Professional Documents
Culture Documents
l; ..
,01:= U
~---
THE LIBRARY
'I
WOOD
I~~::
419~960
tloF. R.
No.
---Research Programme Objective E1/9
P. H. Thomas,
-,
D. L.
by
S~',
.-:.-
.-
"
Summary
BRE Trust (UK) Permission is granted for personal noncommercial research use. Citation of the work is allowed and encouraged.
Symbol
Dimensions
Conversion
I--------......,.--------t
faotor used
P.P.S.
Meaning
unit.
F.P.S. unitl
He'
H~
H + 1.5
'i
C d
C
p
d
d
h
H
r-r:
At,
(effect~ve
1
At
To
t
V
929
929
929
B.T.U Ib -1
F-1
it
cm
30.5
it
cm
30.5
ft/s
30.5
it
ft
ft
, ft
30.5
cm
cm
cm
cm
30.5
30.5
30.5
'~:\iDi:10c:1
cm
lb/s
'gm/s.
C8.1/s
cal/s
B.T.u/s
B.T.n/s
Oa
OX
OR
OK
s
ft 3/s
ft/s
cm3/ s
cm/s
--ft
it
15
30.5
om
it
Subsoripts
H = Near the ceiling
c
Level with the bottom of the curtain
o = Ambient condition
s = Discharge under the edge of the curtain
v
Discharge throUghtbe vent
y = At a distance, y, above the floor
b = At the base of the hot layer
i = Inlet
to
C.G.. S. unit.
height
of model)
Thermal conductivity
Characte ri s ti c
height dimension
Path length of air
in model
Mass flow rate
Rate of flow of heat
Heat output of fire
Absolute temperature
" ambient
"
Time
Volume flow rate
Velocity of gas at
any given point in
'prototype and model
Width of inlet
"
Distance measured
vertically from
floor
Temperature above
ambient at any given
point in prototype
and model
Density
C.G.B. units
"
30.5
454252
~52
0.555
0.555
2.84 ; 104
30.5
em
em
0.555
0.0160
by,
P. H. Thomas, D. L. Simms, P. L. Hinkley and C; R. Theobald
"
1.
;"
.,.
:.r
......
,';
':~'.
-,
Introduotion '
1/12
A previous note(1) desoribed the construction of'a
scale model of
a bay of a factory for use in studying the effect of venting burning
enclosures.
The present paper desoribes the experiments that have been
made with this model to examine the infiuence of the" size, 'shape and position of the vent; the depth of' any auxiliary curtains and the'shape and
area of the heat source on the ,temperature ,distribution in :~the 1I10deland
the heat flow through it.: The results are shown to agree :wi,th c::alculations based on a suplified theoretical approach to the ven,H~g of fif8S"
derived from Bernoulli's theorem and the theory of turbulent plumes 2).
The application of the theory,tolarger and differently shaped enolosures, larger fires and the design of venting systems ..Will. be discussed, in
later papers.
,..
,';
;
.:
-:",
..:
."
"
...
2.2.1.
"
';'"
,.
, " TABLE 1
:)~x~rl..ments'.' on eft'eot Or' shape or vent 8114 burper
,~ -. . ,
,(Firat series)
,
"r, ,
'.
, . ".'
,
,
Vent
position
H: over
he,"ter
"I,: ' Dear
inlet
Vent
dimensions
in. x in.
4 x
Heater.,
..
22~571.': '
1;1
.... -
'Ra:tl' or
diBo~ee
or ,air
thrOugh
,vent, (by:'
..
0.05
0.10
,Jfeasurecl ,
_'temperature '
,- near oeUbg
OF
diff'erence)
"ft3/s
'
,
.
'
288
270
0.37' "
,0.31
' Line
Circular
'
0.40
'0.42
0.10
0~15
0.30
0.27
,8
, 8
0.39
0.43
"
'"
Double liDe
t -.
iI'-',',
"
~.
0.42
0.41
8'
8,
"
H-
"
........
'"
ORate or
disoharge
or air
under e~
of ourtain
ft3/s
0.13
0.16
0.26
,0.27
0.05
0.05
0.32
0.35
0.33
243
243
288
275
1:
8
.;8
-,
..,
,-
,
.
"
'Circular
"
,4 x
'
..
Line
,.. Circlilar
,"
Line
,
H,
.
Bate of
air input
ft 3/ .
depth
in.'
"
. ,. :
'
-.
"
..
"
"Curtain
12 x ~
....
"
ff
"
",
'
."
c'
I,:'
r"
..
..
12
,12
.."8
-.. 8,
"
',ft
.-
..
'.ft
,.. ,
",
'
..~:
0.38
0.38
0.59
0.64-
!'
0~33
221
220
,,64162
. 'O~27
:0,,29
..
..
"
.'
".
','
"
"
'
..
.\
of S3iGI\1,n
,.1. fest et
-,.'
,
t.
peW.:!;;!.o,n o( unt,
't . ~
The rate of disaliarg~ of' hOt air throush the vent (Table: 2), was,' ;', ';,:
gena'fl.lly gt'ElBter when the ventoWas .over the heater thanwhen' it-was near':
the inlet, althou,gh the differenoe ,was only important with the 1 in. Oul-',:
tain.
In that osse it Dan be explained by the hot gas having a veloaiV'" ;
suffioie1'1t to oause a tendency to overshoot the vent when this ,W8,S. near
;
the inlet (fig. ,) and to pass under the curlain.
This resulted in ii -"" ~::
oorrespondillly high rate, of discharge under the ,ou.rteJ.xt..
~:. .
, .: "_";
.
.:
had
..1..
"'.
.. '
:-:
-.
"
i\tl1NJ!.
.,t
"
t .
~ouiB.tea.
mpdel was 0.5 ft/s with the linear andoiroular burners' ana. 0.65, fila With
the double line burner.
El:am1JIation of the air f'lew pattern in the inlet uaiJlg a BIIIOk:e trac"
showed that in those experiments where there was a high rate, of discharge
of hot air beneath the aurtain a vortex existed between the inf'lowiJlg and
outflowing air streams (fig. 5).
This sometimes led to an overestimate
of the rate of flow of. air into the model as the non-direational anemameter
measured the speed of the air in the vortex instead of, the mean hor:l.llontal
velooity.
'
The aoeural:\Y of the experimental measurements of air :flow and tlllllperature may be estimated _by oompar:l.ng values of' the heat passing tbroush the
vent oalculated in two different way.,.
(a)
(Qt) lass the heat discharged under the edge of the curtain ~Q); Q is obtained,
:f'rom measurements of air temperature andSVelooi'-r beneath the
ourtaino
(b)
.9.v: =
~ - Qa
~__
( 1 )
r-
Q' v=
'l_ C (M - M)
'-lip
is
(2)
The rate of flow of heat through the v-ent could. not be' obtained'from
the temperature and velooity of the air flow through the vent because the
anEllllometer calibration was uncertain at' the high air temperature existing
there.
However, the above comp~n shows that the vent heat :flow Dan
be obtained :f'rom measurEllllents of' a:!,ll! velooity and temperature beneath the
curtain without systematio error exoept that aome very high values of Q'
were obtained.
These are attributed to the difficulties in measuring tKe
air input due to the vortex desaribed in the 'previous section.
Beeauae
the first method ilWolves fewer measured quantities in the air streams, it
has been assumed that it is more reliable than the seoond method.
:
,.'
..
1'ABLB 2
.:.
'-
,
Curtain
depth
Vent area'
-,
"
ta2
in.
tD4
*Rate' of
air~t
41scltarp,
of air -.
n/ts,
16
12
24
..
,~
"
..
H
I
16
24
,I
40
H
I
"
"
:.1
:I
16
H
I
H
24-
40
.,
,',
.:- ;.
..
,,'
..
~~~~'_f~ 1IIll~UI:ements
H
I
of-
0.26
0.36
0.29
0.40
0.35
0.01
0.03
0
0.01
0.03
0
0.4-1
0.4-2
0.4-9
0.4-2
0.4-6
0.4-8
0.15
0.22
0.13
0.05
0.03
0.85
0.67
0.75
0.93
0.75
'0.80
0.51
0.53'
0.4-6
0~29
"
';
;40
.. 'I
..
0~07
0~55
.:j
wi.
"
0.28
0.23 fj
0.36 '
....
,
-,
"
-,
,~
"
340
354:
286
283
'243
_
'
0~28
-~';;_::,"'":.' s :".:,-.'
,: ._.,~:p:.::'l, .
0.37
0.35
0~74-
0.34-
Dear
ceili.DB
thrOu&h
"
.-
vent (by
din'erence) ,
uD4ercurtain
"
tt3/s:
Te.p,rature
.. - 41s~~'
of air \..'"
"'teof,
- Veftt poeitioft '
H: ever boater
I: near in1et
hate or
"
24.8
0.26 ~
0.20, '
0.36
0.37
0.4-3
0.4-1
299
308
279
262
232
241
0.340.11.
0.29
0.19
Q.4-1
0.25
183
183
191
180
165
176
-,
,.:
',: !,j,,,;
"
',I: .' .1
: '.'
"
" ;.
"
~.:
..'
';;.
,,
"
"
-... roo:
\' ,
,;:
"
,I
'
"
r
~':'
.\
..
:~
c,
,..
" ,
'-,"
z,
.,'
ve1ocit,-.
'"
'
~f;
'.: .
',
' .
..
. ...
'
o.
~ '~~
'
Both ~ -shap&.&Jd poaiti~n .-Of the vent had _op:).:y ~..aliiht effect on the
temperature -within the enolosure'"-ana. the heat,vented from it; 'there tended to
be sli-gh~mor-e discaar-ge beneath the curtain-when' the ,v~nt 'was near(itO'
These results are very-similar to those obtained in other experiments 1 -' 5).
4.
tsnm~
The foregoing experiments have. determined the heat-and air flow through the
vent and under the curtain.and the temperatures near ,the roo~ for ~ous oonfigurations of vent and curtain in a small scale -modelo
In this section a simple tbeor.Y'
is developed which enables these quantities to be predioted, i.l?- 'certain cases, from
the dimensions and geometry of the model and the size of the fire, and it is shown
that the experimental results are oonsistent with this theoryc> .
.
disclJ,a.rfl~
Co'efficients of
4.10
;'
"
..
In the following argument the pressure drop due to the loss of velocity
head of the inlet flow beneath the ourtain is negleoted..
This is juatif'ied
sinoe the layer of hot air beneath the gailing was at least 4 in. thick and
its temperature was of the' order of 180 F while the pressure drop across the
inlet was equivalent to a head of only about Oa2 in. of air at this temperature.
The rates of discharge of hot gas through the vent and under the curtain
may be calculated from the vertical distribution of temperature in the model.
by using Bernoulli's Theorem (Appendix I)..
It is, however, found that the
a.ctualdiacharge' measur-ed experim~tally is less than the theoretical by a
factor whj.g{l is known as the coefficient of discharge. . This is usually
0116 - 0 0 7l 6 ) but may vary with the size and shape of the orifice and the
velocity and orientation of the tlowo
. '.
"
. '.
Vv
..
(:.
Cd
= A 't/
.)0
00 0
To
against y.
This was done for several different conf'iBurat1ollBof vent and
ourtain (fig. 8), and by inspection of the graphs, it was found that to a first
approx:ima.tion
0 0 0 0 0,
"
(4)
V"
C=
d
0&0000000.
(5)
It' the velocity head of the gas in the upper part of the enolosure
may be neglected the ourtain behaves as an inverted weir. (Appendix)
;..-10 ~tl, ~) di
....,..... (6)
This equation was evaluated graphioally for a few. oases from' the
experimental temperature c11stributions and it was found that a s1a11ar
approximation to that given in the previous seotion,oould be uaed,if .
the bottom of the hot layer extended at least about 2 in~' beloW .the
. bottom of the ourtain.
Then as a first approximation .equation (6)
reduoes to
.
.
v
_
~.
C d'"
,.' 3 . ..
=
2
'd' -~2 /'
/2g "H'
.. -w
3.
o,.~.
<v
S/C' a
.,
"
.......
. : ,:. ~ .:,
f.
'
, .
".
~
(7)
was plotted against the measured volume disoharged over the edge
of the ourtain (fig. 10) . Again there is a large soatter, but there
,
is no systematio variation about a line correspcinc11ng to a value of 0~6"
for the' discharge coefficient, though two reSUlts in 'particular are of
doubtful value.
4.4. Rate of entrainment of air
The air flow through the vent and under t;he curtain may be oal-.
culated from equations (5) and (7) respectively provided that Qg and d
are known.
These latter quantities may be'calculated by oonsidering
the rate at whioh the hot air layer is replenished by the rising plume
of hot gas and entrained air from the burners (fig. 1.1)"
The effect
of the rate of input of coal gas in these experiments (0.0175 ft3/s) may
be negleoted, in oomparison with the muoh' greater rate of fJ,ow of air
into the hot layer.
The mass of air (14) entrained in a distanoe (H' - d) by hot gases
.riSing(ffOm a point source of heat may be obtained from a f01'l!liUa given
by Yih 2) which in our notation may be written
. ".
Il = 0.153 fH
.
Q g
C T
{fH
1i (H(-d/h
(8)
Sinoe the fire is not a point source a correotion may be introduoed '(')
based on the angle. of spread of the plume' as' suggested by .G,' I. Taylor 7
H~ = H +1.5 .;-;:;
. (9)
in equation (8)
'\I
(9u + T
. !.
6 . ,'i
..l =
,~?
c.2.
)..
. i'
?t
(11) .
0.000
1-
.,2
o
(~o p)"3 (gl' 0)"3 (H .a:)~
.
Since the effective area of the fire in these experiments was nOt oertain,
values of 9u calculated from eqy.ation (11) were plotted against a for a
number ofailbitrary values of H' and compared with the'experimental points
. plotted in the same graph (fig. 12). .:The most satisfactory agreeaent
. between theory and experiment was found i f HI,. was. taken to be 25 in~, which
gives At ,;, 21 'in2 from equation (9)."
ev
The depth' of the la,yer cit 'hotgas be!1eath the, ceiling is obtained by ,
equating, the mass of hot il.irentering the layer. to that disoharged thrOugh
the vl)nt and under the curtain (fig. 11). "
"
.When there is nodisc~rge under; the
ourt81n
,.
(12)
.11=11
and from
=c
equatio~ (8)~
fRy?g d~,i
"
' (13)
. To,'.,
" .
. '
Th~ relevant experiaientiu.result~ are oOllpared with equation (1J+) iD fig. 13."
Equation (14) will not apply if d}:1Io sinoe therato .of discharge of hot " .
il.ir beneath the ourt&1nJlust then be t8kenintoii.ocoUnt~ ,
, "
.,
:'
,,\....:..
.11 = ~ +
".
.'
"
............ (!,s)
lis
'
..
.. .
. .....
~
..
"
, ,7'
"
Cd A d
V
32 Cd~'
w (d - HO)
,
, """,
~
The relevant experimental results are oompared with equation (17) when
d).Ho and with equation (14-) when d(H in t'ig~ 14-.
The agreement
1:ie_n th~ory and praotice is very sa~isfaotory in view of the
approximatiom
made.
'
- ,
I:t there is no ve'nt open and all the heat is disoharged beneath
,the ourtain equation (17) reduoesto
'
':
'
"
"
2-
r.
"(;,,.
upder,ourtain- no vent
of
vent
Qv = Cd ~, eH fH C/'26 d
"
P.
T
.
'
9H
\,
. 5.
Applioations of theoq
..
A th~ory was developed. in the previous section .and it was ":fQ~nd, by experiment to apply to a particular model"
This section shows tha~ the theory may be
expected to apply to larger scales of the 'same mode1 and, in some. cases, to other
.shapes of.model~
.
:;.-v
,and' the
:X
..
..
',.'.:.'
,
..~
".:.
1~.
.,.' ',
. .' . :
. ~.
:~.'
.. .i,e ' ,*
(20) .
-, ',"-,
'
......
0'
Examples of equations similar to equatd.on (20r are (1) - (6) and similar t'o
(21) is (19).
Other equations can readi~'be shown to .be combinations.of
these two types.
From equations (20) and (21),.
\.'
< . '
.. ,.
.~'
(J"
.:J -x
L3
. 0 0 . 0 . ,
(22)
0 0
(23)
x,.oc. i!
TI
Li
~,
~. ~.r ~~: :~
r.
9
. '.:.::. I:
'
....
.....
\r,.-' -
. . . . .~~ .
'5.2. Fioor
...
are!
~
"
..
'Bquationa (1-13) do not oontain the term ,"floor area", so that noll1-
ve~ts
'
2", cll~
II=CdA;.d
, '
o;~ T (1 + ~
H
Cd d
,
" f
,
A.2~H
Av
=0.04-31c--2
""
, ....1
"
, .
T)
(24)
.,(25)
"
,To
,,'
Thus, it the size of the ,inlet is reduced so that TH' ~ cannot be neg, lected inoomparison with
the l~er of hot
,
'air will be
,
inoreaaod in thickness and hence from equation (11) its temPerature
will be higher.
A simple solution is also possible ,when it can ,be
assumed that,theCmQciol is fullCOf)hotgas at~'i. Thip Q~se has,bee~'
treated by Yokei 9) and Dyakov 10
There is ..vidence'11} that this "
approxi.mation can be used when a fire covers most of tho floor area
of',the model although it did not appear to hold for' the lf~rtments
reportedolsewhere with a large coal gas fire ,in a model\5)., These
experiments, therefore require some future 'oonsideration and this will
be:reported later.
6.
Conolusions
, The eiperiJllents .have shown that, the ehape of theverit is not important
and that it~poSiticn within a small curtained area is' oJu,y of aiilor iltPor,o,
tance 'provided that the hot lrlr does not have a suf'ficiently:highhon-'
Bonta! velooi1;y to cause e. tendoncy to overshoot the 'vent.
These quanti~ative resultsoolltirm. the qualitative results obtained by earlier experi_
ments using a',smoke tracer, and it can therefore be inferred that a Uletul
guide m~"be obtained from simple experiments with a smoke tracer.,
10
The layer of hot gas beneath'the oeiling 'can be, regarded as uniform in
and Bernoulli's ,theorem, together with' the theory of turbulent
plumes}oan be applied tO,estimate its depth and temperature.
This leads to
the following formulae for predicting the efficiency of a vent when the pressure drop across the inlet is negligible and the air flow 'is linear in a
horizontal plane!
temperatu~
(a)
0.6 A d 2",0.043
(H!'';'d)~
(fig. 13)
when d (H
O.~Ac
dt + O.4'd(d:'H )~ '" 0.043(Hic.)~(fig. 14)
, v
c'
-',,'
.:
6.5 Q,~3
.
(foCr)(gTsrt
,(c)
(HI-d)~
(fig. 12)
,"
When the
":" used,
O.
HI.
:)
...
. To .
,"
}l,
(fig. ,17)
!lV
..
~.
,"
"
"'.'
,"
'
"
:\
Fire
-.,'
.~
3.
Froc. 1st
4~
~IGMORE,
5.
6.
LEWITT,~. H.
TAYLOR, G. I.
The dispersal of fog from airfield runwil,ys. ed.
'WALKER, E. G. and FOX, D. A. Ministry of SupplY. London, 1946, p.230
et seq.
8.
BAKKE, P.
YOKOI, S.
A
construction.
No. 29, March
10.
DYAKOV, N. M.
Influence of area and space layout of building" ,
construction in relation to direction of fire spread.
Collected,
information on fire resistant'building construction. "'Central Research
Institute for Fire Protection, Moscow, 1958.
11.
.:
",'
_:'.3 ._
12
_'
Appendix I .
')
-, v. .....
i .
1.
,I
'
..
"
...~ . '.
:~
The' 'air .'is' regarded 'as being stationw.7 inside the 'model. :The ';p~iB'~'re' .
beneath the ceiling (PH) differs only slightly fro,m that. outs.ide ,the JI104el,.:{po}
so that it is possible to negleot the change in density of the air with 'pressure
on passing through the vent.
Bernoulli's ~quation (whioh.is given together with
examplfi)8' of. its . use in m8J'137 text books{ 6)} may then be ~itten in a simplified
form.
,,.:,
(26)
.
..
.'.
.
. . : .r'.
-~,
. ,'';'~.'~
~.'
-:
:.
"~
~~
f;:
't~
rl
e
e:i
.)
Ceiling
.PH
-:"1---
iI
l~j
.. '
"
doc-
Column of
air of ~t
oross section
,
]
:. <,
,.;.
",
'
..
Floor
Fig. 20
But
pr
r:
'oTo
==
P.a
a'
and T - T
=,G
._.
:.::. ~ "\
.':10:
,~
. .~
::
.\:~J
,"
. -
,'..
"'~
,.
.:~
.. ,r:,
"~"'''~r
........
', (30)
"".~
..
"""'
'-_-~I'
Now
c..
. . . . ".
(~1>,
explain~d
.~_
v .- Cd
~.);;: f9/T<\Y
.. ~! " .
',t
To
Disoharge
of hot air beneath. the ourtain (equation 6)
.
i
.
i
i
..
.....
Ceilins
Curtain
'(width w)
-. ".
- - - - I - -. - - - - -
I
I
Outside air
p
(,.)
:')
Floor
l'i6. 21
(1
. dV = Cd
\I
WT
dy
........... (32)
To
'i."
Vi'
r.
= CdJodV ..
. This 1s equation
i (J
C~ w'
. To
..
)dy
6~
,"
"
air
. .. ,
...
, (e9uati~n 24-) ,
-
"
A ~Pr.1I1~~~~ .. ~~er~ ot)~ot air of. tempera:ture Ta, densi ~~Pu; ~ depth ,'"i:
a <.(H - .ao > i8 assumed to exist be~eath 'the ceiling., The restUof. the .odel '
'90ntains UJ"
at T0 and D~o (Fig. 22).'
"
.
'
, '.
......;~'; ~:~,~.;~.
~..:,:i:-
,-
Ceiling
\,.;,
'
",' -
.J . ,
c;.
Outside
.~)
....
"
'.
,"
'air
"
~oin'l~
. . '.' ....
.-r....
~
..,
,--'1,.-
. . ~.~.
-- -
,U
-.' '~.
r""~_ ....,
-'''ri
'
H'
.
~-!--
'
-_:.-.;..--"
,
<.;
.:
,,'
'.:
..
---.0-1...........;._'--
~.-
'f1
t1
Pressure
distribution
~sid8
model'
I,
..
Appendf!II
1'.
Fis.'22
, l' +'H'2g
1V
.,
<,>.
0,
....
t,
,_
=ta
and tor air entering through the inlet beneath the ourtain
.......
,
,
t) ~d)
: 0
I h
+ (J
.3!L
2g
'(3~)
,ftJ - fl, =
But
PH
.2
~H.lL +
2g
eo 2g'*'~
,?.
(35)
~Ft ~ (. eo - eH)d
eo,To
'9,
...........
= ,~ TH'
= TH -
(36)
(37)
........ , (8)
To
Vi 8D~ Vv OaD Qe obtained in terms .of:~~he,~&88 flow (M) and the area, of ~
vent and i~et (A", and Ai)' s~poe._, ."..
I
~ - ,~.::.
.:
_,
"
_.~.
"
,.'
:f
_<' _ :
,":
. '
.;,. -a_;;
..
~. (4-9)
!L
-t
r";
",
,.:
D9t cUtter
>
C ~d.
and
~d ,"nle~ .40
.A.,
~-
. e-.-.
(2;)
.2
'\
{1 +!L TH ~
"-... . AV2To.'"
-
;L'. "
,I
.v
(~)
be derived
28 :49ft
+,."
....
-,
"
":
. .,
..
,1.
."
......
'.~:"
"
"
.;
'
I
.~. -! . :
..
.;
.......
. '.:
"
.''''
-1/3578
F.R.419
Roof tray
Depth
of curtain
Roof tray
1,90,100,110
I
2 3
x90
of curtain
-5
I
I
6 7
x eo
I
.1
)(6
Depth
x1
10
I(
8,11
xl2
1
.l
t -
)(5
10 II
r1-----1...~----------J
Probe
ELEVATION
xl4
ELEVATlON
I-thick glass fibre
I
I
x "90
I
I
'I
1
I
x 100
x r -'11
x 110
-15
I
1
.~ J 90-12
,
-x2
"x
-x
)(14
)(10
-Vent
)(6
-j
-I
PLAN
PLAN
II
1
FIG.2A. LINEAR
BURNER
~G"
0'
CI5
Jets
BURNER
- - - - - - . 2' - - - - - -~l
,!
. +t
; _ \L
-+
4-
...
.... +
+! \
rantail burners
.+
1\
,.....
...
'" "
----.,..-.-.-,.-~~
----..-...
~C"~
--.R.~Pidiy movin~
~
"
'
Olr
"
'
Slowly moving
air
" I
F'IG.3. TO
11 3 58 1
F.R 419
----:l----:::::::::::===-EE:ddiOcgeZ"Oiof curtain
o
l!J
UJe
> .-
~I
<{~
llJ
~...J
IZ
,,UJU-
IO
-ln -Out
05
05
15
:e - -.....
&
Hot air
'W
'I-
---
~>
""0
2-0
-:
-- l/
.V
........
O~
0: 0
lJ..~
'5
~a:
...
["T"
+
+
LLl <t:'
>lL
IO
l?
I' 0
::>LLl
" 0 a::
c!=>
\Dill
J:~
.... 0::
.~ ~g~
l11'
Ill!
.5 /
'LLuJ"r
~=
<to =!
I-
WZ~
IdJ
()
r-o
05
2 5
20
1-5
-2
VENT
AREA - sq in.
Circular
Distributed
burners
burners
24
16
40
16
40
24
8
12
- -+
+
Ii
++
OF Ov WITH, O~
FIG.6, COMPARisON
18
J.
12
0::
lL.
IJ.J
()
co
lI
cczillng
.
/'
16
/'
----~
.:
-I
I/
- -
--_._-Hot layer
EdglZ of
curtain
- -
---.-
Mixing layer
-I-
-- -
-- -
Cold lover
I
I
100
200
300
400
o
DISTRIBUTION
Hot
layer
c
~
a:
......
'-'
q~
CO<;~~~*~~~~~~~~~~4L~----JLEdge
of
cu rtoin
l.1J
beo
Mixing
loyer
I-
J:
llJ
::r
Cold
layer
05
0'1
OF
/'
-+-
-V
I-/
/. A+
*
.>
-/'
.~
,.~
/'
51+
3r:/'
2
/'
1.- /
i/
0'/
.r>
-it-
02
03 0'4 0'5 06 '07 08 09 .',0
C;:ALCULATED RATE OF DISCHARGE THROUGH VENT- ft 3/5
(UNCORRECTED FOR DISCHARGE COEFFICIENT)
<,
Discharge coeficient of 07
12
C""J
--+
-+
+ '+
a:
~
(J')
-
...
III
O~
I.
'-'-1'
ll--
1
Wz
~-
~~
tr:
O~
0 5.----.,.--+--
wU
0::
:Jet
(J')LLJ
iJ50
~5
CALCULATED
RATE OF DISCHAR<;;E
(UNCORRECTED
BURN~P.
DOUBLE LINE
,
UNDE~
J
CUP.TAIN _ft / s
CURTAIN
CIRCULAR
1-0 ---05
VENT AREA ~
DEPTH ""':'in
I
.
.
16
24
-4;-
sq in.
40
---
._- 1 - - - - -
---
~~ entrolned by
rising column of
hot gas (M)
Burner.
\ I
Effective
/'W'
point source
RIG.
II.
---1
r%
<D
fZ
"-"
(8
8b
2/. =
375
3
(HI_d)~3
h+500)
where HJ-H+!-S
dJ
~
24
fAf
.~
300l-------t------t---~~
I
26 "':r
>
odJ
<{
19
Z
:J
2001t---
--:---
- t ---'7" --7""0-"----:*":.......-7""'--
...,....-l
w
u
W
I
f-
a::
IOOI~-----+-------t----____j
a:
c!
W
Q.
O''------;;-----~:-----~
f-
et
CURTAIN DEPTH-in
16
24
--+
--
12
FIG,12, TEI\~PERATURES
-4-
~~
a:
40
-.r-,
c
0"
~.
<,
a:
oJ:
~O'6
Av -
~
2
I'--
I..L
o
I
b:w
-0
10
VENT AREA
ttl
a>
.t.n
('t')
40
30
20
(Av) -
in 2
r't1c.rI-JAor::c-
111\.1r'tl:'D
rIIDT!l.II\.I\
so
c r<.,
,
--a:
'0
---~
0
~
", ......
9
o
I
8 in. c urto: n
I'- -,
<,
........
......
........ ~
\J..
---
'0:
w
~
~dge of
x.-
.=
...... ......
'U
:I:
J:
-- ti:
8
...J
Iz
U.
~
c::
o
I
0-
20
10
30
40'
50
06
Av d~
=0'043(2S-d)51
0 Curtain d~pth 8 in.
FIG,14. DEPTH
075
,......
-:t
9. 5
>
.>:
~
B
0
,
::J
025
w
o
a:
.~
'U
!J1
10
20
30
40
50
o Experimental points
~
.~.
075
::>
c!
<{
' O'~-----+-----'''''''-:---+---e-
u,
I,
' . 10
15
,..,.., ...,.
/~
'
-;- 1"'"
-:-
"-
.d
/
- -
1/
I
~
-5
/
/
/
0
"
/
/
/.
'5
0,
->
'
V,x
)(
'
10
20
30
,
VENT AREA
CURTAI~
DEPTH ~in
40
'
i,,~
(Av ) -
EXPEP..IMENTAL
POINTS
THEORETicAL
LINES
(see section 4-9)
,
FIG.
17
HE:AT
----
VENTED
50
Vtr:t area
.. _- ..,.
"~'--'--
..
--,..-~._---.
.1
-I
,
- t - - - - - + - - - - --I
t-----t-------
?CO
EFFECTIVE' AREA
9F
'250
..'
-1/3589
F.R 4f9
Vent
in
.-
-~
out
VELOCITY
Theoretical velocity
distribution in inlet
PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION
IN MODEL