Acta Applicandae Mathematicae 75: 117123, 2003.

2003 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands.

117

Holomorphic Symplectic Manifolds and

Lagrangian Fibrations
DAISUKE MATSUSHTIA

Division of Mathematics, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo,
060-0810 Japan. e-mail: matusita@math.sci.hokudai.ac.jp
(Received: 4 April 2002)
Abstract. We introduce the geometrical nature of fibre space structures of an irreducible symplectic
manifold and holomorphic Lagrangian fibrations.
Mathematics Subject Classifications (2000): primary: 14E40; secondary: 14D05.
Key words: symplectic manifold, Lagrangian fibration.

1. Introduction
We start with the definition of an irreducible symplectic manifold.
DEFINITION 1.1. Let X be a compact Khler manifold. If X satisfies the following three conditions, X is said to be an irreducible symplectic manifold.
(1) There exists a nondegenerate holomorphic 2-form on X.
(2) 1 (X) = {1}.
(3) dim H 0 (X, 2X ) = 1.
Such a manifold can be considered as a building block of all compact Khler
manifolds X with c1 (X) = 0 due to the following Bogomolov decomposition
theorem.
THEOREM 1.2 (Bogomolov decomposition theorem [1]). A compact Khler manifold X with c1 (X) = 0 admits a finite unramified covering of X which is isomorphic to a product T X1 Xr A where T is a complex torus,
Xi are irreducible symplectic manifolds and A is a projective manifold with
h0 (A, 2 ) = 0.
In this note, we give the geometrical nature of a fibre space of an irreducible
symplectic manifold and holomorphic Lagrangian fibrations.

Supported by Iwasaki Fund for International Exchange Programs.

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DAISUKE MATSUSHTIA

2. Fibre Space Structure

2.1. The plainest example of a fibre space of an irreducible symplectic manifold is
an elliptic fibration over a K3 surface. In the higher-dimensional case, we obtain
the following result:
THEOREM 2.1 (cf. [7, Theorem 2], [8, Theorem 1]). Let X be an irreducible symplectic manifold. Assume that there exists a surjective morphism f : X B, where
B is a normal Khler variety and 0 < dim B < dim X. Then
(1) f is a Lagrangian fibration.
(2) B is projective, dim B = (1/2) dim X and B has only Q-factorial log terminal
singularities. Moreover, KB is ample and Picard number (B) is one.
2.2. Remark. A Lagrangian fibration means that a general fibre is a Lagrangian
subvariety. Namely, the restriction of a holomorphic symplectic form on a general
fibre vanishes. From Liouvilles theorem, a general fibre of a Lagrangian fibration
is a torus.
2.3. Proof. Comparing Theorem 2.1 with [7, Theorem 2], we find that the projectivity condition is dropped in Theorem 2.1. We first prove that B is projective.
By [13, Theorem 2], B has only log terminal singularities. Hence, B has only
rational singularities. From the assumption, B is a Khler space. Thus, it is enough
to prove that B is a Moishezon variety. Let us consider the following diagram:

X
X




B B
,
where X
and B
are resolutions of X and B, respectively. Note that B
is a Khler manifold. Assume that h2 (B
, OB
) = 0. Then h2 (X
, OX
) = 0. However,
h2 (X
, OX
) = 0 because h2 (X, OX ) = 0. Thus, h2 (B
, OB
) = 0 and B
is
projective. Therefore B is Moishezon.
2.4. Next we explain where we must change the proof of [7, Theorem 2]. From
Step 1 to Step 5, the same proof works in this case. In Step 6, we use Kawamatas
addition theorem [4, Theorem 1.1] and it is not known that this theorem works in
the Khler category. Hence, we replace the argument of Step 6 by the following
lemma:
LEMMA 2.2. Let X be a compact Khler manifold with c1 (X) = 0, B a compact
complex manifold, and : X B a dominant meromorphic map. Then (B)
0.
Proof. Take a general point b of B and let be a section of H 0 (B, KBm )
vanishing at b. Since is holomorphic and, hence, parallel with respect to an
EinsteinKhler metric on X, = 0. Thus = 0, which shows (B)
0.

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119

3. Equidimensionality
3.1. For a Lagrangian fibration on a holomorphic symplectic manifold, we obtain
the following results:
THEOREM 3.1 ([9, Theorem 1]). Let f : X B be a proper Lagrangian fibration. Then every fibre of f is a Lagrangian subvariety. In particular, f is equidimensional.
3.2. If we drop the condition of properness, there exists a counter-example. Let us
consider the morphism : C4 C2 which is defined by (x, y, z, w)  (xy, y).
If we define a symplectic form on C4 by dx dz + dy dw, then is a Lagrangian
fibration and the fibre 1 (0, 0) is not a Lagrangian subvariety. The author does
not know whether equidimensionality is valid in real Lagrangian fibrations.
3.3. From the above theorem, we obtain that the base space has only Q-factorial
singularities ([9, Corollary 2]). In general, the base space is not smooth. Let
X := A C3 , where A is a three-dimensional torus. We define the action of Z2
on X by
(x, y, z; u, v, w)  (x, y, z + ; u, v, w),
where (x, y, z) are global coordinates of A and is a 2-torsion element of A. If we
define the holomorphic symplectic form on X by dx du + dy dv + dz dw,
the morphism X/Z2 C3 /Z2 is a Lagrangian fibration. This example also gives
a nonflat Lagrangian fibration.

4. Higher Direct Images

4.1. If we consider a holomorphic Lagrangian fibration whose base space is
smooth, we obtain the following results:
THEOREM 4.1 ([10, Theorem 1.2]). Let f : X B be a Lagrangian fibration.
Assume that X and B are smooth projective manifolds. Then R i f OX
= iB .
i
In particular, R f OX is locally free.
4.2. Remark. Let f : X B be the smooth part of f and H := R i f C.
It is known that the higher direct images of the dualizing sheaf is isomorphic to
the natural extension of H if the discriminant locus is a normal crossing divisor
[6, Theorem 2.6], [11, Theorem 2.6] and [12, Theorem 1]. However, there is a
projective Lagrangian fibration whose discriminant locus is not a normal crossing
divisor. In that case, there is no natural extension of H . The above theorem asserts
that H can be extended as a locally free sheaf even if the discriminant locus is not
necessarily normal crossing.

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4.3.

DAISUKE MATSUSHTIA

From Theorems 2.1 and 4.1, we obtain the following result:

COROLLARY 4.2 ([10, Corollary 1.3]). Under the assumptions of Theorem 2.1,
we further assume that B is smooth. Then hp,q (Pn ) = hp,q (B), where n =
(1/2) dim X.
4.4. Remark. Every Hodge number of a quadric hypersurface Q in P2n is equal to
that of P2n1 and Q is not isomorphic to P2n1 (n  2). The author does not know
whether there exists an example such that a fibre space of an irreducible symplectic
manifold f : X S whose base space S is not isomorphic to a projective space.
Recently, Miyaoka [2] announced that S is isomorphic to a projective space if f
admits a global section.
5. Idea of the Proof of Theorem 4.1
5.1. We show an outline of the proof of Theorem 4.1. From the following lemma,
it is enough to consider R 1 f OX for the proof of Theorem 4.1.
LEMMA 5.1. Let f : X S be a Lagrangian fibration between smooth projective manifolds. Assume that R 1 f OX
= 1S . Then R i f OX
= iS .
i
Proof. Since X
= OX , R f OX are torsion free by [5, Theorem 2.1]. Thus
i
R f OX are reflexive sheaves by [6, Corollary 3.9]. Therefore, it is enough
to show that there exists an open set U of S such that R i f OX |U
= iU and

codim(S \ U )  2. Let D be the discriminant locus of f and f the smooth part

of f . We choose an open set as U := {x S; f is smooth at x or D is smooth at x}.
Then, by [6, Theorem 2.6], R i f OX |U
= ) Gr 0 (Hi ), where Hi := R i f C. From
Liouvilles Theorem, a general fibre of f is an Abelian variety. Hence,

i
H1
= Hi . There exists a morphism
i


R 1 f OX |U R i f OX |U .

Then i is injective because R 1 f OX |U is torsion free. Considering the exponents of the lower extension of Hi , n is not surjective if some i (0 < i < n) is
not surjective. By [5, Corollary 7.6], R n f OX
= S . Combining R 1 f OX
= 1S ,

n is isomorphism. Hence, i (1
i
n) are isomorphisms.

5.2. Remark. The reflexiveness of R i f OX is one of crucial point where we need
projectivity. This comes from the following decomposition theorem.
THEOREM 5.2 ([6, Theorem 3.1]). Let f : X S be a surjective
morphism
 i
R f X [i].
between projective variety. If X is smooth, then Rf X q.i.s.
If the above theorem is valid for a projective morphism, we replace the projectivity of X by that of f in the assumptions of Theorem 4.1.

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HOLOMORPHIC SYMPLECTIC MANIFOLD

5.3.

Theorem 4.1 is deduced from the following proposition:

PROPOSITION 5.3. Let f : X S be a projective Lagrangian fibration and

a symplectic form such that a general fibre is a Lagrangian subvariety with
respect to . Then there exists an open set U of S such that R 1 f OX |U
= 1U and
codim(S \ U )  2.
5.4. Outline of the Proof. First we consider the smooth part of f. Let U0 := S \ D,
where D is the discriminant locus of f . We consider the following diagram:
Tf 1
(U0 )


0 f

1U0

1f 1 (U )
0

f TU0

1f 1 (U )/U
0
0

0
.
0

From the above diagram, defines an isomorphism f TU0 1f 1 (U )/U because
0
0
every fibre of f is a Lagrangian subvariety by [9, Theorem 1]. Therefore we obtain
isomorphisms
TU0
= f 1f 1 (U0 )/U0
= F 1 (H ).
The dual of above isomorphism gives
R 1 f OX |U0
= 1U0 .

(1)

5.5. In order to prove Proposition 5.3, we extend the isomorphism (1) over codimension one point of S. Let s be a point of D such that S and D are smooth
around s. We will show that the isomorphism (1) is extended on a neighbourhood
of s. In this note, we treat the case that there exists a polydisk s ,n of S and the
restriction morphism f : X,n := X S ,n ,n satisfies the following properties:
(1) For the discriminant locus D of f , f 1 (D) D is a topologically locally
deformation.
(2) Every singular fibre is a normal crossing variety.
Let
X := {x X,n | f is smooth at x}.
We consider the following diagram:
TX f T,n |X 0


.
0 f 1,n |X 1X 1X /,n 0
From the above diagram, defines an isomorphism f T,n |X 1X /,n , since
every fibre of f is a Lagrangian subvariety by [9, Theorem 1]. Let E := f D.

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DAISUKE MATSUSHTIA

We investigate the relation between 1X /,n and 1X,n /,n (log E)|X . Let us
consider the following diagram:
0

f 1,n |X

1X

1X /,n

0
.

0f 1,n (log D)|X 1X,n (log E)|X 1X,n /,n (log E)|X 0

1
By the Snake Lemma, we obtain 1X /S =
X,n /,n (log E)|X if Coker =
1
Coker . Let x be a point of f (D). From assumptions (1) and (2) of f , if we
choose a suitable local parameter zi at x and ti at f (x), f is written as
z0 . . . zk = t1 ,

zk+i1 = ti

(2
i),

on a suitable neighbourhood of x. The generator of Coker is f dt1 /t1 and the

generators of Coker are dzi /zi (0
i
k). The morphism Coker Coker
sends

dzi /zi .
f dt1 /t1 
If x X , only one of zi = 0 (0
i
k). Hence, Coker Coker is an
isomorphism and we obtain 1X /,n
= 1X,n /,n (log E)|X . We conclude that
f T,n
= 1X,n /,n (log E),
because codim(X \ X )  2. By [3, VIII], f 1X,n /,n (log E)
= u F 1 (H ) and we
u
1
obtain T,n
= F (H). The dual of this isomorphism gives R f OX,n
= 1,n .
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1.
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4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

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