w” of « particle In the frame K", *if in the frame K this particle moves with « velocity v and aces tion along 8 straight line (a) in the direction of the vector Vs (3) porpendicular to the: vector V. {:306. An imaginary space rockot launched from the Earth moves ‘with am acctleration tu’ 10g. whieh is the some in 6 Deous co-moving, inert ig 4.96 t= 1.0 your of terrestrial timo, Find how much (In per cent) doas {he rocket velocity difler from the volocty of light at tho end of the boost stage, What distance does the rocket coor by that moment? 1.367. From the conditions of the forogoing problem determine ‘the boost time sy inthe reference frame ixed tote rocket. Remember that this time is defined by the formula wmf VI-CRF at, where dt ie the time in the gooeanteic reference fram. 11368. How many times dees the relativistic mass of « particle ote voy ere frm the velocity of ight by 0.008 exceed terest mass? "L309. The density of « stationary body is oqual to py- Find the velocity (relative to the body) of tho raference frame in'which the enaity of the body is y = 25% groater than 1.370. A proton moves with a omentum p= 10.0 GeVie, where cfs the velocity of light. How much (in per cent) does the proton locity Willer ftom the veloetty of light? ‘371 = parti a Ylsr2. What work has to be performed in order to increase the relocity of a particle of rst mast m from 0.60 cto 0.80 ¢? Compare elt obfaned withthe ale cleat from the casa for 1.373. Pind tho velocity at which the kinetic energy of a particle yal ita ot ore. L374. At what values of the ratio of the kinetic energy to rost nergy can the veloity of e particle be calculated from the classical formula with tho telative error less than e = 0.010? 1.375, Find how the momentum of a particle of ret mass my de- pends on its hinctie energy. Calculate the momentum of a proton ‘Whose kinetic energy equals £C0 MeV. 11376. A beam of teativistie particles with kinetic energy T strikes, an absorbing target. The beam current equals 7, the charge ‘ost mass ofeach particle are equal to ¢ ad mg respectively. the presure developed by the beam on te target surface, and power liberated there "1377. A sphere moves with a relativistic velocity v through a gas whose unit volume contains n slowly moving particles, each of mass re peered by the gas On e spherical surface ole- {ont perpendicular to the velocity of the sphere, provided that, the particles renter elastically. Show thatthe pressure is the same both {th referee frame fixed t0 the sphere and in the reference frame fixed to the gas. 1.378, A particle of rest mass m, starts moving at amoment t = 0 dus to-a constant force F- Find the time dependence of the particle's ‘elocity and of the distance covered: 1/379, A partile of Fest mass my moves along the z axls of the fram K in accordance with the law z= Va + AB, whoro a is ‘@eonstant, cis the velocity of light, and fis time. Find the force ticle In this reference fram. ing from the fundamental equation of relativistic aypamies, fin a) under what circumstances the acceleration of a particle coin cides in direction with the free F acting omit, (the proportionality factors relating the force F and the acele- ration w Inthe cases when F |v and Fly, where vis the velocity (of the partie 1.3810 A relativistic particle with momentom p end total energy. E tooves along the 7 azis of the frame K- Demonstrate that tn the frame K’ moving with a constant velocity V relative to the frame K in the positive diction of ite s4ls + the momentum and the total thergy of the given particle are deiaed by tho formulas: gn De EVI i Kettle, podebe whore B= Vie 11382. The photon energy inthe frame K is equal to. Making use of the transformation formulas cod in the foregoing problem, find the energy eof this photon in the frame A’ moving with a volocity Virolative tothe frame K in the photon's motion direction. At what Yalue of V is the energy of the photon equal to e! ot 1.388. Demonstrate that the quantity £* — p'e for a particle is an invariant 4. it has the same mogaitude in all inertial reference frames. Whst is the magnitude of this invariant? "F384. A'neutron with kinetic energy T'— me, where m is its rst mass, strikes another, stationary, neutron. Determine(9) the combined kinetic eneray F of both neutrons in the fase ‘and the momentum p ofeach nutron in tht eee Rates Gastar asa i Fence aan a snergiee 7 25.0 Ge? armas Bi the oat depends onset msm if te iar es ‘the rocket equals ms. fe : PART TWO ‘THERMODYNAMICS AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS 2.4, EQUATION OF THE GAS STATE, PROCESSES eal Io wear, em hres the mar an + Barometsie oral: pepe Monn, ey ‘nber ry isthe preute at the hight & ~ 0. “ruston of saat lor = mee): (Pap) anbear er whee Pye the mola volume under glen p and 7. 2.1. A vessl of volume ¥ ~ 301 contains ideal gas at the tompere- ture 6 0. After'# portion of the gas has been let out, the pressure in the vessel decreased by Ap — 0°78 atm (che temperature remaining Constant). Find the mass of the released gas, The gas density under the pormal conditions p= 1.3 gi ‘2.2. Two identical vessels ae connectod by a tube with a valve letting tho eas pas from one vessel ito the other ifthe pressure die. fee Ap S110 atm, Tnitially there was a vacuum in one vostl ‘while the other contained ideal ges, st a. temperature fy ~ 27 °C nd pressure py — 4.00 atm, Then both vostels were hoated to a tem- poralure f= 107°C, Up to what value wil the pressure inthe fret eel ich tad vacuum intl) Taeene” a 23. {A vecel of volume V = 201 contains « mixture of hydrogen sand helium at a temperature ¢ = 20°C and pressure p ~ 2.0 atm. ‘The mass of tho mixture is equal fom = 5.0 g. Find the rtio of the gy of haope to that of ht in he ven miata 4. A_ veal contains « mixture of nitrogen (my — 7.0 g) an carbon Uibeile (my it g) ats lomperstre 1-380 K and pra Sire pe — 40 atu Pind the density of this mixture, assuming the fase tobe. ‘25. A vowel of volume V. = 7.51 contains a mixture of ideal gases av a temperature T= 300 K: yy— O40 mole of oxygen, vy —0.20, tole of Bitrogen, 25d the gas to be eal, fn: ‘af the pressure of the mixture; 30 mole of carbon dioxide: Assuming 8() the mean molar mass Af of the givon mixture which enters its ‘equation of state pV = (m/M) RT, where m isthe mass of the mis closed from both ends is equipped with an iding the volume into two parts, each con taining one mole of at, Tn equilibrium st 7, — 800 K the volume of ‘tho uppor part is = 4.0 times groster than that of the lower part io of these volumes be equal to sacusted by means of a piston air ‘pump. One piston stroke captures the volume AV. How many strokes, eed ‘cho veel times? The process and the a ido 8. Find the presure of air in a Vowel being evacuated as func- ‘ion of evacuation Lime The veasel volume fs V, the initial pressure io po. The proctce is assumed to be isothermal, and the evacuation rale'ogual to C and independent of pressure Note eacuntion rate th ge vole being evacuated per unit time, with that volume being measured under tho ges Pressure ittained by that moment. fe 2.4 chamber a vl Y= 871i evacuated by a pump whowe evacuation rate (ee Note to the foregoing problem) equals C “O'ik How soon wile presure ine cham Ber decrease ‘by "1000 "tines? "210, A smooth Vertical tube having two diferent sections is open from both eas and equipped with nelosed Dotween the pistons tied with a non-stretehable thread, ‘The eros scetional area of the upper piston it AS = {0 em: freater than that of the lower one. The combined ase of the two pistons is equel to m— 5.0 ke ‘The outside air pressure is py ~ 1.0 atm. By how many Kelvins must the gas’ betwoon the pistons Pie. 2 bor Heated to shift the pstons through I= 8.0 em? 2.41, Find the maximum ettalneble temperature of ideal gus ia ach of the following. processes (@) p= py—al% (b) p= pee, where po. and p are positive constants, and V is the volume of one mole of gas. 2.42, Find the minimum attaineble pressure of ideal gas in the process T= Ty 1 aV%, where Ty and a are postive constants, and Vis the volume of one molo of gas. Drew the approzimate p v8 V plot of this process. 2.43, A tall cylindrical vos with gaseous nitrogen {s located Sn yom gravitational held’ In which tho freefall acceleration ‘og. The temperature of the nitrogen varies along the height ty is the same throughout the volume. Find the femparatyre gradient idk BE Wop the ese p and the dost 9 of ar ae rel esp = ene ero of hela (ne a constant har). nd Cirerponding temperature gradient, "T18, Let us sume tht sir is under standard conditions close to the Enrth's surface, Presuming that the temperature and the mol fess fair are ndopendont of height, nd thea presore athe Height 5.0 hin over the surface and in'a maine nthe dopth 5.0 ka. Below the surface. ‘246. Assuming the temperstore and the molar mass of air, a8 veli'a the freefall acelortion, to bo independant of tho helt, End the difermnos in hights at whic the air donsties at tho tempe™ ature 0°C difer ae {G)-e times: ) by 9 = She. Aa dal ges of molar mas is contzed ig tall vrtical cylindvicel vows! howe bose ore it and height h. The temperature SF the gas ls 7, is prssure on the bottom base is py, Assuaing the fempernture andthe free-fall acceleration ¢ to be Independent ofthe Helene nd the mses of gus nthe vena. E48, An ideal gas of molar mass Mis contained in a vory tall ‘vertical eyindsea vost in the uniform gravitational fl in which {ie fro fall acsloroton equals g- Assuring the go temperatur to be the same and equal to 7, od the height at which the centeo of rovity of the gas is Located. Tu8l An idee! gos of lar mass. i located inthe uniform grevi- tational etd in which the fre-fall acceleration is equal tog, Find the yas presuce asa funcuon of height hr p'= py at hm, and the temperature varies with eight. a (@) Tw Py — anys (0) P= Poll + ot), wire a i « postive constant D0. A horisoatel cylinder closed from one ond is rotated with 1 Ginstant angolar velocity w abt a vertical ats posing through fhe open end’ of the cylinder. ‘The outside air pressure fs equal to pas the tonporatare to P, and the molar imass of sr te M. Find tho {ir presuro as funetion of te dstana from the rotation exis. The ‘olsc macs iv aasaned to bo independent of 221. Under what presse will carbon dioxide hace the density p= s00gih atthe tomperature 7 = 300? Cary oa the calculations Seth for en ido and fore Van der Wasls gas ‘228. One mole of nitrogen i contained in vessel of volume V = = 1100.1 Find: (G) the temporatare of the nitrogen at which the pressure can be caleuate frm an ideal za law with an eror 9 = 10% (as compared ‘withthe presare calculated from the Van der Waalsoquation of tat); (b) the gas preseure at is tomperature. Biha"Oe mole of a certain gest contained in a vosol of volume v= 0.2901. Ata temperature T, = 300 K the gas pressure is Py = 70 atm, and at temperature 7 ~ 850 K the presure is = HO at Find ho Van dor Wale parameters forts, 2. Fin the steal compres als Vos Set Waals as ase function of volume Vat temperature 7. baer Note. By debnitin, w= — #30 2.25, Making ue ofthe result btn Inthe forgoing problem finda what temporsare the isohermal tompresiy x of 8 Vas fer Waal att grester tan tnt ofan eal ga Bangin oo ‘thon fo molar volume leach greater thn‘ paremetr . 22. THE FIRST LAW OF THIERMODYNAMIES, ‘tka ‘capacrry The fst law of thecrodyoamics O= av 44, ey ere A pth incrment of the neal ery ofthe pte "e Work performed by gas aie A= frav. 2b) ternal energy of an feat aa: ex em) Tteroaleoerey of one mole of « Van dar Waals veer. ex 2.28 Demonstrate tha th interval egy Uf th wen om, is independent of temperature provided the ostsde fresure Pit fonstant Calculate Uvitp is otal to th nonnelatmeophere ro. ‘sure and the room's volume is equal to V = 40 m? ee ants faa oan ho mot with avelcty os Fnd the es tom ‘the sudden stoppage of the ve 1 esl 7 and 2 are Sled with ae ‘and connected by a short tube equipped ‘vol ofthe vasins, te precast top Known (Winpt Ze ane Vn pr Pg Flog the tt tempertae ond Pray ctl ster ofaing of the "alee 2:38: amour hydogen conte lly under andardcon- Aion p's alt vo of vole V "AU was soled by AP "Sosa" motes fre increment sulting from = 85K. Find how much the intern energy of the gas will change and hat amount of heat will be Tost by the gas. 320, Whot emount of heat is to he transfered to nitrogen in the isobaric heating process for that ges to perform the work A= 2.0.3? ‘Bat. Asa rout of the isobaric heating by AT'— 72 K one mole of 8 certain Leal ges obtains an amount of heat Q = 1.00 kd. Find ‘he work performed by the gas, the increment of its Internal energy, nd tho value ef 7 = CyiCy. 2.82. Two moles ofa cerain del gas ata temperature 7 ~ 300K wore cooled sochorieally s0 that the gas pressure reduced m = 2.0 times, Then, ata result ofthe isobaric process, the gas expanded till its temperate got back to the initial value. Find the total amount ‘of heat abtorbed bythe gas in this proces. 2.33, Caleuate the value of y= Cy/Cy for a gaseous mixture con~ sisting of vy = 2.0 moles of oxygen’and vy — 3:0 moles of carbon ‘ioxido. Tho gases are assumed to be deal ‘2:94 ‘Pind the specific oat capecitios ¢y and cy for a gaseous mtx ture consisting of 7-0 gof nitrogen and 20 g of argon. The gases a fsrumed to be idea 2.85. One mole of «certain ideal ga les piston of a vertical evlinder at tho Fiston opens into the atmosphere. What work has to be perlormed inorder to incresse Isothermally the gos volume under the piston n times by slowly raising the piston? The friction of the piston against the eylinder walle Is negligibly ‘smal ‘2.35. A piston ean freely move tnside e horizontal cylinder closed from oth eds. Initially, the piston separates the inskde space of the cylinder into two equal parts each of volume Ve. in which an deal gas is contained under the some presture py and at the same tem= perature. What work bas to be performed in order to Increase iother- Bully the volume of one part of gas times compared to that of the Uther by slowly moving the piston? ‘237, "Three moles of sn ideal gas boing initially at a temperature 7, = 213 K ‘were isothormally expanded n —5.0 times its intial ‘Volume and ther lsochorically heated so thatthe pressure in the final state became equal to that ih, the initial state, The total amount of heat transferred to the gas during the process equals Q= 80 kd Find the ratio.» ~ Cy/Gy for this gas, ‘2.38, Draw the approrimate plots of Isochori, isobaric, isother smal, and adiabatic processes for the caso of an Heal gas, using the Tollowing. variables! (ay pn Ps) Vs T- 23d" One mole of oxygen boing initially at a tomperature Ty = ‘300 Kis adiebatically comprosod to increase Its pressore 3 = 10.0 times. Find: (1) the gas temperature after the compression; {) the fork that has been performed on the £08 20." certain wase of nitrogen was compressed = 5.0 times contained under a weight~ fratute 7. The space over(in terms of volume), fst di Ba caps the ini state ofthe g the respective works expended in each compression Aiea heateondveting piston ein frely move inside a closed hermally inulsted cylinder with an ide fa equilibrium the piston divides the eylindr into two equal pars, the gas tomperstare Esing equal to Ty The piston i slowly dlaplacsd. Find the gas tom porature ata fancion ofthe ratio mf fhe volume of tho groser oad Easller sectons: The adiabatic exponent of tho gas fs equal to "248, Find the rte with which helium Rows out ofa thermally insulated veel nto vactum through a sal! hol, The Now rate of {ho ges imide che vesel is ewumed Wo be naglgie under tess cope AUtions. The temperature of helium fo the vers fe T= {000K 243, The volume of one mole of ideal gor with the adlbatlc exponent yin varied secrding to te law F—PalT, where ascot Stim Fiod the amount of Kent obtained by Une ges tn thts process ithe gas emperstre increased by. Ee "Dsontrate tat tn proce in which he work pore by an ideal ga ts proportions to the corresponding Increment of it internal energy is decribed by the equation pY™ © const, where @ istoonstent 246." ito molar hoa apaciy of om ea gn no plate proces pY" = consti the aisbati exponent oft gos freq PAC what valve te polytape constant m wil th neat copacty i tae gan be negative? 2:46."tn a certain polytrope process the volume of argon was in- ceaad = 4.) times, Simultanovusly,. Ue prsture™ deceased B'S. ties, Find the molar heat capacity of agon in this procs, fsguming the ges to bo Mes 2.47. One mole of argon Se szpanded polytropicelly, the polyteop- se conatant being 4 150, Tn une’ protsy Khe fo8 temperature changes by A=" 30'K. Find {a} the tmount of haat obtained By the gas, {B) the work porformed by tho gas “An idea gas whone tlabstle exponest equals 7 Is expanded according tothe law p ~ aV, where isa constant, The initial vl ‘ume of tho gas is ogual to Vy- As a rsut of expansion th volume [a> tes fier Ha {ae Incomont ofthe internal enorgy of the gai (8) theo performed by {6} the mula hea cap 2a." ideal gee whoce 0 thatthe amu of nt treafered tthe gs is equal tothe do- Grease of ite internal energy. Finds (a) the molar heat capacity of tho gas fn this process: {8} We equation of the proces nthe variables 7. ¥: (©) the work porformed by one mola of the gas when its volume fngrsses tous ifthe intl tomporstare of tho gee is Ter 2.50. One mole of an ideal gas whose adiabatic exponent equals ‘yundetgoes a process in which the gas pressure relates to the tempera tare as p= ar, where a snd a-are constants. Find: (a) the work performed by the gas if its temperature gets an in erement AT: (@) the molar heat capacity ofthe ga in this proces; at what value ‘of aiwill the heat capactty be negative? 251. An ideal gee with the adiabatic exponent y undergoes a process in which its internal energy relates tothe volume as U~ a¥=, Ihre and are constants, Find (@) the work performed by Ue gas and the amount of heat to be transferred to this gas to increase its Interual energy by AU! (@) the molar heat capacity of the gas in this process 2.52.'An ideal gat hat a molar heat capacity Cy. at. constant volume. Find the molar heat capacity ofthis gas eta function of it volume’ V, if the gas undergoes the following process (a) P= Tes 0) p= pens where Ty. por and fate constants 2.53, One mole of an ideal gas whose adiabatic exponent equals 7 vdengoesn prootss p ™ py a/V, where py and a are positive con te, Find (a) heat capacity ofthe gas as a function ofits volume; (@) the internal energy tnerement of the gas, the work performed by it, and the amount of heat transfered to the gas if ts volume Inereased from Vy to Vy ‘2.54. Ope mole of an ideal gas with heat capacity at constant pressure Cy undergoes the process T= Ty-+ a¥, where Ty and fre constants. Find (a) heat capacity of tho got as » function ofits volume; {0} the meant of hea Eure to the go 1s vlume in creased from Vs to Vy SEER, Forte cat of an ideal gas ind the equation ofthe proces (Gn the variables 7, ¥) In which the molar heat capacity varies as (a) C= Cy bat; (O) C= Cyt BY: (@) C= Cet apy where oh B, and a ate constants ‘An ideal gas hus an adiabatic exponent 7. Tn some process uy vari as C= aD, where ais 4 constont. ‘work performed Dy one mote of the ges during its heating from the temperature Ty to the temperature m times higher, (b) the equation of thé proces in the variables p, V. 2.57, Find the work performed by oue mole of « Van det Waals gas during its Isothermal expansion from the volume V, to Vy at S'tomperature 7. 2.58. One moie of oxygen is expanded from a volume Vy S00 60 Ve 5.0 Tat constant temperature 7 290K. al (G) the increment of the Internal energy of the gs:(b) the amount ofthe absorbed heat. ‘Ti gs a aanimod tobe 9 Van der Waals gs. 3.50. For a Van ser Waals gas Bod {g) the equation of tho adisbatic curvo in the variables P, ¥ {B} the Alterence ofthe molar heat capacities Cy — Cy as'a fune- tiga of Tana 360. Two thermally insulated veel sre intereonnactod by a tube equipped with a volve: One veel of volume Y=" #0 contains wren gEinels of eatbon dioxide. The other vesol of volume Yo01 is evacuated. The valve having boen apenod, the gos alt ily oxpnte Asche ey then de find ts temporeturo chenge secompenving the expansion. 2, Wat amount of hat bas tobe trsseretov 3.0 mole of carbon dionide to keup ite temperstore constant while {tex fends into vacuum from tho volume fy =—50'to ¥;— 1017 The asi amumed to boa Van der Waals 2. 2.8, KINETIC THEORY OF GASES, BOLTZMANN'S TAW AND MAXWELL'S DISTRIBUTION 4 Nomar of collisions exeried by gan molecule on unit aca of the salt Zura per alt sine em) (eam) 4 Moan cozy of molecule tong, em ntare 1 the sm of ranaation atonal, aed the double mbar of itr ‘onal euges of eed, WE sstrbwtion an ean (ip) es exam (aig) ey oe Maselinndiibton ina dvs fr: enn feet ata ex ey Ha he mo probable lay. “Theis probable, the ean, and toe foot mena aquare valostes of EE we VE. aw 4 Bottsmane’s formal eto, ey shee U lo the potential eneay of «scl, 2,62, Modern vacuum pumps permit the pressures down to = 4-10" atm to be renched at room lomperstares Asrusing that {he gas exhausted is mitogon, nd the nusber ofits molecules per mm and the moon dstence between thom st this pressure 200074 vend of lame, Y= 3.0 ents m= ga trogen ata tomperatare T'— 1800 K_ Find the ges prostieYoking into Sccount that 1) 90% of molecules are disssocatedfato‘stoms at this "vomperatire 2.6. Under sondard conditions the density of tho helium and sitrogia mixture equals p ~ 060 gil. Pind. the comcentation of Helio atoms in the given xture 2.63, A‘parallel beam of nitrogn molecules moving wit velocity ~ 400 mls impinges on a wall at an angle 9 = 30" its normal ‘The concantration of molecules Inthe beam “n= 0.9-10 cm? Find the pressure exerted by the beam onthe wall sstuaing the mo: Iecles scatter in acnroncn withthe pve east clison 2.65. How many degrees of fredoa have the gas molocues, if under standard conditions the gas density inp = 4.S mglea® and the Nelocity of sound: propegstion in st it 3 — 930 ais 2.61. Determine the ratio of the sonic velocity # In a gas to the root mean square velocity of molecule of this gasy i Uno molecules rational ay exeted Find the meen snerey of alco in ith a'gas. What fraction ofthis enerzy coresponds Co that of tansla- Liana ‘motion? a 2269. Suppose « ges is tod up to temperatane at which all depres of freedom (eatalations, rotetionay aad vibrators) at {tsimolecaes are excited. Pind the moler het capacity of such eas In the lsochorte proces, as wel a the sdiabatie exponent ff the ns consist of is) diatom: (8) linear W atomic: {¢) network A-atomie oeettes 2-70, An ideal gos consisting of N-atomie molecules is expanded Inobarcally.-Aswining tht ail dorces of reodom (ene festonl sweatin) of the mec action of heat transfered to the a in his proces is spent perform the work of expanslon, How high is this faction tn te case Sra mnonatomie gest2.71. Pind the molar mass and the number of degrees of freedow of moleciles. ina gue if its heat capacities are known’ ey Shots Hiig-K) and ep = 0.91 Ti(e-K), 2.72, Find the number of degroes of freedom of molecules ina gas ‘whose molar heat capacity (a) ae constant preseure fs equal to Cy ~ 20 F/(mol-R); (8) is equal to.G = 29 di(mol-K) in the process p7~ const 2078. Find the adiebatic exponent y for & mixture consisting of ‘y, moles of a monatomic gas and vz moles of Bas of vigid diatorole molecules 2.78. A\ thermally insulated vessel with gascous nitrogen at temperature ¢ = 27°C moves with velocity v = 100 mis. How much (in por ent) and in what way will to gas prossurechango on a sudden stoppage of the vercl? ‘Caleulate at. the temperature ¢ = 47 °C: (G) the root mean square velocity and the mean kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule (n the process of translational motion; {(b) the root moan square’ velocity of a water droplet of diameter 20.10 jum suspended in, the alt 2:76. Algas consisting of rigid iiatomle molecules is expanded labatically. How many tines has the ges to be expanded to reduce the rwot mean square velocity of the molecules 9 = 1-50 times? 2.77. The mast mm 15.g of aitrogen Is enloved in a vessel at ‘a temperature T ~ 300K. What amount of heat has toe transforred to the gosto increase the root mean square velocity of its molecules ya 200 times! 2.78, The temperature of = gus consisting of rigid diatomie mole cules 16 7" 00K Calculate the angular root mean square velocity fof @ rotating molecule if its moment of inertia Is equal to f= BAO prem, JA gee consisting of rigid diatomic molecules wes initially ‘onditiens. ‘Then the gas was comprosced adiaba- tleally n= 50 times. Pind the mean kinetic energy of @ rotating ‘molecu in the inal state 2,80, How will the rate of collisions of rigid diatomle molec ‘against the veeel's wall change, if the gas is expanded adiabatically times? 2.81 The volun of es coming of rid diatomic molecule ‘was increased 2.0 times in-a polyttople process with the molar heat capacity @ — R. How many times will the rate of collisions af molecu ageinst s vessels wall be redced 35 4 result of this pro 2.82. A gas conssting of rigid diatomic molecales was expanded ne polytropie process so that the rate of collisions of the molecules ‘ageinst the vsea's wall did not change. Find the molar heat eapacity ‘of the gas in this process 283. Caloulate the most probable. the moon, and the root moan % 0 velocities of a molecule of « gus whose donsity under stan- ‘atmospheric presatre Is ogual to p = 1.00 gi. "2.84. Find the fection of gas molocules whase velocities difler by less than 6) = 1.00% from the value of (a) the most probable velocity: (D) the root moan square velocity, 2.85. Determine the gas temperature at which (@) the root moan square velocity of hydrogen molecules exceeds theit most probable. velocity by Av — 400 ms, () the velocity distribution function #0) for the oxygen mol cules wil have the maximum yalue at the velocity 0 ~ 420 mls, 2.86, In the case of gaseous nitrogen find (6) the temperature at which the veloctties of the molecules v= ils aid %4 600 mis are aseociated with equal valued of the Maxwoll distribution fonction F (0: (py Berea of the molecules at which the valu ofthe Maz~ woll distribution function F (c) for the temperature 7 will be the Shme ea that for the tomporaturo times higher ‘2.87. At what lomporatie of a nitrogen and oxygen mixture do focities of nitrogen and oxygen molecules differ ‘300 K. At what value ofthe moloculer velocity v wil the Mi distribution function F 0) yield the same magnitude for bot 2.89. At what tomporatur of a gas will the number of molecules, whoo velocities fall/ within the given Interval from v to v-+ do, Bathe prestest? The mast of each molectto Is equal to m. 2h, Find th fection of motels what velocity prjetons on ‘he's axis fall wlthin the interval from ty t0 Uy + dom, while the ‘moduli of perpendicular velocity components fall within the Inter: yal rom oy 10 %, | db. The massof each molecule is m, and tho Temperature is 2.81, Using the Maxwell distribution function, calculate the ‘mean Velocity projection ive) and the mean value of the modulus of this projection {{vy ) If the mass of each molecule is equal to m and the ges temperature is 7. 2.92. From the Mexwell distribution function find (9), the mean value of the squared Py projection of the moleealar velocity in 9 gas at a tomperature 7. Tho mass of each molecula is oqual tom: 2.98. Making use of the Maxwell distribution function, ealcalate the npr vo gm molecule teeing uit aon of wil pr unit time, if the concentration of molocues is equal ton, the temperature tof, and the mass of each molecule Is m. 24. Using’ the Maxwell distribution function, determing the prestuze exerted by gad on # wall, if tho gas temperature is 7 and the concentration of molecules is 2.95. Making use of tho Maxwell distribution fonction, find (i), ihe mean valve of tho reciprocal of tho velocity of molecules ®in an Heal gas at a tomporature 7. ifthe mass of each molecule is ‘qual to'm. Compare the value obiained with the roriprocal of the ‘moan velocity. 2.06. A'gas consists of molecules of mass m and Isat s temperature 7. Making so of the Maxwell velocity distribution function, And the corresponding distribotion of the molecules over the kinetic “Determine the most probable value of the Kinetic energy oes. tp correspond to the most probablo velocity? ‘2.97. What fraction of monatomic molecules of gus In a thermal ‘equilibrium posseses kinetic encrgiesdifering from the mean value By oy = 1.0% and less? ‘2.98. What fraction of molecules in s gas at a temperature T hat the Kinetic energy of translational motion oxoveding ty il ty > >a 2.99, The velocity distribution of molecules in» beam coming ‘out of aol in a vessol is doseribed by thefunction F(o)—=Ave-n", ‘where 7 is the tomperature of the gas in the ves). Find the most probable values of (the velocity of the molecules in the beam: compare the rosalt ‘obtained with the most probable velocity of the molecules in the vos (0) the kinetic enorgy of the molecules in tho beam. 2.100. An idea! gas consisting of molecules of mass m with concan- tration m has a temperature 7. Using tho Mexwell distribtion fone. tion, find the number of molecules reaching unit area of @ wall aU tho angles betwoen 0 and 6 +, d® to ite normal per uni ‘2.101. From the conditions of the foregoing problem find the num- ber of molecules reaching # unit area of s wall with the velocities {nthe interval from 0 to DY do per Unit 2.402, Pind the force exerted Aistance A= 3.0 em {along the fold) difer by — 20 times, ‘Tho temperature of the system is equal to 7 = 280 K. 2.403, When examining the suspended gemboge dropiets ‘under 1 microseope, their average numbers in the layers separated By the distance h 40 ym were found to diffe by n= 2.0 times, The exvi- fonmental vomperature is equal to 7 = 290 K. The diameter of the droplets ia a That and thoir density oxeoeds that of the surrounding uid by Ap 0.20 lem. Find. Avogadro's number {rom those data "2104. Suppose that ny is the ratio of the moleealar consentration ‘of hydrogen to that of nitrogen at the Barth's surface, while 9 is tho corresponding ratio et the height A ~- 000m. Pind the ratio ‘nine at the tomporstore 7 — 280 K. essuming that tho tamperature hd te fove fall acceleration a endent of the height. 2.405. A tall vertical vessel contalne «fas composed of two kinds ‘of molecules of masses m, and my, with ma > m. The conconteations ‘of these molecules at the bottom of the vessel are equal to my ad m5 respectively, with my > m. Assuming the temperatuce T and the freefall acaslerationf to be independent ofthe height ind the eight At which the coneon{rations of these kinds of molecsles ato equal i060 Avery tall vortieal eyinder contaion carbon dioxide at 2 certain temperature T- Assuming the gravitational Held to be uate form, tind how the gas pressure 0 the bottom of the veel wil hinge when the gas temperature increases 7 times, ‘2400."A very tll verleal cylinder contalns gus ata ompera- ture 7 Assuming the govitational eld to bauer. fnd the mean ‘alue of the poteotil energy of te gas molecules, Does this valne end on whather the gee consists Of one kind of molecties or af Several kinds? 08. A horizontal tubo of length I = 100 em closed from both ‘nda i daplacd lengthwise velth # constant aesaerntion x. The he ‘ontsins argon atatemperoture 7-390 K- At what value of w will x by n= 10%? os ding thie ular vlosty a about a vertical asthe fon: Centration sf the petites atthe distanoer from the rotation axis ‘times grater tMon that at the gitanes (6m the sume horizontal Hane). The densities of the particles andthe solvent are equal to Prana to py resectioly, Zito. Arortontal tube with closed ends is rotated with a cons tant angular velocity o about a vertieal axis passing through one of {end Tho tube contains carbon dioxide ats temporatare 7 = 0 K. ‘Tho length of tho tubo is 1-100 em. Fund the valve © which the rati.ofmoleoular concentrations ai the opposite ends of The tube is egual to ZAtt. The potential enerey of ges molecules in a crtan conte! fold depends om the distance? from the feld's entre ax U (-) = ar shore a iss positive conatan The ga tmprature is 7, the concen: ration of molecules at the cotre-of the beld is nq. Find {@) the aumber of molecules located atthe distaners between 1 tnd bdr from the cant of the Bel Ub) the ost probable distance separeting the molecules from tho contre of the feds (@) the fraction of molecules located in the spherical Iayorbetwe rind rf dr {G) how many tines the concentration of molecules fm the canto of tho Bold will change ifthe temperature decreases times 2412, From tho conditions of the Torogeing problem hod {@) the number of molecules whoa potestial eeersy les within the interval fom Uo dU {v) the most probable value of the potential energy of molecule: compare thn value wih tho potential energy of = moleole focated St most probeble distance from the conte of tho Sela224, THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS, Bor 4. am hn an earl G dy the working subatancn, Bye Pceting eaoane 1 Eibleey of 8 Caot eye ean shew 7, andy are the tamperatre of the bot and cad boos rapectivly Clause tous ee) here 69 ithe slmentary amount of bet transferred othe sates (8 is a2 itl? ant e = Entropy ferent of «mse: asa f ox 4 Fundanetl lation of hermanos es a0 + pa eto Flay ftoen the etery ad th satin wiht (eter dynamic probability): : soma, ea whee Ke the Boltsann caneant 2.113. In which case will the efficioney of e Carnot cycle be higher: when the hot body temperature fs ineeated by AT, of when the old Body temperature te decreased by the ste magnitude? 2.414. Hydrogen Is usod iu a Carnot cycle as a working substance. ind the elfcioney of the eyelo, if a result ofan adiabatic expansion (a) the gas volume Increases m ~ 2.0 times; (8) the ‘pressure decreases —2.0_times. 2.415. alent engine employing « Carnot cyclo with an efclency of y — i0% isused asa rolrigerating machine, the thermal rservoirs boing the same, Find ite refrgorsting officloney € 2.416. An ideal ges goes through # cyclo consisting of altornate isothermal and adlabetie curves (Big. 2.2). The isothermal processes proceed at the temperstures 7, Tad Ts, Find the effetency of uch a cyte, if in each icathormal expansion the gas volume increases {inthe same proportion. ‘2417. Find the elficoncy of a cycle consisting of two isochorie and two adiabatic lines, it the volume of the ideal fae changes n= $0 times within the eycle. ‘The working substance is nitrogen. 2.118, Pind the efficleney of a eycle consisting of two isobaric and two adiabatic lines, i€ the pressure changes » mes within the cyele ‘The working substance isan ideal ges whose adighalic exponent. is equal to 7 ‘2119, An ideal gas whose adiabatic exponent equals y goes through a cycle consisting of two leochorie and two isobaric lines. Find. the ‘thelency of such a eycle, If the absolute temperature of the gas rises fn times both in the isochorie heating and ie fhe isobaric expansion 420. An_ideal as goes through a cycle consisting of () isochotic, adiabatic, and isothermal lines, “) isobaric, adisbatic, and isothermal Hines, Bi with! the isothermal process proceeding at 7 the minimum tonsperature of the whole eycl. Find the effeieney of each eyele if the abso Fig 22 Ite temperature varlesnfold within the cyclo. 2.421. The conditions are he same. as in the foregoing problem ‘with th exeaption that the Isothermal process proceeds at themaa- Tinum temperature of the whole evel 2.422, An ideal gus goes through a cyclo consisting of isothermal poljtropie, and adiebatfe lines, withthe isothermal process procted= Ing at the mazimum temperature of the whole cycle. Find the effic~ Ieney of such a cycle ifthe absolute temperature varies nfold within the excl, 2.133. An idesl ges with the adishatic exponent + goes through, «direct (clockwise) eyele consisting of adlabati, sobarie and isoeho- He lines. Find the efhcioncy of the eycle if in the the volume of the ideal gas () nereases nfold; (b) decreases n-fold Biz Caleulate the efficiency of a eyele consisting of Isothermal Igobarie, and isochori lines, tim the iothermal protess the volume of the ideal gas with he exponent 7 (a) inereases n-old;.(b) decreases old 2.125. Find the efficiency of n eyele consisting of two isochoric and two isothermal lines if the volume varies v-fold and the absolute temperature ‘fold within the cycle. The working substance is an eal gos with the adiabatic exponent 7. ‘2.126, Find the effcieney ofa oyele consisting of two isobaric and two fsothermal lines if the pressure varios rfold and the absolute temperature fold within the cyele. The working substance is an Teal gus with the ‘adiabatic exponent 2427. an ideal gos with the adishatle exponent ¥ goes through 1 cycle (Pig. 2-3) within. which tho absolute temperature varies ‘fold. Find the effeieney of this eycle 2.138, Making use of the Clausius inequality, demonstrate thatall eycles having the same maximum temperature Tie and the Same minimum temperature Trig are less eficient compared to the Carnot eyele with the same Tey and Trg 2.420. Making ust of tho Chmot theorei, show that in tho case of «physically uniform substance whose state is defined by the para mmeters 7 and V (OUI0V)y = T (opie y — ULF, V) is tho internal energy of the substance. ‘traction. Consider tho infinitesimal Carnot eyele in the ¥ es 2.180, Find the entropy increment of one mole of carbon dioxide wien Its absolute temperature Inereass m= 2.0 times ifthe procats Of heating ie (a) isoehotie; (b) icobacie. ‘The gas ts to bo regarded es i 2.43h. The entropy of v = 4.0 moles of an ideal gas incroases by 45"= 38 1/K' due to ‘the isothermal expension. How many Limes ‘should. the volume v = 4.0" moles’ of the. gos be, increased? ’ sl isobarically down to" the a v Find the entropy increment’ of the gas In this ig, 2, roses 2184, Find the entropy increment of v = 20 mmoles af an idea gas wore adiabatic exponent y = 1.80 ios {ryocultof a cream procs, the gos. volume insieasod = = 2.0 {imes while the presore dropped. B= 30 tines Bui33, VecmlsT and 2 coatsin v — 1-2? moles of gasous helium. ‘The ratio ofthe vostls’ volumes V5/Vy = 20, and the rato of {he absolute temperatures of tellumt in them 2y/Py = B= 15 ‘Assuming the gvs to be ideal, find tho diference of eas entropies in hese wesc, Sy hb "Gne sh of ia ae wih sant exponent goes through a pulytrpie proces a a Tasut of whlch the absolute tom” erature afte gos increases elo. The polytvopie constant equals m nd the entropy increment of tho gaan. th proceas. 137. The expansion proces of v= 2.0 moles of angon proceeds so tat the gos pressure Inoreases in vee proportion to its Wolume. Find the extropy increment of the gas in this process provided its volume ineresses a= 2.0 times ‘2.198. ‘An ideel gos with the adiabatic exponent » goes through process p py —2¥, whore py and. are. positive constants, find Vis the volume, At what voluine will the gos entropy have the maximum, valve? 9. One mole of an ideal gas goes through process in which ‘the entropy of the gas changes with temperature Tas S = a? Cy ln Py where a is 4 positive constant, Cys the molar heat tapocity ofthis gas at constant volume. Find the volume dependence ofthe ges tomperatues in this process if 7 = Ty a V = Vy 2.440. Pind the entropy increment of one mole af» Van dee! Waals a due to the Isothermal variation of volume from ¥; to Vy. The an der ‘Waals eorrections sre assumed to be knowa. Z.141. Ono mote ofa Van der Waals gas which hd initially the volume Vand the temperature 7, was transferred to the state with the volume ‘Vy and the temperature Ty. Find the corresponding fntropy Increment of the gas, assuming Its molar heat eapacity Gy tobe. known, ‘tte, At very low tomperatures the heat capacity of crystals is ‘ogual tg C = a7, whore a isa constant. Find the entropy ofa crystal ‘84, funetion of temperature th this tompersture Interv 20148, Pind the entropy ineroment of an aluminum bar of mess m= 3.0 kg on ite heating from the temperature Ty = 500 Kup {0 Pz ~ 600 K if in this temperature interval the spectfc heat capac- Ity of aluminum varies ase ab D7, where @= 0.77 J/lg-K), mire: K*), 2.444. In yome process the temperature of a substance depends on lus entropy Sas P= aS", whore a and ‘commesponding heat capacity € of the sul At wit condition is G-< 0? “MS. Find the tempereture Tas 2 function of of e substance for a polytropie procass in which tho boat capacity of the substance equals C. The entropy of the substance Is known tbe foqual {0 Sy at the lomporature ‘7,, Draw the approximate plots T'S) for C0 and C=O. 2.146. Ono mole ofan ideal gas with heat capecity Cy goes through ‘a process in which Its entropy S depends on Tas $= al7, whore is'a constant, The ges temperature varies from Ty to Ty) Find: (@ the molar heat capacity of the gas asa function of fie tempe= {h) the amount of heat tranefersed to the gas: (6) the work performed by the as. 2447. A’ working substance gooe through a cycle within which ‘tho absolute tomparature varies m-fold. and. the shape of the e¥cle Is shown tn (a) Fig. 24a; (B) Pig. 24b, whore 7” te the absolute temperature, and S'the entropy. Find the effcioney of each eycl.2.148. One of the two thermally insulated vessels interconnected bby a tube with a valve contains v ~ 2.2 moles of sh ideal gas. The other vescel Is evacuated. Tho valve having been opened, the gt fnceeased its volume m= 3.0 times. Pind the entropy insrement of the 2.149. A woightless piston divides a thermally Insulated eylinder fnto two equal parts. One part containe one mole of an ideal gat ‘With adiabatic exponent 7, the other is evacusted. The intial kat temperature is Ty. The piston is evleased and the gas Bile the whole 1 ae 3 @ ® ‘volume of the cylinder. Then the piston Is slowly displaced hack 12 {the Initial positon. Find the increment of tho intornel enorey and the entropy of the zee resulting Trom these two procesos. 2.150. An Ideal gas was expanded from the intial sl to the volume V without eny heat eXchange with the surrounding Bodie, Will the final yas presure be the same in the case of (a) a fet and in tho eave of (h) 4 very slow expansion proces? reitioned into two parte 2540-4 thermal so that the volume of one port ian = 20. the other The smaller pert contains ~ 0.80 mole of oitrogen, and Uo reator one vz = 0.10 molo of oxygen. The tompereture of the isthe same’ bole fe punctured im the partition ond the gases ale in th ony artes athe aon nt, ‘sguming tho gases to be BiS2" A placa copper al tes my perature f, "7 Cis plod into calorimeter in which 1 Sf mass my — 100g is at a temperature fy 7-C. Find the enttopy Increment of the spam by the moment the temperatures equal. The Beat, pacity of The sleet i negligibly smal "2.498. Two idoatial thermally insulated. vassals interconnected hy a tule with's valve contain one mole of th same idea gus each ‘The ges tomperatare in one ven! is equal to 7, and in the othe, The molor heat capacity of the gas of constant volume equals Cy ‘The valve having Been opened, the gus comes to's new equilibria ‘tate: Find the ontop dnerement SS of the gu Demonstrate that asso. E54. atoms of gaseous helium of volume 1.0 em? throm tempers % ulated veel ‘enclosed in # cubic weasel Pind: , (a) the probability of atoms gathering fn one half of the vesse: (0) the approximate numerteal value of N easuring the occurrence cof this event within the time interval £40! years (the age of the Univers) 31185. Pind the statistical weight of the most probable distribution of N10 identical molecules over two halves of the cylinders Volume, Find alto the probability of such » distribution 198, A'vesel containe 4 molecules of an ideal gas. Dividing mentally the vestl into two halves and 1. find the probability that the ball A eontains » molecules. Coasider iho casos when N= 3 and m=O, 1, 2.8, 4, 5. "2.157. A' vessel of Volume Vy contains V molecules of an ideal ages Pind the probability of n molecules getting into a certain sparat- fart of the veel of volume V. Examine, in particular, the case ter ofthe sphere within whos ‘of motels Is equal to ‘yon 4.0-40-, What is the average ide such a ephere? consisting of monatomic molecules f enelosod in'a vest] at a temperature Ty — 200 K. How many tines snp what way wl he satntial weight of his oystem (gas) vary if it heated isochorially by AT = 1.0 K 25, LIQUIDS. CAPILLARY BPEECTS ina pla) pee al wader an aetitry ion uot tema (eet), ase shee the mettle isi ita at ta A ye ot «te amass, ash where 45 isthe an incest of the sac ser sctunt of tnt requ 9 frm git ars ofthe ig surface layer uring the ttbermal ners of Ws surface or es0) 160. Find the copillery pressure (a) in mercury droplets of diameter d= 1.5 um {B) inside a soap bubble of diameter d = 8.0 mim If the surface tension of the tosp water solution is. = 45 mN/m. ‘2.161. In the bottom of a vessel with mercury there is » round hole of diameter d= 70)jm. At what maximum thiekness of the rereury layer will the liguld still not fow out through this hole?2.462, A veeol filled with air under pressure ps contains a soap bubble of diameter d. The air pressine having heen reduced isother- mally'n-fold, the bubble diameter inereased sf. Find the surface togsion ofthe soap water solution 2.463. Find the pressure in an lr bubble of diameter d = 4.0 pm, loceted in water tt a depth h-5.0'm, The atmosphorie proseure hos the standard value py 2.164, The diameter of gas bubble formed atthe bottom ofa pond is d= 40 um, ‘Whon the bubble rises to the surface Its diemeter Increases n= 1.4 times. Pind how deep is the pond at that =pol ‘The atmospheric pressure is standard, the gas expansion is assumed tobe totherms! 2.165. Find tho difference tn height of mercury columns in two communieating. vertical capillaries ‘whose diam "0.50 mm and dz = 1.00 mm, Ifthe contact anal into water au that the length of is Part. the water surlaco is equal to A" 2a Fin of the ments 2.167. Avglas capillary of longth 1 = 110 mm and inside dla- 2b him iasubmerged verteally fata water. The upper ead ‘tthe capillary ie seed, The outige pate standard. Po what Jongth has the capillary to be submonged to make the wate levels inside and outside the ‘capillary eoinelde? 2-68. When a vertical capillary of length I with the saled opp nd’ was Brought in soatast with the surface of «liquid the evel at this ligud rose to the hoight h. TheTiguid density ep the nsdn Aiameter of the eapilary is the contact angle in, the mosphere Drcaute ley, Fi the surface tension of the Liquid 2:69, A”fiase tod of diameter dy 1.3 mon is inserted sym imcticaily into glass eapllary with inside meter 2. 20 mm ‘Thon the holo arangoment Ss vertically oriented ead Drought in contact with th surface of water. To what height will the wate rise {nthe capillary? 2.470, Two vertieal plates submerged partislly ia « wetting liquid form a wedge witha very small ange Og. The edge of this wedge is Vertical. The donsty ofthe liquid isp is surface tension se the fontact angle is 6. Find the height hy to which th liquid iss, as 8 Tuetion ofthe distance = fom tho ng ‘27k, A vertical water jot Bows out of round bole. One of the horitnial sections of the Jot has the dlameter d = 200 mm while the other setion located = 20 mm lower has the élamoter which isn ='f.5 times loss. Find the volume of the water lowing rom the" hale each son 2AT2 Avwvater denp fells in air with » uniform velocity. Find tho difference between the curvature rad of the drops surace {Be upper and lower pont of the Sop spat by the dsanee rotrading over 28 tom. Find the curvature radius 2.173. A mercury drop shaped ¢ a round tablet of radius and thickness his locatod between two horizontal glass plates. Assuss- ing that he find the mass m of a weight which has to be placed fn the upper plate to diminish the distance btwoen the plates nties. Tho contact anglooquale 6, Calle mif R= Zen, = 0.8mm 2.0, and 8 = 135 2.17 Find tho attraction force between two parallel glass plates, separated by dstance X= 010 mm: after a meer drop of ase i) mg was introduced between them. The wetting I assiaed to be complete 2.475. Two lass disce of radius R= 5.0 cm were wetted with water and put together so that the thickness of the weter layer be- troen them was h—L0 uen. Assuming the wetting to be complels find the force that has to be applied at right angles tothe plates fa in water, The distance between the! plates is @— 0.40 mm, and their width ig = 12cm. Assuming’ that the water between the plates does ot reach the upper edges ofthe plates and that the wetting Te complete, Gd the fares of thelr mutual attraction. 2.177. Find the lifetime of « soap bubble of radius Zt connected with the atmosphere through a capillary of length and. inside adius r. The surface tonsion is a, the viscosity coofficiont of the "2.78" A vorical capillary is brought in contact with the water ‘surfico.” What amount of heat is liberated. while the water Hse= slong to capillary? The wetting is essumod to bo complete, the si face wnsion equals, 2.179. Find the free eneagy of the surface layer of (@) 2 moreury droplet of diometer d = 1.4 mm: (b) & soap bubble of diameter ¢ = 6.0 mm if the surface tension of'the soap water solution is aqual toa 45-mNJi 2.180, Find the increment of the free energy of the surface layer when two identical mercury droplets, each of diameter d= 1.5 mim, tnerge sothermally. 2AB1. Pind tho work to bo performed in order to blow « soap bubble of radius 7 if the outside air pressure is equal to py and the surfaco tonsion of the Sosp water solution is equal to a. ‘2.182. A soup bubble of radiue 7 is iflsted with an ideal ‘The atmospherte pressure is py, the surfece tension ofthe soap water solution Is 2. Flad the diflerence between the molar heat eapacity of tho gas during its heating inside tho bubble and’ the toler heat fapacity of the gas under constant. pressu, C— Cy 2.183. Considering the Carnot cyele'as applied to e liquid film, show that ia an isothermal process the amount of feat required for the formation of a unit ares of the surface layer is equal 10-9 — Fi deat whore dale is the (emporatur derivative of the2.184, The surface of a soap film was increased isothermally by Ag at & temperature 7. Knowing the surface tension of the soap) wwator solution « and tho tomperature covfhcient da/d7, find the Increment {@) of the entropy of tho film's surface layor; (b) of the internal ‘energy of the surface layer. 26, PUASE TRANSFORMATIONS Tetnean Van der Wats constants andthe parameter of te since Sate aa Suton Verh perm aioe Tem ater 00) 4 elation betwen tho eritest parameters for 2 mole of substance Pala er (18) Ter em 4 Clase clapoyron uation aorery: hoe the speci at aban the transformation {> 2 ¥j and V5 {rete felts vefames af phases 1 and 2 26) 2.485, A saturated water vapour is contained in a eylindrical vessel unger a weightess piston at a tomperature ~ 100°C. As $ret iteoueton ofthe piston a small ation ofthe Sapour m= 0.70 g gets condensed. What amount of work was Pevlomed over the gat! The vapour is assumed to. be Heal, the olume of the iguid is to be neglected 26185, A veucel of volume V~ 6.0 | contains water together with iis saturated vapour uncer a pressure of £0 aim and at a temperature Af 350° The specie volume ofthe vapour is equal to Vj — 80 Ukg Ander these conditions: The total mactof the system water-vapout fqualg m= 5.0 ke. Find the mass end the volun of the vapour" ‘2187. The saturated water vapour fs enclosed in's eylinder under ‘piston and occupies e volume Vs. 5.0 1 at the temperature 100°C. Find the mass ofthe liguid phase formed ater the volume ttader the piston decrestedisothermally to V = 1.6 1. The satureted ‘Yapour is‘assumed to be ideal ‘188. A volume occupied by’ » saturated vapour is reduced iso- ‘thermally n fold. Find wht fraction ofthe nal volume is occupied by the liquid phase if the specite volumes of the saturated vapour tnd the liquid phase difer by 1 times (N=). Solve the same problem under the condition that the final volume of the substance Enrresponds to the midpoint ofa horizontal portion ofthe isothermal Fine in the diagram pV B80. An amount of water of mass m —~ 1.00 kg boiling at stan ard atmospheric pressure turns completely into ssturated vapour Assuming the saturated vapour to be an ideal gas find the increment ‘of entropy and internal energy ofthe system. 2.190. Water of mass m — 20 gis enclosed ina thermally Insulat fd eylinder at the temperature of O"C under & weightless piston ‘whose arog is S=4{0 em? The outside. pressure ts equal (0 Standard atmospheric. pressure. ‘To what height will the piston Fiso when the water absorbe Q@ — 20.0 KI of heat? 2.191. Ono gram of saturated water vapour ie enclosed in a therm= ally insulated eylinder Sure being standard, m = i isintroduend fat the ey. Inder at's temperature fy ~ 28°C. Nopesting the host capacity af the cinder and the trction of tho piston agaist the eylinder's Walls ind the work performed by the fores of the stmosphorie Sure during’ the lowering of the piston 3182. It an additional prssure "poi a satursted vapour over convex pha surface Of igi is cpa ns th the ‘epour presure over a plone surface, dhen Ap = (pyip) dairy whe Peand prare the dente of the vapour and the Lgsi a i fhe fur fc tension, andr isthe radive of turvatere of the surface. Using this formal find ‘th diometr of water dopa at whieh fhe ste rated vapour pretureexeweds the vapour prtesue over tho Plane Surface Dy = 10% at a temporatuce ¢ "27". The vapour ssumed to" be. sa ideal "ges 2.193, Find the maseof ali molecoles leaving one aquaro centi- smote of wator surface por secon Int a satiated watervapoursbove itat'e temperature t= 100°C. It is assumed that 3.6% of fn "water vapour molecule falling on tho water surface a in ho Tigua pha. 2.194, Find the pressure of saturated tungsten vapour at tre T= 2000'K if tungsten lament i knows to lve He 1240 gi(s-em) "from a unit area. per unit time when Svgporating int high wacom at this temperature 25195. By what magaitude would the presse exerted by water onthe wall ofthe vessel have increased ifthe intomoleclar attrac. Ulin foros: hed vanished? 2.196. Find the internal prosure py of # liguid if its density fai specie latent heat of vaporisation @ are knows. ‘The heat {i assumed 0 be equal to the work perored against the frets &r the internal pressure, and the Tiguid obeys the: Van der Waals tquation. Caleulsto py in water 2107.” Demonstrate that "Eqs. (268) and (2.68) are valid fora substance, “obeying the Van’ der Waals. equation, in critical sins Tnstuetfon. Make se ofthe fact thatthe eitcal state coresponds to the point of Inflection in the isothermal curve. p (1). 2.198. Calelate the Van der Waals constants foy carbon dioxide A Ate eiieal temperature Pe, = 904K and erica posure por = pe2.499. Find the speciic volume of bonsene (CH) in critical state it its critical temperature Ty 862 K and critical proseine per = i ‘stm. 2.200. Write the Van der Waals oquation via the reduced pare imeters mv, ands, having taken the corresponding critical values for the nai of presre, volume, and tamporacurs, Using the equa ton obtained, Bnd how many times the gee temperatre excveds Its Critical tomperatre if tho gas pressure Is 12 times as high as critical Dressure, and the volume of ges is equal to hall the ertial volume. 2.201.’ Knowing the Van der Weals constants, Sud: (@) the maximum volume which water of mass m= 1.00 kg ean ceupy in liquid state; (1) the maximum pressure of the saturated water vapour 2.202. Calculate the temperature and density of carbon dioxide in Critical state, assuming the gas to be a. Van der Weals one 2208. What fraction af the volume of @ vessel must liquid ether ‘oeupy at room temperature in order to pass into crltiesl state When critical temperature i reached? Ethor hag Ter A8T Ky por = 35.5 atm, 2} B= 7 gimol. 2.204. Demonstrate thatthe straight line 1-9 corresponding to. the Isothor- ‘mal-ieobarie phase transition cuts the Vander Wanls iotherm” so that frous J and 11 are equal. (Pig. 29) 2.205," What fraction of water. su percooled down tothe temperate PENN g °c under standard pressure turns into ioe when the system pasos {into the equilitrim state? AU what temperature of the supercooled water dogs it turn “into. ice completely? 2-206. Find the inerement of the foe melting temperature in. the vicinity of O°C when tho presgure is increased by Ap = 1.00 at ‘The specific volume of ioe exceeds that of water by' AV” — 0.051 em?/g, "2.20%. Find the specie volume of saturated wator vapour under standard pressure i decrease of pressure by Ap "3.2 kPa is known tol decreate the water boling temperature by AT = 0.9 K. 21908, Assuuning the saturated water vepour to be ideal, Gnd its pressute at the temperature. 104.1 °C. “209, Asmall amount of water and ite saturated vapour are en closed in a vessel ata temperature £= 100°C. How much (in percent) suil the mass of the saturated vapour Inereaso if the temperature of The system goes up by AT = £.5/K? Assume that the vapour is an Jdeal ens and the specie volume of water 1 negligible as compared tovthat of vapour ‘2210, Pind the pressure of saturated vapour as a function of tempersiure p (7) if ats tomperature Tits pressure equals py ig. 28 Assume that: the speci latont heat of waporiation gi indepondont oF T, the specie volume of liguid is negligible as compared to that St vapoue sturated vapour obeys the equation of state for an ial fs voriat endr wht conditins tse eesuptins ae permis ‘2H. An ico which was initially under standard conditions was comprossod up le tho pressure p C40 atm. Asumiog the lowering St tho ico melting temporatart to bes linear function of presse der the given conditions find what fraction of tho feo mela. Tho spoctc volume of water is less than that of foe by AV" = O09 cas. 2212 Tn Bh’ sic of the tiple ol the saturated vpoae precure of eatbon dioxide dapends on temperstore a1 Sie — OP, where aand bare constants. It pts expressed in atmo- Spheres, then forthe subliniation process @ = 9.05 and b= 50 LR fd for tho vaporizetion process = 6.78 and 6 — 1.31 kK. Pind a) tompereture and pressure at the triple. point {the Wale ot the specie ate hate of fublinston, wap 2 2.244, The foe with the initial temperature fy = 0°C was frst melted, then heated to the toinperature f, ~ 100°C and evaporsted, Find the increment of the system's specihe entropy. 2.215. A'ploce of eopper of mass m= 90g at 8 temperature f 90°C was placed ine ezlorimeter in whieh Ie of mass 30 g was at a tomperature —3°C. Find the entropy increment of the of comper by the moment the thermal equilibrium is reached. 2.316. A chunk of leo of mats my ~ 100 g at a temperature 4; — = OC was placed in a calorimet 00g was at a temperate ty O gata emporature ty = 327 °C Ising temperaturs of lead) was poured int a calorimeter pecked temperature fy = 0°. Find the ont fo by the momest the therm het of melting of lead capacity Is equal toe = & Sdual to ge 983 Jig and ha apecibe be 0105 big 2.318. Awater vapour filing the apace under te piston of eli der is Compresed (or expanded) ap that f romeiza started a ihe tine, being at onthe verge of condensation: Find the olst fone capacity € ofthe. vapour im ths proces a a fonction of tem ersure 7, sesuming the vapour toe an ideal gus and negectng Uhe'specite volume et water in comparison with that of Vapour Ghiefate © at a omperaure t= 1002.219, One mole of water being in equilibrium with @ negligible amount of its saturated vapour at a temporature 7y was completely ‘hnverted into saturated vapour at a temperature P,. Find the ent- ropy increment of the system, Tho vapour is ascumed to bo an ideal fe volume ofthe liquid is negligible im comparison with 2.7, TRANSPORT PHENOMENA ton uater of gat meleclas mbar i he tan fee pth ‘Mean fee pk of ge molec an "F Coatcint of iesion D, visesity and Bost condutiity of gases: Da doh vad iln x= delon, am) erst lane pee best cng cma ela, tates ono denn mtn pa ocd Rea 7 fovetn— sl ax nba und gage the velocities af the plat, Mee se Hhroa trans Betweon eno walls Mey teow iat a ‘nto and 7 ae the tesprature f the wall 2.220, calelte what faction of fot males {avers witout callstons he Sntoneseateeding the mesa fee path tetas the fro path values ing within the satereal fom 0B 21. A nary molecular beam makes it way into a vente isd wig under tow prsere. Find he mean ie patho male Eilts the bem neni detest na ove te tone 8 Sad Ln be the pobabny of gas olen expeweclag a Gilson ‘duing the Une Interv t's constant? Find (he knit fw mle exprnting collin bag tune {awe t) ihe mesa se Intareal between sscormive collision, of lade mean foo pat oad theses me naval Be toon suscite oalstons of pros Suge moles a) under Sandor conditions 100 th at temperature ¢ — 0°C and pressure p = 1.0 nPa (such a pros. sure can bo reached by mesns of contemporary vacuum pumps) ‘204. How many times does the mean free path of nitrogen mol cules exceed the mean distance between the molecules under sta dard conditions? "2.225, Find the mean free path of gas molecules under standard condition te Wan der Wed costae of this as equal tb = 2.226. An acoustle wave propagates through nitrogen under st dard conditions. AU what frequency wil the wevolongth be equal to'she mean free path of tho gas molecules? 2.927. Oxygen is enclosed al the temperature O°C in a vessel ‘with the charscteristic dimension 1 — 10 mm (this is the line ‘mension determining the character of & physical procoss in ques tion). Find’ (@) he os presure alow which the moan free path of the mole- cules hI; () the eormaponding molecu Aistanee: between the molecules. 2.008, Por the caso of allrogen under standard conditions find: (6) te en’ sambor of colton experened by each molecle per second: () the total aumber of collisions oeenrring betwoen the molecules ‘within 1 em? of nitrogen per second. 2.229. How does the moan free poth 2-and the number of collisions ofeach molecule per unit time v depend on the absolute temperature ff an ideal es undergoing (2) an lsochoric: process, (8) an isobaric process? 2.200, As a result of some prooass tho pressure of an ideal gas fncraree n-fold. How many times have the mean free path ) and the number of collisionof each molecule per unit time’ changed and how, if the process is (2) fsoetiori; (by isothermal? 231. An idesl gas consicting of rigid diatomic molecules goes through an diabetic process. ow do the mean fre path 2, and the ‘umber of collisions of each molecule per second v depend in this process on {@) the volume V; (b) the pressure pi (@) the temperature 7? 2252" An ideal gas goes through a polytropic process with ex ponent a, Find the mean free path A ond the number af eolisions of ‘ch "molocole per mennd y bs funtion of i: (a) the volume. Vy (Q) the pressure p(e) the temperature 2.243." Determine the molar Hest capacity of a polytropic process tough which an ideal gas consisting of rigid. dlatomle molecules foes and in which the number of collisions betweon the molecules remains constant (2) in a unit volume; (B) inthe total volume of the gas. concentration and the me2.204, idea gs of molar mas send Ina vse of volaae anaes Su'ae fap a agua sce Mis'noment = 0 sual aie ate See cg igutige Wie i at)" 1 aad? y's tla heaiaslfing petites ah ty Sano foletas etl Hamer and ae Ror tayo tte Gn‘cperon with ihe mata teeth a anaes cme Howe thncnaten of wees re a many time ar ge eae Bhs atta enh pees ihe voy cota of an ial fut ut ce Maen ctl FEO daw ioe gue ane hl tetas TSEr, How wills afson coniciat D and the vsciy colt cial of an al at dung fp toate ce (3) thermally 0) inbsiey? Saar Tal ga Pons fd datomie malas, How wl 1 didesion cnficent Band yrwslty aotheat ele a ‘ninpiimes ite pa oleae ace aes fad bo o,f seal ga gr thouge'n polyrpte argc, Fan ie (yf dain) of vst, a hat conectty romain lt BQ: Koowing the viscosity vce of helio andes sand engin cel the five diameter 3 the tam so ta tea conduct of elon of eae Se (gre anda condita Pith ao ea are Seta aa 2H" Ue tanatd editions elim ls pth pac tntwoen two og sie ods Themen ea ge Me Ae he gap baton thn egal aan ee eal te opie rater th fant to anor eget Sthatoay ero the aes Pic es tothe lapse ovr hepatoma it AR = 6 mm? re ‘ ae 2200 A gurls vp tho spac between two log cones elindes of rai f and Ro, with fr Me Tho outer eylador tater wilh ‘tome of Wy ating aan re re. Andy Wag fo Pah Geta get a8 er Enea oben nt en ee ete 9 ol a at ‘infla Srfce radia es aegaeego" ung arto ee wa 2.244, Two identical parallel discs have @ common axis and are tocated at a dstence h from each other. The radios ofeach disc is foqual to.a; with a>. One dise i rotated with a low angular veloe- iyo welative to tho other, stationary, disc. Find the moment of {lotion forces acting on the stationary ise if the viseosity coo tliat of the gas between the dises Is equal to vj. Bd49, Solve the foregoing problem, assuming thet the discs are locaied in an tltrareetiod gus! molar mass M, at temperature 7 4nd onder pressuee 2.246, Making nso of Poisevile's equation (1.74), ud the mass vol gas Mowing por uals time through the pipe of length and radlusa constant pressures py and pare maiatained at its ends. Kr. On no afb anlnd sa thermally tsaatiag seat 4s Kept at a temperature Ty while the other, at 1, The rod is eom- posed of two sections whose length are [and fy and heat conduetiv Ty eoctieents vg, and ve. Find the temperature of the tutertace. 2.248, Two rods whose lengths are l, and {, and heat conductivity ‘oofiionts ny and x are placed end to end. Fin the heat conductivity octiciont of «uniform rod of length {y-+f, whose conductivity {s'the samo as that of the systom ofthese (wo ods. The lateral surfaces of the rods arg astomed to be thermally insulate. 2240, A rod of length | with thermally Insulated lateral surface consists of material whose heat conductivity coefficient varies with femperature as x = 2/7, where ais a constant, ‘The ends of the cod fre kept at temperatures Ty and 7. Find the fonction T (2), where 2's 'the distance tom the ni! whose temperature is Ty, and ‘he heat flow density ‘2.250, Two choke of metal with heat capacities Cy and Cy ane interconnected by a rod of length 1 and crose-ectional area Sand fairly low heat conductivity m, The whole system is thermally inst lated from the environment. At a moment ¢ ~ 0 the temperature diflocee between the two chunks of metal equals (AT). Assuming the heat capacity of the fod to be negligible, find the femperatore Aiflorence between the chunks as a function of time. 2351, Find. the temperature distelbution ina substance, placed Dotwoen two parallel plates kept at tomperatones 7) and Te. The Plate sepa tal to ty the heat conductivity coeficiont of the substance x VT "2.252. The space between two lange horizontal plates is filled with helium: The plate separation ‘equals 730 mm. The lower Plate i Kept ata temperature 7, — 200 K, the upper, at Tp = 29530 Ke ind the heat flow density it the’ gas pressure Is close (6 standard 2.259. The space betwoen two large parallel plates separated by distance {5.0 mu ie Blled with bellum under a presure “STO Pa, One plate is kept at a tomporature fj — 17°C and the ther, ata temperature fy =) 37°C, Find the meat fre path of helsem toms and the heat flow deasity 4002.254, Find the temperature distribution in the space between {vo coaxial vlindrs of radi Ry and fs led with sanifne hast conducting sbstanee if he temptraturs ofthe eyinders are constany and are equal to 1, and Tr erpectively 2.285 Solve the foregoing problem forthe eas of two. concentee shorn ‘of tadit ty andy Sod temperatores Ty aed Ps 2.256..A"consiatt elects curent ows alongs uniform wirw with cross-sectional radius 2 and heat conductivity onffcent A unit volume of the wie generates thermal power ts Bin the temperataredisteibotion sore the wire proved the souls Aone Cemperature at the wire surface is equal wo Ta ‘ERG. The thermal power of deasly wis fenersted uniformly {oside a uniform sphere of raius Rand heat conductivity coticiont %. Find the temperature distribution inthe sphere pvovided tee Soadystate tomperatore at He surlace is equal ty Fe PART THREE ELECTRODYNAMICS 34, OONSTANT RLECTRIC FIELD IN VACUUM. 1 Stongth sod potential of the ft of a point carey ¢ 1 1a regan wat 6%) fs Rolaion betwece fald strength and ote: B= —v9, eam) ‘e, eld.strengty sequel wo the etigaient of the goto SMS Rc ad ae Sele GE e= situ Geer. are ‘Potential and strength ofthe eld ats point dpa with acre ao meaty ean ‘where i the angle Baten the actors and p ‘Energy Wt he Siple pin an teh electric ld, andthe moment Nf forces ng on the dite W= —ph, N= (pt ate) 9 te projection Fy Pe a eu ‘there asa i th derivative ofthe vector with rapt tothe dipole dieten, ‘PE, ithe grdlen athe faneion By 4. Caleulate the rato of the electrostatic to gravitational inter= aston foros between two electzons, between two protons. At what ‘alae of the specie. charge gir oft patile would these fortes be ome equal (Un their absolute values inthe eaae of interaction of ‘entice partices? Sid. Wilt would be the interaction force between tvo copper splenes, each of mass g,separted hy the distance Lm ifthe (ota cQectronte charge inthe difred from the total sharge of the moles byrone per cant? 513. Pwo mall equally charged apheres, each of mass m, are suapended.érom the same point by sil threads of length 1. The distance betwoon the spheres tac Find the rae dt with which 106the charge leaks off each sphers if their approach velocity varias as b= al) z, where a is a constant. ‘Suk Two positive charges q, end 9, are located at the points with radius veetore, and aogative charge gy and a radius veetor ry of the point at which it has to be placed for the foree acting on heh, of the three charges to. be equal to 200. ‘35. A thin wire ring of radius r has an eleciic charge g- What will Be the increment ofthe foreo stretching the wire ifa point charge {hu is placod.at tho ring’s centre? '36.°A positive polat chargo 50 wC is located in the plane zy at the point with radios vector Fy = 21 49), where Land } are the uit cine a the Hay sis, Find the vector of the electric held strength E and its jog Imagaitnde. at the point. with radivs vector “SSO AE roesl sj. Here ry and ate expresed in metres. ‘37. Point charges g and —g ate located at the vortices of square with diagonals 21 a3 shown In Fig. 24. Find the magnitude of the electric field sirengih at a point located symmetrically ith respect to the vertices of the square at a contre x ring of radius R= 20 cm Is uniformly charged tha total change g — 0.70 nC. Find the magaitode of the electic Id strength at the curvature contre of this baling ‘39. A thin wire rig of radiuer earres a change q. Find the magal- tuiloof the electric Held strength on the exis of the ving aga function fof distance I {rom its centre. Investigate the obtained function Horr, Pind the maximam strength magnitude and U ing distance 1. Draw the approximate plot of the function £() S40. A point change gi located at the conure of a thin ring of radius Jt with vaiformy distributed charge —. Find the megaitud of the electric feld strength vector at the potot lying on the ax Of the riag at a distance # Irom ils centre, Itz > P. St. Avsystem consists of a thin changed wire ring of radius R snd a ‘very Tong uniformly charged thread oriented along the axis ‘Of the ring, with one of ite ends coinciding with the contre of the Fag. The total change of the ting is equal to g. The charge of the Uhrvad (per unit length) is equal to 4. Find the fateraction force be- ‘woen the ring andthe thread "312. A thin aoncondusting ring of radius F bas a linoar charge density hy cos, whore hy Is a constant, o is the azimuthal tele, Find the magaitude of the lectrie Held strength fa) at the centre of the rin {b) om the axis of the ring ae « fanetion of the distance from its contre, lavestigate the obtained function at 2 > 3.13. A thin straight rod of length 2x carrying a uniformly distri- buted change g it located fn Vacuum. Find the magnitude of the Fig 94 electric field strength as u function of the distance r from the sod's entre along the straight line (a) perpendicular to the od ond passing through its centre 0) gtteding wien the rods estion (tthe point ying outside the rd). Tavestigate the obtained expressions at r-> « 3.44. Avery long ‘straight ‘oniformly charged thread caries a charge 2, pet unit length Find the magaitude aad direction of the elcee eld ston a a point whic Is ata distance y fom the thread and lies on the perpendicular passing through one of the Unease ae Poaena te 15. A thread carrying a uniform charge & per unit length has the configurations shown in Fig. 3.2 @ and b. Assuming a curvature Pig 32 Fig... radius Mo be considerably lose than the lebgth ofthe thread, find the magnitude of the electric Beld strength at the pont 0 ‘5.10.1 sphere of radius r carsna muface charge of density = ‘here a is.a constant vector, and ris the radius vector of 4 poiat of the sphere relative to ts conte. Find the electric eld Sureagth vector atthe vente of the spe 3.17, Sappose the surface charge density over a sphere of radius depencis on a polar angle 0a 8 = oy os 0, where oy i 8 positive ‘constant, Show that such a charge distibution can be represented 3 f result of «small relative shift of two uniformly charged balls Ot radius A Whose changes ar equal in magnitude and opposte in sign. Resorting to this represeatation, find the electric feld strength Yector inside the ‘given sphere, ‘3.48, Pind the electric held strength vector at the conte of a ball of ratios with volume change density par, where ais. constant ‘edlor, and ris a radiva vector drawn from the hall's centre. ‘3.19, A very long uniformly charged thread. oriented. along the axis ofa citlo of radius frosts omits centre with one of the ends ‘he charge o the theend por unit length is eqal to h Find the oe of the sector E sprose thee 38.20. Two point charges q and —-q are separated by the distance 21 ig. 3.3). Fiod the feof the electri Held strength vector across f circle of radius Ri BL. A pall of radios 2 is uniformly charged with the volume density p. Find the Mae of the electric eld stenyth vector across srthe bal’s section formed by the plane located at a distance ry< Rt fom the conte of the bal. "haz. ach of the (wo, long parallel threads cagres @ uniform charge h per unit length The threads are separated by a distance 1 ai the maximum magaitede of the electric Held strength i the Symmetry plane of this system located between the threads, 25. An’ infinitely long eylindeesl surface. of circular eros section is uniformly changed lengthwise withthe soeface density roy cos, where gis the polar angle ofthe eslindFeal coordinate System whose 2 atis coincides with the axis of the given surface Fad the magaitude aud direction ofthe olor eld strength vector onthe fami "32, The eléctrie fed strength depends only on the z and y coor dinates according to the law E =a (sty git 9, where @ fs'a constants and J are the unit vector of the ¢ andy eaes. Find the fox of the vector E'tnroug a spieve of radius W with is contre at the origin of coordinates. '3.25.'h'ball of ral caries a positive charge whose volum density depends only on « separation F from the ball’ cetre as u(t = rill) where psa constant. Assuming the permittivities Seahe Soir and ie environment to be equal to unity, Aad (@) the magnitude ofthe electric held strength asa function of the distance r both inside and outside the Dall, {byte maximum intenalty Eng, ad the corresponding distance Seta System sonst of a ball of radian carrying a spherically symmetéle change and the sureunding space fled with a change of Nelume density p any where a fs constant. ris Ue distance Trom the centre of the balls Find the balls charge at which the mag titude ofthe elecirie held srength vector is independent ofr outside the bail. How high is this stengeh? The. permiivties of the bl tnd the surrounding apace are assumed to be equal te wally ‘3.27: Avspace is filed up with change with volume density p= poe" where py an ate positive constants, 8 the from'the ceatre of this system. Pind the magnitude of th {lod strngth vector as function of. avestigae the obtained expres- sion for the small snd large values ofr 8. at az® <4 andar? > “28: Inside ball charged ‘niformly with volume density. tere is a spherital cavity. The centre of the eavty is dsplaced with fespect tothe eotze of the ball bya distance a Pind the eld strength E'lnside the eavlly, assuming the permittivity equal to unity ‘320, Inside an infinitely long ciulareylinder charged uniformly with volume density p there ta circular cylindrical cavity. The Tistance between the axes of the cylinder and the cavity Is equal toa, Find the electro Bed strength E inside the cavity. The permit tHeity it-assumed to be equal to. unity. “330. ‘There are two thin wire rings, each of radius FR whose axce coincide. The changes of the rings are g and —g. Find the potential ‘iterence betwoen the centres of the rings separsted by a distance a 09 3.31. There isan infinitely long straight thread carrying a charge with linear density 2 040 pl Calculate the potential diterenes Tetween points 7 and 2 if point 2 is removed m= 2.0 limes farther from the thread than point 1 "3:32, Find the eloctrte eld yotontal and strength at the ovntee fs Remiophare of radius Jt thar waformiy wt the surface lensity 0. ‘3.38. Avery thin round plate of radius R carrying a wniform sur- face charge donsity o is loeated in vacuum. Pind the electric field Potential and strength along the plates xis as. function af a dis- ance {oom its contre. Investigate the obtained expresion at 1» 0 and LR. ‘3% Find the potential at the edge of a thin dise of radius carrying the uniformly” distributed. tharge with surfacodensl- tye. ‘3.35. Find the electric field strength vector if the potential of this Held has the form gar, where a is'a constant vector, and T {s the adios veotor of a point of th Geld. 3.36. Determine the electee Held steength vector if the potential cof this field depends oa zy coordinates as yeaa py O) 9 ary, where a is a constant. Draw the approximate shape of these Belds sng figes of foree (in the = y plane) ‘haz. The potential of m certain electrostatic Held has the form male tf) + bot whero a and b aro constants, Pind the mag ‘ivade and direction of the oloctle eld strength vector. What shape have the equipotent surfaces nthe following eases () a0, bo Ui (b) o> 0, bu OF S38. A change [8 uniformly distributed over the volume of sapere o ads A Astming the pormitvity tobe agua to wnty throughout, find. the potential (2) at the centro of the sphere: {5} inside the aphero a a function ofthe distance r from its centre. 45.39, Demonstrate that the potential of the field. generated by 4 dipoio withthe electric moment p Fig. 3.4) may be represented as priixey®, whore t is the radius vector Taga Exeeion, find the morte ofthe lectrie Held strength vector at a function of 7 snd. i ‘3.40. A point dipole with an electie moment p oriented inthe positive dingetion of the 2 axis Is Toeated.at the origin of coordinates, Pind the projections Eyand £, of theelectric Bild strength ector (onthe plane perpen dicolar tothe zara at the point (See Fig. 3.4) AU which poiats is Derpendtcular to pe Suit. A point electric dipole with a moment p is placed in the external uniform electric Held ‘whose strength ‘equals Ey, with 100