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Learn Grammar - تعلم الانجليزية
Learn Grammar - تعلم الانجليزية
2008
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English Alphabetic
Parts of Speech
Sentences
Verb to BE
Verb to DO
Verb to HAVE
Nouns
Countable Nouns
Spelling Rules for Plurals
Uncountable Nouns
Definite & Indefinite Articles
Pronouns
Object Pronouns
Reflexive Pronouns
Relative Pronouns
Making Questions
How
some/
some/ any/
any/
Making Negative
TENSES
English Alphabetic
1.
2.
Capital Letters
A
Small Letters
a
Consonant Letters
b
Vowels Letters
a
Parts of Speech
Noun
Ahmed, book
Pronoun
Verb
Adjective
Adverb
Parts of Speech
Preposition
. !
Conjunctio
n
Parts of Speech
:
a, an, the
.
.
This is a book.
. a
This is an apple.
. an
. This is the book I bought
yesterday.
.
the
Article
:
): (
:
Ali doctor.
:
Ali is a doctor
Sentences
Simple Sentences
Compound Sentences
Complex Sentences
Simple Sentences
:
:
I saw a boy.
The boy was riding a bicycle.
)1
)2
:
I saw a boy riding a bicycle.
Compound Sentences
:
and/ but /or
and:
:
Ahmed did his homework. Anas helped him.
:
Compound Sentences
but:
:
Khaled is rich. He is unhappy.
:
or:
:
We can play football. We can watch TV.
:
Complex Sentences
:
Main Clause
: Subordinate Clause
Noun Clause
Adjectival Clause
Adverbial Clause
. :
I saw the man who was carrying a stick.
. :
I saw the man carrying a stick.
Verb to BE
:
Subject
Present
Past
Past participle
am
was
been
He, She, It
is
was
been
We, They,
You
are
were
been
Verb to BE
.
.
:Examples
I am a pupil.
They are boys.
1.
2.
Affirmative
Negative
I am at home.
I am not at
home.
)( )( :
Yes or No questions
Short Answers
Affirmative
Negative
Be
+Subject
+
Complement
Yes + Subject
+ Be
No + Subject
+ Be + not
Are
you
a teacher?
Yes, I am.
No, I am not.
Were
the boys
at school?
Yes, they
were.
Verb to DO
It is used as a principal and a helping verb.
:
Past participle
Past
Present
Subject
done
did
do
I, you, we,
they
done
did
does
He, She, It
.
.
Verb to HAVE
It is used as a principal and a helping verb.
:
Past participle
Past
Present
Subject
had
had
have
I, you, we,
they
had
had
has
He, She, It
.
.
+
do/does/di
d
+ not
+ have
+
Compleme
nt
do
not
have
a car.
He
does
not
have
A new
watch.
They
did
not
have
breakfast
this
morning.
Short Answers
Affirmative
Negative
Do/Does/Di
d
+Subject
+have
+
Complement
Yes + Subject +
do/does/did
No + Subject
+ do/does/did
+not
Do
you
have
a car?
Yes, I do.
No, I do not.
Does
he
have
a new
watch?
Yes, he does.
No, he does
not
Did
they
have
Breakfast
this
morning?
not
:
I have lived here for a long time.
I have not lived here for a long time.
:
.
:
They have lived here for a long time.
? Have they lived here for a long time
Yes, they have.
No, they have not.
Nouns
Nouns are words we use to name:
:
.
People
Things
Places
Ideas
Feeling
s
:
.
. :
Countable Nouns
These nouns have singular and plural forms.
.
Singular
Plural
one book
one horse
two books
many horses
ch, z, x, s
sh,
es
Plural
matches
Singular
match
buses
dishes
boxes
bus
dish
box
Plural
cities
babies
.
ie
y
s Singular
city
baby
Plural
boys
Singular
boy
keys
key
e
s
Singular
Plural
potatoes
potato
tomato
tomatoes
.
Plural
radios
Singular
radio
zoos
zoo
fe
Plural
knives
Singular
knife
shelves
shelf
Plural
classrooms
Singular
classroom
policemen
policeman
e
s
Plural
Singular
men
man
women
woman
children
child
people
person
feet
foot
teeth
tooth
geese
goose
mice
mouse
Uncountable Nouns
Uncountable nouns cannot be counted.
es , s
:
salt, coffee, tea, food, meat, gold, music, blood .
an
Uncountable Nouns
salt
meat
coffee
knowledg
e
informati
on
food
butter
blood
gold
sugar
cheese
glass
news
bread
paper
milk
wood
rice
grass
steel
rain
marble
music
cloth
tea
flour
furniture
Uncountable Nouns
.
:
Coffee is a traditional drink in Saudi Arabia.
Milk has many minerals.
.
Two cups of tea are not enough for me.
Five liters of oil do not operate this machine.
The
: Vowels
aeio-u
Before a singular
countable noun.
Before a job, a
particular group of
people or a
nationality.
Saleh is a doctor
He is an engineer.
. She is an English
women.
He washes his
hands ten times a
day. (means
every day).
Love, beauty,
hatred, wood,
.
silver, gold
.
Names of some
countries.
. Listen to the
radio/news.
Go to the
market/desert.
No article is used
before such words as
school, home, bed,
work, etc.
....
I am going to school.
I always go to bed
early.
on Monday, in June
. in summer
(sometimes in the
summer).
before breakfast.
No article is used
before such words
such as day and
month names.
Pronouns
A pronoun replaces a noun .
Subject
Pronouns
Object
Pronouns
Possessive
Adjectives
Possessive
Pronouns
Reflexive
Pronouns
me
my
mine
myself
you
you
your
yours
yourself
he
him
his
his
himself
she
her
her
hers
herself
it
it
its
its
itself
We
us
our
ours
ourselves
you
you
your
yours
yourselve
s
they
them
their
theirs
themselv
es
Pronouns
We use a pronouns instead of a noun when it is clear who or what we are talking about .
.
.
Examples
Ali is a good student. He passes all his tests.
Object Pronouns
After a preposition.
Do you live near them?
Send the box directly to me.
Reflexive Pronouns
Relative Pronouns
The relative pronouns are used to join sentences together.
.
:
. 1-
who
whom .
which
.
that
.
whose
.
. 2-
Relative Pronouns
[
[
]
]
Who
Who
who
.
:
Here is the man. The man is a doctor.
who
The
man
:
Here is the man who is a doctor.
Relative Pronouns
[
[
]
]
Whom
Whom
whom
.
:
The man came here. I visited him.
whom
him
: ) (
The man whom I visited came here.
Relative Pronouns
] [
] [
Which
Which
which
: .
He found his book. He lost it yesterday.
which
book
him
his
: ) (
He found his book which he lost yesterday.
Relative Pronouns
] [
] [
That
That
that
: .
This is the boy. You met her.
This is the boy that (whom) you met.
I have a bird. It sings.
I have a bird that (which) sings.
Relative Pronouns
[
][
]
Whose
Whose
.
: whose
the
man
car
whose
car
Making Questions
:
: Helping Verbs
am is are was were have has had
will would shall should can could
may might must ought to
:
They are doctors.
Are they doctors?
She can help us?
Can she help us?
I will go to the market?
Will you go to the
market?
Making Questions
:
:
)do 1
) (
s )does2
:
:
Ahmed plays tennis.
Ahmed
?Does Ahmed play tennis
Huda watch TV.
?Does Huda watch TV
) (
Making Questions
)did3
:
:
) (
:
.
No
Yes
Making Questions
Wh Questions
?Where
?When
?Why
?Which
?Who
?Whom
?What
Making Questions
)Wh Questions (Cont.
?Whose
?How
?How many
?How much
?How long
?How old
?How far
: )1
When, Where, Why..etc
helping )2
) verb (
.
: )3
*
d
s
*
doe o
s
*
s
)4
did
.
. )5
:
They are going to eat meat.
?What are they going to eat
.
are
they
*
meat
did
at school
ed .
.
:
:
you I
I you
my your
we you
who
what
.
:
How
He was very pleased to meet his
friend.
How was he to meet his friend?
How
How
many
How
old
How
much
How
It is 450 KM from Dammam to Riyadh.
How far is it from Dammam to Riyadh?
How
far
How
long
How
high
How
tall
some/
any/
some
.
1) We had some books.
2) Somebody was
there.
3) He is somewhere.
any
:
1) Do you have any books?
2) Is anybody at
home?
3) Is he anywhere?
:
1) We do not have any books.
2) I did not see
anybody.
3) He is not anywhere.
Making Negative
not
: Helping Verbs
am is are was were have has had
will would shall should can could
may might must ought to
:
They are not happy?
He can not help
Making Negative
Long forms & Short forms of Verb to be
(Affirmative)
(Negative)
Long
Forms
Short
Forms
Long
Forms
Short
Forms
I am
Im
I am not
Im not
He is
Hes
He is not
Hes not
She is
Shes
She is not
Shes not
It is
Its
It is not
Its not
You are
Youre
Youre not
We are
Were
We are not
Were not
They are
Theyre
Making Negative
.
does,
) did
:
)(not
(do,
.
: :
Negative
no, any
Affirmative
some
.... bothand
neither.nor
neither.nor
...... either..or
never
sometimes
not so..as
....... asas
not all
all
every
TENSES
1. Present Simple Tense
.
.
:
usually
always
sometimes
often
generally
never
rarely
every
TENSES
1.1.
Present
Present Simple
Simple Tense
Tense
1.
2.
3.
4.
1.
2.
I go to school everyday.
They usually sleep at 11.00 p.m.
We often drink coffee in the morning.
She is never late to school.
s :.
Ali drinks milk every morning.
A cow gives us milk.
TENSES
.
.
:
last
ago
ed
yesterday
TENSES
2. Past Simple Tense
I, He, She, it
They, We, You
was
were
1.
2.
3.
TENSES
3. Future
Simple
Tense
3. Future
Simple
Tense
.
shall
will
will
we I
. shal
l
.shall
:
in the future
next
will
tomorrow
TENSES
TENSES
4. Present Continuous
Tense
4.
4.Present
PresentContinuous
ContinuousTense
Tense
.
:
+ + ingam / is / are
I
am + verb + ing
He, she, it
is + verb + ing
They, we, you
are + verb + ing
look
at the moment
now
listen
TENSES
4.
4.Present
PresentContinuous
ContinuousTense
Tense
1.
2.
3.
TENSES
4.
4.Present
PresentContinuous
ContinuousTense
Tense
:
prefer
want
love
like
feel
dislike
hate
wish
seem
think
hear
hope
fit
consider
fear
appear
understand
trust
believe
TENSES
4. Present Continuous
Tense
5.
5.Past
PastContinuous
ContinuousTense
Tense
.
:
:
:
:
.
.
because
as
while
when
TENSES
5.
5.Past
PastContinuous
ContinuousTense
Tense
) (
.
When we were eating , my father came .
) (
.
TENSES
5.
5.Past
PastContinuous
ContinuousTense
Tense
:
:
A thief entered my room while I was sleeping .
My father
came when we were eating .
TENSES
5.
5.Past
PastContinuous
ContinuousTense
Tense
:
while
.
whil
. e
TENSES
4. Present Continuous
Tense
6.
6.Future
FutureContinuous
ContinuousTense
Tense
.
:
) + + ing ( will + be
in
by
at
after
all
..fromto
TENSES
6.
6.Future
FutureContinuous
ContinuousTense
Tense
1.
2.
TENSES
4. Present Continuous
Tense
7.
7.Present
PresentPerfect
PerfectTense
Tense
.
:
I
+ has / have
just
for
since
never
ever
yet
already
recently
TENSES
7.
7.Present
PresentPerfect
PerfectTense
Tense
1.
2.
3.
4.
TENSES
Since
Since&
&For
For
Since means from some definite point or period n the past up to now
.
since
since
For
For
2 oclock
a moment
Monday
3 minutes
yesterday
an hour
last night
many hours
1996
a year
last century
10 years
he came
a century
TENSES
4. Present Continuous
Tense
8.
8.Past
PastPerfect
PerfectTense
Tense
.
:
I
+ had
:
before
after
as soon as
which
TENSES
8.
8.Past
PastPerfect
PerfectTense
Tense
1.
2.
3.
4.
TENSES
4. Present Continuous
Tense
9.
9.Future
FuturePerfect
PerfectTense
Tense
.
:
+ I will + have
:
at
by
TENSES
9.
9.Future
FuturePerfect
PerfectTense
Tense
1.
2.
TENSES
4. PresentContinuous
Continuous Tense
10.
10.Present
PresentPerfect
Perfect ContinuousTense
Tense
.
:
++ ing I has / have + been
:
since
for
TENSES
10.
10.Present
PresentPerfect
PerfectContinuous
ContinuousTense
Tense
1.
2.
TENSES
10.
10.Present
PresentPerfect
PerfectContinuous
ContinuousTense
Tense
Present
:
Perfect
Imperatives
Imperatives
Give Instructions
(Affirmative )
(Affirmative )
Make Invitations
Imperatives
Give Warnings
(Affirmative )
Push.
(Affirmative )
(Affirmative )
Modals
A modal has only one form of the verb for all persons,
but it can have several meanings and time frames,
depending on the context in which it is used.
.
Form
shall, should, will would, may, might, can, could, must,
ought to + ()
Modals
Modals
Expresses:
shall
should
will
Example
Promise
Determination
Threat
Duty
Advice or opinion
Determination or promise
Modals
Modals
Expresses:
Example
might
Possibility
can,
am/is/are
able to
Ability
He can do it carefully.
He is able to solve the problem.
shall be able,
will be able
could
must
Necessity
had to
study.
Modals
Modals
Expresses:
Example
ought to
Advice
ought to
have
Modals
Affirmative
Negative
Question
Short Answers
Affirmative
Negative
They should
not eat now.
Yes, they
should.
should.
He will leave.
He will not
leave.
Will he leave?
Yes, he will.
will.
He would
succeed.
He would not
succeed.
Would he leave?
Yes, he would.
would.
I might succeed.
I might not
succeed.
Might I
succeed?
I may sleep.
I may not
sleep.
May I sleep?
Modals
Affirmative
Negative
Question
Short Answers
Affirmative
Negative
I can do it.
Can I do it?
He could talk.
He could not
talk.
Could he talk?
Yes, he could.
could.
We could have a
test tomorrow.
We could not
have a test
tomorrow.
Could we have a
test tomorrow?
You must go
now.
Must you go
now?
Yes, I must.
must.
You ought to
help them.
Ought you to
help them?
Comparing Adjectives
4. Present Continuous
Tense
1.
1.Comparing
ComparingShort
ShortAdjectives
Adjectives
: 1.
than
er
safer than
simpler than
easier than
i
heavier than
safe
simple
er
easy
heavy
Comparing Adjectives
4. Present Continuous
Tense
1.
1.Comparing
ComparingShort
ShortAdjectives
Adjectives
: 2.
est
. the
Everest is the highest mountain.
This is the biggest building in Riyadh.
.
the safest
est
the easiest
safe
easy
Comparing Adjectives
2.
2.Comparing
ComparingLong
LongAdjectives
Adjectives
: 1.
difficult
difficult
beautiful
beautiful
correct
correct
dangerous
dangerous
Fluent
Fluent
Important
Important
est
er
more
than
Comparing Adjectives
2.
2.Comparing
ComparingLong
LongAdjectives
Adjectives
: 2.
the most
Comparing Adjectives
2.
2.Comparing
ComparingLong
LongAdjectives
Adjectives
good
better than
the best
bad
worse than
the worst
( )
( )
many
much
more than
the most
( )
little
less than
the least
than
far his brother
farther
than
Adel is better
at school.
This girl is the worst one in her class.
the farthest
as..as
)(
not as.as
((
))
as..as
as..as
.
Ali is as tall as his brother.
This bag is as big as my bag.
not
notas..as
as..as
.
Ali is not as tall as his brother.
This bag is not as big as my bag.
Adverbs[]
slow slowly
nice
nicely
happy
happily
careful
to the adjectives.
ly
ly
carefully
Adverbs[]
There are many kinds of adverbs:
:
1. Adverbs of manner: express how an action was done.
: .
Adverbs[]
3. Adverbs of place: express when an action is done.
: .
ly
Some words that end in
can be both adjectives or adverbs. Most of them refer
to time.
ly
. .
:
daily
weekly
monthly
yearly
][Adverbs
4. Adverbs of frequency: tell how often we do something.
: : .
often
often
always
always
sometimes
sometimes
usually
usually
Rarely
seldom
seldom
Occasionally
Never
Never
: Verb to BE:
Ali is always on time.
: Other Verbs:
Ali sometimes reads a book.
Conjunctions:
where, wherever
:
Wherever he goes his brother follows him.
Conjunctions:
because, since, as
:
I stayed at home yesterday because it was raining.
Conjunctions:
.
. as if
:
.
were
would
a) We use (may + infinitive) when the main verb is in the present or future.
( + ).
b) We use (might + infinitive) when the main verb is in the simple past.
( + ).
though, although
He is poor. He is happy.
Although (though) he is poor, he is happy.
as.as, soas
if, unless
as..as
] [
not as.as
[[
]
]
as..as
as..as
.
Ahmed drives as dangerously as his brother.
not
notas..as
as..as
.
Hamad does not drive as dangerously as his brother.
A.
A. Statements
Statements
Passive
.Ahmed
by
A.
A. Statements
Statements
Active
Passive
:
) . ( 1.
beto 2.
.
. 3.
4.
.
by
. 5.
:
Active
Passive
A.
A. Statements
Statements
to be
was, were
had been
can be, could be, may be, might be, must be,
ought to be
B.
B. Questions
Questions
Passive
:
Active
) . ( 1.
beto 2.
.
. 3.
4.
.
by
. 5.
:
Active
Passive
Passive
:
Active
let 1.
.
) . ( 2.
to be 3.
.
be
. 4.
:
Active
Passive
Active
Passive
Letters are not written (by Ali).
) ( :Intransitive Verbs
: .
) ( :Intransitive Verbs
.
*
.
: .*
:
Huda a flower .
to
Huda
gave
Ahmed
Prepositions
.
.
A preposition shows the relation between the subject and the
object. There are also prepositions of time and prepositions of
place.
.
Use of Prepositions
Preposition
s
on
Use
Example
Day
Day
On Monday
On Friday morning
Special days
To mean above
Use of Prepositions
Preposition
s
in
Use
Example
Season
Season
Year
Month
The morning
The evening
To mean above
He is in the mosque.
Use of Prepositions
Preposition
s
at
Use
Example
Time
Time
Festival
Meal times
The weekend
Noon
Night
Night
We sleep at night.
To mean place
place
He is at the grocers.
Use of Prepositions
Prepositions of Place
Preposition
s
at
under
in front
of
to
Use
Example
at an exact place
at work
Ahmed is at work.
at the table
direction/place /
I go to school everyday.
Use of Prepositions
Prepositions of Place
Preposition
s
in
Use
Example
To mean inside
In a country
In a town./street /
I live in Al-Madina.
in bed
In a building or area
In a chair
Use of Prepositions
Prepositions of Place
Preposition
s
Use
Example
with
from
I am from Riyadh.
behind
between
on
TV
Time
He arrives on time.
Use of Prepositions
More Examples
Prepositions
in
Example
The medicine is in the bottle.
on
at
near
between
opposite
into
onto
Use of Prepositions
More Examples
Prepositions
off
Example
The man is falling off the chair.
out of
across
over/above
under/below
through
among
Use of Prepositions
More Examples
Prepositions
in
Example
The medicine is in the bottle.
on
at
near
between
opposite
into
onto
Use of Prepositions
More Examples
Prepositions
round
Example
The car is going round the tree.
in front of
behind
on top of
at the side of
along
next to
Question-Tags
.
.
.
. *
*
.
Question-Tags
Questions
Questionsthat
thatwe
weexpect
expectthe
theanswer
answerYes
Yes
:
?* Theres a supermarket near here, isnt there
Yes , there is.
)( . *
.
Yes
* not
.
:
?* You come from the United States, dont you
Yes, I do.
do *
.
Question-Tags
Questions
Questionsthat
thatwe
weexpect
expectthe
theanswer
answerNo
No
do/does
*
*did
Conditional if
+ will
if + present
)1
.
) ( If it rains tomorrow, I will stay at home.
: If you eat too much, you will become fat.
Conditional if
if + past
+ would
)2
.
If Shakespeare lived today, he would use different English.
. .
.
(
: ) +
:
.
.
would
subject+ would
be
if + subject + past
+
were
was
Conditional if
3)
if + had +
would have +
Conditional if
if + present
present
)4
if + present
instructions
Turn the radio off if it is too
Dont drive a car if you are
Or
)5
Reported Speech
.
Indirect Speech
There are four kinds of direct and Indirect Speech .
:
1) Statement
2) Question
3) Command
4) Exclamation
Reported Speech
Statement
Statement
Direct
sai
1-
that
d 2-
.
Reported
*
: 3-
they
their
: 4-
we
our
I
he, she
My his, her
Present
Past
Past Perfect Past
: 5-
then Now
here
there
Last night
the night before
this
that
yesterday
the day before
tomorrow
the following day
Reported Speech
Statement
Statement
Direct
Indirect
I live in Riyadh
We are happy
added that
and
:( .) :
:
:
:
Reported Speech
Question
Question
Reported
*
Direct
:
: asked
1-
Past
Past Perfect
. 2-
. 3-
. 4-
Present
Past
Reported Speech
Question
Question
Direct
Indirect
:
:
do
.
.
Does he go to school?.
Reported Speech
Question
Question
Direct
had
Indirect
+ )
did
.
.
Reported Speech
Command
Command
Reported
*
Direct
:
( 1-
. )
ordered
(
. )
I
begged
(
. )
advised
(
. )
told
2-
3-
.
. to
4-
Please, do
Reported Speech
Command
Command
Direct
Indirect
Reported Speech
Exclamation
Exclamation
Reported
*
Direct
:
: 1-
With anger
With regret
With admiration
With joy
With sadness
2-
that
. 3-
: :
how, what
!. :
Alas, Hurrah,
Oh
Reported Speech
Exclamation
Exclamation
Direct
Indirect
. :
Country
Nationality
Country
Nationality
Saudi Arabia
Saudi
Britain
British
Oman
Omani
Turkey
Turkish
Algeria
Algerian
China
Chinese
Libya
Libyan
Lebanon
Lebanese
Palestine
Palestinian
France
French
Syria
Syrian
Switzerland
Swiss