Bi 1: NHNG KHI NIM C BN V IN

M bi : MD-M3-B1
A-MC TIU THC HIN
- Trnh by cc khi nim, cc i lng trong mch in
- Tip cn vi cc thng s chnh ca mch in
- Nu khi nim v cc thng s chnh trong mch inmt chiu v mch in
xoay chiu
B-CC NI DUNG CHNH
- Khi nim v cc i lng in
- Khi nim v mch in
- Cc thnh phn trong mch in
- Ngun in xoay chiu v ngun in mt chiu
C-CC HOT NG HC TP
-Hc v khi nim cc i lng in, cc thng s ca mch in v cc loi
dng in s dng trn tu thy trn lp
-Tham kho cc ti liu v mch in. Ni dung ny c hc tp t tc
HOT NG I : NGHE THUYT TRNH C THO LUN
I-Khi nim v cc i lng in
1.1.Khi nim v in p
a.in th
Ti mt im no ca mch in c chn l im gc v c in th
bng 0 (im t ) khi in th ca mi im khc trong mch c gi tr m
hay dng c mang so vi im gc v c hiu l in th ti im tng
ng.
Gi s ti im B so vi gc th th ti im B tng ng l: V B
n v o ca in th l vn (V)
b.in p
in p l hiu s in th gia hai im khc nhau ca mch in.
Khi nim in p ny c rt ra t khi nim in th trong vt l.
Vy: in p gia hai im A v B ca mch (K hiu l U AB ) c xc
nh bi:
U AB = V A - V B = - U BA
1

( 1.1 )

V A : in th ti im A so vi gc.
V B : in th ti im B so vi gc.
in p c k hiu l U,i lng o l vn (V), kV, MV .v.v.
1.2.Khi nim v dng in
a.Khi nim
Dng in l dng chuyn di c hng ca cc ht mang in tch (Ht
mang in tch l cc ht electron mang in tch m).
Dng in trong mch c chiu chuyn ng t ni c in th cao n
ni c in th thp v do dng in c chiu ngc vi chiu chuyn ng
ca cc ht in t (electron).
K hiu dng in:I
i lng o l Ampe (A)
b.iu kin duy tr dng in
c dng in v duy tr c n th phi c hai iu kin sau:
-Tn ti in p ti hai im.
-Ni hai im c in p vi mch kn.
1.3.Khi nim v in tr
a.Khi nim
in tr l thng s c trng cho s tiu hao nng lng ch yu di
dng nhit.
Mc tiu hao nng lng ca in tr c nh gi bng cng sut ca
n v xc nh theo cng thc sau:
P = U.I = I 2 R

( 1.2 )

P:Cng sut tiu hao nng lng tnh bng Wot (W),
U: in p t vo hai u in tr (V),
I: Dng in chy trong in tr (A),
R: in tr,tnh bng m ( ).
b. S ph thuc ca in tr vo vt dn
xc nh c s ph thuc ca in tr vo vt dn ta phi da vo
cng thc tnh in tr ca mt on dy dn,cng thc ny l cng thc trong
l

R = . s

vt l:
Trong :
2

( 1.3 )
+
U
-

R: in tr ca on dy dn,tnh bng .
: (R) in tr sut ca vt liu lm in tr.
l: Chiu di on dy dn,tnh bng mm.
s: Tit din ca on dy dn,tnh bng mm

Da vo cng thc ta thy: vt liu c in tr sut () cng ln th in

tr (R) ca n cng ln,tit din dy cng ln th in tr cng nh.
Vy:in tr ph thuc vo 3 yu t sau:
-T l thun vi in tr sut ().
-T l thun vi chiu di (l).
-T l nghch vi tit din (s).
c. in dn
Gi tr nghch o ca in tr R c gi l in dn.
g=

1
R

(1.4)

n v tnh ca in dn l Simen (S).

1.4.Khi nim v mch in
a.nh ngha
Mch in l tp hp cc thit b in ni vi nhau bi cc dy dn. Cc
thit b in v dy dn to thnh nhng vng kn trong dng in chy qua
c.
b.V d v mch in
U:ngun in nng,ngun ny c
th l ngun in mt chiu hoc ngun
in xoay chiu tu thuc vo ph ti.
:bng n,

H-1.1

R:in tr.
1.5.Cc thnh phn trong mch in
a.Ngun in
Ngun in l thit b pht ra in nng, v nguyn l th n c bin
H-1.1
i t cc dng nng lng nh: c nng, ho nng, nhit nng.v.v.
V d: pin, c quy bin i ho nng thnh in nng, my pht in bin
i c nng thnh in nng, pin mt tri bin i nng lng bc x mt tri
thnh in nng.
Ngun in c hai loi ngun in nng chnh:

- Ngun in mt chiu,
- Ngun in xoay chiu.
b.Dy dn
L thit b quan trng trong mch in n gp phn ni t ngun ti ti,
ni cc ti vi nhau v c nhim v lm kn mch.
c.Ti (vt tiu th in )
Ti l cc thit b tiu th in nng v bin i in nng thnh cc dng
nng lng khc nh c nng, nhit nng, quang nng.v.v.
V d: ng c in tiu th in nng v bin in nng thnh c nng,
bp in bin in nng thnh nhit nng, bng in bin in nng thnh quang
nng.v.v.
1.6. Ngun in xoay chiu v ngun in mt chiu
Trn tu sng hin nay ngun in xoay chiu c s dng rt rng ri:
hoc ly trc tip t my pht in xoay chiu trn tu hoc ly t in trn b
khi tu cp bn. Chng ta bit rng ngy nay s pht trin ca thit b bn dn
nn tnh nng chnh lu dng in xoay chiu thnh dng in mt chiu rt d
dng v n gin. V cu to ca my in xoay chiu v my in mt chiu
c gii thiu phn sau. Trong phn ny chng ta ch nghin cu v nhng
c im c bn ca dng in xoay chiu v dng in mt chiu.
a. Ngun in mt chiu
Ngun in mt chiu c k hiu hu ht trn cc thit b tiu s dng
ngun mt chiu l : DC (Direct Curent) hoc l :Cc c trng ca ngun in mt chiu bao gm:
- in p nh mc : Um (V) thng 6V, 12V, 24V.v.v.
- Cng sut nh mc : Pm (W).
- Dng nh mc : Im (A).
- Du cc tnh : Dng (+) v m (-). Mt iu cn ch l trong mch
in mt chiu thng dy dng c mu v dy m c mu en. Nhng
chng ta cng khng nn tin tng qu v mu ca dy s xc nh ng cc
tnh, bi v trong nhiu trng hp ngi ta lp rp mch khng tun theo quy
phm.
b. Ngun in xoay chiu
K hiu ngun in nng xoay chiu l : AC (Auto curent) hoc l :
Cc i lng c trng ca ngun in nng xoay chiu bao gm:
- S pha: c th l ngun 1;2 hoc 3 pha,
- in p nh mc : Um (V) thng 110V, 220V hoc 380V .v.v,
- Cng sut ton phn nh mc : Sm (KVA),
4

- Dng nh mc : Im (A),
- H s cos m : thng giao ng t 0,9-0,98,
- Tn s nh mc fm (HZ): y l thng s rt quan trng trong ngun
nng lng in xoay chiu. Hin nay cc ngun in nng thng s
dng loi tn s : 50HZ hoc 60HZ.
HOT NG II : NGHE GII THIU V XEM TRNH DIN
MU (BI NY KHNG CN)
HOT NG III : RN LUYN K NNG (BI NY
KHNG CN)
D-CU HI NGHIN CU
-Trnh by cc i lng c bn trong mch in
-Trinh by cc i lng chnh trong ngun in mt chiu v ngun in
xoay chiu
E-NI DUNG PHIU KIM TRA DNH GI THC HIN
Bi : NHNG KHI NIM C BN V MCH IN
M bi : MD-M3-B1
H v tn hc sinh:
TT

NI DUNG

S LIU

YU CU

NH GI

KIM TRA

K THUT

BP X L

Trnh by v dng in mt
chiu

Trnh by ng
dng v cc
i lng c
bn

Trnh by v dng in
xoay chiu

Trnh by ng
dng v cc
i lng c
bn

Bi 2 : MT S NH LUT C BN CA MCH IN
M bi : MD-M3-B2
A-MC TIU THC HIN
-Trnh by cc nh lut trong mch in
-Trnh by cc mch o lng in c bn thng gp di tu thy
-Pht biu v a ra ng dng ca cc hin tng cm ng in t
-Bit lp rp cc mch o in : o in p, Dng in, in tr
B-CC NI DUNG CHNH
-nh lut m
-nh lut Jun-Lenx
-Cc mch o lng in c bn
-Hin tng cm ng in t
C-CC HOT NG HC TP
HOT NG I : NGHE THUYT TRNH C THO LUN
I-nh lut m
1.1.Th nghim
S ph thuc ca cng dng in vo hiu in th : mun c dng
in trong mt vt dn th ta phi t vo hai u vt dn mt hiu in th.
Xt s :

Khi kho K m, ta c c U = 0,
I = 0,

Khi kho K ng, ta c c U

0, I 0,

Khi tng gim ngun in tc l U

thay i th I thay i theo. Vy cng
dng in t l thun vi in p. Gi
nguyn in p U nhng ta thay i gi tr
in tr ca vt dn th dng in I cng
thay i theo. Vy cng dng in
ph thuc vo in tr ca vt dn.

H-2.1

1.2.Pht biu nh lut m: Cng dng in trong vt dn t l

thun vi hiu in th gia hai u vt dn v t l nghch vi in tr ca vt.
I=
6

U
R

( 2.1 )

T cng thc trn ta suy ra

U = I.R
R=

U
I

(2.2)

Nu in th U tnh bng vn ( V ), cng dng in tnh bng ampe (A)

th in tr R tnh bng m ( ).
1 = 1

V
A

(2.3)

1 m l in tr ca mt dy dn khi gia hai u dy c hiu in th 1

vn th to ra dng in c cng 1 ampe.
1k = 1000
1M = 1000000
1.3.ng dng nh lut m cho on mch c n in tr
a.nh lut m ng dng cho on mch c n in tr mc ni tip

R1

Cng dng in:

I = I1 = I2 = I3 = . = In
( 2.4 )

Rn

Hiu in th:
U = U1 + U2 + U3 + + Un
( 2.5 )

R2 R 3

V
+

H-2.2

in tr tng ng:
R = R1 + R2 + R3 + . + Rn
( 2.6 )

b.nh lut m ng dng cho on mch c n in tr mc song song

Cng dng in:

R1

I = I1 + I2 + I3 + . + In
(2.7 )
Hiu in th:
U = U1 = U2 = U3 = = Un
( 2.8 )
ien tr tng ng:

R2
R3
Rn

H-2.3
A

1
1
1
1
1

.........
R R1 R2 R3
Rn

( 2.9 )
II-nh lut Jun - Lenx
Dng in tch chuyn ng trong vt dn lm va chm vi cc phn t
trong vt dn v truyn nng lng cho cc phn t t lm tng s chuyn
ng nhit trong vt dn. Qu trnh ny l qu trnh chuyn ho t in nng
sang dng nhit nng hay ni cch khc l dng in c tc dng nhit. Tc
dng nhit ca dng in c ng dng rt rng ri trong thc t nh bn i,
bp in ..
hiu su hn v tnh cht nhit ca dng in ta nghin cu nh lut
R
Jun Lenx.
2.1.Th nghim
S tng nhit ca bnh nhit
lng k cha nc do tc dng nhit
ca dng in chy trong dy in tr
thun nhng trong nc ta c th o
c nhit do dy dn to ra. Cho
mt trong ba i lng I, R, t thay i
v gi c nh hai i lng cn li ta
thy:

V
Nhit k
in tr t nng
Bnh nc

Q ~ I2
Q~R

H-2.4
( 2.10 )

2.2.Kt lun
Gi Q l nhit lng nhn c t in tr thun R, khi c dng in I
chy qua n trong thi gian t v gi A l cng ca dng in sinh ra trong thi
gian ta s c quan h:
Q=A
A = U.I.t

( 2.11 )

Q = U.I.t
n v ca Q c tnh bng Jun.
Ta cng c th tnh nhit lng Q theo in tr thun R, cng dng
in v thi gian t.
Theo nh lut m ta c:
U = I.R

( 2.12 )

Nhit lng to ra l:

Q = I 2 Rt

( 2.13 )

2.3.Tc dng t ca dng in

I

Th nghim:
Khi c dng in chy trong
dy dn th kim nam chm c ko
lch chng t dng in cng gy ra
lc t tc dng ln kim nam chm hay
ni cch khc l dng n c tc dng
t.

a.Khi dy dn khng c dng in

b. Khi dy dn c dng in

T th nghim ta thy tc dng

H-2.5

t khng nhng xy ra xung quanh nam chm m xung quanh dy dn c dng

in cng c tnh cht tc dng t.
a. Tc dng lc ca dng in
t mt on dy dn c dng in trong t trng th dy dn c lc
in t tc dng ln n, chiu ca lc in t c xc nh theo quy tc bn
tay tri. hiu su hn v tc dng lc ca dng in th ta s nghin cu cc
phn sau ( ng c in ).
b. Tc dng ho hc ca dng in
Tc dng ho hc ca dng in l nhng ng dng ca n: dng in c
rt nhiu tc dng ho hc c th nh : m in, pin .
- M in: y l phng php dng dng in ph ln cc vt mt
lp kim loi khng r nh kim, vng, bc
Mun m mt vt no , lm sch b mt cn m ri nhng vo bnh
in phn lm thnh cc m. Cc dng l thi kim loi ca lp m ( nh kim,
bc, vng . ). Dung dch in phn l mt mui tan ca kim loi m, khi dng
in qua dung dch mt lp kim loi m s ph kn b mt cn m cn cc
dng b mn dn.
- Pin: pin l loi bin i ho nng thnh in nng ( chng trnh sau
ta i su nghin cu v c quy axit mt ng dng quan trng v rng ri ).
III-Cc mch o lng in
3.1.o dng in
a.S
o c dng in trong mch
ta dng ng h Ampe k mc ni tip
vi mch cn o.

+
-

A
R

H-2.6

b.Phng php m rng gii hn thang o ca Ampek

Dng in tr ph mc song song vi ng h Ampek m rng thang
o, in tr ny thng k hiu l R S . in tr R S c tr s bit trc v c
nh, khi bit in p t vo mch v ta tnh c dng qua in tr khi tr
s dng ca mch bng tng tr s dng qua Ampek v tr s dng qua in tr
RS
I = IA + IS

( 2.14 )

I:dng in ca ton mch.

+
U
-

I A :tr s dng o c Ampek.

I S :tr s dng qua in tr R S .

RS

Ti

H-2.7

Thng R S mc ngay bn trong ng h, nu tr s dng trong mch

qu ln (da vo in p v ti) th ta nhn thy ng h Ampek khng o
c v vy phi mc thm in tr ph na vo mch.
3.2.o in p
a.S
Dng c o in p l ng h
Vn k. o c in p trong
mch ta dng ng h vn k mc
song song vi mch cn o.

+
U
-

Ti

H-2.8

Dng ng h vn k mc song song vi mch, nu mc ng h vn

trong mch in mt chiu ta dng loi ng h vn k kiu t in v phi ch
n du cc.
b.Phng php m rng gii hn o ca vn k
Da vo nh lut m p dng cho on mch ni tip, in p mch bng
tng in p ri trn cc phn t mc ni tip. m rng thang o ta mc ni
tip vi ng h vn k mt in tr ph R P
Vy ta c :
in p trn R P l U P
in p trn vn k l U
in p mch l U M

+
U
-

RP
V

Suy ra:
UM = U

10

+UP

(2.15 )

H-2.9

Ti

Trong R P c gi tr c nh
Thc t trong vn k c R P
di o rng, ta ch ni thm in
tr ph vo khi no ngun p qu
ln.
3.3.o cng sut
a.o cng sut trong mch in xoay chiu
Phng php o ny l dng ng h Wot k, c tr s l ta bit c
cng sut ca mch.
ng h Wot k c 4 u dy u vo mch, trong :
C hai u l cun p ca Wot k mc song song vi ti. Cun ny cn
c gi l cun ng.
C hai u l cun dng ca Wot k mc ni tip vi ti.Cun ny cn
c gi l cun tnh.

Dng phng php o trc tip ny khi

ta c sn ng h Wot k.

Rp

H-2.10

b.o cng sut trong mch in mt chiu

Phng php ny ch dng khi o cng sut mch in mt chiu, ta c

trong tay 2 ng h ( vn k v ampe k ).

Da vo cng thc tnh cng sut :

P = U.I

( 2.16 )

Mc ng h vn k song
song vi ti v mc ng h ampe
k ni tip vi ti, ly hai ch s trn
hai ng h v dng php nhn l ta
bit c cng sut ca mch cn
o.

H-2.11

3.4.o in tr

Rx

a.m k

C: c cu o kiu t in,

N: nt n thng m,
: ngun in mt chiu (pin),
R P : in tr hn ch trong mch,
11

+
e
-

Rp

R X : in tr cn o.
H-2.12
Trc khi o ta n nt N kim tra xem ng h cn hot ng tt hay
khng: Nu kim ch quay v ht mt chia th ng h cn hot ng tt.
Ni hai cc ca ng h vo hai u in tr cn o, sau c trn
thang ng h th ta bit c tr s ca in tr R X .
b.Gii thch:

I= R R R
x
c
p

( 2.17)

Rc: in tr ca ng h C,
M gc quay ca ng h: = s.I,
s: nhy ca ng h, n ph thuc vo phn c kh ca ng h,
Do ( R p + R c ) khng i, s v cng khng i.
Nn R x =
=

- ( R p + Rc )
s.

- ( R p + Rc )
s2I

( 2.18 )

IV-Hin tng in t
4.1.nh lut cm ng in t
a.Th nghim v hin tng
Tin hnh th nghim: ni
hai u ca cun dy vi in k
sau a mt nam chm vnh
cu vo trong lng cun dy.
Trong qu trnh nam chm di
chuyn trong lng cun dy th
kim in k b lch, iu
chng t c sc in ng v
dng in trong cun dy. Khi
nam chm ng yn th in k
li ch gi tr 0. Nu ko nam
chm theo chiu ra khi cun
dy th kim in k li lch
nhng ngc so vi ban u.

12

H-2.13

b.Kt lun
Qua th nghim ny chng t y chnh l hin tng cm ng in t,
khi t thng qua cun dy bin thin th trong cun dy xut hin mt sc in
ng v c gi l sc in ng cm ng. Sc in ng cm ng ch xut
hin khi t thng bin thin, chiu ca n ph thuc vo chiu bin thin ca t
thng.
hiu r v s xut hin sc in ng cm ng ta xt mt dy dn
thng chuyn ng trong t trng u (B) c vn tc khng i theo phng
vung gc vi ng sc t l (v) . Trong dy dn c cc in t t do, khi dy
dn chuyn ng cc in t t do cng chuyn ng theo. S chuyn ng ca
cc in t to thnh dng in ngc chiu vi phng chuyn ng ca cc
in t. Chiu ca sc in ng cm ng xc nh theo quy tc bn tay phi:
t lng bn tay phi hng
vung gc vi cc ng cm ng t
(B), chiu choi ra ca ngn tay ci l
chiu chuyn ng ca thanh dn,
chiu t c tay n ngn tay l chiu
ca sc in ng cm ng. Nhn vo
s H-2.2.

B
E c

H-2.14

c.ng dng ca hin tng cm ng in t

Hin tng cm ng in t c ng dng rt rng ri c bit l trong
loi in nng xoay chiu nh : my bin p, my pht in, ng c in ..
Tt c cc ng dng ny ta s hc cc chng sau ny.
My pht in l ng dng ca hin
tng cm ng in t, khung dy
chuyn ng trong t trng sinh ra
mt sc in ng cm ng, ni hai
u ca khung dy vi mch ngoi ta
c mt in p cm ng. Dng in
cm ng xut hin khi hai u mch
ngoi c ni vi ti.

E
c

+
Ti
I

B
H-2.15

Sc in ng cm ng c chiu xc nh theo quy tc bn tay phi, nh

vy c nng trong trng hp ny bin thnh in nng. y l nguyn l c
bn ca tt c cc loi my pht in.

13

4.2.nh lut lc in t:
Ngc li vi ng dng ca my pht
in l ng dng ca ng c in,
trong trng hp ny th in nng
c bin i thnh c nng. Khi ta +
a dng in vo khung dy ni kn
mch t trong t trng, khung dy
s chu mt lc in t, lc in t
ny c xc nh theo quy tc bn
tay tri.

F
n

I
I
F
B
H-2.16

Quy tc bn tay tri: t lng bn tay tri hng vung gc vi cc ng

cm ng t, chiu t c tay n ngn tay l chiu ca dng in, chiu choi ra
ca ngn tay ci l chiu ca lc in t . Hai thanh tc dng ca khung dy
chu tc dng ca cp ngu lc in t ( Hai lc cng phng, cng ln
nhng ngc chiu ), cp ngu lc ny sinh ra m men lm quay khung dy.
y l nguyn l ca tt c cc loi ng c m sau ny ta nghin cu.
HOT NG II : NGHE GII THIU V XEM TRNH DIN MU
-Xem li s u dy cc mch o
-Thuyt trnh li th nghim v nh lut m v nh lut Jun-Lenx
-Trnh by v thuyt trnh li th nghim v hin tng cm ng in t
HOT NG III : RN LUYN K NNG
TT

Cc hot ng

Dng c

Yu cu ca hot
ng

Th nghim v nh Ngun in, nhit

lut Jun-Lenx
k, in tr t nng
v cc thit b ph
tr

Th nghim v hin ng dy, nam chm Lp rp li hon

tng cm ng in t vnh cu, ng h chnh th nghim
mV v dy in
ri tin hnh thc
hin

Lp rp v o cc i
lng in : Vn,
ampe, Cng sut mch
mt chiu, cng sut
mch xoay chiu

14

Ngun mt chiu,
ngun xoay chiu,
in tr t nng,
Vn k, Ampe k,
Watt k v cc dy
dn in

Lp rp li hon
chnh th nghim
ri tin hnh thc
hin

Lp rp li hon
chnh th nghim
ri tin hnh o
cc i lng in

D-CU HI NGHIN CU
-Trnh by ng dng ca nh lut m
-Trnh by ng dng ca nh lut Jun-Lenx
-Trnh by cc ng dng ca hin tng cm ng in t
-Nu phng php o cng sut trong mch in mt chiu v mch in
xoay chiu
E-NI DUNG PHIU KIM TRA DNH GI THC HIN
Bi : MT S NH LUT C BN CA MCH IN
M bi : MD-M3-B2
H v tn hc sinh:
TT

NI DUNG

S LIU

YU CU

NH GI

KIM TRA

K THUT

BP X L

Hin tng cm ng in t
c ng dng g?

Nu ra cc
ng dng nh
: ch to my
pht in, ch
to ng c
in, ch to
cc kh c
in v.v.

Trnh by s khc nhau v

o cng sut trong mch
in mt chiu v mch
in xoay chiu

Mch mt
chiu o gin
tip. Mch
xoay chiu o
trc tip

15

Bi 3 : THIT B IU KHIN V BO V
M bi : MD-M3-B3
A-MC TIU THC HIN
-Trnh by v cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca cc thit b iu khin v bo
v trong mch in
-Nu ra ng dng ca tng thit b bo v trong cc mch in
-Lp rp, vn hnh cc mch o, iu khim v mch bo v
B-CC NI DUNG CHNH
-Cng tc in
-Nt n
-Aptomat
-R-le trung gian
-R-le thi gian
-R-le dng in
-R-le in p
-R-le nhit
-Cu ch
-Cng tc t
C-CC HOT NG HC TP
HOT NG I : NGHE THUYT TRNH C THO LUN
I-Cng tc
1.1.Khi nim
Cng tc l mt loi kh c ng ngt dng in bng tay, c hai
hoc nhiu trng thi n nh, dng chuyn i, ng ngt mch in c cng
sut nh, c in p mt chiu n 440V, in p xoay chiu n 500V. Cng
tc c b tr trong mt hp kn m bo cc yu cu v cch in, chng m,
chng du. Cng tc thng c dng chuyn mch tn hiu iu khin, tn
hiu o, ng ngt cc thit b cng sut nh nh thit b chiu sng, bp in,
thit b in sinh hot, Cng tc in c b tr c cu l xo nn vic ng ct
xy ra nhanh v dt khot, hn ch c h quang.
1.2.Phn loi
Theo s pha:

16

Cng tc mt pha
Cng tc ba pha.
Theo phng thc tc ng:
Cng tc n: tc ng bng tay, ch c 2 v tr tc ng ng/ngt.
Cng tc gt: tc ng bng tay, c th c 2 hoc 3 v tr tc ng.
Cng tc xoay: tc ng bng tay, c th c nhiu v tr tc ng.
Cng tc hnh trnh: c s dng cm bin v tr v t ng tc ng,
thng c 2 v tr, nhng mt s loi c 3 v tr.
Cu to
Ni chung mt cng tc c cc b phn chnh sau:
Tip im tnh.
Tip im ng.
C cu tc ng: chuyn trng thi tip im.
V bo v.
Loi cng tc n c cu to n gin, c hai trng thi ng/ngt v
thng c 1 cp tip im, cng tc ny thng c s dng ng ngt cc
thit b in cng sut nh nh n chiu sng, hoc cp tn hiu n iu khin
mt thit b in.
Hnh 3-1a) l s cu trc ca mt cng tc xoay c 3 v tr tng ng 3
tng tip im. Hnh 8-1b) v tip im tng th nht ng. Hnh 8-1c) v tip
im tng th 3 ng.
Hnh 3-1d) l mt cng tc xoay 6 v tr, v tr 0 v 5 v tr iu khin 1, 2,
.., 5 tng ng c 5 cp tip im 1-2, 3-4, 5-6, 7-8, 9-10. T s chuyn
mch ta c v tr 0 tt c cc tip im u ngt, v tr 1 ch c tip im 1-2
ng, v tr 2 ch c tip im 5-6 ng,

17

d)
Hnh 3-1. Cu to cng tc xoay
a) S tng th; b) Trng thi tip im khi ng
c) Trng thi tip im khi m; d) Cng tc xoay 6 v tr
Hnh 3-2 v cu to ca mt s loi cng tc hnh trnh, loi cng tc ny
c s dng tc ng iu khin hoc bo v khi mt c cu c kh ca mt
thit b chuyn ng n gii hn cho php. Chng hn trong h thng li tu
thy, yu cu bnh li ch c php quay mt gc 350 tri hoc phi, khi bnh
li t n gii hn ny, cng tc hnh trnh s tc ng ngt tn hiu iu khin
v bnh li khng th quay hn c na.
3

4
1

18

1- Tip im ng
hon nguyn

2- Tip im tnh

3- C cu tc ng

4- L xo

Hnh 3-2. Cu to cng tc hnh trnh: a) Loi gt; b); Loi n; c) Loi
gt hoc n
Hnh 3-3. K hiu tip im cng tc:
a) Cng tc n,
b) Cng tc hnh trnh;

1.3.Nguyn l hot ng
Vi cng tc n v cng tc gt c 2 trng thi, khi c tc ng (bng tay
hoc c kh) th cc tip im ca cng tc thay i trng thi, c ngha l tip
im thng m th ng li, tip im thng ng th m ra. Loi cng tc
thng gp l cng tc n chiu sng s dng trong bung , tng nh cng
tc n in nh.
Vi cng tc xoay, thng c nhiu v tr, khi tc ng xoay cng tc th
trng thi tip im s thay i tng ng vi v tr cng tc.
Chng hn mt cng tc xoay c bng trng thi tip im
nh hnh v, cng tc c 5 v tr, v tr 0 gia v 2 v tr
mi bn. Cc cc vo l X, Y, Z, U; cc cc ra l X, Y,
Z, U. Khi cng tc v tr 0, X ni vi X; khi cng tc
v tr 1 (tri), Y ni vi Y; khi cng tc v tr 2 (tri), Z
ni vi Z v U ni vi U;

2 1 0 1 2

X'

Y'

Z'

U'

1.4. Cc thng s k thut c bn

in p nh mc Um: l in p lm vic lu di ca mch in m
cng tc khng ch, in p nh mc c th l 110V, 220V, 440V mt chiu v
127V, 220V, 380V, 500V xoay chiu.
Dng in nh mc Im: dng in di hn qua tip im ca cng tc
m khng lm hng tip im.
Tui th c kh: c tnh bng s ln ng ngt, thng vo khong 1
triu ln ng ngt khng in v 200 ngn ln ng ngt c dng nh mc.
in p cch in: in p th cch in.
II-Nt n
2.1.Khi nim

19

Nt n l mt loi kh c in dng chuyn i, ng ngt t xa cc

thit b in c cng sut nh vi in p mt chiu n 440V v xoay chiu n
500V.
2.2.Phn loi
a.Theo cu trc
Loi h: s dng trong phng , cu lc b, hnh lang.
Kn: s dng trong bung my.
Chng n: s dng trong cc hm bm trn tu du.
Kn nc: s dng ngoi tri (thit b iu khin neo, ti qun dy, )
C n bo: n bo trng thi ca thit b c iu khin bi nt n.
b.Theo s cp tip im: thng thng nt n c mt n hai cp tip
im.
Mt cp tip im
Hai cp tip im
2.3.Cu to
a.Tip im tnh.
b.Tip im ng.
c.C cu tc ng: chuyn trng thi tip im.
d.V bo v.
2.4.Nguyn l hot ng
Nt n c c tnh t hon nguyn, c ngha l khi tc ng, cc tip im
ca nt n thay i trng thi, khi ngng tc ng th cc tip im t tr v
trng thi c.
Loi nt n c cht ci (k hiu hnh c) th c th s dng nh nt n
bnh thng (t hon nguyn) hoc s dng ch ci. Sau khi tc ng, cc
tip im thay i trng thi, nu ngng tc ng th cc tip im t tr v
trng thi c, nhng nu thc hin ci (thng s dng thao tc xoay nm n)
th cc tip im vn trng thi mi cho n khi c tc ng ngng ci.
1
2

a) Cu to nt n:

2
4

Phm n
L xo hi trng thi (hon nguyn)

Tip im ng
6

L xo nn tip im
Tip im tnh (thng ng)

20

Tip im tnh (thng m)

b) Cc loi tip im ca nt n:
1- Tip im thng m
1

2- Tip im thng ng

3- Cp thng m v thng ng

c) K hiu nt n:
1) Nt n c tip im thng m
1

2) Nt n c tip im thng ng
3) Nt n c cht ci
Hnh- 3.4. Nt n

2.5.Cc thng s k thut c bn

in p nh mc Um: in p lm vic lu di ca mch in m nt n
khng ch, in p nh mc c th l 110V, 220V, 440V mt chiu v 127V,
220V, 380V, 500V xoay chiu.
Dng in nh mc Im: dng in di hn qua tip im ca nt n m
khng lm hng tip im.
Tui th c kh: c tnh bng s ln ng ngt, thng vo khong 1
triu ln ng ngt khng in v 200 ngn ln ng ngt c dng nh mc.
in p cch in: in p th cch in.
III-Cng tc t
3.1.Khi nim
Cng tc t l mt thit b in dng ng ngt t xa cc mch in c
in p n 500V, dng in n 600A.
3.2.Phn loi
C nhiu cch phn loi cng tc t,
Phn loi theo nguyn l truyn ng: Cng tc t kiu in t, cng tc
t kiu kh nn, cng tc t kiu thy lc.
Phn loi theo dng in qua tip im chnh: cng tc t mt chiu &
cng tc t xoay chiu.
Phn loi theo in p cp cho cun ht: cun ht mt chiu & cun ht
xoay chiu.
Phn loi theo s lng tip im chnh, tip im ph: 1 tip im
chnh, 2 tip im chnh 3 tip im chnh, 4 tip im chnh,
21

Thng thng trn tu thy s dng cng tc t kiu in t xoay chiu

c 3 cp tip im chnh, 2 n 6 cp tip im ph.
3.3.Cu to
Cng tc t in t c cc b phn chnh sau: tip im, mch t, cun
ht, hp dp h quang, v
4

a) Cu to cng tc t:

Cun ht
Mch t tnh
3

Mch t ng

1
2

Tip im ng
Tip im tnh
L xo

b) Nguyn l hot ng:

1- Cun ht in t
2- Mch t ng
3- Tip im chnh
4- Tip im ph
5- C cu lai h thng tip im
6- L xo chng dnh
3
1

4
5

c) Hp dp h quang:
1. Tip im tnh
2. Tip im ng
3. Cun dy thi t
4. Bung dp h quang
5. Vch ngn

22

d) Cc c cu tc ng
Hnh -3.5. Cng tc t
Cng tc t thng c 3 n 4 tip im chnh (ng ngt mch ng lc)
v mt vi cp tip im ph (ng ngt mch iu khin). Cc tip im ca
cng tc t c ch to bng ng v b mt tip xc thng c m bc.
tng nn gia tip im tnh v tip im ng, trn mi tip im ng c
b tr mt l xo (l xo ny khng c minh ha trn hnh v).
Mch t gm hai phn: phn tnh thng c dng ch E, trn tr gia c
t cun ht. Phn ng thng c dng ch E hoc ch I. Phn ng lin k c
kh vi tip im ng. Khi phn ng chuyn ng, tip im ng chuyn
ng lm thay i trng thi ca tip im nh c minh ha hnh b).
Cun ht c th l mt chiu hoc xoay chiu. Cun ht mt chiu th
mch t ca n c lm bng st t mm v li thp t b nng so vi cng tc
t xoay chiu. Cun ht xoay chiu th mch t c ghp li t cc l thp k
thut in (thp c pha 2% silic) mng hn ch tc ng ca dng xoy Fuc. Trong mch t cun ht xoay chiu c b tr vng ngn mch chng rung.
Hp dp h quang bao gm cun dy thi t hp vch ngn. Cun dy
ny gm mt vi cng dy li khng kh mc ni tip vi tip im v t gn
tip im c h quang sao cho t trng do cun dy to ra vung gc vi dng
in h quang (Hnh -3.5c). Khi tip im m ra, dng mt t ngt sinh ra sc
in ng cm ng to dng cm ng phng qua khng gian gia hai tip im
to h quang in. Dng in qua cun thi t s to t trng tc ng vo
dng in h quang y h quang vo cc khe h gia cc vch ngn, h quang
b chia nh v ko di s t tt.
3.4. Nguyn l hot ng
Nguyn l hot ng ca cng tc t nh sau (hnh b): khi cun dy 1
khng c in, l xo 6 ko tip im trng thi OFF, cc tip im thng
m th m ra, cc tip im thng ng th ng li. Khi cp in cho cun
dy, tm ng 2 c ht vo ko theo cc tip im, cc tip im chuyn sang
trng thi ON, cc tip im thng m th ng li, cc tip im thng
ng th m ra.
Cc thng s c bn

23

in p nh mc Um: in p lm vic lu di ca mch in m nt n

khng ch, in p nh mc c th l 110V, 220V, 440V mt chiu v 127V,
220V, 380V, 500V xoay chiu.
Dng in nh mc Im: dng in di hn qua tip im ca nt n m
khng lm hng tip im.
Tui th c kh: c tnh bng s ln ng ngt, thng l 10 20 triu
ln ng ngt khng in, v 3 triu ln ng ngt c dng nh mc.
in p cch in: in p th cch in.
Tnh n nh lc in ng: tip im chnh cho php mt dng in ln
nht i qua m lc in khng lm thay i trng thi ca cc tip im d trong
mt thi gian ngn. Thng qui nh ly dng in th bng 10 ln dng nh
mc.
Tnh n nh nhit: khi c dng in ngn mch chy qua trong mt
khong thi gian cho php, cc tip im khng b h hng.
IV- R-le in t
4.1.Cu to
R-le in t c cc b phn chnh l mch t, cun dy, tip im, v.
Mch t c ch to t vt liu st t gm hai phn, phn tnh hnh ch U v
phn ng l tm thp hnh ch I. Phn ng ni lin kt c kh vi tip im
ng.
im khc bit c bn gia r-le in t v cng tc t l r-le in t ch
c mt loi tip im iu khin c th l thng ng hoc thng m, khng
c hp dp h quang, v khng c l xo nn tip im m s dng thanh ng
lai tip im to lc nn.
Cun ht
Mch t
Tm ng
L xo
Tip im ng
Tip im tnh thng
ng
Hnh -3.6. Cu to ca r-le in t.

Tip im tnh thng

m
u ni dy cun ht

24

4.2.Phn loi
Theo cun ht: cun ht 1 chiu & cun ht xoay chiu.
Theo dng in qua tip im: r-le m chiu, r-le xoay chiu.
Theo s lng cp tip im: 2 cp tip im, 3 cp tip im,
Theo cu trc chn: chn trn, chn dt.
Theo cm r-le: trn, vung.
4.3.Nguyn l hot ng
Khi c dng in chy qua cun dy s sinh ra lc ht in t ht tm
ng v pha li. Lc ht in t c gi tr t l thun vi bnh phng dng
in v t l nghch vi khong cch khe h mch t:
k.i 2
F 2

Khi dng in trong cun dy nh hn dng tc ng i < It th lc ht

in t nh hn lc ko l xo F < Flx, tm ng ng yn. Khi i > It th lc
ht in t ln hn lc ko l xo F > Flx, tm ng b ht v pha lm cho khe
h mch t nh nht, tc l ht v pha phn tnh. Khi khe h mch t nh, lc
ht cng tng, tm ng c ht dt khot v pha phn tnh v tip im ng
c ng vo tip im tnh.
Khi dng in trong cun dy gim i < it lc l xo s thng lc ht in
t. L xo ko tm ng ra khi phn tnh, khe h mch t tng, lc in t cng
gim, l xo ko dt khot tm ng v, tip im ng ri khi tip im tnh.
4.4.Cc thng s c bn
in p nh mc cun ht: l in p cp cho cun ht lm vic ch
lu di. in p ny c th l mt chiu 9V, 12V, 24V, 110V, 220V, 440V, v
24V, 110V, 220V, 440V xoay chiu. in p ny ghi trn cun ht.
in p nh mc Um: in p lm vic lu di ca mch in m r-le
khng ch, in p nh mc c th l 24V, 110V, 220V, 440V mt chiu v
24V, 110V, 127V, 220V, 380V, 500V xoay chiu.
Dng in nh mc Im: dng in di hn qua tip im ca r-le m
khng lm hng tip im.
Tui th c kh: c tnh bng s ln ng ngt, thng l vi trm ngn
ln ng ngt khng in, v 1 trm ngn ln ng ngt c dng nh mc.
in p cch in: in p th cch in.
Thi gian tc ng: l khong thi gian k t lc dng in vt qu gi
tr tc ng n lc phn ng c ht hon ton vo phn tnh, thng vo
khong t 2 20ms.
Tn s tc ng: l s ln tc ng trong mt n v thi gian.

25

V-R-le trung gian

R-le trung gian thc cht l mt r-le in t c kch thc nh, lm
nhim v khuch i hoc chuyn mch tn hiu iu khin. Trong s iu
khin, r-le trung gian nm v tr trung gian gia thit b iu khin cng sut
nh v thit b iu khin c cng sut ln hn hoc gia cc thit b iu khin
cng sut nh.

a) R-le trung gian

1) r-le trung gian
2) R-le trung gian
1)

2)

b) K hiu tip im r-le

trung gian
1) Tip im thng m;
2) Tip im thng
ng
Hnh -3.7. R-le trung gian.
R-le trung gian c cu to tng t r-le in t, nhng khng c c cu
iu chnh lc ht, yu cu phi tc ng tt khi in p thay i trong phm vi
15% in p nh mc. Thi gian tc ng nhanh hn v tn s tc ng ln
hn.
VI- R-le thi gian
R-le thi gian l mt r-le c chc nng to ra thi gian duy tr cn thit
khi truyn tn hiu t mt thit b ny sang mt thit b khc.
Trong h thng iu khin, th r-le thi gian c s dng to thi gian
tr cho c cu tc ng iu khin, bo v, V d trong h thng n xanh
mt nt giao thng, rle thi gian duy tr n xanh sng 30 giy, n vng
sng 5 giy, n sng 45 giy, hoc trong h thng bo v qu ti ca ng
c in, khi ng c b qu ti, r-le thi gian duy tr vi giy trc khi tc ng
bo v dng ng c, cho php loi b qu ti trong thi gian ngn m ng c
c th chu c.
C nhiu nguyn tc to tr trong r-le thi gian, chng hn to tr bng
c kh (c cu ng h quay tnh thi gian), to tr in t (s dng dng in
cm ng to thi gian tr), to tr bng c cu thy lc (s dng piston thy lc
to p sut phn khng khi tc ng), to tr bng mch in t.
26

Loi to tr bng c kh v thy lc c kch thc cng knh v gi thnh

t nn ngy nay t c s dng. Hin nay loi r-le thi gian in t v in
t c s dng rng ri.

a) R-le thi gian kiu in t

Cun dy

Gng t tnh

Gng t ng

Vng ngn mch

L xo

Mch t

L xo chng dnh gng t ng

Tip im tnh

Tn hie
u
kch thch

b) Cu trc ca r-le thi gian in t

5s

c) K hiu cun dy ca r-le thi gian

27

Botao tre
ie
n t

R-le
ie
n t

1) Tip im
thng m, m
chm

2) Tip im
thng m, ng
chm

3) Tip im
thng ng,
m chm

4) Tip im
thng ng,
ng chm

d) Cc loi k hiu tip im r-le thi gian

Hnh -3.8. R-le thi gian
VII-R-le dng in
R-le dng in c s dng bo v mch in khi dng in trong
mch vt qu hay nh hn mt gi tr qui nh no .
Mch t
Cun dy
Tm ng hnh ch Z
L xo phn khng
Tip im thng m
Tip im thng ng

Hnh -3.9. R le dng in cc i

R-le dng in cc i c cu to nh hnh v, khi c dng in chy
trong cun dy 2 th s to ra to ra mt t trng tc ng ln tm ng 3. Nu
dng in vt qu gi tr t trc (nh l xo 4) th lc t s ln ht tm
ng quay v thay i trng thi tip im (ng tip im 5, m tip im 6).
thay i dng in tc ng c th thay i cch ni hai cun dy A-a
v B-b, chnh tinh th chnh lc cng l xo 4.
R-le dng in ny c s dng bo v dng in cc i, cun dy
c ni tip vi mch cn bo v.
VIII-R-le in p
R-le in p c s dng bo v cc thit b in khi in p t vo
thit b vt qu hoc gim qu mc qui nh. Cu to v hot ng ca r-le
in p tng t nh r-le dng in. Ch khc l cun dy r-le dng in c
tit din ln hn nhng t vng dy hn, cn cun dy r-le in p tit din nh
hn v nhiu vng dy hn. Cun dy r-le in p mc song song vi thit b
cn bo v.

28

IX-R-le nhit
9.1.Chc nng
R-le nhit ch yu c s dng bo v qu ti cho cc ng c in
quay chiu.
9.2. Cu to
Cu to ca r-le nhit c minh ha hnh v 12a), cun dy in tr 1
gm mt vi vng dy mc ni tip vi mch cn bo v, thanh bi-metal 2 gm
hai thanh kim loi mng c h s gin n nhit khc nhau c dn st vo nhau
khi nhit tng th thanh s un cong, l xo 6 ko tip im ng ra khi
thanh 2 cong ln, thanh truyn c cht quay 3, c cu hon nguyn 5.

2)

d)

1- Cun dy in tr

4- Tip im tnh

2- Tm thp bi-metal

5- C cu hon nguyn (reset)

3- Thanh truyn c cht quay

6- L xo
7- Thanh lai tip im ng

29

e) c tnh A-s ca r-le nhit

1- ng c tnh r-le nhit

1

1.2

2- ng c tnh A-s ca thit b

cn bo v
2

10 I/Im

Hnh -3.10. R-le nhit a) Cu to r-le nhit b) R-le nhit sau khi
tc ng
c) K hiu r-le nhit v tip im d) R-le nhit trong thc t
e) c tnh A-s ca r-le nhit
9.3.Nguyn l hot ng
Dng in chy qua cun dy in tr 1, khi dng in vt qu dng
nh mc th cun dy in tr 1 nng vt qu mc qui nh lm cho thanh bimetal 2 un cong ln, l xo 6 ko xung, tip im ng m ra (Hnh 8-12b)
ngt mch iu khin a tn hiu n bo v thit b.
9.4.Cc thng s k thut
Cc thng s quan trng ca r-le nhit l:
Dng in bo v: l dng in m r-le nhit tc ng.
in p nh mc: l gi tr in p hot ng lu di ca thit b m r-le
nhit bo v.
c tnh ampe giy ca r-le nhit (Hnh 8-12e): la chn ng r-le
nhit c c ng c tnh A-s ca thit b v A-s ca r-le nhit gn st
nhau, ng c tnh ca r-le nhit thp hn ng c tnh ca thit b mt t.
Vi thit b cn bo v l ng c in th r-le nhit c chn sao cho hai
ng c tnh ny ct nhau gi tr I/Im = 1.1 1.2.
X-Cu ch
10.1.Chc nng
Cu ch c s dng bo v ngn mch cho thit b in nh dy dn,
my bin p, ng c in, cc mch in iu khin, mch in chiu sng,...
10.2.Cu to
Cu to ca cu ch gm cc b phn c bn l dy chy, rut cu ch,
cu ch.

30

B phn c bn ca cu ch l dy chy. Dy chy c lm bng cc cht

c nhit nng chy thp, thng l dy ch, km, hp kim ch thic, nhm,
hoc ng. Dy chy c tit din trn hoc dt v c dp nh hnh.
Dy chy c t trong ng bo v v dp h quang pht sinh khi dy
chy t. Ph thuc vo cp in p, dng in, mi trng lm vic, m dy
chy c t trong cc loi v khc nhau, dy chy v v dy chy c gi l
rut cu ch. Trong rut cu ch c th c mt vt liu dp h quang chng hn
nh ct,
cu ch c lm bng gm, s, nha, ph thuc vo in p cch
in yu cu, trn c b tr vt liu dn in v cc u ni dy.
10.3.Nguyn l hot ng
Khi dng in qua dy chy gi tr nh mc, dy ch khng chy, h
thng hot ng bnh thng. Khi xy ra qu ti ln I >1.5 Im hoc ngn mch
I >> Im, th dy chy t ngt mch in cn bo v ra khi li in. Dng
cng ln th thi gian chy cng nhanh (xem c tnh A-s Hnh 8-13g)
10.4.Cc thng s k thut c bn
in p nh mc: l in p lm vic lu di ca mch in m cu ch
bo v.
Dng in nh mc: l dng lm vic lu di ca cu ch.
Dng ngt: l dng m cu ch tc ng.
c tnh A-s ca cu ch (Hnh 8-13g)

a) Hnh dng mt s dy
chy

31

b) Hnh dng mt s rut cu ch

c) Cu ch xoy: rut v

d) Cu ch hp: rut v

e) Cu ch ng: rut v

f) Cu ch xoy: rut v

s
3

g) c tnh ampe-giy ca cu ch

2
A

Im Igh

Hnh -3.11. Cu ch
XI-Aptomat
11.1.Chc nng
Aptomat l kh c in c s dng t ng ct mch in, bo v
qu ti, ngn mch, thp p, cho thit b in.
11.2.Cu to
Cu to ca aptomat c cc b phn chnh sau:
Tip im: aptomat thng c 2 n 3 loi tip im, tip im chnh, tip
im ph v h quang. Vi cc aptomat nh th khng c tip im ph. Tip
im thng c lm bng vt liu dn in tt nhng chu c nhit do
h quang sinh ra, thng lm hp kim Ag-W hoc Cu-W. Khi ng mch th
tip im h quang ng trc, tip theo l tip im ph, cui cng l tip
im chnh. Khi ct mch th ngc li, tip im chnh m trc, tip theo l
tip im ph, cui cng l tip im h quang. Nh vy h quang ch chy trn
tip im h quang, do bo v c tip im chnh. Tip im ph c s
dng trnh h quang chy lan sang lm hng tip im chnh.
32

Ca
n ie
u
khie
n

C ca
u ta
c
o
ng

a
u no
i da
y
Php ca
ch ie
n

R-le nhie
t

Bu-lo
ng ba
t
da
y

Cho
t

a
u no
i da
y

Ho
p da
p hoquang
Tie
p ie
m

Cuo
n nga
t

. ..

Loxo tie
p ie
m

.
.

Loxo ga
n
va
o ra
nh

R-le nhie
t
Nu
t ch
nh ca
t
a
u no
i da
y pha ta
i

Tie
p ie
m

a
u no
i da
y
le
n nguo
n

Ho
p da
p ho
quang

Cu to aptomat
3

1-, 2-Cc tip im chnh

3- Tip im ph

2
1

4- Tip im h quang
5- Hp dp h quang
Mc bo v dng cc i
Cun ht (dng)
Mch t ng
L xo hi
Cn ch ng
Cn b ng
L xo m tip im
3

Cun p
5

Mc bo v thp p

Mch t ng

L xo hi
Cn ch ng
Cn b ng
L xo m tip im

33

c tnh A-s ca aptomat

on c tnh do phn t nhit bimetal to ra

1
B

on c tnh do mch in t to ra
c tnh do cu ch to ra

2 C
3
I m

I1

I2

I3

Gi tr I1 tng ng dng bo v qu
ti nh, I2 qu ti ln, I3 ngn mch.

D
I

Hnh -3.12. Aptomat

Hp dp h quang: thng s dng nhng tm thp chia hp thnh nhiu
ngn ct h quang thnh nhiu on ngn dp tt.
11.3. Cc mc bo v
a) Mc bo v dng cc i (Hnh-3.12b): bo v thit b in khi b
qu ti, c tnh A-s ca mc bo v phi nm di c tnh A-s ca thit b cn
bo v. Cun ht in t 1 c mc ni tip vi thit b. Khi dng in vt
qu gi tr cho php th tm thp ng 2 b ht, cn ch ng 4 c ko ln, l
xo 6 ko cn b ng ra, tip im m ra ngt mch in qua thit b.
Mc bo v kiu r-le nhit: kt cu ny rt n gin nh r-le nhit bao
gm phn t b) nung nng mc ni tip vi mch chnh, tm kim loi (bi-metal)
gin n nh mc ngt tip im khi dng in qua thit b thit b ln. Nhc
im ca loi ny l qun tnh nhit ln.
Mc bo v thp p (Hnh-3.12c): cun ht 1 mc song song vi mch
in chnh, khi in p thp, lc ht ca cun ht gim yu hn lc l xo 3, mc
4 b ko ln, l xo 6 ko tip im aptomat ra.
11.4Cc thng s k thut c bn
in p nh mc: l gi tr din p lm vic di hn ca thit b in
c aptomat ng ngt.
Dng in nh mc Im: l dng in lm vic lu di ca aptomat,
thng dng nh mc ca aptomat bng 1.2 1.5 ln dng nh mc ca thit
b c bo v.
Dng in tc ng It : l dng aptomat tc ng, tu thuc loi ph ti
m tnh chn I tc ng khc nhau. Vi ng c in khng ng b 3 pha rotor
lng sc th thng It = (1.2 1.5) It, vi It l dng nh mc ca thit b cn
bo v.
c tnh A-s ca aptomat (Hnh 8-14d): aptomat bo v c thit b
th c tnh A-s ca aptomat phi thp hn c tnh A-s ca thit b.

34

HOT NG III : RN LUYN K NNG

TT

Cc hot ng

Dng c

Yu cu ca hot ng

Lp rp, kim tra cu to cc R le in p, Tho v kim tra cu to

mch r le
r le dng bn trong v lp mch th
inm r le hot ng
thi gian, r
le nhit

Lp mch bo v ngn mch Ngun in, Lp rp mch vi bong

ca cu ch
cu ch, dy n. Th chp mch v
in v bng kim tra cu ch
n

Nu ng dng ca tng loi

kh c in

Nhn bit tng kh c in

v nu ng dng ca tng
loi

D-CU HI NGHIN CU
-Trnh by ng dng ca cc loi kh c in nu trong bi
-Phn bit s khc nhau gia R le dng in v R le in p
E-NI DUNG PHIU KIM TRA DNH GI THC HIN
Bi : THIT B IU KHIN V BO V
M bi : MD-M3-B3
H v tn hc sinh:
TT

NI DUNG

1
Trnh by ng dng ca cc
loi kh c in
2

Phn bit s khc nhau

gia R le dng in
v R le in p

35

S LIU

YU CU

NH GI

KIM TRA

K THUT

BP X L
Nu ng
dng chnh
cu tng loi
kh c in
hc trong bi
Nu cc im
khc nhau ni
bt : cun
dy, ng dng
trong thc t
v.v.

Bi 4 : CHNH LU DNG IN
M bi : MD-M3-B4
A-MC TIU THC HIN
-Trnh by nguyn l cu to c bn ca Diod bn dn
-Nu s v ng dng ca cc mch chnh lu dng in xoay chiu
thnh dng in mt chiu
-Bit lp rp cc mch chnh lu dng in p ng cho s dng di tu
thy
-Bit cch o v kim tra Diod bn dn
B-CC NI DUNG CHNH
-it bn dn
-Mch chnh lu cu mt pha
-Mch chnh lu na chu k
-Mch chnh lu hai na chu k
-Mch chnh lu
C-CC HOT NG HC TP
HOT NG I : NGHE THUYT TRNH C THO LUN
I-it bn dn
Tnh dn in ca cht bn dn.
Cht bn dn l cht trung gian gia cht dn in v cch
in.
Cht bn dn thng gp trong k thut l cc nguyn t nh:
Gecmani, silic, selentrc tin ta nghin cu c tnh dn in ca cht
bn dn.
S lin kt ha hc ca hai nguyn t k nhau to thnh i
in t gp chung gi l mi lin kt ng ha tr.
V d: Nguyn t Gecmani (Ge) l nguyn t tuc nhm th 4
trong h tun hon cc nguyn t ca Mendelep. Cc nguyn t thuc
nhm ny c 4 nguyn t ha tr lp ngoi cng. Trong tinh th, mi
nguyn t Ge c mi lin kt ng ha tr vi 4 nguyn t ln cn n to
thnh 4 i in t gp chung. Nu khi nguyn t Ge hon ton nguyn
cht th tt c cc in t ha tr ca nguyn t lin h vi nhau nn khng
c in t t do v vy Ge khng dn in.
em t nng hay chiu chm phng x vo mng tinh th
ny, cc in t c th b ph v mi lin kt, thot ra ngoi thnh in t
t do. Gi l s dn n bng in t.

36

 ch ni lin kt va b
ph v, in t thot ra li mt
l trng. L trng ny b mt in
t mi lin kt khc nhy n
lp l v lp tc xut hin mt l
mi ch in t va ri khi.
C th l trng di ng trong
mng tinh th. Nh vy,l trng l
ni thiu in t, tc l tha in
tch dng. V th, khi xut hin
l trng, lm tnh dn in ca
khi tinh th tng ln. Trng hp
ny gi l s dn in bng l
trng.

S olie
n heo
i ie
n t
chung cu
a macg tinh theGe

H-4.1

tng mt l hay mt in t t do trong tinh th bn dn

ngi ta pha thm tp cht.
Chng hn cho thm vo tinh th Ge mt lng nh nguyn t thuc
nhm 5 nh Acsnic. Tinh th s tng mt in t t do ln rt nhiu. V
acsnic c 5 in t lp ngoi cng. Trong mng tinh th mi nguyn t
acsnic ch cn 4 in t gp chung vi 4 in t ca Ge xung quanh.
in t th 5 d dng thnh in t t do v s lin kt yu t vi ht nhn.
Khc vi trc y, in t tch ra khng to thnh l do vy in t
t do tng ln rt nhiu.
Nu cho vo tinh th Ge mt lng nh nguyn t thuc nhm
3 nh ini chng hn. Tinh th s tng mt l trng ln rt nhiu. V ini
c 3 in t lp ngoi cng. Trong mng tinh th, mi nguyn t ini lin
kt vi 4 nguyn t Ge bn cnh bng 3 in t nn thiu 1 in t tc l
to thnh 1 l trng. V vy mt l trng tng ln rt nhiu so vi mt
in t t do. Loi bn dn ny l bn dn l trng hay bn dn loi P.
Nguyn tc hot ng ca it bn dn.
it bn dn gm c hai lp bn dn khc nhau p v n tip xc
vi nhau (H2-1)
ch tip xc p-n xy ra qu trnh vt l c bit gi l lp
chuyn tip p-n. Do mt phn n ln nn chng khuych tn sang lp p.
Ngc li l trng t p khuych tn sang n. kt qu n mt in t tch in
dng. P nhn thm in t tch in m v ch chuyn tip hnh thnh
mt in trng chuyn tip E chuyn tip in trng ny c tc dng
ngn cn s dch chuyn ca in t t n sang p. V th lp chuyn tip cn
gi l lp ngn.

37

in trng chuyn tip s khng tng na, khi lc in

trng v lc khuych tn in tch cn bng nhau. Lc ny s in tch
trung bnh chuyn qua lp ngn bng 0.
Ni it vi ngun in, cc dng vo u p, cc m vo
u n. in p ngun sinh ra in trng ngoi E ngoi ngc chiu vi E
chuyn tip. N kh in trng ny, tc l ph b lp ngn. Cc in t
t n s d dng chuyn qua p. in tr it lc ny rt nh, dng in ln,
ta ni it c phn cc thun (H1-10a)
Nu i chiu ngun in (H1-9b) th E ngoi cng chiu vi
E chuyn tip lm lp ngn cng mnh v in t t n kh qua p v l trng
t p kh qua n. Lc ny in tr it tng ln rt ln v dng in nh
khng ng k. Ta bo it b phn cc ngc.
Nh vy, it ban n c c tnh dn in tt theo chiu p-n
v gn nh khng dn in theo chiu ngc li.
S chuyn ng ca in t ti vng tip gip:
engoai
echuyentiep

engoai
echuyentiep
p

( a)

( b)
( c)

H-4.2

Do tnh cht bn dn cavt liu lm it m thit b ny ch

cho php dng in xoay chiu chy qua theo mt chiu nht nh.
Nu ta c ngun in mt chiu ri th ta khng cn dng
n it, u vo mch it l in p xoay chiu cn bin i, u ra l
in p mt chiu a ti mch s dng. Do gii hn ca chng trnh ta
khng th i su nghin cu m ch cng nhn tnh dn in mt chiu ca
n ( tnh cht van mt chiu )
II-Mch chnh lu
Ngi ta dng it bn dn chnh lu dng xoay chiu thnh dng
mt chiu, c th dng s ton sng hay na sng. Ngoi thc t loi
c dng ph bin l s chnh lu kiu cu.

38

2.1.Mch chnh lu na chu k

S chnh lu pha na sng
1

Nguyn l lm vic

Na chu k dng ca dng inxoay

~ chiu, dng in i t 1
qua qua R v 2. Na chu k m dng in b neon chn li.
2

2.2.Mch chnh lu hai na chu k

- Nguyn l lm vic:

Na chu k dng ca dng xoay chiu, dng in i t 1 qua

1
1 qua R v 0.Na chu k m dng in i t 2 qua
~ 2 qua R v 0.
R
Nh vy hai n 1 v 2 lun phin nhau lm vic tng na chu
k.
2
2
2.3.Mch chnh lu cu mt pha
Nguyn l lm vic:
Na chu k dng
ca dng xoay chiu (1) l dong
(2) m mch thng theo vng (1)
1 (3) ti (4) 3
(2)

Ta
i

3
4

U~

Na chu k m(1) m
(2) dong. Mch thng theo vng
(2) 2 (3) ti (4)
4 (1)

U~

H-4.3

Nh vy, hai cp n thay nhau lm vic trong trng na chu

k, b lc R-C san bng mp m ca dng in v in p trn ti.
HOT NG II : NGHE GII THIU V XEM TRNH DIN MU
-S cu to ca cc ht bn dn, xem c tnh V-A ca Diod
-Lp rp, o v kim tra cc mch chnh lu trong bi hc

39

HOT NG III : RN LUYN K NNG

TT
1

Cc hot ng

Dng c

Yu cu ca hot ng

Ngun in xoay
u dy mch
chiu, Diod bn dn,
chnh lu na chu in tr ti, dy dn,
k
bin p, ng h o
dng in mt chiu

Lp rp ng mch, kim tra

ng h xc nh dng
in mt chiu chy trong ti

u dy mch
chnh lu hai na
chu k

Ngun in xoay
chiu, Diod bn dn,
in tr ti, dy dn,
bin p, ng h o
dng in mt chiu

Lp rp ng mch, kim tra

ng h xc nh dng
in mt chiu chy trong ti

u dy mch
chnh lu cu 1
pha

Ngun in xoay
chiu, Diod bn dn,
in tr ti, dy dn,
bin p, ng h o
dng in mt chiu

Lp rp ng mch, kim tra

ng h xc nh dng
in mt chiu chy trong ti

D-CU HI NGHIN CU
-Trnh by cu to c bn ca Diod bn dn
-V s mch chnh lu cu 1 pha v nu ng dng

40

E-NI DUNG PHIU KIM TRA DNH GI THC HIN

Bi : CHNH LU DNG IN
M bi : MD-M3-B4
H v tn hc sinh:
TT

NI DUNG

S LIU
KIM TRA

YU
CU
K
THUT

NH GI
BP X L

Trnh by cu to c bn
v nu ng dng ca
Diod bn dn

Diod bn dn c
cu to t cc lp
ghp ca vt liu
bn dn, c ng
dng chnh trong
chnh lu dng
in xoay chiu
thnh dng in
mt chiu

u mch chnh lu cu
mt pha

Chun b thit b
u, o xc
nh v nu ng
dng

41

Bi 5: AC QUY AXIT
M bi : MD-M3-B5
A-MC TIU THC HIN
-Hiu c cu to v cc thng s ca c quy axit
-Trnh by v ng dng, cc bnh v cc ch hot ng ca c quy axit
-u ghp c c quy axit.
-Bit phng php an ton pha ch dung dc Axit sunfuric.
-Bit s dng v bo qun c quy axit
B- CC NI DUNG CHNH
-Cu to ca c quy axit
-Cc thng s nh mc ca c quy
-Ch lm vic ca c quy
-u ghp c quy
-Cc phng php np in cho c quy
-Bo qun c quy
-S dng c quy
C-CC HOT NG HC TP
HOT NG I : NGHE THUYT TRNH C THO LUN
Loi dng in dng trn tu thu l dng in xoay chiu v dng in
mt chiu. V vy my pht in tu thu dng c hai loi my pht: my pht
in xoay chiu v my pht in mt chiu.
i vi ngnh ng sng th hu ht cc tu u c trng ti nh v
l c trng nn ti in nng trn tu sn phn nhiu l ti nh sng, ng c
man v mt s ng c xoay chiu cng sut nh hoc ph ti nh khc.v.v.V
vy trang b my pht trn tu a phn l my pht in xoay chiu cng sut
nh v my pht in mt chiu dng cho ti nh sng, np c quy. c quy gp
phn rt quan trng trong ngun in nng tu thu.
I-Cu to ca c quy axit
1.1.V bnh
V bnh c c bng nha tng hp Ebonit, y l loi nha chng
c n mn ca dung dch axit, c bn c hc cao.
42

y v bnh c sng cc tm bn cc vi mc ch hn ch hin tng

chp mch bn trong c quy.
Mi ngn ca c quy c mt np y bng nha Ebonit v c gn vi
v, mi np u c l dung dch, trn l c nt bng nha v c ren lp
cht vo np bnh, trn mi nt u c l thng hi, cc ngn ca c quy c
u ni tip vi nhau bng tm ch.
1.2.Chm cc
a.Tm bn cc
Tm bn cc l mt li bng ch c pha (6 - 7)% ng ti moan tng
bn c hc cho li , ti cc mt li nht y cht tc dng l xit ch ( Pb 3O4 )
v PbO nho vi axit sunfuric ( H2SO4 ) da vo phng php in phn c bit
m sau bn cc dng cht tc dng tr thnh PbO2 c mu nu.
Cn bn cc m cht tc dng tr thnh ch xp nguyn cht c mu
xm sng.
b.Chm cc
tng dung lng cho c quy th mi c quy gm nhiu bn cc dng
v nhiu bn cc m, cc bn cc dng hp thnh chm cc dng.
Cc bn cc m hp thnh
chm cc m.Vy chm cc bao
gm nhiu tm cc ghp li song
song vi nhau.
1.3.Tm cch in
a.Cu to (H-5.1)

H-5.1

Tm cch in lm bng g mng hoc nha mng c nhiu l, trong

nhiu trng hp tm cch in cn c lm bng thu tinh si.
Yu cu ca tm cch in l phi mng v c nhiu l cho dung dch
in phn thm qua.
Tm cch in c t gia chm cc m v chm cc dng nhng
chm cc m v chm cc dng c ghp sao cho: Mt chm cc dng bao
gi cng nm gia 2 chm cc m v nh vy chm cc m bao gi cng nhiu
hn chm cc dng mt chm cc trong t c quy.
1.4.Dung dch
Dung dch in phn l dung dch ca axit sunfuric ( H 2SO4 ), dng H2SO4
nguyn cht pha vi nc ct theo t l (24 33)%, ty theo iu kin lm vic
khc nhau m nng dung dch H2SO4 trong c quy khc nhau. Nu nng
cao th kch thc, trng lng c quy nh, dung dch kh b ng c nhng
hin tng sunft ho li xy ra nhanh, cc tm ngn d b ph hu nht l cc
tm ngn bng g do tui th ca c quy gim.

43

c quy t trn tu thu c nng dung dch khong 1,2g/cm n 1,28

3
g/cm . V ma h nn pha dung dch c nng thp hn so vi ma ng.
II-Cc thng s nh mc ca c quy
2.1.in p nh mc (V)
in p nh mc ca 01 ngn n khi np no l 2,4V, nhng thc
t ghi trn bnh nh sau : mt bnh c 06 ngn th in p ca bnh l 12V. V
vy xc nh bnh cn dung lng hay khng ta phi cho bnh phng vi
dng nh mc mi bit, cch tt nht l dng T trng k hoc Ph k o nng
dung dch l bit.
2.2.Dung lng nh mc (Ah)
Dung lng nh mc ca bnh c gi l Q (Ah), l kh nng phonngs
in ca bnh vi dng in nh mc trong thi gian 10 gi
2.3.Dng in nh mc (A)
T nh ngha v Dung lng nh mc ca bnh c quy tta c th tnh
c dng in nh mc ca bnh l : Im = Qm/10
(5.1)

III-Ch lm vic ca c quy

3.1.Ch np
a.S H-5.2

MF

A
R

R: Bin tr dng tng gim dng np

A:ng h ampe o dng np
MF: my pht in mt chiu

H2 SO
4
PbSO PbSO
4
4

H-5.2

b.Qu trnh np v phng trnh phn ng

np in cho c quy ta ni c quy vi cc dng ca ngun np tng
ng v cc m ca c quy vi cc m ca ngun np.
Khi np th cht tc dng trn bn cc c quy s hon nguyn nh c,
nc mt i, H2SO4 c tr li nn nng dung dch tng do mun dng
in np khng i ( np bng dng khng i ) th ta phi tng dn in p np
c quy cn bng vi sc in ng c quy. Khi in p ca mt ngn n t
2,4V th cht tc dng trong cc bn hu nh c hon nguyn, in nng
lc ny a vo c quy ch in phn nc thnh Hyr v xy, chng thot
ra ngoi lm cho dung dch si bt ( ta ni c quy si ) in p tng vt ln 2,7V,
n lc ny c th ngng np nhng chc chn ta c th np thm 1 - 2 gi

44

na, khi thy in p trn cc v nng in phn khng tng na th ta c th

ngng np.
Tm li, du hiu nhn bit mt c quy c np no hon ton l:
- c quy si mnh,
- in p trn cc ca mt ngn n t 2,7V v gi khng i,
Sau khi ngng np mt thi gian nng in phn cn bng gia cc l
bn trong bn cc v ngoi, in p c quy tt xung gi tr n nh 2,1 - 2,2V.
Phng trnh np:
2PbSO 4 + 2H 2 O

PbO 2

2H 2 SO 4

+ Pb

3.2.Ch phng ca c quy

a.S H-5.3

(5.2 )

R: Bin tr dng tng gim dng ti,

A:ng h ampe o dng ti,

C:ng c in mt chiu.

H SO
2 4
Pb

PbSO
4

b.Qu trnh phng v phng trnh phn ng

H-5.3

Qu trnh phng in l qu trnh ng ti vo c quy, dung lng ca c

quy ph thuc vo rt nhiu gi tr ca dng in phng, c quy phng vi dng
in ln th dung lng ca n cng mau ht v dng in phng cng ln th
nng dung dch in phn cc l bn trong cc bn gim rt nhanh do
in p trn 2 cc c quy gim nhanh.
Khi phng in cht tc dng bn cc m v bn cc dng bin thnh
Sunft ch PbSO 4 v ng thi nc c to thnh theo phng trnh sau:
PbO 2

2H 2 SO 4

+ Pb =

2PbSO 4 + 2H 2 O

(5.3 )

Sau thi gian phng th dung dch long ra, Sunft ch l cht khng dn
in nn khi phng in th in tr trong ca c quy tng ln v cng vi nng
gim nn in p trn cc c quy gim i. Dng in phng cng ln th in
p cng gim nhanh. Nu c quy phng vi dng in ln th cht tc dng trn
cc bn bin i khng u v cc b vnh, tui th gim. c quy phng in
ti khi trn cc cn 1,7 - 1,8V phi ngng phng, nu c tip tc phng Sunft
45

ho to nn trn bn cc qu nhiu c th lm cho c quy b hng v khng

dng c.
Tm l: du hiu bit
mt c quy ch phng ht v
cn phi np li l: in p mt
ngn n cn 1,7 1,8V, trng
lng ring ca dung dch tt
xung cn 1,05 1,1g/cm 3 .

2,8V
2,6
2,4
2,2
2,0
1,8
1,6
1,4

Np

Phng
0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5gi

H-5.4
U
Q

IV-u ghp c quy

4.1.u ni tip c quy

a.S (H-5.5)
b.iu kin
Q1 = Q2 = Q3 = . . . . . . . . =Qn

(5.3)

c.Kt qu

U1

Q1

U2

Q2

U3

Q3

UT = U1 + U2 + U3 + . . . . . + Un (5.4)
H-5.5

Q = Q1 = Q2 = Q3 = . . . . . . . . =Qn (5.5)
*u ni tip nhiu bnh c quy ta c t c quy tng v in p cn
dung lng khng tng.
Trong trng hp ti c in p cao nhng cng sut nh ta dng t c
quy u ni tip.
+ U 4.2.u song song
Q

a.S (H-5.6)

U1

Q1

b.iu kin
U1 = U2 = U3 = = Un
46

+
(5.6)

U2

Q2

c.Kt qu
H-5.6

Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 + +Qn

(5.7)

U = U1 = U2 = U3 = = Un

(5.8)

*u song nhiu bnh c quy ta c t c quy tng v dung lng cng

in p khng tng
Trong trng hp ti c in p thp nhng cng sut ln th ta dng t c
quy u song song

4.3.u hn hp

U
Q

a.S (H-5.7)
Ta v d t c quy u hn hp gm 04 bnh
Nh sau:

U1
Q1

U3
Q3

+.iu kin
U1 + U3 = U2 + U4

(5.9)

Q1 = Q3 ; Q2 = Q4

(5.10)

+Kt qu
U = U 1 + U3 = U2 + U4

(5.11)

Q = Q 1 + Q2 = Q3 + Q4

(5.12)

U2
Q2

U4
Q4

H-5.7

*u hn hp nhiu c quy ta c t c quy tng c v in p v dung lng.

Trong trng hp ti c in p cao v cng sut ln th dng t c quy
u hn hp.
V-Cc phng php np in cho c quy
Vi c quy cn mi em ra s dng ln u th trc khi em s dng
phi rt y dung dch in phn c nng ph hp. Dung dch phi cao
hn bn cc 15 20mm. Nhit dung dch khong 25 - 300C. Sau khi dung
dch t 4 12 gi th c th tin hnh np.
Khi np in cho c quy, ni c quy vi b np thch hp. Cc dng c
quy ni vi cc dng ngun v cc m c quy ni vi cc m ngun. C hai
phng php nap c quy.
47

5.1.Phng php np vi dng khng i: trong qu trnh np, dng

np c gi khng i bng cch tng in p np theo s tng dn sc in
ng trong c quy, khi np no th in p n nh.
5.2.Phng php np vi in p khng i: trong qu trnh np th
in p np khng thay i, dng np gim dn, khi np no th dng np bng 0.
Du hiu ca c quy np no l in p khng i trn cc c quy v
dung dch c nng n nh trong 3 gi lin.
Vi c quy ang s dng th c quy c gn vi thit b np t ng do
qu trnh phng np xy ra hon ton t ng.
i vi c quy axit khi tin hnh pha dung dch in phn ta phi t t
axit sunphuritc (H2SO4) vo nc ng thi cm que thy tinh khy u dung
dch, phi rt t t st mt nc. Tuyt i khng nc vo axt, v khi pha
dung dch pht nhit nhiu nn nu rt nc vo axit, dung dch s si v bn
ln rt nguy him. Khi tip xc vi axit phi eo knh, mang gng tay cao su,
mc o qun chng axit.
Thng xuyn kim tra v sit cht cc u cp bt vo c quy trnh gy ra tia
la.
Khng c ht thuc l v mang cc vt liu pht la vo phnh c
quy.
i vi c quy kim th qu trnh pha ch dung dch in phn rt nguy him.
Cht kim ri vo da s bng nng. Phi mang knh khi p vn Kali, dng kp
gp mnh kim.

a) c tnh phng php dng np

khng i

c tnh phng php in p np

khng i

H-5.8 c tnh np c quy theo cc phng php khc nhau

48

VI-S dng c quy

6.1.Np in cho c quy
- Np in cho c quy mi: mun ko di tui th cho c quy th khi np
in ln u tin ta phi dung dch vo bnh ngm t 4 - 6 gi
dung dch thm u vo tm bn cc. Khi dung dch ngui ( nhit <
30 0 C ) ta tin hnh np, dng in np bng 1/14 - 1/20Q dm .
+ Trong sut thi gian np khng c ngng khi c quy cha no in,
+ Nu nhit c quy ln hn 45 0 C th phi gim dng np i mt
na,
+ Gn cui qu trnh np th c mt gi ta li kim tra t trng v in
p ca c quy mt ln: t trng 1,26 - 1,28g/cm 3 v n nh, in p 2,75 2,8V v n nh. Trong 3 gi lin tc m t trng v in p khng thay
i th ngng np tc l c quy ca ta hon ton no.
- Np in b sung cho c quy:
+ dung dch sao cho trong mi ngn n dung dch phi ngp trn
bn cc t 10 - 15mm.
+ Cc nt bnh phi thng hi tt.
+ Cc im ni dy ca mch np phi bt cht.
Sau tin hnh np:
+ Khi in p ngun np t gi tr nh mc th ta ng cu dao np.
+ Kim tra Ampe k sao cho dng in np bng 7 - 10%Q dm , trong
qu trnh np nu ampek bo dng np gim dn theo thi gian th
chng t c quy cn tt.
+ Khi np nhit dung dch khng c ln hn 45 0 C.
+ Khi thy dung dch si bt trong cc ngn ng u v nhiu. ng
thi ampe k bo gi tr thp v n nh l c. m bo chc chn
th ta kim tra t trng v in p ca bnh: in p mt ngn n khi cn
ang np khong 2,75V v u cc ngn , t trng bng 1,26 1,28g/cm 3
( ng vi 26 - 28 0 B ) v n nh th chc chn c quy no in, ta tin
hnh ngt cu dao np trc khi tho u dy tr c quy.
6.2.Phng in
Nu c quy phng in trong thi gian di, dng in phng khng qu
1/10Q dm , thi gian phng ti a khi in p mt ngn n cn 1,75V. Phng vi
dng in ln nh khi khi ng ng c Diesel th mt ln phng t 3 - 5 giy,
s ln phng lin tc khng qu 3 ln, gia 3 ln phng lin tip th phi c thi
gian ngh khong 10 - 15 giy c quy h thp nhit v phc hi dung
lng.
VII-Bo qun c quy
49

7.1.Bo qun hng ngy

Hng ngy ta phi thng xuyn lau chi sch du, m, nc mn bm
vo c quy, che y cho c quy trnh b tia nc, tia la, khng c quy ni
c nhit cao .
Kim tra dung dch trong c quy, nu thiu th ta thm, dung dch
bao gi cng ngp trn tm bn cc 10 15mm.
Kim tra in p ca c quy, nu cn thp hoc khng th ta phi np
b sung.
Khi np cho c quy phi vn lng nt bnh.
Khi phng in vi dng ln nh khi khi ng ng c Diesel th phi
vn nt bnh ra trnh hin tng n bnh khi phng vi dng ln.
7.2.Bo qun c quy d tr
i vi c quy d tr th c 2 loi: nu l c quy mi nhng cha dung
dch ta phi trong kho sch, thong mt, khng xp chng ln nhau. Nu l
c quy mi nhng dung dch th phi lu tr trong kho thong c qut
thng gi, nh k np b sung cho c quy.
7.3.Quy trnh np c quy
a.Pha dung dch
+Chun b
- Nc ct v axit Sunfurc (H 2 SO 4 ) nguyn cht, hai bnh ny c
nh du,
- Dng c pha ch dung dch phi chu c axit: go mc dung dch,
a khuy, lu hoc chu
- a im pha ch: pha ni thong mt v t ngi qua li,
- Chun b dung dch kim ra axit bn to,
- Qun o v bo h lao ng.
+Cch pha v kim tra t trng dung dch
-Ngi pha dung dch phi mc qun
o bo h, eo khu trang, knh bo h
- nc ct vo lu ( hoc chu ) sau
t t axit vo nc ( tuyt i khng
c nc vo axit ), sau ly a khuy

Ph k

u axit trong nc ct.

H-5.9

50

-Khi nhit dung dch h thp bng nhit mi trng ta dng ph k

hoc t trng k kim tra t trng dung dch ( thng pha vi t trng t 1,22 1,24g/cm 3 , ng vi 26 - 28 0 B ) t trng o c cao hoc thp hn so vi quy
nh, phi dng nc ct hoc H 2 SO 4 nguyn cht iu chnh: nu t trng
cao hn quy nh th phi pha thm nc ct, nu t trng thp hn quy nh th
phi pha thm axit.
-Trong khi pha nu chng may b axit bn vo ngi th ta phi ly vi
nhng vo dung dch kim lau sch ri ly nc trong ra sch.
b.Np in cho c quy mi
+Chun b
Mun ko di tui th cho c quy th khi np in cho c quy mi ta phi
tun th theo cc bc sau:
- dung dch vo bnh ngm t 4 - 6 gi dung dch thm u vo
tm bn cc,
- Chun b ngun np c in p bng vi in p nh mc ca c quy,
- Xc nh cc tnh ca ngun np v cc tnh ca bnh c quy sau
chun b dy v thit b u np.
+Np in
Khi nhit dung dch < 30 0 C ta tin hnh np, dng in np bng
1/14 - 1/20Q dm , cho n khi in p mt ngn n t gi tr nh mc th tin
hnh phng, phng cho n khi in p mt ngn n cn 1,75V th ngng
phng v np in li cho c quy. Lm lp i lp li nh vy gi l np - phng
tun hon, thi gian np -phng tun hon khong 60 - 72 gi th em c quy
np s dng.
Trong sut thi gian np khng c ngng khi c quy cha no in.
Nu nhit c quy ln hn 45 0 C th phi gim dng np i mt na.
Gn cui qu trnh np th c mt gi ta li kim tra t trng v in p
ca c quy mt ln: t trng 1,26 - 1,28g/cm 3 v n nh, in p 2,75 - 2,8V v
n nh. Trong 3 gi lin tc m t trng v in p khng thay i th ngng
np tc l c quy ca ta hon ton no.
c.Np in b sung cho c quy
+Khi no cn a c quy vo np in b sung?
Bt k lc no ta cng c th np in b sung cho c quy, sau khi ta
phng th dung lng ca c quy nh hn nh mc ( Q < Q dm ).
tin hnh np b sung ta phi kim tra :
- Dung dch trong cc ngn n phi ngp trn tm bn cc t 10
15mm ( cng vic ny c th phi kim tra thng xuyn trong mi
ln np nu ngy no cng np b sung ),
51

- Cc nt phi thng hi tt,

- Cc im ni dy ca mch phi bt cht v tip xc tt,
- Ngun np phi ph hp.
+Cch np
Khi in p ngun np t gi tr nh mc th ta ng cu dao np,
Kim tra Ampek sao cho dng in np bng 7 10%Q dm , trong qu
trnh np nu ampek bo dng np gim dn theo thi gian th chng t c quy
cn tt,
Khi np nhit dung dch khng c ln hn 45 0 C,
Khi thy dung dch si bt trong cc ngn ng u v nhiu, ng thi
ampek bo gi tr thp v n nh l c. m bo chc chn th ta kim
tra t trng v in p ca bnh: in p mt ngn n khi cn ang np khong
2,75V v u cc ngn, t trng bng 1,26 1,28g/cm 3 ( ng vi 26 - 28 0 B )
v n nh th chc chn c quy no in ta tin hnh ngt cu dao np trc
khi tho u dy tr c quy.
d.Np kh Sunft ho
+Chun b
- Bnh Sunft ho: hin tng m khi np t trng tng chm v khng
t nh mc, nhit dung dch tng nhanh ti qu mc quy nh,
dung dch si bt sm ( hay cn gi l c quy no sm ).
- Khi pht hin bnh c quy b bnh Sunft th ta phng in c quy cho
n khi in p mt ngn n cn 1,75V th ngng phng. dung
dch ra v cho nc sch vo bnh sau xc ra nhiu ln cho sch,
nc ct vo thay dung dch.
+Np in
- u c quy vi ngun np v np vi dng np bng 1/14 1/20Q dm
cho n khi c quy no in,
- Cho c quy phng vi dng phng bng I p = 1/10Q dm cho n khi in
p mi ngn n cn 1,75V th ngng phng,
- Xc ra bnh ln th 2 : dung dch c nng 5 0 B, tip tc np v
phng nhiu ln (tu theo bnh b Sunft ho nng hay nh ). Trong khi
np th c 1 gi kim tra t trng cc ngn n mt ln, nu t trng
cc ngn tng dn l tt, khi c quy no in th nng c th khong
14 - 16 0 B,
- dung dch trong bnh ra, dung dch c nng 26 - 28 0 B vo
bnh tin hnh np nh np in b sung cho n khi c quy no in l
xong.
7.4.Cc bnh thng gp c quy
52

a.Bnh Sunft ho
+Hin tng
- Nhn qua l dung dch thy nhiu m trng to ph trn cc bn
cc, vu cc v cc tm ngn,
- Bnh Sunft ho hin tng m khi np t trng tng chm v khng
t nh mc, nhit dung dch tng nhanh ti qu mc quy nh,
dung dch si bt sm ( hay cn gi l c quy no sm ),
- Khi np: giai on u in p tng rt nhanh, sau th in p tng
chm v khng tng ti nh mc, khi phng th mau ht.
+Nguyn nhn
- Phng in trong thi gian di khng np b sung,
- Thng xuyn np cha no em s dng,
- Dung dch khng ngp trn tm bn cc.
+Khc phc
- Thng xuyn np b sung cho c quy,
- Mi ln np phi np no mi em s dng,
- Dung dch phi lun lun ngp trn tm bn cc 10 - 15mm,
- T trng dung dch vo bnh t 1,22 1,24g/cm 3 ( 26 - 28 0 B ),
- Khi b Sunft ho ta phi thay dung dch v xc sch c quy.
b.bnh chp mch trong
+Hin tng
- Khi np in th in p ca bnh tng chm v khng t nh mc,
dng np rt ln v dung dch nhanh si,
- Khi phng th in p ca bnh gim nhanh v c th bng 0,
- Sau khi thi np th in p bnh cng c th bng 0 lun.
+Nguyn nhn
- Dung dch nhiu tp cht hoc c quy s dng lu nn cht tc dng
ri xung y bnh nhiu,
- Tm ngn b hng hoc cc bn cc b cong vnh.
+Khc phc
- Xc ra bnh, dung dch mi v em np li,
- Thay tm ngn.
c.Bnh t phng
+Hin tng

53

y l bnh m khi ta khng s dng c quy ( khng phng in ) m c

quy vn mt in mc d trc ta np no.
+Nguyn nhn
- B ni tt cc u cc ca bnh hoc ca tng ngn do bi bn hoc
dung dch trn trn np,
- Do khng ng u v nng gia cc lp dung dch trong bnh ( c
quy bo qun lu, dung dch b lng xung hoc ta thm nc
ct vo dung dch nhng khng np b sung ). Lc ny in th phn
di cao hn in th phn trn v lm xut hin dng in chy
trong bnh, t c quy mt dn in.
+Khc phc
- Mt bnh phi lun lun kh ro v sch se,
- c quy khng s dng phi thng xuyn np b sung trn u
dung dch trn v di.
Khi chm thm nc ct cho c quy th phi np in cho c quy.
HOT NG II : NGHE GII THIU V XEM TRNH DIN MU
-Cu to ca c quy axit
-Pha ch dung dch axit ng nng v m bo an ton
-u ghp c quy theo ng s v nu iu kin, kt qu
HOT NG III : RN LUYN K NNG
TT

Cc hot ng

Dng c

Nu cu to ca c quy axit

u ni cho c quy hai ch Bnh c quy,

: np v phng
dy
in,
ngun in
xoay chiu,
bong n, b
sc

Yu cu ca hot
ng

Bnh c quy Nhn bit cc

c
thnh phn cu to
u np in cho
c quy, xem xt v
a ra cc nhn
xt.
u phng in
cho c quy

u ghp cc c quy thnh t : 04 bnh c u ng s

song song, ni tip v hn hp quy, dy dn ca tng mch, a
ra nhn xt, nu
iu kin v kt
qu

54

D-CU HI NGHIN CU
-Trnh by cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca c quy axit
-Trnh by cc ch lm vic v ng dng ca c quy axit
-Nu diu kin v kt qu ca tng phng php u nghp c quy axit.
-Trnh by nguyn nhn, hin tng v bin php khc phc cc bnh
thng gp c quy axit.
-Trnh by phn php bo qun v s dng c quy axit
E-NI DUNG PHIU KIM TRA DNH GI THC HIN
Bi : C QUY AXIT
M bi : MD-M3-B5
H v tn hc sinh:
TT

NI DUNG

S LIU

YU CU

NH GI

KIM TRA

K THUT

BP X L

1
Nu cu to v ng dng
ca c quy axit

Nu cu to
v cc ng
dng ca c
quy axit di
tu thy

Nu cc thng s v bin
php bo qun s dng c
quy di tu thy

Nu bt thong
s Ah, bo
qun v s
dng an ton
di tu

C my phng php u
ghp c quy, hy v hnh v
trnh by

Nu bt ba
phng php
u ghp, nu
ng dng ca
tng loi t
c quy di
tu thy

Bi 6 : MY PHT IN
M bi : MD-M3-B6
A-MC TIU THC HIN
-Hiu c cu to, nguyn l hot ng ca my pht in mt chiu di tu
thy
55

-Hiu c cu to, nguyn l hot ng ca my pht in xoay chiu di tu

thy
-Nm c cc thong s ca my pht in mt chiu v my pht din xoay
chiu
-Nhn bit c chc nng v ng dng ca cc my pht in trang b trn tu
thy
-Bit u ni cc my pht khi cn s dng, tho rp v v sinh cc my pht
in
B- CC NI DUNG CHNH
-My pht in mt chiu
+Cu to v cc thng s
+Nguyn l hot ng v ng dng
-My pht in xoay chiu ba pha
+Cu to v cc thng s
+Nguyn l hot ng v ng dng
+Cc phng php u dy v ng dng thc t
C-CC HOT NG HC TP
HOT NG I : NGHE THUYT TRNH C THO LUN
I-My pht in mt chiu

1.1.Cu to

a.Phn cm ( Stato )
S 1 : Cc t
S 2 : Dy qun
i vi my pht in mt chiu
Stato l phn cm ( Ngc li i vi
my pht in xoay chiu ). Cu to bao
gm v c bng thp hoc gang, cc t
c ghp bng cc l thp k thut in
dng mng sau bt cht vo v my,
cun dy c lm bng ng bc cch
in qun trn cc t.
b.Rto ( phn ng )
Rto cng
bao gm li thp t
56

H-6.1

S 1: Puly
S 2: Li thp t
S 3: Rnh t dy
5S 4: Chi than
S 5: C gp in

RTO
H-6.3
H-6.2

Chi than

v cun dy. Li
thp c hnh tr v
c lm bng cc
l thp k thut
in, cc l thp
ny c dy
0,5mm, c ph
sn cch in v p
cht li, cc l thp
c dp c l
thng gi v x
rnh t dy
qun phn ng.
Dy qun phn ng c nhiu cun dy qun lch pha nhau v c u
ni tip vi nhau thng qua cc phin gp trn c gp in ( y khng trnh
by cch qun dy).
+Vnh i chiu ( c gp in )
C gp gm cc phin gp lm bng ng v c p cch in c dng
hnh tr sau c gn cht trn trc Rto.
+Chi in ( chi than )
Chi than c lm bng than ch Grapht, cc chi than c t cht ln
c gp nh l xo v gi chi than, sau c chi than v gi chi c gn trn
np my. (H-6.3)
1.2.Nguyn l hot ng ca my pht in mt chiu
a.Nguyn l hot

I
+

Tai
-

B
S
V tr 1

Tai

+
-

b
A

B
S
V tr 2

H-6.4 theo nguyn l cm ng in t, v

My pht in mt chiu hot ng
nguyn l c bn th n cng ging nh my pht in xoay chiu nhng do
cch ly tn hiu in ra ngoi m in p ly ra l in p mt chiu nh thit b
chnh lu c kh l chi than v c gp.

a ngun in mt chiu vo cun dy kch t, dng in ny sinh ra t

trng chnh trong mch, khi ng c s cp quay phn ng lc ny cc thanh
dn ca dy qun phn ng ct t trng chnh lm cm ng cc sc in ng.
57

Chiu ca sc in ng xc nh theo quy tc bn tay phi. Nh hnh ti v tr

s 1 ta thy t trng hng t cc N n cc S, chiu quay ca phn ng
ngc vi chiu kim ng h, thanh dn pha trn sc in ng c chiu t a
n b. thanh dn pha di sc in ng c chiu t d n c, sc in ng
ca phn t bng hai ln sc in ng thanh dn. Nu ni hai chi in A v B
vi ti, trn ti s c dng in, in p ca my pht in c cc dng chi
A v m chi B. Hnh H-6.4
Khi phn ng quay c
na vng ta thy ti hnh v tr
s 2, lc ny v tr ca phn t
thay i, thanh ab cc S,
thanh dc cc N, sc in
ng trong thanh dn i chiu
nhng nh c chi in ng
yn, chi A vn ni vi phin
gp pha trn, chi B ni vi
phin gp pha di nn chiu
dng in mch ngoi khng
i. Ta c my pht in mt
chiu vi cc dng chi A
v cc m chi B.

C
D

Ti

H-6.5

b.Cc i lng c trng

+Sc in ng
Khi quay Rto, cc thanh dn ca dy qun phn ng ct t trng, trong
mi thanh dn cm ng sc in ng l:
e = B tb .l.v

( 6.1 )

Trong :
B tb : Cng cm ng t trung bnh di cc t.
v : Tc di ca thanh dn.
l : Chiu di tc dng ca thanh dn.
Dy qun phn ng gm nhiu phn t ni tip nhau to thnh mt vng
kn. Cc chi in chia dy qun thnh nhiu nhnh song song, sc in ng
phn ng bng tng cc sc in ng cc thanh dn trong mt nhnh.
Nu gi s thanh dn ca dy qun l N, s nhnh song song l 2a ( trong
a l s i nhnh ) vy s thanh dn ca mt nhnh l

N
nn ta c sc in
2a

ng phn ng l:
E =

58

N
2a

.e =

N
2a

. B tb .l.v

( 6.2 )

Trong :
Tc di v =

Dn
60

T thng di mi cc l = B tb .
Thay vo cng thc E ta c : E =
t k e =

Dn
60

PN
.n.
60a

PN
60a

Cui cng ta c: E = k e .n.

(6.3 )

+in p
Gi U l in p 2 tr ni dy ca my pht, I l dng ti, R l in
tr ca cun dy phn ng, R c l in tr tip xc ca chi than vi c gp, U
c l tn hao in p trn chi than.
Ta c:
U = E I . R - U c

( 6.4 )

Do R c v U c l 2 gi tr nh nn c th b qua
U = E I . R

( 6.5 )

-Cng sut in t
P dt = E . I

(6.6 )

Thay E vo ta c:
P dt =

PN
.n. . I
60a

( 6.7 )

Pdt
r

( 6.8 )

-M men in t
M dt =

Trong r l tn s gc quay ca Rto c tng theo tc quay n

( v/ph ) v biu thc l:
r =

2 n
60

( 6.9 )

Thay vo ta c:
M dt =
t k M =

59

PN
. I .
2a

PN
v y gi l h s mmen
2a

( 6.10 )

PN
= k M . I .
2a

( 6.11 )

M men in t t l vi I v nn mun thay i m men in t ta

phi thay i I hoc thay i hoc thay i c hai.
II-My pht in xoay chiu ba pha
M u
Hin nay trn tu c rt nhiu phng tin hin i, thit b t ng,
Raa. Do tnh u vit ca ngun in xoay chiu: n c th thay i tr s in
p mt cch d dng, truyn ti in nng i xa m khng tn hao ln, ngun
in xoay chiu bin i thnh ngun in mt chiu thng qua b chnh lu m
gi thnh khng cao, my pht in xoay chiu d ch to, d s dng v vn
hnh. My in xoay chiu hot ng c tin cy cao v cng sut di ln.
ng c in xoay chiu rt d ch to v hot ng tin cy. Nn hin nay a s
cc tu ng mi u s dng ngun in nng xoay chiu.
Mc d vy cng c rt nhiu nhc im: chng hn nh khi lng ln
nn gi thnh u t ban u ln, n chim din tch trong hm my, cc h
thng km theo n rt kh hiu nguyn l v c bit l tnh an ton i vi con
ngi khi vn hnh h thng in nng xoay chiu.
Mt iu t ra l cp nht c vi s pht trin th my trng hay
th my tu sng phi kp thi nm bt, b sung kin thc v ngun in nng
xoay chiu cng s an ton khi lm vic vi ngun in nguy him ny.
Dy qun
2.1.Cu to v nguyn l hot ng
a.Cu to (H-6.6)
V my

+Stato (phn ng)

- V my
Thng c c bng gang, trn b
mt c c g gh to ra cc
cnh tn nhit gip cho ng c
thot nhit v lm mt tt.
o

H-6.6

- Li thp
C hnh tr v c ghp bng cc l thp k thut in, cc l thp ny
ghp cht vi nhau to thnh hnh tr, trn b mt li thp c phay cc rnh
t cun dy. Li thp c bt cht vi v my.
- Dy qun
Dy qun c lm bng ng hoc nhm ( thng lm bng ng ) v
dy bc lp sn cch in, dy c t di rnh ca li t v c u ni
60

tip vi nhau to thnh 3 cun mi cun t lch nhau 120 in, ba cun dy
ny gi l cun dy phn ng ca my pht in xoay chiu ba pha. Chng c
u Y hoc u tu mc ch s dng.
- Chn my
Chn my c c bng gang hoc bng thp v bt cht vi v my,
chn my c l bt bulng c nh my pht vo tu hoc v tr c nh.
b.R to (phn cm)
R to my pht in xoay chiu ba pha c 2 loi: Rto cc n v Rto cc
hin (cc li ).

- Rto cc n (H-6.7)
Rto cc n c ghp bng cc l

thp
k thut in to thnh hnh tr, trn b mt
c phay cc rnh t cun dy. Nu nhn
bng mt ta khng th pht hin c Rto c
my cc.

Rto cc n
H-6.7

- Rto cc hin (H-6.8)

S

Rto cc hin cng c dng hnh tr,

c ghp t cc l thp k thut in, gn
cht vi trc ca my pht, nu nhn trc
quan ta bit c Rto ca ta c my cp cc.

Roto cc hien
H-6.8

61

2.2.Nguyn l hot ng ca my pht in xoay chiu ba pha

I
a.S
b.Nguyn l hot ng
(Xt my pht 1
pha nh hnh v H-6.9)
My pht in
xoay chiu 3 pha hot
ng theo nguyn l
cm ng in t.

STATO

U~

I
ROTO

kt

Tai

+
- 1.Vanh trt

n 2.Choi than

H-6.9

nhn c in p ba pha trn ba cun dy Stato ta t ba cun dy

o
lch nhau 120 in v u Y hoc u .
Dng in mt chiu sinh ra t trng khng i c to ra bng cch
a vo cun dy kch t mt in p mt chiu qua 2 vnh trt.
Gn trc Rto ca my pht vo trc ca ng c lai v quay vi tc n,
ta c mt t trng quay trn c t thng chnh khp kn qua Rto, cc t
v li thp Stato. T thng ny ct cc cun dy Stato lm xut hin trong ba
cun dy 3 sc in ng cm ng eA, eB v eC .
Tn s bin thin ca cc sc in ng ny ph thuc vo tc quay
ca Rto.
Ta c cng thc:
f=

np
60

(6.12)

Trong :
f:Tn s, n v tnh l Hc (HZ).
n: Tc quay ca Rto (v/ph).
p: S cp cc ca Rto.
Nu ba pha ca my pht in c ni vi ba ti i xng th trong my
xut hin dng in ba pha i xng.
2.3.Cc thng s nh mc ca my pht in xoay chiu ba pha
Thng s nh mc l thng s m my pht hot ng c gi tr kinh t
nht.

62

Thng s k thut ca my pht in xoay chiu ba pha ch yu l cc

thng s nh mc m my pht hot ng trong ch khng ti hoc ch
ti nh mc, sau y l cc thng s c bn ca my pht:
a.in p nh mc ( Um)
in p nh mc ca my pht l gi tr in p m khi ta a dng kch
t c gi tr nh mc, quay Rto ca my pht vi gi tr nh mc th my pht
pht ra mt in p nht nh v gi tr in p ny gi l cp in p nh mc.
My pht xoay chiu ba pha thng c cp in p nh mc l:220V,
380V, 400V . v. v Nu nh trn bin my m l Y/YY - 380/220V th c
ngha l nu u sao (Y) my pht 3 pha c cp in p l 380V, nu u sao
kp (YY) my pht 3 pha c cp in p l 220V.
b.Dng kch t nh mc ( Iktm )
Dng in kch t nh mc l dng in mt chiu a vo cun dy
kch t ca my pht my pht pht ra in p nh mc ng vi tc quay
nh mc ca ng c s cp.
Gi tr dng ny tu thuc vo cng sut ca my pht: c th l 10A,
15A, 20A .v.v
c.H s Cos nh mc
y l thng s c trng cho tnh k thut v tnh kinh t ca my pht,
nu ta bit c h s ny v dng ti tng ng vi cp h s Cos nh mc
s gim c tn tht in nng do tiu tn cng sut v cng ca my pht,
trnh c st p ln cho my pht.
Thng h s ny c cc gi tr l: 0.75, 0.8, 0.85, 0.9, 0.95.v.vNu h
s ny cng cao th my pht l loi my pht cng tt.
d.Cng sut nh mc ca my pht
Cng sut nh mc ca my pht ni nn kh nng chu ti ca n: nu
dng ti thp hn nh mc s d tha cng sut dn n khng kinh t, nu
dng ng ti nh mc s m bo tnh kinh t khi khai thc, nu dng ti ln
hn nh mc my pht b st p hoc b chy cun dy phn ng.
i vi my pht in xoay chiu th cng sut nh mc thng ghi gi
tr l KVA, trong c cng sut tc dng ( P ) v cng sut phn tc dng ( Q )
P = 3 .U.I. Cos

(6.13 )

Q = 3 .U.I.Sin
P: cng sut tc dng ca my pht, cng chnh l cng sut ca ng c
lai my v cng l cng sut ca cun dy phn ng.
Q: cng sut phn tc dng ca my pht, cng chnh l cng sut ca
cun dy kch t.

63

Thng cng sut nh mc c gi tr: 20KVA, 45KVA, 100KVA.v.v

tu thuc vo yu cu tiu th in nng ca mi con tu c th.
e.Tn s nh mc ca my pht in xoay chiu ba pha ( fm )
Thng s ny rt quan trng, bit c tn s nh mc dng cho ti
xoay chiu tng ng, thng s ny cng ni nn c tc quay nh mc
ca my pht hay tc quay nh mc ca ng c lai my pht, da vo cng
thc :
n=

60 f
p

( 6.14 )

Thng tn s ch c 2 gi tr nh mc sau: 50Hz hoc 60Hz

f.Cp cch in ca my pht
Cp cch in l gi tr in tr ca cun dy Rto v cun dy Stato so
vi v, i vi cun dy Rto thng cp cch in t: 0.5 M, 1 M .v. v
i vi cun dy Stato cp cch in thng t: 1 M, 1.5 M, 2 M .v.v
2.4.Phng php u dy ca my pht in xoay chiu ba pha
a.u hnh sao ( Y )

EA

+S H-6.10
Khi ng ti ba pha i xng ta c

EB

EC

Quan h dng in v in p

Ud

nh sau:

Up
O

+Kt qu
- Cn c vo mch in ta thy
quan h gia dng in dy ( Id ) v dng in
pha ( Ip ) nh sau:
Id = Ip

( 6.15 )

UAB

- Quan h gia in p dy ( Ud ) v
Up

in p pha ( Up) nh sau:

Chng minh: AB = 2.OA.Cos30

3
= 2.OA.
= 3 .OA
2

Up

Trong AB l in p dy ( Ud )
OA l in p pha ( Up)
Vy :

Ud = 3 . Up

30

Up

UAB

( 6.16 )
H-6.10

64

b.u hnh tam gic ( )

+S H-6.11
EAB

EAC

+Kt qu

EBC

Ta c quan h dng in v in

p nh sau:

- Quan h in p:
Ud = Up

(6.17 )

- Quan h dng in:

IA = 2.IAB.Cos30

= 2.IAB.

3
2

. IAB

( 6.18 )

I AB

Trong :
IAB: l ng in pha (Ip)
IA: l ng in dy (Id)
Vy ta c : Id =

I CA

3 . Ip

( 6.19 )

3
0

I CA

IB
C

H-6.11

2.5. S dng, chm sc my pht in ba pha

a.S dng
m bo tnh kinh t th ta phi s dng my pht in xoay chiu ba
pha mt cch hp l:
- Ti s dng cho my pht lun lun bng hoc nh hn nh mc,
bng nh mc l kinh t nht: khng s dng qu ti tc dng ( P )
trnh hin tng chy cun dy phn ng, khng s dng qu ti cng
sut phn tc dng ( Q ) trnh qu ti cun dy kch t .
- H s Cos ca ti ti thiu cng phi bng h s Cos nh mc ca
my pht nu ln hn cng tt.
b.Chm sc my pht in ba pha
- Thng xuyn lau chi sch s khng du, m, nc bn vo my
pht.
- Kim tra chi than, nu b mn qu 1/3 th phi thay mi, nu b mt
tip xc ca chi vi vnh trt khng tt th phi r chi than.
- Kim tra gi chi than, cc bt dy, lc nn ca l xo phi m bo tt.
- Thng xuyn o cch in ca rto v stato vi v, nu cch in
thp th ta phi em sy my pht .

65

- Kim tra bc n c thiu m hay khng, nu thiu th ta phi bm

thm.
III-Phng php iu chnh in p ca my pht in mt chiu
Da vo cng thc (6.4) ta thy mun iu chnh in p ca my pht
in ta c 2 phng php:
-Thay i tc quay ca ng c s cp lai my pht.
-Thay i t thng kch t bng cch thay i in tr mch kch t.
Di tu thng s dng phng php thay i t thng kch t, y l
phng php ti u nht.
HOT NG II : NGHE GII THIU V XEM TRNH DIN MU
-Cu to, nguyn l lm vic v ng dng ca my pht in mt chiu
-Cu to, nguyn l lm vic v ng dng ca my pht in xoay chiu ba pha
-Cc phng php u dy my pht in xoay chiu ba pha
-So snh s khc nhau gia my pht in mt chiu v my pht in xoay
chiu trn m hnh thc t
HOT NG III : RN LUYN K NNG
TT

Cc hot ng

Dng c

Yu cu ca hot ng

Tho v nhn bit cc cu My pht Tho v rp theo quy trnh,

to my pht in mt in mt trnh by tng chi tit cu
chiu
chiu, to trn m hnh thc t
ngh tho
my pht

Tho v nhn bit cc cu My pht Tho v rp theo quy trnh,

to my pht in xoay in xoay trnh by tng chi tit cu
chiu ba pha
chiu ba to trn m hnh thc t
pha,

ngh tho
my pht

u dy v chy th my
pht in trong hai trng
hp : u hnh sao v hnh
tam gic

66

My pht u dy, chy my pht

c 06 u trong hai trng hp, o v
dy, ng a ra nhn xt
c lai, dy
in, ng
h o vn

D-CU HI NGHIN CU
-Trnh by cc i lng c bn trong mch in
E-NI DUNG PHIU KIM TRA DNH GI THC HIN
Bi : MY PHT IN
M bi : MD-M3-B6
H v tn hc sinh:
TT

NI DUNG

S LIU

YU CU

NH GI

KIM TRA

K THUT

BP X L

Trnh by s khc nhau

gia my pht in mt
chiu v my pht in
xoay chiu

My pht
in mt
chiu gm 3
phn chnh,
my pht in
xoay chiu
gm 2 phn
chnh

Nu cc phng php
u dy my pht in
xoay chiu ba pha

Nu ra s
khc bit v
ng dng ca
phng php
u hnh sao
v hnh tam
gic

67

Bi 7 : MY BIN P
M bi : MD-M3-B7
A-MC TIU THC HIN
-Hiu c cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca my bin p mt pha
-Hiu c cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca my bin p ba pha
-Bit c ng dng ca cc loi my bin p, bin dng di tu thy
-u ni v s dng cc my bin p, tho v v sinh, lp rp cc my bin
p
B- CC NI DUNG CHNH
-Cu to ca my bin p mt pha
-Nguyn l hot ng ca my bin p mt pha
-H s ca my bin p
-My bin p ba pha
-My bin dng
-ng dng ca my bin p v my bin dng
C-CC HOT NG HC TP
HOT NG I : NGHE THUYT TRNH C THO LUN
1

I-Cu to ca my bin p mt
pha

3
1.Loi thep
t
2.Cuon day s
cap
3.Cuon
day th
cap

1.1.Li thp l mch t ca bin

p
c ghep bang cac la thep
ky thut in, cc l thp ny ghp
cch in vi nhau sau p cht v
st nhau.

H-7.1

Cc l thp ny p cht bi inh c, cng p cht th my bin th cng

hot ng tt v t ting n. Thng th cc l thp c ghp li thnh khung
kn v c dng hnh ch nht.
1.2.Cun dy my bin p
68

My bin p v c bn th n c hai cun dy ( my bin p mt pha )

cun s cp ly in vo cn cun th cp ly in ra.
Cun dy l mch in ca my bin p, thng c lm bng ng
hoc Nhm tu thuc vo cng sut ca my bin p, cun dy cch in vi li
thp bng ba Cc - tng, hoc vi si tm du.
II-Nguyn l hot ng
2.1.S (H-7.2)
2.2.Nguyn l hot ng
My bin p hot ng theo nguyn l cm ng in t:
Gi s cun dy s cp c s vng
dy lW 1 , cun dy th cp c s vng
dy l W 2 . a in p xoay chiu U 1
vo cun dy s cp, lc ny c dng
in I 1 , dng in ny sinh ra t thng
bin thin trong li thp, t thng ny
mc vng qua cun dy th cp lm xut
hin trong cun dy th cp mt in p
cm ng U 2 . Ni hai u cun dy th
cp vi ti s xut hin dng in xoay
chiu I 2 .

U~

W
2

U2
i

H-7.2

2.3.H s ca my bin p
Ta c cng thc quan h gia s cp v pha th cp ca my bin p nh
sau:
y cng chnh l cng thc ca h s my bin p :
k =

U2
I1
W2
=
=
U1
I2
W1

( 7.1 )

Trong :
k: H s bin p. U 1 : in p s cp. I 1 : Dng in s cp. W 1 : S vng
dy ca cun dy s cp. U 2 : in p th cp. I 2 : Dng in th cp. W 2 : S
vng dy ca cun dy th cp.
+ Nhn xt: Qua cng thc h s bin p:
- k > 1 bin p gi l tng p khi U 2 > U 1
- k < 1 bin p gi l h p, khi

U 2 > U1

- Dng in trong my bin p bao gi cng t l nghch vi in p.

2.4.My bin p ba pha
bin i in p ca mt ngun p ba pha, ta c th dng hai cch:
- T my bin p ba pha, gm ba my mt pha (hnh 7.3a).
69

- My bin p ba pha, vi li thp ba tr (hnh 7.3b).

A
X

aB

bC

xY

yZ

A
X
a
x

B
Y
b
y

C
Z
c
z

H-7.3

a)

b)

My bin p 3 pha a) T my bin p 3 pha. b) My bin p ba pha ba tr

Dy qun s cp ca ba pha c k hiu ln lt l AX, BY, CZ
Dy qun th cp ca ba pha c k hiu ln lt l ax, by, cz
Up1

Up2

Ud1

Ud2

(a): Y - Y

(b): Y -

(c): -

(d): - Y

Cc cch u dy my bin p pha.

Cc cch du dy
Nu s cp u sao v th cp u sao; ta k hiu Y-Y.
Tng t, ta c 4 cch u c bn:sao - sao Y-Y, sao - tam gic Y-, tam gic
- tam gic - v tam gic - sao -Y.
Nu pha u sao c dy trung tnh, ta k hiu Y0:
Cc cch u dy c bn c v trn hnh (7.4).
2.5.My bin dng
a.Cu to
My bin dng c cu to ging nh my bin p, n cng c cun y v
li thp t.

70

- Li thp t p bng cc l thp k thut in.

- Cun dy gm 2 cun: cun s cp c s vng dy t nhng tit din
dy ln, cun th cp c tit din dy nh nhng s vng dy ln.
iu c bit l cun s cp ca bin dng c ni ni tip vi ti, hin
nay thng dng 2 loi bin dng: loi c cun dy s cp v loi khng c
cun dy s cp:
- Cu to ca loi c cun dy s cp:
Loi ny cun dy s cp ni ni
tip vi ti (H-7.5)
- Cu to ca loi
khng c cun dy s cp:

I
W2

W1

Loi ny li thp t c
dng hnh trn khp kn, khng c
cun dy s cp m cun dy s cp
ch l mt vng dy i xuyn qua li
thp, vng dy ny c dng in ti
(H-4.19).

H-7.5

b.Nguyn l hot ng
Cun dy s cp c s vng dy
rt t c u ni tip vi ti, nu l
loi khng c cun dy s cp th cho
dy in c dng ti i xuyn vo trong
lng bin dng. My bin dng hot
ng theo nguyn l cm ng in t,
cun th cp ca my bin dng nu
khng a tn hiu vo mch o hoc x
l tn hiu th n phi u ni ngn
mch.

W2
I
H-7.6

My bin dng hot ng trong ch ngn mch tn hiu dng in a

vo cun s cp sinh ra t thng mc vng qua cun dy th cp lm xut hin
trong cun th cp mt sc in ng, sc in ng ny c a ti mch o
hoc mch iu khin.
III-ng dng ca my bin p v my bin dng
bin i in p ca ngun in xoay chiu t in p cao xung in
p thp, hoc t in p thp ln in p cao ta dng my bin p hay cn gi l
my bin th. Ngy nay do vic s dng in nng pht trin rng ri nn c
nhng loi my bin p khc nhau: my bin p mt pha, 2 pha, hai dy qun,
ba dy qun..v . v

71

My bin p l loi my in xoay chiu lm vic theo ngun l cm ng

in t, dng bin bin i in p ca h thng in xoay chiu nhng vn
gi nguyn tn s ( f ).
My bin p c vai tr rt quan trng trong h thng in, dng truyn
ti v phn b in nng. in p t ngun ti cc ph ti khc nhau, c cp
in p khc nhau buc phi s dng my bin p c cc cp in p khc
nhau ph hp vi tng i tng ti. Ngoi ra nng cao kh nng truyn ti
v gim tn hao cng sut trn ng dy phi gim dng in trn ng dy
bng cch nng cao in p nh mc.
My bin p cn c s dng trong cc thit b l nung, bin p hn
HOT NG II : NGHE GII THIU V XEM TRNH DIN MU
-Da trn m hnh thc t, trnh by cu to ca my bin p mt pha v my
bin p bap ha
-Phng php u dy my bin p mt pha v bap ha.
-Phn bit gia bip p v bin dng
HOT NG III : RN LUYN K NNG
TT

Cc hot ng

Dng c

Yu cu ca hot
ng

Trnh by cu to ca my My bin p Kim tra trn m

bin p mt pha
mt pha
hnh thc t v nu
cu to

Trnh by cu to ca my My bin p Kim tra trn m

bin p ba pha
ba pha
hnh thc t v nu
cu to

Phn bit s khc nhau gia My bin p Xem xt hai m

bin p mt pha v bin p ba ba pha v hnh ca 02 my
pha
my bin p bin p v a ra
mt pha
kt lun

D-CU HI NGHIN CU
-

72

E-NI DUNG PHIU KIM TRA DNH GI THC HIN

Bi : MY BIN P
M bi : MD-M3-B7
H v tn hc sinh:
TT
1

NI DUNG

S LIU

YU CU

NH GI

KIM TRA

K THUT

BP X L

Trnh by cu to my bin
p mt pha

Bao gm
cun dy v
li thp t

So snh s khc nhau v

cu to v ng dng gia
my bin p mt pha v
my bin p ba pha

Khc nhau v
s cun dy
v cng sut
s dng

73

Bi 8 : NG C IN MT CHIU
M bi : MD-M3-B8
A-MC TIU THC HIN
-Hiu c cu to v ng dng ca ng c in mt chiu di tu thy
-Hiu nguyn l hot ng ca ng c in mt chiu di tu thy
-Hiu v ng dng c tnh cht thun nghch my in mt chiu
-u v chy ng c, tho rp v v sinh khi ng c c cch in thp
B- CC NI DUNG CHNH
-Cu to ca ng c in mt chiu
-Tnh cht thun nghch gia my pht v ng c in mt chiu
-Nguyn l hot ng ca ng c in mt chiu
-Phn loi ng c in mt chiu
C-CC HOT NG HC TP
HOT NG I : NGHE THUYT TRNH C THO LUN
I-Cu to ca ng c in mt chiu
Nh phn trn ta bit my in mt chiu c tnh cht thun nghch do
ng c in mt chiu cng c cu to ging nh my pht in mt chiu.
Vn ch n tiu th ngun nng lng g v n sn sinh ra ngun nng
lng g?
My pht bin c nng thnh in nng cn ng c bin in nng thnh
c nng. Vy ng c in mt chiu hot ng ta phi c ngun nng lng
in mt chiu cp cho my in mt chiu.
Mc d vy nhng rto ca ng c in mt chiu bao gi cng c cu
to vng chc hn rto ca my pht in mt chiu do rto ca ng c phi
ko ti nng.
2

a.R to

So 1:
So 2:
t
So 3:
day
So 4:
So 5:

Puly
Loi thep

5
RTO

Ranh at
Choi than
Co gop
74

H-8.1

II-Tnh cht thun nghch gia my pht v ng c in mt chiu

My pht in mt chiu v ng c in mt chiu u c th gi chung
l my in mt chiu, tnh cht thun nghch ca my in mt chiu l n c
th bin ngun in nng mt chiu thnh c nng hoc n c th bin c nng
thnh ngun in nng mt chiu. Tc l my in mt chiu c th l ng c
in mt chiu v cng c th dng l my pht in mt chiu v vy ngi ta
c h thng my pht ng c trong dng in bin i thun nghch t my
pht sang ng c hoc t ng c sang my pht.
Nh hnh H8.2 ta thy nu trc
Rto ca my in mt
chiu s 1 ( 1 ) c
ni vi trc ca ng
c Diesel th khi
my in mt chiu s
2 ( 2 ) l ng c,
nu trc Rto ca my
in mt chiu s 2 m
ni vi trc ca ng
c Diesel th my in
mt chiu s1 tr
thnh ng c in
mt chiu.

WKTSS

WKTSS

H-8.2

III-Nguyn l hot ng ca ng c in mt chiu

Dng in mt chiu i vo
cun dy kch t ( cun dy stato )
ca ng c, dng in ny sinh ra
t thng chnh trong mch. Nh
trn hnh v chiu ng cm ng
t B i t trn xung di. Dng
in mt chiu i trong cun dy
phn ng( cun dy rto ) nm
trong t trng ca cun dy stato
nn n chu tc dng ca lc in
t, lc in t ny xc nh theo
quy tc bn tay tri. Nh trn hnh
v ta xc nh c chiu ca cm
ng t B, chiu dng in chy
trong cun dy phn ng v chiu
ca lc in t. Hnh H-8.3.

75

F
a

I
+

I
n

A
I

H-8.3

c
F

Gi s ti thi im m ta ang xt cun dy phn ng ca ng c in

mt chiu c hai thanh tc dng ct t trng ca cun dy kch t, hai thanh
ny chu tc dng ca hai lc in t, hai lc ny cng phng cng ln
nhng ngc chiu nn n to thnh cp ngu lc lm cho cun dy r to quay.
Nhng v cun dy c t c nh trong rnh r to nn n lm r to quay theo.
Tng t nh vy tt c cc thanh ca cun dy r to ln lt chu tc
dng ca t trng kch t v chng quay trn u.
Mt iu t ra l khi khung dy phn ng quay c na vng th sao?
Ti thi im ny do t trng ca cun dy kch t khng i nn khi thanh
pha di o chiu cho thanh pha trn nhng cp ngu lc vn khng o
chiu v chiu quay ca ng c khng thay i.
T nguyn l hot ng c bn ca ng c ta c th bit c ng c
in mt chiu o chiu quay khi no? Mun o chiu quay ca ng c ta
ch c th thay i mt trong hai iu kin: hoc o chiu ca t trng kch t
hoc l o chiu ca dng in phn ng. Nu ta ng thi o chiu c t
trng kch t v chiu dng in phn ng th ng c khng o chiu quay (
y l iu rt c bit ca ng c in mt chiu )
IV-Phn loi ng c in mt chiu
Cng nh my pht in mt chiu, ng c in mt chiu cng c 3
loi:
+ng c in mt chiu kch t song song
+ng c in mt chiu kch t ni tip
+ng c in mt chiu kch t hn hp
Di tu thu thng s dng loi ng c in mt chiu kch t
ni tip lm ng c khi ng Diesel, nn ta xt s v c im ca n nh
sau:
Cun dy kch t ni tip ca
my pht in mt chiu kch t
ni tip c ni ni tip vi cun
dy phn ng, v vy dng in
phn ng cng chnh l dng kch
t, Dng in khi ng c th gp
(5-7) ln dng nh mc, nn m
men khi ng ca ng c in
mt chiu rt ln (Nghin c
phn sau).

+
WKTNT
Ngun

C
_

H-8.4

HOT NG II : NGHE GII THIU V XEM TRNH DIN MU

-Xem s v m hnh thc t nhn bit cu to cu ng c in mt chiu

76

-Xem s nhn bit tnh cht thun nghch my in mt chiu

-Phn tch v a ra s nhn bit v nguyn l hot ng ng c in mt
chiu
HOT NG III : RN LUYN K NNG
TT

Cc hot ng

Dng c

Yu cu ca hot ng

Tm hiu cu to ng
c in mt chiu

ng
c
in
mt
chiu v
ngh tho
rp ng c

Tho v rp ng c
in mt chiu theo quy
trnh. Nhn bit cu to
cc b phn ca ng
c

Chy th my pht
in v kim tra thng
s cng nh cch iu
chnh v o chiu
quay

ng
c
in
mt
chiu
v
ngun in
mt chiu,
bin
tr
mch kch
t

u ni v chy th
ng c, o chiu
quay ng c, iu
chnh tc quay ca
ng c

D-CU HI NGHIN CU
-Nu cu to ng c in mt chiu
-Nu ng dng ca ng c in mt chiu di tu thy
-Trnh by tnh cht thun nghch my in mt chiu
-Trnh by nguyn l hot ng ca ng c in mt chiu
E-NI DUNG PHIU KIM TRA DNH GI THC HIN
Bi : NG C IN MT CHIU
M bi : MD-M3-B8
H v tn hc sinh:
TT
1

NI DUNG

S LIU

YU CU

NH GI

KIM TRA

K THUT

BP X L

Trnh by cu to ng c
mt chiu

Nu bt cu
to gm my
phn chnh

Trnh by v tnh cht thun

nghch my in mt
chiu

Nu tnh cht
v ng dng
ca tnh cht
ny

77

Bi 9 : NG C KHNG NG B BA PHA
M bi : MD-M3-B9
A-MC TIU THC HIN
-Hiu c cu to v ng dng ca ng c khng ng b ba pha di tu
thy
-Hiu nguyn l hot ng ca ng c khng ng b ba pha
-Nm c hai phng php u dy v ng dng ca tng phng php
ngoi thc t
-u ni hot ng ng c, u ni o chiu quay ng c. Tho v sinh v
lp rp ng c in xoay chiu ba pha
B- CC NI DUNG CHNH
-Cu to ng c khng ng b ba pha rto lng sc
-Kho st t trng dng in ba pha
-Nguyn l hot ng ca ng c khng ng b ba pha.
-Phng php u y ca cun dy Stato
-Phng php o chiu quay v khi ng ng c khng ng b ba pha
Rto lng sc.
C-CC HOT NG HC TP
HOT NG I : NGHE THUYT TRNH C THO LUN
I-Cu to ng c khng ng b ba pha rto lng sc
1.1.Stato

Day
quan
Vo
may

H-9.1

o
Bao gm: v my c c bng gang, li thp t c hnh tr c ghp
bng cc l thp k thut in, trn c phay thnh cc rnh. Dy qun c th
c lm bng ng hoc bng Nhm v c sn ph cch in.(H-4.8)

78

1.2.Rto lng sc (Dng thanh

dn bn trong rto c hnh nh H-9.2).

Kt cu ca thanh dn
H-9.2

Li thp t : c hnh tr gm nhiu l thp k thut in ghp st cch

in vi nhau, trn b mt li thp c c cc l xuyn dc Rto, li thp
c gn cht vi trc ng c. Trong cc l ngi ta nhm hoc ng cn
bn ngoi c ni kn bi 2 vng trn ngn mch 2 u.
II-Kho st t trng dng in ba pha
2.1.S H-9.3
A

A
Y

B
X
Vtr 1 : Pha A dng

X
Vtr 2 : Pha B dng

X
Vtr 3: Pha C dng

H-9.3

2.2Kt lun
Cho dng in ba pha vo ba cun dy t lch nhau 120 0 in ca stato
ng c khng ng b ba pha, gi s trong mt chu k t trng nh hnh v:
+ V tr 1: Pha A dng,
+ V tr 2: Pha B dng,
+ V tr 3: Pha C dng.
Chng t t trng dng in ba pha l t trng quay. V vy ng c
in xoay chiu ba pha khi a dng in ba pha vo ba cun dy stato ta c
t trng trong n l t trng quay. Kt lun rng ng c in xoay chiu ba
pha c m men t khi ng m khng phi dng bin php khi ng nh
ng c in xoay chiu mt pha ( T trng ca dng mt pha l t trng p
mch nn ng c xoay chiu mt pha khng c m men t khi ng m ta

79

phi dng bin php khi ng ). y l tnh cht quan trng ca ng c in

xoay chiu ba pha.
T s kho st t trng ba pha ta rt ra kt lun quan trng na l :
o chiu quay ca t trng ta ch cn o hai trong ba pha ca ngun in .
y l tnh cht c bit dng o chiu quay ca ng c ba pha sau ny.
III-Nguyn l hot ng ca ng c khng ng b ba pha.
3.1. trt ( s )
Do tc quay ca Rto phi nh hn tc quay ca t trng ( n < n tt
). V nu bng th t trng quay khng ct cun dy Rto nn sc in ng
trong thanh dn Rto bng 0 v t m men quay c gi tr bng 0, Rto
khng quay.
Do tc quay ca t trng v tc quay ca Rto khng bng nhau
nn ta c trt s tnh theo cng thc:
S =

ntt n
ntt

( 9.1)

Tc quay ca t trng quay v tc quay ca rto khng bng nhau

nn ng c cn c gi l ng c khng ng b ba pha.
3.2.S

Ba cun dy stato AX, BY, CZ t lch

nhau 120 o in.

F : Lc in t
Ic : Dng in cm ng trong thanh dn rto.
n : Tc quay ca rto.
ntt : Tc quay ca t trng quay.
3.3.Nguyn l hot ng

ntt

B
I c

Gi s ta xt ti v tr pha A dng:
hnh ( H-9.4 ) ta thy chiu quay ca rto cng
chiu vi chiu quay ca t trng quay.

H-9.4

Khi a vo 3 cun dy Stato ca ng c khng ng b ba pha 3 dng

in ba pha I A , I B v I C trong ng c s sinh ra mt t trng quay vi tc
n tt
n tt = 60 f
( 9.2 )
p

Trong :
f: l tn s ca ngun in ba pha
p: l s cp cc ca cun dy Stato
n tt : l tc quay ca t trng

80

T trng quay ny ct cc thanh dn ca Rto lm xut hin trong cc

thanh dn sc in ng cm ng, nhng v cc thanh dn Rto b ngn mch
nn xut hin dng in cm ng chy trong n. Dng in ny tc dng vi t
trng ca cun dy Stato sinh ra m men in t lm cho cc thanh dn quay
dn ti Rto quay theo chiu quay ca t trng. Tc quay ca Rto k hiu
l n.
IV-Phng php u y ca cun dy Stato
4.1.u sao Y : H-9.5
Cch u ca phng php
ny l: u chung 3 u cui
(u) ca 3 cun dy Stato li.
Phng php u ny gim c
dng in khi ng nhng tc
thp. ng c cng sut ln
thng ch u khi ng cn
hot ng ch di hn s
chuyn sang u tam gic .

STATO
X

Z
RTO

H-9.5

4.2.u tam gic : H-9.6

Cch u ca phng
php ny l: u u ca cun
dy trc u vi u cui ca
cun dy k tip v c nh vy
to thnh vng khp kn.
u phng php ny
ng c c dng khi ng rt
ln, t quay ln nn ch dng
trong ch hot ng di hn
sau khi khi ng bng ch
khi ng u sao (Y) .

STATO
X

RTO

H-9.6

V-Phng php o chiu quay v khi ng ng c khng ng b ba

pha Rto lng sc.
5.1. Phng php o chiu quay
Nh trong phn kho st t trng dng ba pha ta thy o chiu quay
ca t trng quay th ch cn o hai trong ba pha ca ngun in xoay chiu l
t trng quay o chiu. Nhng theo nguyn l ca ng c xoay chiu ba pha
th tc quay ca rto cng chiu vi tc quay ca t trng quay. V vy
81

 o chiu quay ca ng c ta ch i hai trong ba pha bt k ca ngun in

xoay chiu ba pha a vo Stato ca ng c.
5.2.H thng khi ng t n
Hnh (H-9.7) l s
mch in my bm,
qut gi dng ng c r
to lng sc, iu khin
bng khi ng t n. Cc

1RN

+ Cd: Cu dao,

2RN

+ Cc: Cu ch,
+ K: Cun dy
cng tc t,
1RN
+ 1RN, 2RN: Rle
nhit,
+ k: Cc tip im
ca cng tc t,

K K

K
2RN

Nc
Stop

Nd
Start

H-9.7

K
C

+ Nd: Nt ng mch,
+ Nc: Nt ct mch.
- Hot ng:
ng cu dao, n nt N, cun dy cng tc t K c in ht ng cc
tip im k. ng c hot ng quay v bm lm vic.
Khi bm ang lm vic, nu bm qu ti th hai rle nhit 1RN v 2RN
m hai tip im, ng c mt in v ngng hot ng. Mun ng c lm
vic li phi n nt hi v ca rle nhit.
HOT NG II : NGHE GII THIU V XEM TRNH DIN MU
-Tm hiu cu to ng c in xoay chiu ba pha r to lng sc trn m hnh
thc t
-u dy v chy th ng c khng ng b bap ha trong hai trng hp : u
hnh sao v u hnh tam gic. Trnh by u nhc im v ng dng ca 02
phng php u dy

82

HOT NG III : RN LUYN K NNG

TT

Cc hot ng

Dng c

Yu cu ca hot
ng

Tm hiu cu to ng
c in xoay chiu

ng
c
in xoay
chiu v
ngh tho
rp ng c

Tho v rp ng c
in xoay chiu theo
quy trnh. Nhn bit
cu to cc b phn
ca ng c

Chy th my pht
in v kim tra thng
s cng nh cch iu
chnh v o chiu
quay

ng
c
in xoay
chiu
v
ngun in
mt
xoay
chiu
ba
pha,
bin
tr
mch
kch t

u ni v chy th
ng c, o chiu
quay ng c, iu
chnh tc quay
ca ng c

D-CU HI NGHIN CU
-Nu cu to ng c in xoay chiu ba pha
-Nu ng dng ca ng c in xoay chiu di tu thy
-Trnh by nguyn l hot ng ca ng c in xoay chiu ba pha
E-NI DUNG PHIU KIM TRA DNH GI THC HIN
Bi : NG C IN XOAY CHIU BA PHA
M bi : MD-M3-B9
H v tn hc sinh:
TT
1

NI DUNG

S LIU

YU CU

NH GI

KIM TRA

K THUT

BP X L

Trnh by cu to ng c
in xoay chiu ba pha

Nu bt cu
to gm my
phn chnh

Kho st t trng dng

in ba pha v a ra kt
lun

V th,
trnh by v
a ra kt
lun v khi
ng v o
chiu quay
cu ng c
in xoay
chiu ba pha

83

Bi 10 : MCH IN CHIU SNG - M THANH - TN HIU

M bi : MD-M3-B10
A-MC TIU THC HIN
-Hiu c nguyn l v nguyn tc u ni v s dng ca cc mch
in chiu sng, m thanh, tn hiu trn tu thy
-Bit vn hnh v s dng cc h thng chiu sang, m thanh, tn hiu
trn tu thy
-Bit bo tr, bo dng cc h thng chiu sng, m thanh, tn hiu trn
tu thy
-u c mch in chiu sng, m thanh, tn hiu. Tho kim tra v
thay th cc thit b h hng trong h thng chiu sang, m thanh, tn hiu.
B- CC NI DUNG CHNH
-Cc thit b ph tr
-Chung in
-Ci in
-H thng chiu sng
-Cc loi n dng di tu thy
C-CC HOT NG HC TP
HOT NG I : NGHE THUYT TRNH C THO LUN
*M u
Trn tu thu h thng in chiu sng v tn hiu c nhim v quan trng
trong vic an ton cho con tu, n m bo nh sng trn tu cho thuyn vin
sinh hot cng nh trong thi gian lm hng. N cn m bo thng bo s hin
din ca tu khi neo u cng nh khi hnh trnh trnh va chm vo tu khc
cng nh trnh tu khc va chm vo
Trn tu thu hin nay do dng hai ngun in chnh l ngun in mt
chiu v ngun in xoay chiu nn h thng in chiu sng cng c hai loi
l mch in chiu sng mt chiu v mch in chiu sng xoay chiu. H
thng n ny cch b tr ca n cng c quy phm c th ( Bn c tham kho
trong chng trnh gio trnh ngh li gii hn trong chng trnh ch gii thiu
nguyn l v in ca h thng )
Thng h thng in chiu sng dng ngun in l xoay chiu, nu trn
tu khng dng my pht in xoay chiu th dng ngun in mt chiu, i
vi h thng n chiu sng hnh trnh dng ngun in mt chiu v c cp
ngun t hai v tr khc nhau, l ngun in chnh v ngun in s c, c
th mt s tu hin i hin nay khi ngun in chnh m b mt th ngun in
s c t ng ng m bo tn hiu n hnh trnh mt cch lin tc.
84

I-Cc thit b ph tr
1.1.R le dng in
+WI: Cun dy dng in, cun ny c
u ni tip vi ti, dng in ti to ra t
trng trong li thp v sinh lc in t.
K1
K2

+K1:Tip im thng ng ca r le,

trng thi khng tc ng ca th tip im
ny c ng li cp in cho ti.
+K2:Tip im thng m ca r le, trng
thi khng tc ng th tip im ny c
m v ct in ti ti.

WI

+Khi c dng in ti gi tr cao hn dng

in nh mc (tu theo ngi t) th lc t
ho trong li thp thng lc l xo lm r le
tc ng ng tip im K2 v m tip im
K1.

+
H-10.1

+ng dng ca r le dng in : trong mch

t ng, mch khng ch, bo v qu dng
cho ti, trong mch o.v.v.
1.2.Rle in p
+WU: Cun dy in p, cun dy ny c
u song song vi ti, in p ca ngun to
ra t trng trong li thp sinh lc in t.
+K1:Tip im thng ng ca r le,
trng thi khng tc ng th tip im ny
c ng li v cp in cho ti.
+K2:Tip im thng m ca r le, trng
thi khng tc ng th tip im ny c
m v ct in ti ti.
+Khi c in p ca ngun gi tr cao hn
in p nh mc (tu theo ngi t) th lc
t ho trong li thp thng lc l xo lm r
le tc ng ng tip im K2 v m tip
im K1.
+ng dng ca r le in p : trong mch t
ng, mch khng ch, bo v thp p-cao
p cho ti, trong mch o.v.v.

85

K1
K2
WU

+
H-10.2

1.3.Rle ng m mch v chng dng in ngc

y l thit b rt quan
trng, n t ng ng m mch v
chng dng in ngc, l thit b
t ng khng ch my pht, rle
ny rt hay c s dng trong h
thng my pht in mt chiu
di tu thu.

wI wU
K

Trong :
K:Tip im
WI:Cun dy dng in.

H-10.3

WU:Cun dy in p.

Nguyn l hot ng ca r le ng m mch v chng dng in ngc

c trnh by chng 7 mc 7.3.
I-Chung in

2.1.S cu
to
W

S 1 : qu chung
S 2 : ba

3
K

S 3 : l xo l
K : tip im
W : cun ht
H-10.4

N : nt nhn
2.2.Nguyn l hot ng

Khi nhn nt N dng in i t cc dng c quy, qua tip im K, qua

cun dy W v cc m c quy. Dng in ny sinh ra lc t ho trong li thp
lm ht thanh s 3, lc ny ba p vo qu chung s1,chung ku. Khi thanh
s 3 b ht v pha cun dy th tip im K c m ra lm ngt in a vo
cun dy W, cun dy khng c lc t ho, do lc n hi ca l xo l s 3 nn
thanh s 3 bt tr v trng thi ban u, tip im K li c ng v dng in
li c a vo cun dy W, ba tip tc p vo qu chung, qu trnh c
lp i lp li nh vy trong thi gian ta nhn nt N, chung ku lin tc.
thay i tn s ku v m lng ca chung ta c 2 cch : thay i lc
p ca tip im K (Bng cch chnh vt) hoc thay i khong cch gia li
thp v thanh s 3, cu to thc t ca chung in m ta gp th chnh bng 2
vt chnh.
86

III-Ci in
3.1.S

7
6
5

3
4
W

+
12V
205Ah
H-10.5

S 1: Mng rung. S 2 : a khuch i. S 3 : cu chnh .

S 4 : Hp cng hng. S 5 : Vt chnh. S 6 : L xo l. S 7 : a thp
t
S 8 : Li thp t. K : tip im ci. N : Nt nhn . W : Cun dy
3.2.Nguyn l hot ng
Nhn nt N, dng in i t cc dng c quy qua nt nhn, qua cun
dy W, qua tip im K v cc m c quy. Dng in i qua cun dy W sinh ra
lc t ho trong li thp t s 8, lc t ht a thp t s 7, ko trc ci v pha
trc, y mng rung s1, khi trc ci chuyn ng v pha trc th tip im
K c m, ct dng in i vo cun dy W, lc ny trong li thp khng cn
lc t ho na. Do lc n hi ca l xo l s 6 trc ca ci c y v ph
sau, tip im K li c ng, dng in i vo cun W. Trc ci dch chuyn
lin tc trong qu trnh ta nhn nt dn ti mng rung s 1 dch chuyn lin tc
y khng kh xung quanh to ra m thanh nh. Nh c a khuch i s 2 m
thanh c khuch i ln, sau hp cng hng pht m thanh i xa.
Nh vy ci ku trong sut qu ta nhn nt N , iu chnh m lng
ca ci th ta iu chnh cu s 3, iu chnh tn s ku ca ci ta iu chnh
bng vt chnh s 5.
Ci in kiu ny a phn hng hc l do tip im K, tip im ny
thng b bn nn khng tip xc tt hoc tip xc km lm ci ku chp chn.

87

V vy trong qu trnh s dng thng xuyn lau chi v nh tip im K ca

ci.
IV-Cc loi n dng di tu thy
4.1.n si t
n si t bao gm 3 b phn c bn l si t, bng n v ui n.
+Si t:Khi c dng in chy qua, si kim loi b t nng v pht phn
ln cc tia hng ngoi, nhng khi nhit ca si t cng tng th ph ca n
cng dch chuyn sang min nh sng nhn thy. Hiu sut chiu sng ca si
t l t s gia nh sng pht ra v cng sut tiu th. Hiu sut si t cng
cao v nh sng cng trng khi nhit si t tng.
Vofram nng chy 36500K v Tungsten nng chy 32500K cho cc tnh
nng tt nht, ngoi ra n tha mn cc ch tiu v in tr, tnh co gin, kh
nng pht x v bn c hc.
n chn khng ngy nay t c s dng v hiu sut pht sng km.
4.2.Bng n
i vi cc n chiu sng cng sut nh (15 1500)W, bng n c th c
nhiu hnh dng khc nhau v c lm bng thy tinh c pha ch. gim
chi th bn trong c ph mt lp bt m t hp th nh sng. Mt s bng
n bn trong cn m bc hoc nhm nh hng chm tia sng.
+ui n:
ui n c hai loi l ui ngnh (c cng sut nh hn 150W) v ui xoy.

88

Mt s loi n c si t xon n v xon kp (ngun 240V):

Xon n
Cng sut
(W)

Xon kp
Quang thng
(lm)

Cng sut (W)

Quang
thng (lm)

15

150

25

200

40

325

40

390

60

575

60

665

u im l ni trc tip vo li in m khng cn s dng thm bt k

mt thit b no; kch thc trng lng nh; bt sng ngay; gi thnh r; nh
sng m p.
Nhc im l hiu sut thp v pht nng; cc thng s ca n nh quang
thng, dng in, cng sut tiu th, tui th, ph thuc nhiu vo in p.
4.3.n tup (n hunh quang)
Cu to bao gm mt ng thy tinh m trong cha Argon v mt lng
rt nh Thy ngn. Trn thnh ng trng lp bt pht quang (pht-pho) pht ra
nh sng trng, thay i vt liu bt pht quang s cho ra cc mu khc nhau.

H- 10.6. Cu to n hunh quang thy ngn

Cc c tnh ca loi n ny nh sau:
Hiu sut pht sng (40 - 60)lm/W.
Tui th khong 7000 gi.

H- 10.7. S mch in n hunh quang thy ngn

89

S mch in n hunh quang thy ngn nh hnh v 3.6. Cc phn t

c bn bao gm tc-te, chn lu v ng hynh quang.
Tc-te l thit b mi, c nhiu loi tc-te nhng ph bin nht l tc-te c
kh. Tc-te c kh l mt bng n c kh rt nh c cc in cc l thanh lng
kim mc song song vi ng hunh quang. Khi cp ngun, mt in p t ln
cc cc ca tc-te lm xut hin s phng in t lm ngn mch cc in
cc, dng in chy qua cc si t nung nng chng. Cc in cc ngui i v
v lm h mch, xut hin sc in ng cm ng do chn lu to ra rt ln sinh
ra h quang v n pht sng.
T in mc trc chn lu nng cao h s cos, t in mc sau chn lu
chng nhiu chng cc thit b v tuyn.
C th khi ng nhanh n bng cch s dng bin p khi ng, hoc s
dng in cc ph.

H-10.8. Khi ng nhanh s dng bin p khi ng.

H- 10.9. Khi ng nhanh s dng in cc ph.

4.4.H thng n hnh trnh
n hnh trnh l mt loi n tn hiu c s dng khi tu hnh trnh trong
m hoc khi c sng m. Nhn vo b tr h thng cc n hnh trnh tu bn
m s quan hng hi nhn bit tu ang i theo hng no so vi tu ta
quyt nh phng n trnh va tt nht.
S lng, v tr, v cng sut ca n hnh trnh trn tu c qui nh bi
T chc Hng hi Quc t (International Maritime Organisation) - IMO v Cc
hng hi cc nc. Tuy nhin b tr chung ca n hnh trnh nh sau:
- Nm v tr l mi tu, ct chnh, mn tri, phi, v ui tu.

90

- Cc n mn c mu bn tri v xanh bn phi. Cc n khc c mu

trng. y l loi n si t c bit (chu c rung lc c hc, chu c
nh hng ca mi trng, ) c cng sut 65W (c th s dng 40W, 60W).
Ngun cho n hng hi c cp t mt bng in ph ring, bng in ny
c cp t hai ngun, mt ngun t bng in chnh v mt ngun t bng
in s c.

H-10.10

H- 10.11. B tr h thng n hnh trnh v gc chiu sng.

Do yu cu v an ton i vi n hnh trnh m ti mi v tr thng c
lp 2 n: mt n chnh (220V) v mt n s c (24V). Khi n chnh b hng
th n s c t ng sng ln.
Trng thi ca n (hot ng bnh thng, hng) phi c ch th trn
panel iu khin trong bung li. Khi n hng phi c bo ng bng n ch
th v chung.
+ n tn hiu.
n neo c s dng bo kch thc tu khi neo u v bao gm hai
n: n neo mi v n neo li, vi tu c chiu di trn 150m th b tr thm
mt n neo khong gia thn tu. n neo cng l loi n si t c cu to
c bit chu c rung lc v nh hng ca mi trng bin. n neo khng
b hn ch v gc.
Mt ct bao gm cc n c cc mu trng, , xanh (green), xanh (blue)
c b tr nh hnh v 10.12. Cc n ny c iu khin theo cc t hp
nht nh to nn cc trng thi tn hiu theo cc qui nh quc t v cc quc
gia c th. Cc trng thi tn hiu bao gm cc yu cu v hoa tiu, yu cu v
cp cu y t, yu cu v x l hng ha,
91

n mourse mu trng sng nhp nhy bo ang lin lc bng mourse.

n NUC (Not Under Command) s dng hai n c t cch nhau ti
thiu 2m theo chiu thng ng. n ny c trang b 2 h thng c lp: mt
c cp ngun 220VAC t bng in s c, mt c cp ngun 24VDC s
c.

H- 10.12. B tr h thng n tn hiu.

V-H thng chiu sng
5.1.H thng chiu sng dng ngun in mt chiu
+S

7
14

8
9
12

13
3

1
11

P
-

MF DC

92

b
+ 12V

+
12V

10

H-10.13

+Nguyn l c bn
H thng ny hot ng vi hai ngun khc nhau, c th chuyn i
ngun bng tay hoc chuyn i t ng khi ngun chnh b mt. Mt s tu
sng hin nay th qu trnh chuyn i a phn l t ng, abtomat ca ngun
chnh v ngun ph c lin h vi nhau bng in nn khi ngun chnh b mt
ngay lp tc ngun ph ng cp in cho h thng, hoc khi ngun chnh c
in tr li th ngun ph t ng b ct.
Hp cu dao s 1 c bo v ngn mch v n bo ngun. ng cu dao P
sang v tr a a h thng hot ng vi ngun ca my pht v l ngun chnh.
Khi my pht b s c hoc my chnh dng ta bt cng tc P sang v tr b dng
ngun s c l t c quy. Bt cng tc cc v tr n ti hp hoc cc v tr khc
nhau tu tng cch b tr khc nhau ca mi tu c th.
Tt c cc n c u mt chung rt thun tin cho vic b tr cng tc
v i dy in trn tu.
5.2.H thng chiu sng dng ngun in xoay chiu
+S :
3

2
2

R
S
T
0

TC
+

CL

T
i mach ie
n
ha
nh trnh

MF
Ttoa
c quy

H-10.14
Trong s :
MF : My pht in xoay chiu ba pha. CL : B chnh lu in.
TC : H thng thanh ci. P : Cu dao chnh. S 1 : n pha. S 2 :n si tc.
S 3 :n hunh quang. S 4 : Hp cng tc.
+Nguyn l c bn :
H thng chiu sng tn hiu v sinh hot in xoay chiu trn c rt
nhiu tnh u vit, ngy nay n c s dng hu ht trn cc tu ng mi. Vi
h thng ny ta vn c ngun in mt chiu cung cp cho n tn hiu v iu
93

khin qua b chnh lu CL. Dng ngun ca t c quy s c qua cng tc o 2

v tr thay i ngun. Hp cng tc s 4 c th t ti nhiu v tr thun tin
trn tu hoc cng tc khng nht thit phi t trong mt hp m c th tch ri
ra nhiu v tr.
H thng thanh ci TC c t trong PNEL bng in chnh di bung
my hoc bung iu khin.
Cu dao chnh P cung cp in cho ton h thng, cu dao ny c rt
nhiu ch bo v nh bo v thp p, bo v ngn mch, bo v qu ti
bng cc thit b nh trong mc 3 chng II gii thiu.
n pha s 1 dng chiu sng trn boong khi lm hng ban m hoc
sng m.
n si t s 2 c trang b trong bung my, bung li, hm hng

n hunh quang s 3 c trang b l nh sng trong bung ng, sinh

hot ca thuyn vin
Tt c cc n ny c thit k v lp t sao cho dy 0 c u chung,
cn dy pha th u qua cng tc m bo an ton cho h thng v ngi thay
th bng.
Nhc im c bn ca h thng ny l khng an ton v ngi vn hnh
phi c kin thc v mng in xoay chiu.
5.4.H thng chiu sng dng hn hp ngun in xoay chiu v mt
chiu
S 1: My pht
chnh.
S 2: My pht
d phng hoc my
bin p ly in 3 pha
trn b khi tu u bn
bc hng.
S 3: Bin tr
iu chnh dng kch t
ca my pht chnh.
Cc cu dao P1, P2 ni
n bng phn phi
in ph. Cu dao P3
ni vi bin p v b
phn chnh lu dng
xoay chiu thnh dng
mt chiu np in
cho c quy.

94

220V/24V
D

P3

P1

P2

A A A V

P
2
1

DCL

H-10.15

Hot ng ca mch chiu sng v tn hiu trm pht in xoay chiu

cng tng t nh mch trm pht in mt chiu.
5.5.H thng ly in b c in p 220V hoc 380V
MF - AC

B
C

P1

P2

P3

Pha
N

CL
P4

P5

H-10.16
Pha: Dy pha cp t b xung. N: Dy trung tnh cp t b xung. CL:
B chnh lu. P1-5: Cu dao. C: Ti ng c.
y l mt v d v dng s c bn ly in b. Thc t nu ly in
b dng ny th cu dao ca ngun in b v cu dao ca my pht di tu
phi c mc ni t ng hoc lin h c kh ti mt thi im nht nh th
ch c mt cu dao c ng ln h thng thanh ci.
Trong b chnh lu CL thc t bao gm c t bin p h in p trc
khi a vo cu Diod chnh lu.
HOT NG II : NGHE GII THIU V XEM TRNH DIN MU
- Lp rp hon chnh cc h thng n hnh trnh, m thanh, tn hiu sau
timf hiu nguyn tc chiu sang v pht m thanh, tn hiu
- Gii thiu cc lo n c s dng di tu thy

95

HOT NG III : RN LUYN K NNG

Yu cu ca hot
ng

TT

Cc hot ng

Dng c

Lp rp mch n hnh
trnh, tn hiu v vn
hnh

Ngun
in, cc
loi n,
cng tc,
cu ch,
dy in

Lp ng mch
ng chng loi
n. Vn hnh ng
quy tc

Tho, lp mch in
chung, ci, kim tra cu
to ca chung in, ci
in, nu cc h hng
thng gp v cch bo
tr, bo dng

Ngun
in,
chung,
ci
din,dy
in, nt
nhn, r
le in
p

Tho Lp ng
quy trnh

Phn bit v nu tc dng

ca cc loi n s dng
di tu thy

Cc loi
n c
trong bi
hc

Nu bt tng loi
n v cng dng

D-CU HI NGHIN CU
-Trnh by cc i lng c bn trong mch in

96

Nu r cc h hng
thng gp v bin
php khc phc

E-NI DUNG PHIU KIM TRA DNH GI THC HIN

Bi : MCH IN CHIU SNG - M THANH - TN HIU
M bi : MD-M3-B10
H v tn hc sinh:
TT
1

NI DUNG

S LIU

YU CU

NH GI

KIM TRA

K THUT

BP X L

Trnh by quy tc h thng

n hnh tnh, tn hiu, m
hiu di tu thy

Trnh by r
tng loi n,
s ln pht
m thanh

Trnh by v nguyn tc u
ni h thng n hnh trnh,
tn hiu, m hiu di tu
thy

Tt c cc
cng tc, nuts
nhn u u
qua dy + nu
l ngun mt
chiu, dy
pha nu l
ngun xoay
chiu

Nu cc loi n c s
dng di tu thy

Trnh by cu
to v nu
cng dng
ca cc loi
n

97

Bi 11 : MCH IN KHI NG NG C DIESEL

M bi : MD-M3-B11
A-MC TIU THC HIN
-Hiu c l do s dng ng c in mt chiu lm ng c khi ng ng
c diesel.
-Bit cch u ni v vn hnh h thng khi ng ng c Diesel bng in.
-Nm c cc h hng v bin php khc phc h thng khi ng ng c
Diesel bng in
-Hiu c nguyn l hot ng ca cc nguyn tc truyn ng
B- CC NI DUNG CHNH
-Cc phn t trong h thng khi ng ng c Diesel bng in
-Cc h thng khi ng ng c Diesel bng in
-Quy trnh vn hnh, bo dng v nhng h hng thng gp h thng khi
ng ng c Diesel bng in
C-CC HOT NG HC TP
HOT NG I : NGHE THUYT TRNH C THO LUN
I-Cc phn t trong h thng khi ng ng c Diesel bng in
1.1.ng c khi ng
a.c im
ng c khi ng di tu thu s dng l loi ng c in mt chiu
kch t ni tip chc, nng ca ng c khi ng l khi ng ng c Diesel.
khi ng c ng c Diesel ta cn mt m men quay ban u ln, ng
c in mt chiu kch t ni tip p ng c yu cu ny, bi v c im
ca ng c in mt chiu l n c dng khi ng rt ln I kd = ( 5 7 ) I dm
dng khi ng c th t gp 5 ln dng nh mc. Nhng ng c in mt
chiu kch t ni tip th dng khi ng cng l dng phn ng v cng l dng
kch t, da vo cng thc tnh ca m men in t:
M dt = k M . I .

Trong :
M dt : M men in t
k M : H s m men
I : Dng phn ng
: T thng kch t

W: S vng dy ca cun dy kch t

98

( 11.1 )

Theo cng thc tnh t thng ta c :

= W . I

( 11.2 )

Thay vo (6.1) ta c:

_
M dt = k M .W. I .I

t k = W. k M
M dt = k.W. I .I

H-11.1

( 11.3 )

Nh vy m men in t t l thun vi bnh phng dng in phn

ng, dng phn ng l dng khi ng nn m men in t trong ch khi
ng rt ln khi ng ng c Diesel.
b.c tnh c
y lm r hn ta xt 2
c tnh c: quan h hm s gia
m men v tc , quan h hm s
gia dng in v m men:
0

H-11.2
c.c im
c tnh c ca ng c in mt chiu kch t ni tip l ng cong
tuyn tnh. ( y do gii hn ca chng trnh nn ta ch cng nhn m khng
i thnh lp hai ng c tnh ny ) y l quan h nghch bin khi tc thp
tc l lc khi ng th m men c gi tr rt ln. i vi ng c tnh quan
h dng in v m men th li l quan h ng bin, tc l ng vi lc khi
ng dng phn ng ln th m men cng ln.
1.2.Rle trung gian
R le trung gian c ni ni tip vi
nt nhn, n c tip im ng v tip im
tnh, c cun ht ( l cun in p ) khi a
in vo cun dy rle th n ht ng tip
im cp in cho cun dy ca rle khi
ng.

N
W

R le trung gian
H-11.3

1.3.Rle khi ng
99

CG : cn gt
WI: Cun dng
WU:Cun p

wI wU

K : Tip im
y l loi rle c hai cun dy, n c tip

im ng, tip im tnh, nhng n c cn gt

gi khp. Khi cp in cho R le cun ht va
ng tip im cp in cho ng c khi ng
ng thi y bnh rng gi khp.

H-11.4

1.4.Cc thit b ph tr
dn ng mmen lc t ng c khi ng n ng c Diesel th c
nhiu phng php dn ng, bnh rng ch ng l bnh rng ca ng c
khi ng c s vng quay n 1 , bnh rng n ng l bnh rng ca ng c
Diesel c s vng quay l n 2 . d dn ng bng phng thc no th t s
truyn cng tnh theo cng thc:
n2

k= n
1

a.Truyn ng bng bnh rng. Hnh H-11.5

b.C cu iu khin
a in vo cho ng c khi ng quay
ta khng th a trc tip in vo khi ng m
phi qua r le hay nt nhn, cng nh vy bnh rng
ca ng c khi ng khng c gi c nh vi
bng rng ca ng c Diesel m phi c c cu gi
v nh.
c.Nt nhn
Nt nhn thng c k hiu l N, nt nhn
dng trong mch khi ng l loi nt nhn thng
m ( tc l khi khng tc ng th mch in khng
c ni kn ) di tu thu nt nhn s dng cng
chnh l nt . Hnh H-11.6.

100

( 11.4 )

n1
n2
H-11.5

N
H-6.6
H-11.6

II-Cc h thng khi ng ng c Diesel bng in

2.1.H thng khi ng ng c Diesel bng in kiu cn gt

a.S

K1

3
2

12V
205Ah

12V
205Ah

K2
1

H-11.7

S 1: ng c khi ng. S 2 : R le gi khp. S 3 : R le trung gian

N : Nt nhn khi ng. K1 : Tip im ca r le trung gian
K2 : Tip im ca r le gi khp
Trn s : r le gi khp c hai cun dy: cun dng c s vng dy t
nhng tit din dy ln cun p c s vng dy nhiu nhng tit din dy nh,
cun dng r le gi khp c tc dng l lm st in p ban u khi i vo
ng c ng c quay vi tc thp.
b.Nguyn l hot ng
Thc cht y l h thng khi ng kiu cng bc, Nhn nt N dng
in i t cc dng c quy qua cun ht ca r le trung gian, dng in ny
sinh ra lc t ho lm ng tip im K 1, khi K1 ng, dng in i t cc
dng c quy qua tip im K1, qua r le gi khp, lc ny trong r le gi khp
c hai dng in: dng in i qua cun dng, sau qua cc dng ng c v
m my pht, lc ny ng c quay vi tc thp do in p t vo n khng
nh mc ( b ri in p trn cun dng ca r le gi khp ). Dng in th
hai i qua cun p ca r le, dng in ny sinh ra lc t ho ht cn gt y
bnh rng n khp vi ng c. Do c tc quay chm ca ng c nn bnh
rng khng b kt. V ta chnh sao cho khi bnh rng va n khp vo ng c
Diesel th cng l lc tip im K2 c ng li, lc ny dng in i trc tip
t cc dng c quy qua K1 qua K2 qua cc dng ng c v cc m c quy.
Lc ny ng c c cp in p nh mc nn n c m men khi ng rt
101

ln khi ng ng c Diesel. Khi ng c n ta bung tay khi nt nhn,

r le trung gian mt in, tip im K1 m, r le gi khp mt in, ng c mt
in. Di tc dng ca l xo n hi bnh rng ca ng c khi ng c
thu tr v v tr ban u.
2.2. H thng khi ng ng c Diesel bng in kiu qun tnh

a.S

K
+

12V
205Ah

12V
205Ah

1
W

H-11.8

S 1 : ng c in mt chiu kch t ni tip. S 2 : R le trung gian

S 3: Rnh xon. S 4 : Khp gi. N : Nt nhn khi ng
K : Tip im ca r le trung gian. : Phn ng ng c
W : Cun dy kch t ni tip
Trong h thng ny khng dng r le gi khp m qu trnh gi khp
c thc hin bi lc vng li tm ca bnh rng ng c khi ng trong rnh
xon.
b.Nguyn l hot ng
Nhn nt N dng in i t dng c quy qua cun ht ca r le trung
gian, dng in ny sinh ra lc t ho trong li thp ca rle, rle ht lm ng
tip im K. Lc ny dng in i trc tip t cc dng c quy qua tip im
K, qua cc dng ng c v cc m c quy, ng c in c khi ng
quay. Do tc dng ca qun tnh nn khp s 4 va chuyn ng xoay va
chuyn ng tnh tin trong rnh xon s 3, khp s 4 gi vo bnh ca ng
c Diesel lm quay ng c, lc ny ng c in l ch ng nn khp vn gn
vo bnh ng c, cho n khi ng c Diesel n, bnh ca ng c
Diesel l ch ng ta bung tay khi nt nhn N tip im K m, ng c mt
in. Do qun tnh nn bnh rng ca ng c in chuyn ng quay v tnh
tin theo chiu ngc li ri tr v trng thi ban u.
102

2.3.H thng khi ng ng c Diesel bng in kiu Rto di ng

a.S

W
K
Wp p

12V
205Ah

12V
205Ah

2
1

H-11.9
S 1 : ng c in mt chiu kch t hn hp. S 2: L xo n hi.
S 3 : Cc t stato, cun kch t song song. S 4 : R le trung gian.
N, S : Cp cc t ca stato. K : Tip im ca r le trung gian.
W : Cun ht ca r le trung gian. N : Nt nhn. WP : Cun phu.
KP : Tip im ph (Trong thc t tip im ny b tr Rle, khi Rle
ng hai nc).
H thng khi ng kiu ny c cu to phc tp, mch t ca rto c
t lch so vi trc t ca stato. ng c khi ng h thng ny l ng c
in mt chiu kch t hn hp.
b.Nguyn l hot ng
H thng ny cng l loi ng c khi ng hai cp tc , nhn nt N
dng in i t cc dng c quy qua cun W, dng in ny sinh ra lc t ho
lm rle ht ng tip im K, lc ny dng in i t cc dng c quy qua
tip im K qua cun kch t song song s 3, dng in ny lm cho li thp t
ca stato nh mt nam chm in v n trong trng thi h mch t nn t
trng ca n rt mnh. Do rto t lch trc t nn b ht v pha trc kn
mch t stato. Song song vi qu trnh chuyn ng ca rto th dng in i
qua cun dy WP lm cho ng c quay chm ( do in p a vo ng c
khng t nh mc ). Nh vy rto va chuyn ng quay trn u va chuyn
ng tnh tin nn qu trnh gi khp c thc hin d dng. Khi khp va
103

c gi th tip im KP ng li, dng in i t cc dng c quy qua tip

im K, qua tip im KP khi ng ng c vi m men ln quay ng
c Diesel. Khi ng c Diesel n ta nh tay khi nt nhn N. Lc ny r le trung
gian mt in, tip im K m, ng c mt in. Do tc dng ca lc l xo s 2
rto ca ng c khi ng c thu v pha sau v ri khi khp.
H thng khi ng kiu ny rt phc tp nn t c s dng.
III-Quy trnh vn hnh, bo dng v nhng h hng thng gp h
thng khi ng ng c Diesel bng in
3.1.Quy trnh vn hnh
+Chun b :
- ng c Diesel sn sng hot ng ( bm du t, bm du nhn,
bm nc lm mt sn sng hot ng )
- Kim tra t c quy xem c in p v dung lng khng? Cc mi
ni dy ca h thng khi ng phi c bt cht v tip xc tt.
- Kim tra xem tay s ca ng c Diesel v tr 0 cha, nu cha
th phi tr v v tr 0.
+Tin hnh khi ng:
- ng cu dao in ca h thng khi ng.
- iu khin cho c cu h tr ng c Diesel lm vic ( Nh h thng
sy bung t ca my Diesel hoc sy nhin liu )
- iu khin cc bm phc v my chnh hot ng trong thi gian t 2
- 3 pht th ngng.
n nt khi ng ( N ) trong thi gian t 3- 5 giy, nu ng c Diesel
cha n ta ch khong 10 - 15 giy sau nhn nt khi ng ln th hai v s
ln khi ng lin tip khng c qu 3 ln. Nu sau 3 ln khi ng m ng
c Diesel cha n ta ngng khi ng, tin hnh tm nguyn nhn sau khc
phc, kim tra t c quy sau tin hnh khi ng li.
3.2.Nhng h hng v bin php khc phc trong h thng
*n nt ng c khng quay, s v ng c khng thy nng
+ Nguyn nhn
- Do nt nhn khng tip in
- Do h mch u dy
- Do chi than khng tip xc vi c gp
+ Khc phc
- Tho nt nh tip im.
- Bt cht cc u bt dy.

104

- Thay chi than nu n mn qu 1/3, thay l xo nn chi than.

*n nt ng c khi ng quay khi bnh rng gi khp vi bnh
th ng c khng quay ni ng c Diesel.
+ Nguyn nhn
- Nt nhn tip xc khng tt ( b bn), hoc r le khi ng tip xc
khng tt.
- Chi than tip xc vi c gp khng tt.
- Lc nn l xo yu.
- in p khng nh mc.
- ng c khi ng b chm mt.
+ Khc phc
- nh li tip im ca nt bm, hoc r le khi ng.
- R li chi than, nu mn qu 1/3 th thay mi.
- Chnh li lc nn ca l xo.
- Np b sung t c quy.
- Kim tra im chm mt.
*Khi khi ng ng c nng qu mc.
+ Nguyn nhn
- ng c b qu ti.
- ng c b chm cun dy ra v.
- Bc trc b hng hoc khi ng khng ng quy trnh.
+ Khc phc
- o cch in ca cun dy vi v c bin php khc phc tip theo.
- Xem li bc, trc.
- Khi ng ng quy trnh.
*n nt bm h thng hot ng nhng khi th tay khi nt bm
bnh xe rng ca dng c khi ng khng ri khi bnh .
+ Nguyn nhn
- Nt bm b dnh khng nh.
- L xo khng n hi.
- Rle trung gian b kt.
- Trc ng c b kt.
+ Khc phc

105

Trc tin phi dng Diesel khi gp trng hp ny.

- Tho xem nt bm.
- Xem lc ca l xo.
- Xem rle trung gian c ht hay nh khng.
- Xem trc, xem bi, bc.
*Khi nhn nt khi ng rle gi khp ng m lin tc ( i vi h
thng khi ng theo nguyn tc truyn ng cng bc).
+ Nguyn nhn
Do cun p ca rle gi khp b s c: chm, chp hay t vng dy hay
do mt ngun m, lc ny t trng trong r le gi khp ch do cun dng to ra
nn khi tip im K ca n ng th t trng li mt nn n ng m chp
chn.
+ Khc phc
Ta c th khi ng bng cch y p cn gt. Sau tho cun p ca
rle gi khp khc phc.
HOT NG II : NGHE GII THIU V XEM TRNH DIN
MU
-Quan st cu to ca ng c in mt chiu s dng lm ng c khi ng
-u ni v vn hnh mt h thng khi ng hon chnh.
-Trnh by cc h hng thng gp v bin php khc phc da trn h thng
khi ng c lp rp hon chnh
HOT NG III : RN LUYN K NNG
Yu cu ca hot
ng

TT

Cc hot ng

Dng c

Tho, lp ng c in
mt chiu s dng lm
ng c khi ng

ng c
khi
ng,
ngh
tho

Tm hiu v nu bt
cu to c bit cng
nh nguyn l truyn
ng cu ng c
in v ng c
Diesel

u ni hon chnh h
thng khi ng bng
in v vn hnh. T h
thng hon chnh trnh
by cc h hng thng

ng c
in mt
chiu,
nt nhn,
r
le,

u ng h thng
hon chnh, vn
hnh, kim tra v
nu cc h hng
thng gp v bin

106

gp v bin php khc

phc

bnh c
quy, dy
in, cu
dao

php khc phc

D-CU HI NGHIN CU
-Loi ng c s dng lm ng c khi ng l ng c g?
-V s u dy hon chnh h thng khi ng ng c Diesel bng in
-Nu quy trnh vn hnh h thng khi ng ng c Diesel bng in
-Nu nhng h hng thng gp v bin php khc phc h thng khi
ng ng c Diesel bng in
E-NI DUNG PHIU KIM TRA DNH GI THC HIN
Bi : MCH IN KHI NG NG C DIESEL
M bi : MD-M3-B11
H v tn hc sinh:
TT

NI DUNG

S LIU

YU CU

NH GI

KIM TRA

K THUT

BP X L

Trnh by v ng c in
s dng lm ng c khi
ng

Nu th
Momen ca
ng c in
mt chiu,
a ra kt
lun

Nu v so snh cc phng
php dn ng t ng c
in mt chiu ti ng c
Diesel

Trnh by v
nu u,
nhc im
ca tng h
thng

Nu quy trnh vn hnh, cc

h hng thng gp v bin
php khc phc h thng
khi ng ng c Diesel
bng in

Nu quy trnh
vn hnh, nu
cc h hng
v bin php
khc phc

107

Bi12 :MCH IN NP C QUY

M bi : MD-M3-B12
A-MC TIU THC HIN
-Hiu c s u dy, tc dng v quy trnh vn hnh cc h thng np in
di tu thy
-Nm c cc h hng thng gp v bin php khc phc h thng np in
cho c quy di tu thy.
-u ni mch s dng cho nhu cu thc t di tu thy
B- CC NI DUNG CHNH
-S mch in np c quy trc tip
-S mch np c quy dng Diod
-S mch np in cho c quy dng tit ch Rle in t (tit ch 3 cc)
-Nhng s c thng gp v bin php khc phc trong h thng np in cho
c quy di tu thy
C-CC HOT NG HC TP
HOT NG I : NGHE THUYT TRNH C THO LUN
I- S mch in np c quy trc tip

1.1.S (H-12.1)
Tng n tc ng c lai my
pht in p t gi tr nh mc, ta
c th nhn qua ng h Vn khi thy
in p bng nh mc, ng cu dao C
np in cho c quy, iu chnh dng
np ban u In = 1/10Qm bng cch
dch chuyn bin tr R. Quan st dng
np bng ng h Ampe, khi no c quy
no ta ngt cu dao C khng np in
cho c quy na.

MF
+

1.2.Nguyn l lm vic

R
+

12V
205Ah

H-12.1

1.3.Nhng im cn ch
- in p ca t c quy v in p nh mc ca my pht phi tng
ng.
- Phi u ng cc tnh.
- Khi tng gim tay ga, tc l thay i tc quay ca ng c lai my
pht phi ngt cu dao np.

108

- c quy no phi ngt cu dao.

- Np vi dng np In = 1/10Qm.

(12.1)

II-S mch np c quy dng Diod

2.1.S

Diod
A

_
+
12V
205Ah

I KT
+

MF

R
A
WKTSS

H-12.2

2.2.Nguyn l lm vic
+Tc dng
Chng dng in ngc phng t c quy v my pht, t ng ng mch
np.
+Nguyn l
Tng dn tc quay ca my pht cho n khi my pht pht ra in p
nh mc, ng cu dao C np in cho c quy.
+Nhng im cn ch
Ta vn phi ngt cu dao np C khi tng tay ga my chnh tc cao
( v lc ny in p my pht qu cao s gy nh hng n t c quy np ).
Nhng h thng ny c u im hn l n chng c dng in ngc do tnh
cht dn in mt chiu ca diod nn khi np no hoc khi gim tay ga ta khng
cn phi ngt cu dao np ( Diod chng c dng in ngc phng t t c
quy v my pht ). Nhc im ca h thng l diod in t rt hay b thng
( khi diod b thng th n dn in 2 chiu ), gi thnh mua cao. Mt im na l
khi ngi vn hnh khng c l thuyt v diod th rt nguy him v nu u
nhm chiu ca diod th h thng khng nhng khng np c in cho t c
quy m khi my pht in li l ti ca t c quy nn rt nguy him cho t c
quy nu ta khng s dn ti t c quy ht dung lng hoc my pht b
chy cun dy.

109

III-S mch np in cho c quy dng tit ch Rle in t (tit ch 3

cc)
3.1.S
R2

K1

K2
2

R1
A

F+ KT F- A

MF

WKT

H-12.3
S 1 : R le ng m mch v chng dng in ngc.
S 2 : R le dng in.
S 3 : R le in p.
G+ :Cc dng my pht, G- :Cc m my pht.
R1 v R2 : in tr iu chnh dng kch t, trong R1 > R2.
F+ :Cc dng kch t my pht.
B : Ti cho tit ch.
3.2.Nguyn l lm vic
+Tc dng
- T ng ng mch np, np in cho c quy khi in p my pht t
gi tr nh mc ( UMF = UM ).
- T ng ct dng in ngc phng t c quy v my pht.
- T ng iu chnh in p my pht v gi tr nh mc khi in p
my pht ln hn ng mc.
- T ng iu chnh dng ti ca my pht khi ln hn dng nh mc.
+ Nguyn l hot ng : Khi my pht pht ra in p nh mc th lc
in t trong cun p ca r le ng m mch s 1 thng lc l xo v ht
110

ng tip im K, lc ny t c quy c np in.Dng kch t ca my pht i

t F+ -> K2 -> K1 -> KT -> F-. Trong qu trnh np in, v mt l do no
( chng hn nh ta tng vng quay ca my chnh ) lm tc quay ca my
pht tng dn ti in p ca my pht tng ln hn gi tr in p nh mc, lc
t ho trong cun dy ca r le in p thng lc l xo v n ht ng tip im
K1 lc ny dng kch t i t F+ -> R1 -> KT -> F- do phi i qua in tr R 1
nn dng kch t gim lm cho in p ca my pht gim cho n khi in p
ca my pht gim xung gi tr nh mc. Nu in p ca my pht gim
xung nh hn gi tr nh mc th r le in p s 3 khng ht c v tip
im K1 li c ng li v dng kch t i nh ban u in p my pht tip
tc tng, qa trnh ny xy ra lin tc khi in p ca my pht thay i xung
quanh gi tr in p nh mc v tip im K 2 c ng m lin tc. Nu v
mt l do no dng in np ln hn dng np nh mc ( gy nh hng
xu n t c quy ) th lc t ho trong r le dng s 2 thng lc l xo lm
tip im K2 m, dng kch t i t F+ -> R2 -> K1 -> KT -> F- lc ny dng
kch t i qua in tr R2 nn gim so vi ban u, in p my pht gim lm
cho dng np gim theo, tip im K 2 li c ng li khi dng np t gi tr
nh hn hoc bng dng nh mc. Trong sut qu trnh dng ti thay i
ngoi gi tr dng nh mc th tip im K2 ng m lin tc iu chnh in
p my pht.
IV-Nhng s c thng gp v bin php khc phc trong h thng np
in cho c quy
4.1.Khi np in ng h ampe bo tr s 0
+Nguyn nhn
- Nu h thng np dng b tit ch th do hng tit ch.
- T c quy no in.
- My pht khng pht ra in.
- Cc u dy ca h thng np b tut.
- ng h ampe b hng nn bo nhm hoc b t.
+Khc phc
- Trc tin ta phi kim tra v chnh nh b tit ch sau km tra cc
phn cn li.
- o in p v dung lng ca c quy nu c quy no ri th ngt mch
np, nu c quy cha no th cc b phn khc b hng ta phi tin hnh
kim tra tng b phn.
- o in p trn 2 cc ca my pht, nu in p khng c hoc bng
nh hn nh mc th ta tin hnh kim tra v sa cha my pht, nu
in p m th ta tin hnh kim tra mch np.
- Kim tra li cc cc bt dy mch np nu b h th ta phi xit cht
li.
111

- Kim tra ng h ampe, nu b hng th ta phi thay mi hoc chnh

nh li, trng hp trn tu khng c ng h mi th ta ni tt np
tm thi cng c.
4.2.Khi np in ng h ampe k bo tr s ln hn nh mc
+ Nguyn nhn
- Nu h thng np dng b tit ch th do tr s iu chnh ca Rle dng
ln hn nh mc.
- Do in p my pht ln hn nh mc.
- Do ti u trn c quy vn cn ln.
- Do chp, chm ng dy sau ng h ampe.
- Do t c quy b chp mch trong.
- Do ng h ampe bo sai gi tr.
+ Khc phc
- Trc tin phi ngng khng np na sau kim tra tng phn.
- Kim tra b tit ch sau chnh nh cc Rle nu khng thay i th
ta tip tc kim tra cc b phn khc.
- Nu h thng dng b tit ch ta phi kim tra xem xt v iu chnh
rle ng m mch cng nh rle dng in.
- o in p my pht nu ln hn nh mc th phi iu chnh my
pht gim in p.
- Nu ti cn nhiu th ct bt ti ra khi t c quy.
- o chp mch sau ng h ampe k, nu b chp th phi u li.
- Xem bnh ca c quy.
4.3.Khi np in ng h ampe bo tr s nh hn nh mc
+Nguyn nhn
- My pht pht ra khng in p.
- ng Vn bo sai.
- Qu ti mch np.
+ Khc phc
- o in p my pht c bin php khc phc, nu ng in p thp
th ta tng dng kch t cho my pht hoc tng tc ng c lai my
pht.
- Kim tra sau chnh li ng h Vn.
- Gim ti mch np.
4.4.Khi np in my pht in b nng qu mc
112

+ Nguyn nhn
- Do phn c MF c vn .
- Do chm v cun dy ca my pht.
- Do qu ti mch np.
- Do tia la chi than c gp ln.
- Do lm mt ca my pht khng tt.
+ Khc phc
- Kim tra trc, bc n my pht vi v.
- Gim ti mch np.
- Thay chi than, nh bng c gp.
- Kim tra li iu kin lm mt.
HOT NG II : NGHE GII THIU V XEM TRNH DIN
MU
-u ni v vn hnh cc h thng np in cho c quy di tu thy
-Trnh by cc h hng thng gp v bin php khc phc da trn cc h
thng np c lp rp hon chnh
HOT NG III : RN LUYN K NNG
TT

Cc hot ng

Dng c

Yu cu ca hot ng

u ni hon chnh h thng

np in n gin v vn
hnh. T h thng hon chnh
trnh by cc h hng thng
gp v bin php khc phc

My
pht
in
mt
chiu, r le,
bnh c quy,
dy in, cu
dao, Diod

u ng h thng hon
chnh, vn hnh, kim tra
v nu cc h hng
thng gp v bin php
khc phc

u ni hon chnh h thng

np in bng tit ch 3 cc v
vn hnh. T h thng hon
chnh trnh by cc h hng
thng gp v bin php khc
phc

My
pht
in
mt
chiu,
Tit
ch 3 cc,
bnh c quy,
dy in, cu
dao, Diod

u ng h thng hon
chnh, vn hnh, kim tra
v nu cc h hng
thng gp v bin php
khc phc

113

D-CU HI NGHIN CU
-Trnh by cc ch khi vn hnh cc h thng np in : n gin, Diod
v tit ch 3 cc
-Trnh by cc h hng thng gp v bin php khc phc ca cc h
thng np in cho c quy : np trc tip, np bng Diod, np bng tit ch
3 cc
E-NI DUNG PHIU KIM TRA DNH GI THC HIN
Bi : MCH IN NP C QUY
M bi : MD-M3-B12
H v tn hc sinh:
TT

NI DUNG

S LIU

YU CU

NH GI

KIM TRA

K THUT

BP X L

Trnh by cc ch khi np
in cho c quy trc tip

Nu r tc hi
ca dng in
ngc v a
ra nguyn tc
vn hnh

So snh u, nhc im ca
03 h thng np in cho c
quy: np trc tip, np bng
Diod v np bng tit ch 3
cc

Nu quy trnh
vn hnh ca
03 h thng,
t o a ra
kt lun

PH LC
BO DNG NG C V MY PHT IN
I-Quy trnh chung trong tho - Rp my in
i vi bt c ng c hay my pht th khi tho hoc lp (rp) phi tun
theo ng quy trnh m bo an ton v nhanh chng th sau y xin a ra
mt quy trnh c th nh sau:
i vi quy trnh ny th quy trnh lp (rp) hon ton ngc vi quy
trnh tho, tc l vt no thp trc th c lp sau v vy ch cn a ra quy
trnh tho l c.
1.1.Quy trnh tho my in mt chiu v my pht in xoay chiu
My pht in xoay chiu cng c chi than nn v c bn n cng c
quy trnh tho ging nh my in mt chiu v c thc hin theo cc bc
sau:

114

Trc khi tho phi tin hnh nh du cc u dy hoc mt s v tr c

nh ( mt s loi ng c v my pht th v tr ny c c nh l duy nht
nn khng cn phi nh du na).
1.Tho chi than v gi chi than (trong c c cc vt bt dy).
2.nh du v tr ca mt bch so vi v (cng vic ny rt quan trng v
nu khng nh du, khi lp s khng m bo kht v trn do ban u s n
mn trong qu trnh hot ng lu ngy to thnh).
3.Tho np m.
4.Tho mt bch pha trc.
5.Tho mt bch pha sau.
6.Rt Rto ra khi Stato (ch khi rt Rto ra khi Stato phi lm sao
khng Rto t ln Stato, nu khng li thp t s b try gy hin tng st
ct khi rp vo).
1.2.Quy trnh tho ng c in xoay chiu ba pha
ng c in xoay chiu ba pha di tu sng a phn l loi c cng
sut nh nn chng c dng Rto lng sc. Loi ng c ny khng c chi
than, v vy quy trnh tho c thc hin nh sau:
1.nh du cc u dy v cc v tr c nh.
2.nh du v tr ca mt bch trc v sau so vi v.
3.Tho np m.
4.Tho mt bch pha trc.
5.Tho mt bch pha sau.
6.Rt Rto ra khi Stato.
Mi ch v tho ng v ny ging nh phn 1.
II-Quy trnh bo dng my in mt chiu v my pht in xoay chiu.
2.1.Kim tra chi than
-Nu chi than b mn qu 1/3 th tin hnh thay mi : thay ng chng
loi chi than, t kch thc cho n loi chi than phi ging y nh c.
-Nu chi than tip xc vi c gp di 75% b mt th tin hnh r chi
than. Cng vic r chi than c tin hnh nh sau: dng giy nhm s 0 qun
vng quanh ng trn c ng knh bng vi ng knh ca c gp sau cho
quay theo chiu quay ca my in, khi no thy b mt chi than ln cong v
bng l c.
-Xit cht li vt bt dy ca chi than vi gi.
2.2.Kim tra c gp in.
-Kim tra cch in gia cc phin gp : c th tin hnh theo nhiu cch,
nu thy thanh mica cch in chi ln hoc b chy th phi thay mi.
115

-Nu c gp in b bn do bi than th dng giy nhm s 0 qun trn

theo c gp sau xoay i xoay li cho n khi c gp trn u v bng, dng
gi thi sch bi bn l c.
2.3.Kim tra cch in ca Rto v Stato so vi v
Dng ng h M o cch in ca cun dy Stato v cun dy Rto so
vi v, cch in phi m bo nh sau :
-Cch in ca cun dy Stato so vi v phi t gi tr ln hn 1 M .
-Cch in ca cun dy Rto so vi v phi t gi tr ln hn 0,5 M .
Nu cch in thp hn gi tr nu trn th ta phi tin hnh sy my in
nng cch in.
III-Quy trnh sy my in
C rt nhiu phng php sy my in nhng trn tu thu thng hay
dng phng php sy bng ngun ngoi, phng php sy ny lu nhng m
bo t gy nguy him cho cun dy. Phng php sy bng ngun ngoi c
tin hnh theo cc bc nh sau :
1-Thc hin quy trnh tho my in.
2-Dng d lau sch du, m v nc bm bn ngoi v, cun dy.
3-Dng gi v du ra ng c thi mnh vo cc k ca v cng nh
cun dy cho du v bi bn ra ht ngoi.
4-Dng gi sch thi kh sau chuyn Rto v Stato n ni thong
mt, khng gy chy n.
5-Dng bng n in c cng sut t 100 - 300W (tu thuc vo kch c
ca Rto v Stato ) treo gn cun dy ri tin hnh sy.
6-Sau mi gi ng h phi tin hnh o cch in, nu ban u cch in
h thp hn lc cha sy th tt (v lc ny hi nc b thot ra ngoi nn cch
in cn c th thp hn rt nhiu so vi lc ban u) sau thi gian khong 12 24 ting m ta o cch in tng th c th ngng sy.
7- cho nhit ca cun dy v v my h thp bng nhit mi
trng th tin hnh thc hin quy trnh lp (rp) ng c l xong.
Ch : Khi sy my in phi c ngi coi gi lin tc v phng chy
n cng nh chy cun dy my in.
Trong nhiu trng hp c th phi tin hnh sy my in ngay ti trn
tu th bin php cnh gii l rt quan trng, mt s trng hp tin hnh sy
khi tho v mang ln b th ta cng khng nn ch quan trong cng tc phng
chy n.

116

MC LC
NI DUNG

Trang

Li ni u

Bi 1: NHNG KHI NIM C BN V IN : MD-M3-B1

Bai 2 : MT S NH LUT C BN CA MCH IN : MD-M3B2

Bai 3 : THIT B IU KHIN V BO V : MD-M3-B3

15

Bai 4: CHNH LU DNG IN : MD-M3-B4

33

Bai 5 : C QUY AXIT : MD-M3-B5

39

Bai 6 : MY PHT IN : MD-M3-B6

60

Bai 7 : MY BIN P : MD-M3-B7

62

Bai 8 : NG C IN MT CHIU : MD-M3-B8

67

Bai 9 : NG C KHNG NG B BA PHA : MD-M3-B9

71

Bai 10: MCH IN CHIU SNG - M THANH - TN HIU :

MD-M3-B10

77

Bai 11: MCH IN KHI NG NG C DIESEL : MD-M3B11

90

Bai 12:MCH IN NP C QUY : MD-M3-B12

100

PH LC

106
TI LIU THAM KHO

STT

TN SCH

TN TC GI

NH XUT BN

K thut in

ng Vn o

Khoa hc - K thut

in Tu Thu

Thn Ngc Hon

Giao thng Vn ti

My in

Thn Ngc Hon

Giao thng Vn ti

Trang b in tu
sng

V Th M

ng sng

117