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Ngh CN
2. Cc linh kin chuyn mch dng trong in t cng sut (Diode, SCR, DIAC, TRIAC, IGBT, GTO).
2.1. Diode.
2.1.1. Cu to:
Vi rR =
Ngh CN
UBR: in p nh thng
UTO: in p ri trn diode
rF =
T2
T2
T1
T1
R
T2
T2
T1
T1
T2
-VBO
VDC
Hnh 1.71a
IBO
-IBO
VBO V
T1
Hnh 1.71b: ac
Ngh CN
Hnh 2.9
Hnh 2.8
2.3. Thyristor
2.3.1. Trng thi:
M.
ng.
Kha.
2.3.2. K hiu: (Hnh 2.9)
T: thun
D: kha
R: ngc
iu kin m Thyristor
UAK > 0
Xung iu khin a vo cc iu khin
iu kin ng : in p ngc t ln A-K
c tnh V-A
Thyristor l tng
Ba trng thi: ng- m- kha
Hnh 2.10
Thyristor thc t
UBR: in p ngc nh thng.
UBO: in p t m Th
UTO: in p ri trn Th
Ngh CN
Hnh 2.11
c tnh iu khin Thyristor
Ngh CN
Ngh CN
Ngh CN
2.5. Triac
2.6.1. K hiu
Ngh CN
(3.1)
Ngh CN
(3.2)
Dng in c h s ny cng ln th c dng cng khc nhiu so vi sin l tng, dng sin l tng c
THD=0. in p thc t cng c biu din tng t nh biu din dng in trn.
Trong cc ng dng thc t in p v dng in c coi nh sin l tng nu h s mo dng tng
khng ln hn 3% [1], tuy nhin theo tiu chun ca hip hi k thut in th gi tr ny l 2% [2]. Nhn
chung in p li tn s cng nghip chun, l trng hp c cp y, c coi nh c dng sin l
tng. Khi , theo cch hiu hay nh ngha chung nht v h s cng sut th (1.1) c dng sau:
(3.3)
trong h s Uhd, I1hd, tng ng l tr hiu dng ca in p ngun,
ca dng in c bn v gc lch pha gia dng in c bn v in p;
Kp =I1hd/Ihd v K = cos.
Quan h gia h s mo hi tng THD v h s Kp c dng:
(1.5)
(3.4)
(3.5)
Biu thc trn cho thy h s cng sut ph thuc vo thnh phn hi bc cao, gc lch pha gia
dng in c bn v in p. T d thy rng c h s cng sut ln th phi gim thiu hm
lng cc hi bc cao trong thnh phn ca dng in vo ca cc thit b in t cng sut.
Thc hnh lp rp mch cng tc DC dng BJT
10
Ngh CN
11
Ngh CN
R 1
2K2
Vin
VR
R 3
R
D 1
50K
C 1
D 5
DEN
D 4
LED
D 6
LED
R 5
D 2
D 3
47
TR IA C
Hnh 2.4
Transistor thc t
Hnh 2.5
3.1. Transistor lng cc cng cch ly- IGBT
(Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor)
c tnh ng
12
Ngh CN
Bi 2: CHNH LU
in p ti: Ud =
(t).dt
= kad.Ud
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Ngh CN
* Cc thng s s :
in p ti: Ud =
dt =
U2 = 0,45 U2
= 3,09 Ud.Id
* Lp rp v kho st
- in p ng vo
- in p ng ra
- Tnh ton cc thng s
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Ngh CN
in p ti: Ud =
dt = 0,45 U2
= 3,09 Ud.Id
* Lp rp v kho st
- in p ng vo
- in p ng ra
- Tnh ton cc thng s
2.2. Chnh lu c iu khin bn k.
2.2.1. Chnh lu c iu khin bn k ti thun tr.
* S mch
* Cc thng s s :
in p ti c tnh:
Ud =
dt = 0,45 U2
* Lp rp v kho st
- in p ng vo
- in p ng ra
- Tnh ton cc thng s
2.2.2. Chnh lu c iu khin bn k ti R, L.
* S mch
in p ti c tnh: Ud =
dt = 0,45 U2
* Lp rp v kho st
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Ngh CN
*
Lp
rp v kho st
- in p ng vo
- in p ng ra
- Tnh ton cc thng s
3. Chnh lu c chu k vi bin p c trung tnh.
3.1. Chnh lu khng iu khin.
* S mch
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Ngh CN
* Thng s ca s :
in p, dng in chnh lu v ngt in.
-
Udtb =2.
I\Dtb =
dt = 2
U2 = 0,9 U2
; IDhd =
UND = 2
SBA =
= 1,48 UdId
* Lp rp v kho st
- in p ng vo
- in p ng ra
- Tnh ton cc thng s
3.2. Chnh lu c iu khin
* S mch
dt = 0,9 U2
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Ngh CN
dt = 0,9 U2
* Lp rp v kho st
- in p ng vo
- in p ng ra
- Tnh ton cc thng s
3.2.4. Hin tng chuyn mch
Ch xt chuyn mch khi dng ti lin tc
4. Chnh lu cu 1 pha.
Chnh lu khng iu khin
Chnh lu iu khin i xng.
Chnh lu iu khin khng i xng.
4.1. Chnh lu khng iu khin
* S :
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Ngh CN
* Thng s ca s
in p v dng in ti c hnh dng ging nh chnh lu c chu k vi bin p trung tnh, do
thng s ging nh trng hp trn
Ud =.
dt = 0,9 U2
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Ngh CN
4.3.3. Lp rp v kho st
- in p ng vo
- in p ng ra
- Tnh ton cc thng s
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Ngh CN
21
Ngh CN
5.1.2. S v c tuyn
5.1.3. Thng s ca s
in p, dng in chnh lu v ngt in
Udtb =
-
dt =
I\Dtb =
; IDhd =
UND = 2,45
SBA =
= (2,45/1,17)Ud
=
m=3
5.1.4. Lp rp v kho st
- in p ng vo
- in p ng ra
22
Ngh CN
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Ngh CN
Thng s ca s
Khi ti thun tr gc m nh hn 300
Udtb =
dt =
U2f .
= 1,17 U2f
dt = 1,17 U2f
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Ngh CN
Thng s ca s
in p chnh lu Udtb =
dt =
U2f .
= 1,17 U2f
dt = 1,17 U2f
5.4. Lp rp v kho st
- in p ng vo
- in p ng ra
- Tnh ton cc thng s
6. Chnh lu cu 3 pha
6.1. Chnh lu khng iu khin
6.1.1. S
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Ngh CN
Hai nhm ngt in NA mc chung cathode cho in p dng, NK mc chung anode cho in p m.
6.1.2. Hot ng ca s .
6.1.3. Thng s ca s .
Udtb =
-
dt =
I\Dtb =
; IDhd =
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Ngh CN
27
Dng in v in p c tnh:
Id=
;
Ud=
. Rd
Nhc im ca phng php l hiu sut thp v khng iu chnh lin tc khi dng ti ln
1.1.2. iu khin lin tc bng cch mc ni tip vi ti 1 transistor
S v nguyn l iu khin
IB ; UT = U1 IC.Rd
IC =
in p qua Rd:
Ud = Ic.Rd = IB
Rd
ln,
1.1.3.
Cc
1.2.
1.2.1.
1.2.1.1.
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2. B n p.
2.1. S lc v l thuyt
Mch n p mt chiu cn c gi l mch bin i DC-DC, y l mt mch bin i t in p mt
chiu ny thnh in p mt chiu khc.
Thng thng, ngi ta chia n p mt chiu ra lm 2 loi:
- n p tuyn tnh,
- n p ngt m (switching regulator).
D l loi no, mt mch n p cng phi t 2 chc nng:
- n nh in p ng ra khi in p ng vo thay i v khi dng ti thay i.
- Gim n mc thp nht sng d ng ra.
Vi
V0
n p
RL
Phan t
iu khin
Vi
ieu khien
Phan
t so
sanh
Tao ien
ap
chuan
Uo
Phan
t lay
mau
Vo
UV
Phan t
ieu
khien
Phan
t so
sanh
Phan
t lay
mau
Tao ien
ap
chuan
29
Ngh CN
- Cng sut n p (phn t iu khin): Thng l mt transistor cng sut ln, hot ng nh mt in
tr thay i.
- So snh(d sai): So snh in th ly mu v in th chun to thnh in th iu khin V DK iu
khin mch kch to dng kch cho cng sut.
- To in p chun: To in th chun Vref cho mch so snh (thng dng zener).
- Ly mu: Ly mt phn in th ng ra so snh vi in th chun (in th ly mu thay i theo in
th ng ra vo).
Nguyn tc hot ng: vo=vi-AV
Gi s khi vo thay i (v l do no ), in th ly mu thay i theo trong khi in th chun khng i
nn ng ra VDK ca mch so snh thay i, in th V DK ny iu khin mch kch v cng sut thay i
hot ng (chy mnh/chy yu) thay i AV sao cho vo n nh.
Mch cn bn c dng:
30
Ngh CN
- Dao ng to xung vung c th l a hi (cng sut c lp vi mch dao ng) hoc thng dng hn
l dao ng blocking (cng sut tham gia vo mch dao ng) do cch ly c mass in.
- Khi cha mc t lc ng ra, v0 c dng xung vi bin nh bng vi khi SW trng thi ON v v0=0
khi SW trng thi OFF. Tr trung bnh ca v0 l
Ta thy: thay i tr trung bnh ng ra vo ta c th:
- Thay i thi gian SW trng thi ON (Transistor dn bo ha)
- Thay i tn s ca mch dao ng (Tc thay i chu k T)
- Hoc thay i c hai
Thc t, tin vic thit k v kim sot, thng ngi ta gi nguyn tn s dao ng (thc t trong my
thu hnh, monitor my tnh. Ngi ta dng xung qut ngang a v gi cho tn s dao ng bng
vi tn s qut ngang), tn hiu ly mu ch lm thay i rng ca xung vung tc thay i thi gian
dn-ngng ca transistor cng sut, tc Tx.
- n nh vo, th d khi vi cao ngi ta gim Tx, khi vi gim ngi ta tng Tx.
- Mch thng c thit k tn s kh cao (hn 10KHz) nn t lc ng ra khng cn ln m vn bo
m c vic gim ti a sng d (vo gn l tng).
- to ra nhiu loi in p khc nhau, nht l cch ly c mass in v mass my (chng git), ngi
ta thng thit k b ngun c bin p xung. Ty theo tn s hot ng ca mch v s vng cun s cp,
th cp m ta c c cc in p khc nhau theo yu cu.
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Ngh CN
ZC
32
33
Ngh CN
2.4.2. n p ngt
m
34
Ngh CN
35
Ngh CN
S nguyn l bm p mt chiu ni tip gii thiu nh hnh 3.1. theo phn t chuyn mch to
cc xung in p mc ni tip vi ti. in p mt chiu c iu khin bng cch iu khin thi gian
ng kha K trong chu k ng ct. Trong khong thi gian 0t1 (hnh b) kha K ng in p ti bng
in p ngun (Ud = U1), trong khong thi gian t1 t2 kha K m th in p ti bng 0.
Tr s trung bnh in p 1 chiu c tnh
Ud =
Nu coi =
Ud = .U1
f = 1/Tck
36
+ IXL
T biu thc thy rng, bin dao ng dng in ph thuc vo bn thng s: in p ngun
cp (U1); rng xung in p (); in cm ti (Ld) v chu k chuyn mch kha K (Tck). Cc thng s:
in p ngun cp, rng xung in p ph thuc vo yu cu iu khin in p ti, in cm ti L d l
thng s ca ti. Do ci thin cht lng dng in ti ( gim nh I) c th tc ng vo Tck.
Nh vy, nu chu k chuyn mch cng b (hay tn s chuyn mch cng ln ) th bin p mch
dng in cng nh, cht lng dng in 1 chiu cng cao. Do b iu khin ny thng c thit
k vi tn s cao hng chc khz.
C th minh ha bng gin dng in in p cho hai tn s khc nhau
Bm p o chiu
S nh hnh v:
37
Ngh CN
Theo chiu chy thun, iu khin T1, T3, dng in ti iT c chiu hng xung nh hnh v, UAB >
0. Theo chiu chy ngc, iu khin T2, T4, dng in ti iN c chiu di ln nh hnh v, UAB < 0.
; Ud =
; Ud = 0
Rd
38
Ngh CN
Khi iu chnh, chu k xung in p khng i. Khi , c tng t1 th gim t2 v ngc li. Khi
cn gim in p ti, cn tng t1 v gim t2, cng sut tn hao trong biu thc tng
Do , bm p song song khng thch hp khi ti nhn nng lng t li.
3.3.3. Bm p c hon tr nng lng v ngun
Trng hp ny ch xt khi ti c sc in ng (v d cp in mt chiu v ngun ti thun tr)
39
Ngh CN
Trong trng hp ti lm vic c ch nhn nng lng v tr nng lng, s phi hp ni tip
v song song c s dng.
Khi nhn nng lng v tr nng lng t li, iu khin KN.
Khi tr nng lng v li, iu khin KS.
2.5. Bm p tch ly nng lng
- Bm p tch ly in cm.
- Bm p tch ly in dung.
2.5.1. Bm p tch ly in cm
Khi b bm nm gia ngun p vi ti ngun p, phn tch ly nng lng phi l in cm
Hot ng
Khi T dn: iN = iT = iL , iR = iD = 0, UD = -(U+UR),
U = L.di/dt, iL tng tuyn tnh
Khi D dn: iN = iT = 0, iL = iR = iD, UD = -(U+UR),
UR = - L.di/dt, iL gim tuyn tnh.
Tr s trung bnh dng in ngun: IN = IL
Tr s trung bnh dng ti: IR = (1-)IL.
B qua tn hao ta c: UR.IR = UN.IN hay:
=
40
Ngh CN
Trong khong 0t1 transistor dn c dng in iT chy qua cun dy; diode kha v chu mt in p
bng in p ngun.
Trong khong thi gian t1t2 transistor kha, cun dy x nng lng qua ti bng dong iD. Dng
in ny ng thi np cho t C.
Khi transistor dn li, t x qua ti duy tr dng in trn ti. Coi in dung ca t ln, dng in iC
qua ti by gi gn nh khng i
Cc biu thc c bn
Khi T dn, diode chu mt in p:
UD = UN + UC = UN +Uti
Khi T kha, n chu mt in p:
UT = UN + UC = UN +Uti
Cc gi tr dng in
iN =
Id ; IL = I N + I d =
Id
Ud = UC =
E0 Nu coi R0 = 0, ta c:
Ud =
Id
E0; UN = E0 -
41
Ngh CN
42
Ngh CN
f=
3.6.4. Mch dao ng bng IC566
43
Ngh CN
44
S mch
45
Ngh CN
46
Ngh CN
4.1. PHNG PHAP IEU CHE O RONG XUNG SIN (SIN PWM)
4.1.1. S nguyn l
4.1.2. Nguyn l ca mch
Ve nguyen ly, phng phap thc hien da vao ky thuat analog. Gian o
kch ong cong tac bo nghch lu da tren c s so sanh hai tn hieu c
ban:
- Song mang up (carrier signal) tan so cao
V du: cong tac le c kch ong khi song ieu khien ln hn song
mang (ur>up). Trong trng hp ngc lai, cong tac chan c kch ong.
Song mang up co the dang tam giac. Tan so song mang cang cao,
lng song hai bac cao b kh bt cang nhieu. Tuy nhien, tan so ong
ngat cao lam cho ton hao phat sinh do qua trnh ong ngat cac cong tac
tang theo. Ngoai ra, cac linh kien oi hoi co thi gian ong ton, va ngat
toff nhat nh. Cac yeu to nay lam han che viec chon tan so song
mang.
Song ieu khien ur mang thong tin ve o ln tr hieu dung va tan
so song hai c ban cua ien ap ngo ra. Trong trng hp bo nghch
lu ap ba pha, ba song ieu khien cua ba pha phai c tao lech nhau ve
pha 1/3 chu ky cua no. Trong trng hp bo nghch lu ap mot pha, tng
ng vi hai pha tai tng tng hnh (H5.9), ta can tao hai song ieu
khien lech pha nhau 1/2 chu ky (tc chung ngc pha nhau). e n gian
mach kch hn na, ta co the s dung mot song ieu khien duy nhat e
kch ong, v du: cap cong tac (S1S4) c kch ong theo quan he gia
song ieu khien va song mang, con cap (S3S2) c kch ong ngc lai
vi chung. Luc o, hnh thanh trang thai kch ong (S1S2) hoac (S3S4).
Goi mf la t so ieu che tan so (Frequency modulation ratio) : tria carrier
47
f
f
carrier
reference
f
f
Ngh CN
tria
sin e
Viec tang gia tr mf se dan en viec tang gia tr tan so cac song
hai xuat hien. iem bat li cua viec tang tan so song mang la van
e ton hao do ong ngat ln.
Tng t, goi ma la t so ieu che bien o (Amplitude modulation
ratio):
ma
m
m
m reference
m carrier
m
m
m sin e
m tria
tri m carrier m
Neu (bien o song sin nho hn bien o song mang) th quan he gia
bien o thanh phan c ban cua ap ra va ap ieu khien la tuyen tnh.
4.2. PHNG PHAP IEU CHE O RONG XUNG CAI BIEN
(MODIFIED SPWM)
Nhc iem cua phng phap ieu che o rong xung sin (SPWM) la
kha nang ieu khien tuyen tnh ch thc hien c vi ch so ieu
che m nam trong pham vi 0 m 0.785 (tng ng ch so ma 1). Luc
o, bien o song hai c ban ien ap pha tai nam trong gii han
(0,U/2).
e m rong pham vi ieu khien tuyen tnh, phng phap ieu che
o rong xung sin cai bien co the c s dung.
Phng phap nay cho phep thc hien ieu khien tuyen tnh ien ap
tai vi ch so ieu che nam trong pham vi 0 m 0. 907, bien o song
hai bac mot ien ap at gia tr cc ai bang
U
3
va ch so ieu
48
Khi ap dung phng phap lay mau oi xng, khong can thiet tao ra
song tam giac nh tren hnh ve 5.12a. Goi T1, T2 la cac khoang thi gian
(xem hnh H5.12a) dung e xac nh thi iem kch ong linh kien, T1,T2
co the xac nh trong thi gian thc (real time) bang phep tnh n gian
(5.58), (5.59) nh sau:
2
Trong o, 2Ts la khoang thi gian cua chu ky lay mau, tsn, ts(n+1) la
cac thi iem thc hien viec lay mau, u* a (ts ) la ham song ieu khien
dang analog.
4. PHNG PHAP IEU CHE O RONG XUNG TOI U (OPTIMUM
PWM)
Anh hng cua mot so song hai bac thap cha trong ap ra co the
kh bo hoac han che bang phng phap ieu che o rong xung toi
u. Gian o kch ong cac cong tac c thiet lap tren c s phan tch
ham toi u theo cac bien la goc kch ong cac linh kien.
Trong trng hp ham toi u c thc hien bang cach triet tieu mot
so song hai bac cao, phng phap tren c goi la phng phap triet
tieu cac song hai chon loc (Selective Harmonic Elimination- SHE).
Bien o cac song hai co the xac nh qua khai trien chuoi Fourier
dang song ap ra:
49
Ngh CN
Giai he cac phng trnh xac nh goc kch 1,2,...,n ta se thiet lap
c gian o kch ong cac cong tac.
Neu dang ien ap tai la ham le, he so bk trong phan tch chuoi Fourier
se triet tieu va ta co:
50
Ngh CN
51
Ngh CN
Nguyn l : Phng php thc hin da vo k thut analog. Gin kch ng cng tc b
nghch lu da trn c s so snh 2 tn hiu c bn :
Sng mang up (carrier signal) tn s cao.
Sng iu khin ur (reference signal) hoc sng iu ch (modulating signal) dng sin. V d :
cng tc l s c kch ng khi sng iu khin ln hn sng mang (u r> u p). Trong trng hp cn
li, cng tc chn s c kch ng.
Sng mang up c th dng tam gic. Tn s sng mang cng cao, lng sng hi bc cao b kh
bt cng nhiu. Tuy nhin, tn s ng ct cao lm cho tn hao pht sinh do qu trnh ng ngt cc
cng tc tng theo. Ngoi ra, cc linh kin i hi c thi gian ng ton v thi gian m toff nht
nh. Cc yu t ny lm hn ch vic chn tn s sng mang.
Sng iu khin mang thng tin v ln tr hiu dng v tn s sng hi c bn ca in p
ng ra. Trng hp b nghch lu p ba pha, 3 sng iu khin ca 3 pha phi c to lch nhau v
pha 1/3 chu k ca n. Trong trng hp b nghch lu p 1 pha, ta cn to 2 dng sng iu khin
lch pha nhau chu k (tc l chng ngc pha nhau). n gin mch kch hn na, ta c th s
dng mt sng iu khin duy nht kch ng, v d : cp cng tc (s1s4) c kch ng theo quan
h ca sng iu khin v sng mang, cn cp (s 3s2) c kch ng ngc li vi chng. Lc hnh
thnh trng thi kch ng (S1S2) hoc (S3S4).
Gi mf l t s iu ch tn s (frequency modulation ratio) :
Nu ma
1 (bin sng sin nh hn bin sng mang) th quan h gia bin thnh phn
c bn ca p ra v p iu khin l tuyn tnh.
i vi b nghch lu p 1 pha, bin sng hi c bn U t(1)m = ma.U/2
52
Ngh CN
Bi 5: B BIN TN (CYCLO-CONVERTER)
5.1. Khi nim v b bin tn
Bo bien tan dung e chuyen oi ien ap hoac dong
ien xoay chieu au vao t mot tan so nay thanh ien ap
hoac dong ien co mot tan so khac au ra.
ng dung: Bo bien tan thng c s dung e ieu khien
van toc ong c xoay chieu theo phng phap ieu khien tan so,
theo o tan so cua li nguon se thay oi thanh tan so bien
thien. Ngoai viec thay oi tan so con co s thay oi tong so pha.
T nguon li mot pha, vi s giup cua bo bien tan ta co
the mac vao tai ong c ba pha. Bo bien tan con c s dung
rong rai trong ky thuat nhiet ien. Bo bien tan trong trng hp
nay cung cap nang lng cho lo cam ng.
5.1.1. Phn loi bin tn.
5.1.1.1. Bin tn quay.
Khi nim: bin tn quay l my pht in xoay chiu
53
Vi
Ngh CN
np wp
60 2 p
Trong :
f: tn s in p tnh bng Hz;
n: tc quay tnh theo vng/pht;
p: s i cc my in
5.1.1.2. Bin tn tnh
Khi nim: l loi bin tn c ch to t cc linh kin bn dn cng sut. C 2 loi bin tn
tnh thng gp:
-
Ngh CN
55
Ngh CN
56
Ngh CN
57
Ngh CN
Mach trung gian mot chieu: co cha tu loc vi ien dung kha
ln Cf (khoang vai ngan F) mac vao ngo vao cua bo nghch lu.
ieu nay giup cho mach trung gian hoat ong nh nguon ien ap.
Tu ien cung vi cuon cam Lf cua mach trung gian tao thanh mach
loc nan ien ap chnh lu. Cuon khang Lf co tac dung nan
dong ien chnh lu.
Trong nhieu trng hp, cuon khang Lf khong xuat hien trong
cau truc mach va tac dung nan dong cua no co the c thay
the bang cam khang tan may bien ap cap nguon cho bo chnh
lu. Do tac dung cua diode nghch ao bo nghch lu, ien ap at
tren tu ch co the at cac gia tr dng. Tu ien con thc hien
chc nang trao oi nang lng ao gia tai cua bo nghch lu va
mach trung gian bang cach cho phep dong id2 thay oi chieu nhanh
khong phu thuoc vao chieu cua dong id1.
58
Ngh CN
Bo nghch lu ap: dang mot pha hoac ba pha. Qua trnh chuyen
mach cua bo nghch lu ap thng la qua trnh chuyen oi cng
bc. Trong trng hp ac biet bo nghch lu lam viec khong co
qua trnh chuyen mach hoac vi qua trnh chuyen mach phu thuoc
ben ngoai. T o, ta co hai trng hp bo bien tan vi qua trnh
chuyen mach oc lap va qua trnh chuyen mach phu thuoc ben
ngoai .
Bo chnh lu: co nhieu dang khac nhau, mach tia, mach cau
mot pha hoac ba pha.
Thong thng ta gap mach cau ba pha. Neu nh bo chnh lu
mot pha va bo nghch lu ba pha, bo bien tan thc hien ca chc
nang bo bien oi tong so pha.
Khi ap dung phng phap ieu khien theo bien o cho ien ap
tai xoay chieu ra bo chnh lu phai la bo chnh lu ieu khien.
Thong thng, bo chnh lu co dang khong ieu khien, bao gom
cac diode mac dang mach cau. o ln ien ap va tan so ap ra
cua bo nghch lu con co the ieu khien thong qua phng phap
ieu khien xung thc hien trc tiep ngay tren bo nghch lu.
che o may phat cua tai (chang han khi ham ong c khong
ong bo), nang lng ham c tra ngc ve mach mot chieu va
nap cho tu loc Cf. Nang lng nap ve tren tu lam ien ap no tang
len va co the at gia tr ln co the gay qua ap. e loai bo
hien tng qua ien ap tren tu Cf, mot so bien phap sau ay co
the thc hien. Phng phap n gian nhat la tac dung ong mach
xa ien ap tren tu qua mot ien tr mac song song vi tu. Viec
ong mach xa tu thc hien nh cong tac ban dan S- hnh H5.56
(chang han ieu khien ap tu gia hai gia tr bien) da theo ket
qua so sanh tn hieu ien ap o c tren tu vi mot gia tr ien
ap at trc cho phep Mot bien phap khac la thc hien a
nang lng qua ap tren tu Cf ve nguon li ien xoay chieu. Trong
trng hp nay, bo bien tan c trang b bo chnh lu kep (hnh
H5.57). Kha nang bo chnh lu kep cho phep thc hien ao chieu
dong ien qua bo chnh lu va bang cach nay, trong ieu kien
chieu ien ap tu loc khong oi dau, nang lng c tra ve li
ien xoay chieu qua bo chnh lu.
59
Ngh CN
61
Ngh CN
62
Ngh CN
63
Ngh CN
Khi song ieu khien co bien o bang bien o song rang ca,
song hai c ban cua ap tai co bien o bang Ud0.
5.3.3. Bo bien tan trc tiep ba pha
Bo bien tan trc tiep co cac cau hnh dang ay u, oi xng
(H5.65a,b), trong o phu thuoc kieu au cua nguon, ta phan biet
cau truc s dung chung nguon t mot cuon th cap may bien
ap va cau truc co nguon rieng cho tng pha tai. Cau truc co
chung cuon th cap may bien ap oi hoi mach tai ba pha co
iem trung tnh e h . Neu cac pha tai khong the phan cach oc
lap, co the s dung cau truc mach bien tan trc tiep co nguon
rieng (H5.65b). Vi cau truc mach bien tan hnh H5.65b s dung
nguon chung, khi thc hien chuyen mach cac linh kien nhom na
tren cua mach cau, hien tng ngan mach nguon co the xay ra.
Bo bien tan trc tiep ba pha co qua trnh chuyen mach phu
thuoc ap nguon xoay chieu.
Cac cau truc tiet kiem linh kien se tao nen s khong oi xng
cua cac nhanh linh kien. Hai dang bien tan trc tiep khong oi
xng c ve minh hoa tren hnh H5.65c va H5.65d.
64
Ngh CN
Tren hnh H5.66 ve s o mach cong suat bo bien tan trc tiep
gom cac bo chnh lu tia ba pha vi nguon chung. Cac bo chnh
lu kep co the c ieu khien theo phng phap rieng le hoac
ong thi (co dong can bang). Tuy nhien, viec s dung chung
nguon tren trong thc te se co nhng kho khan do qua trnh
chuyen mach trong tng nhom bo chnh lu tao nen. Do o, vi
yeu cau chat lng cao, cac bo chnh lu cho tng pha tai se
c au vao tng pha nguon cach ly rieng (hnh H5.65b).
65
Ngh CN
nhien
Bo bien tan trc tiep vi qua trnh chuyen mach phu thuoc co
the cho ien ap tai vi tan so cao hn tan so nguon ap xoay
chieu neu ien ap chuyen mach lay t ien ap cua tai. Trong
66
Ngh CN
trng hp nay, tai co tnh dung khang, chang han ong c ong
bo kch t d.
Cac bo chnh lu kep A,B,C c ieu khien e tao dong ien
qua tai dang 6 bc. Do o, tai moi thi iem, ch ton tai dong
ien qua hai nhanh thyristor trong cac bo chnh lu, chang han dong
qua mot thyristor nhom A+ va mot thyristor nhom B - Trang thai (A+
B-) . S thay oi vai tro dan ien gia cac nhom tao nen cac trang
thai mach
Thi
iem chuyen mach
gia cac nhanh chang han t (A + C-) sang (B+ C-) c chon sao cho
ap khoa ton tai tren thyristor can ong. V du khi A 1 ong, ta co ap
tren B1 bang:
UVB1 = Ut1 - Ut2
bang).
Ngh CN
68
Ngh CN
Bi 6: B nghch lu (inverter)
6.1. Gii thiu v ngun in p nghch lu.
Bo nghch lu co nhiem vu chuyen oi nang lng t nguon ien
mot chieu khong oi sang dang nang lng ien xoay chieu e cung cap
cho tai xoay chieu.
ai lng c ieu khien ngo ra la ien ap hoac dong ien. Trong
trng hp au, bo nghch lu c goi la bo nghch lu ap va trng
hp sau la bo nghch lu dong.
Nguon mot chieu cung cap cho bo nghch lu ap co tnh chat nguon
ien ap va nguon cho bo nghch lu dong co tnh nguon dong ien.
Cac bo nghch lu tng ng c goi la bo nghch lu ap nguon ap va
bo nghch lu dong nguon dong hoac goi tat la bo nghch lu ap va bo
nghch lu dong.
Trong trng hp nguon ien au vao va ai lng ngo ra khong
giong nhau, v du bo nghch lu cung cap dong ien xoay chieu t nguon
ien ap mot chieu, ta goi chung la bo nghch lu ieu khien dong ien
t nguon ien ap hoac bo nghch lu dong nguon ap.
Cac bo nghch lu tao thanh bo phan chu yeu trong cau tao cua bo
bien tan. ng dung quan trong va tng oi rong rai cua chung nham
vao lnh vc truyen ong ien ong c xoay chieu vi o chnh xac cao.
Trong lnh vc tan so cao, bo nghch lu c dung trong cac thiet b lo
cam ng trung tan, thiet b han trung tan. Bo nghch lu con c dung
lam nguon ien xoay chieu cho nhu cau gia nh, lam nguon ien lien tuc
UPS, ieu khien chieu sang, bo nghch lu con c ng dung vao lnh
vc bu nhuyen cong suat phan khang.
Cac tai xoay chieu thng mang tnh cam khang (v du ong c khong
ong bo, lo cam ng), dong ien qua cac linh kien khong the ngat
bang qua trnh chuyen mach t nhien.
Do o, mach bo nghch lu thng cha linh kien t kch ngat e co
the ieu khien qua trnh ngat dong ien.
Trong cac trng hp ac biet nh mach tai cong hng, tai mang
tnh chat dung khang (ong c ong bo kch t d ), dong ien qua cac
linh kien co the b ngat do qua trnh chuyen mach t nhien phu thuoc
vao ien ap nguon hoac phu thuoc vao ien ap mach tai.
Khi o, linh kien ban dan co the chon la thyristor (SCR).
6.2. Bo nghch lu ap
Bo nghch lu ap cung cap va ieu khien ien ap xoay chieu
ngo ra. Trong cac trng hp khao sat di ay ta xet bo nghch lu ap
vi qua trnh chuyen mach cng bc s dung linh kien co kha nang
ieu khien ngat dong ien.
Nguon ien ap mot chieu co the dang n gian nh acquy, pin
ien hoac dang phc tap gom ien ap xoay chieu c chnh lu va
loc phang.
Linh kien trong bo nghch lu ap co kha nang kch ong va kch ngat
dong ien qua no, tc ong vai tro mot cong tac. Trong cac ng dung
cong suat nho va va, co the s dung transistor BJT, MOSFET, IGBT lam
cong tac va pham vi cong suat ln co the s dung GTO, IGCT
hoac SCR ket hp vi bo chuyen mach.
Vi tai tong quat, moi cong tac con trang b mot diode mac oi
song vi no. Cac diode mac oi song nay tao thanh mach chnh lu cau
69
Mach gom hai cong tac va hai diode mac oi song vi chung. Mach
tai va ngo ra cua bo nghch lu cach ly qua may bien ap vi cuon s
cap phan chia. Pha Trong trng hp khong s dung may bien ap cach
ly pha tai, nguon ien ap mot chieu can thiet ke vi nut phan the
gia (hnh H5.3), ay la dang mach nghch lu ap na cau.
70
Ngh CN
Tai ba pha co the mac dang hnh sao (H5.4b) hoac tam giac
(H5.4c).
71
oi vi tai cong suat ln, ien ap cung cap cho cac tai co the
at gia tr tng oi ln,
Cac cau hnh c ban cua bo nghch lu ap a bac:
Cau hnh dang cascade (Cascade inverter):[28],[48] -hnh H5.5b, s dung
cac nguon dc rieng, thch hp s dung trong trng hp nguon dc co san
v du di dang acquy, battery. Cascade inverter gom nhieu bo nghch lu
ap cau mot pha ghep noi tiep, cac bo nghch lu ap dang cau mot pha
nay co cac nguon DC rieng.
Bang cach kch ong cac linh kien trong moi bo nghch lu ap mot
pha, 3 mc ien ap (-U,0,U) c tao thanh. S ket hp hoat ong cua n
bo nghch lu ap tren mot nhanh pha tai se tao nen n kha nang mc
ien ap theo chieu am (-U,-2U,-3U,..,-nU), n kha nang mc ien ap theo
chieu dng (U,2U,3U,..,nU) va mc ien ap 0. Nh vay, bo nghch lu ap
72
Cau hnh nghch lu cha cap diode kep: (Neutral point Clamped Multilevel
Inverter (NPC) hoac- diode clamped multilevel inverter):-hnh H5.5a, s dung
thch hp khi cac nguon dc tao nen t he thong ien ac. Bo nghch lu
a bac cha cac cap diode kem co mot mach nguon DC c phan chia
thanh mot so cap ien ap nho hn nh chuoi cac tu ien mac noi
tiep.
Gia s nhanh mach dc gom n nguon co o ln bang nhau mac noi
tiep. ien ap pha nguon dc co the at c (n+1) gia tr khac nhau
va t o bo nghch lu c goi la bo nghch lu ap (n+1) bac. V du
chon mc ien the 0 cuoi day nguon, cac mc ien ap co the at
c gom (0,U,2U,.,nU). ien ap t mot pha tai (v du pha a) thong en
mot v tr bat ky tren mach dc (v du M) nh cap diode kep tai iem o
(v du D1, D1). e ien ap pha- nguon dc at c mc ien ap neu
tren (ua0=U), tat ca cac linh kien b kep gia hai diode (D1, D1) gom n
linh kien noi tiep lien tuc ke nhau, phai c kch ong (v du S1,
S5,S4,S3,S2), cac linh kien con lai se b khoa theo qui tac kch oi
nghch. Tng ng vi 6 trng hp kch ong linh kien b kep gia 6
cap diode (hai cap diode kep hai v tr bien la trng hp ac biet), ta
thu c 6 mc ien ap pha- nguon dc : 0,U,2U,..,5U. V co kha nang tao
73
T o:
Thay uNO vao bieu thc tnh ien ap moi pha tai, ta co:
74
U
U
neu cong tac le cua pha c kch ong va 2
2
Thi gian chet (dead- time): la khoang thi gian can thiet ap at trong
gian o ong ngat cap linh kien cung pha tai, trong khoang thi gian
nay hai cong tac cung pha tai se b khoa kch (v du S1,S4). Thi gian
chet bat au qua trnh chuyen mach cua hai cong tac cung pha tai e
75
Ro rang :
ut =ut1/2=-ut2/2=u10 - u20
(5.10)
Neu cac cong tac c kch theo qui tac oi nghch, ta co the xac
nh dang ap tren tai da tren gian o kch cong tac va ien ap
nguon.
Phan tch ien ap tai cua bo nghch lu ap mot pha dang na cau:
ien ap bang vi ien ap pha tai - tam nguon, bai toan tr nen n
gian.
Phan tch ien ap tai cua bo nghch lu ap mot pha dang cau: Qua
trnh ien ap va dong ien c ve tren hnh (H5.8)
Xet qua trnh cac ai lng trong mot chu ky hoat ong che o
xac lap. Gia thiet rang tai thi iem t=0, thc hien ong S1 va S2,
ngat S3 va S4. ien ap tai bang U, dong ien tai chay qua mach (U-S1S2) tang len theo phng trnh:
76
trang thai xac lap, dong ien bien oi theo dang xoay chieu, tuan
hoan. Cac hang so A,B co the xac nh t ieu kien dong ien tai
tai cac thi iem t=0, t=T/2 va t=T.
Nh vay, qua trnh dong tai trong mot chu ky hoat ong se co the
bieu dien nh sau:
77
Ngh CN
Gia tr Imin va Imax co the xac nh t qua trnh oi xng cua hai
na chu ky ien ap va dong ien tai, t o suy ra rang Imax=-Imin. Ap
dung quan he tren vao cac he thc tnh I, ta thu c:
Cong suat tai co the xac nh theo tr trung bnh dong qua nguon dc
Is neu ta bo qua ton hao cua linh kien bo nghch lu:
78
Vi x=1,2,3.
Trang thai ong ngat cua cac khoa ban dan tren mot nhanh tai
cua cac pha a,b,c thoa man ieu kien kch oi nghch:
S1j+S1j=1 ; S2j+S2j=1 ; S3j+S3j=1 ; j=1,2,3,4,5
(5.28)
Trong trng hp 3 pha tai dang tam giac, ien ap pha tai bang ien ap
day do bo nghch lu cung cap:
ut12 =u10 - u20; ut23 = u20 - u30; ut31 = u30 - u10
(5.30)
79
Xet bo nghch lu ap ba bac tren hnh H5.41, viec ieu khien ien ap
tai co the thc hien theo gian o tren hnh H5.35 oi vi pha a bang
cach thay oi o rong goc .
ien ap pha- tam nguon:
80
81
Ngh CN
Chang han, xet pha a cua bo nghch lu ap ba bac tren hnh H5.41.
Xung kch cho cac linh kien Sa1,Sa2,Sa3,Sa4 c thiet lap tren c s so
sanh song ieu khien ura cua pha a vi song mang up1 (oi vi xung
kch cho cap Sa1 va Sa3) va up2 (oi vi xung kch cho cap Sa2 va S ). Cu
the la:
T gian o thiet lap tren, ien ap pha- tam nguon c xac nh, v
du cho pha a:
82
Ba dang phoi hp
(xem hnh H5.36a):
Ngh CN
a. Hai song mang ke can lien tiep nhau se b dch 180 o APOD (Alternative
Phase Opposition Disposition)
b. Bo tr oi xng qua truc zero (POD- Phase opposition Disposition). Cac
song mang nam tren truc 0 se cung pha nhau, ngc lai, cac song mang
nam di truc 0 se b dch i 180 o.
c. Bo tr cung pha (DP- In phase disposition): tat ca cac song mang eu
cung pha.
83
Ngh CN
84
Ngh CN
S o thc hien tao tn hieu ieu che cai bien t tn hieu ieu che
dang sin c ve tren hnh H5.39. Tn hieu ien ap ieu che va ien ap
ngo ra bo nghch lu c ve tren hnh H5.40.
Phng phap ieu che o rong xung cai bien ch c s dung cho
tai ba pha 3 day. He qua cua phng phap la ien ap pha tai c
tang len khoang 15% so vi phng phap ieu che o rong xung sin
phan tren, trc khi
at en
pham vi
ieu che m rong
(overmodulation).
6.3.4.5. Phng phap ieu che vector khong gian
Vector khong gian cua bo nghich lu ap a bac:
Qua trnh ong ngat cac linh kien tao ra ien ap ba pha tai vi vector
khong gian cua no thay oi nhay cap tren hnh luc giac a bac. V du,
oi vi bo nghch lu ap ba bac, kha nang ieu khien kch dan linh
kien tao nen 27 trang thai khac nhau, moi trang thai c minh hoa bi
to hp (kakbkc),vi ka=0,1,2 ;kb=0,1,2; kc=0,1,2 .la he so trang thai tng
ng cua cac pha a,b,c. V du: xet he so ka cua pha a ta co:
Trong qua trnh kch dan, qui luat sau c tuan thu:
85
Van e con lai la xac nh thi gian tac dung T1,T2 va T3 cua cac
vector c ban. Neu ta biet c vector v di dang cac thanh phan
vuong goc V ,V trong he toa ong yen (stationary frame), quan he
86
Vi V1 ,V2 ,V3 ,V1 ,V2 ,V3 la cac thanh phan theo truc toa o
va cua cac vector tren hnh luc giac v 1 , v 2 va v 3 T o, thi
gian c xac nh (ap dung ma tran ngc):
Ap dung cu the vao 4 dien tch hnh tam giac trong goc phan sau th
nhat cua hnh luc giac, chu y en vector c ban trong moi dien tch
tren, ta thu c ket qua sau (xem hnh H5.42):
Trong dien tch (1), vector c ban v0,v1 va v4
87
Ngh CN
Thc hien ky thuat ieu che vector khong gian cho bo nghch lu ap
ba bac:
Gian o kch dan cac linh kien bo nghch lu ap ba bac c minh
hoa tren hnh H5.43, ap dung cho goc phan sau th nhat cua hnh luc
giac. Chu y do trang thai kch dan cac linh kien tren cung nhanh pha
tai cho bi qui luat oi nghch nen tren gian o ch can trnh bay
trang thai cua Sx1 va Sx2, x=a,b,c. T gian o ta thay cac trang thai
kch dan tng ng 3 vector c ban V 1 , V 3 va V 4 . Thi gian kch dan
cua cac vector nay co the suy ra t bieu thc tnh toan T1,T2,T3 hoac
tren ky thuat ieu che o rong xung da vao song mang nh tren hnh
ve H5.43.
88
Ngh CN
89
61