Diagnostic sections in PM's 40th annual Car Care Guide show you how to find the causes of your car problems. DESIGN AND Equip YOUR ‘OWN DREAM GARAGE SO YOU CAN DO ANY JOB.1961 Tots Mae Sen. USA MX) COV) 3 ees YOU ONLY KNOW ITS A DIESEL AT THE PUMR The Toyota Diesel Truck. It won't remind you it'sa diesel when you start it on cold momn- ings. The dependable Toyota Diesel has two heavy duty batteries for extra cranking power! | No other small diesel truck does. | And youwon'tknowit'sa diesel by listening | as you drive. The Toyota Diesel hasafabric/rubber 1_ timing beltand special underhoodinsulation, so ‘you hardlynotice the engine at highwayspeeds. e Toyota Diesel also has the features you want as standard equipment. Like a 5-speed overdrive transmission. A 7-foot cargo bed, not 6foot like some. And a separate, rug- ged frame (like an 18-wheeler has} so Toyota's Diesel Truck carries a full 1100 pound payload, The Toyota Diesel Truck. I's rated at 38 EPA Estimated Highway MPG,GI)EPA Estimat- ed MPG. Remember: use this estimate for comparisons of other small trucks with manual transmissions. Your mileage may be different depending on speed, trip length and weather conditions. Actual highway mileage will prob- ably be less than the EPA "Highway Estimate” The Toyota Diesel | js Truck. Tough. Fuel- A efficient. Dependable. You only know it’s a diesel when it saves you money!ft Ht A = B Hep hyrneth CONTENTS. 55 se Cover: 1982 Pontiac Firebird in PM's Dream Garage. SECTION 1. HARD STARTING “Why Won't My Engine Start?” SECTION2, ROUGH IDLE “Why Is My Engine Like A Bucking Bronco?” SECTION 3. POOR FUEL ECONOMY “Why Do I Get Such Lousy Mileage?” SECTION 4. LACK OF POWER “Why Doesn’t My Engine Have Any Get-Up-And-Go?” SECTIONS. ENGINE MISFIRE “Why Does My Engine Miss On Acceleration?” SECTION6. PING ANDKNOCK “Why Does My Egle Sound Like It’s Going To Self-Destruct?” SECTION 7. ENGINE DIESELING “why Does My Engine Run On After | Turn It Off? SECTION 8. ENGINE HESITATION “Why Does My Engine Balk When I Step On it?” SECTION 9. ENGINE CUT-OUT “Why Is My Engine Cutting Out?” SECTION 10. ENGINE SURGES “Why Does My Engine Power Vary So Much?” SECTION 11. WHEEL VIBRATION “Why Do My Wheels Feel Like aan Going To Shake Off The are SECTION 12. WHEEL WANDER “Why Do My Wheels Have A Mind Of Their Own?” SECTION 19. LOSS OF BRAKES “Why Am I Losing Braking Power?” SECTION 14. DIESELNO-START “Why Won't My Diesel Engine Start?” Prepared by the editors of Popular Mechanics, with technical art by Jef Mangiat, Ed Lpin 8k and Fred Wolf. Photos by George Ancona. Car Care Guide designed by Don Mannes. OIL LEAKS? DRIVEWAY AND GARAGE FLOOR OIL STAINS ARE MESSY AND DOWNRIGHT DANGEROUS!!! ‘Thousands of car owners have solved this problem by using wynn's engine ‘stop-Leak Wynn's Engine stop-Leak 's.a special blend oF chemicals designed to help correct external engine oil leaks resulting from dry or shrunken rubber seals, gaskets, O rings, ete,It isn't easy or cheap, but once DRE ee ee ee ek De RR Bu et aC hat does your mechanic have that you don't? What is it that makes him able to tackle a job you might be reluctant to do yourself? Other than the accumu- lated experience of working on cars every day of the week and profes sional training, his big advantages over the weekend mechanic are tools and a place to work. You can compensate for his HOW) Design And Equip advantage in training and expe- rience because you probably only have one or two cars to learn about. You can get to know your car better than any mechanic possibly could, simply because you live with it and have the time to read the shop manuals in depth. The other advantages—tools and a place to work—aren't as easily overcome. if you live on the 40thYour Own Dream Garage heat from a 12,000-BTU Kero-Sun floor of a high-rise and can't afford to rent, or even find, a two-car garage, you're preity much out of luck. But, if you do have a garage, your battle is 80 percent won Here's how we did it. We started with the shell of a garage. The stone concrete walls were bare, the wooden, pyramid- shaped roof was uninsulated, and the floor had 20 years' worth of dirt and grime compacted by a thick coating of oil drips and grease spills. The only available light was from a 60-watt bulb that barely cast a shadow on its best day. The first thing to go in was the root insulation. We used a six-inch layer of fiberglass with an R19 value. That took less than half a day to install and cost $151, including the staples for the staple gun. With kerosene heater, the garage manages to stay comfortable, even when the outside temperature dropped below freezing with a wind-chill factor of well below zero. It wasn't exactly toasty warm, but at least your hands didn't stick-freeze to the tools. If you've got a low, flat roof on MAY 1962127If you think STP is think again. STP was bom on the racetracks of America. STP— The Racers’ Edge®—throughout the worid. And from that discipline... where performance is all that counts. .. STP brings Performance Products to your car. Where performance is all that counts, too. jpsblh Performance Products. Designed to hel you get the best out of your carfora lang, long time. In the world's racetracks. On the world's roads. Wherever performance counts. STP is there. Satisfaction guaranteed. 1. STP Ol TREATMENT, Even the best motor oils begin to breek down lose their protective properties as you drive. Important lubricating additives begin to weaken under the high engine heat of everyday driving. That's where STP Oil Treatment comes in. It gives your oi! muscle. STP ‘special polymers flex with heat... strengthening the film between vital moving parts, just where its needed. And STP adds aspecil ant/-vear, anti-oxidant agent for — 4 better lubrication. = Introducing STP "4" Because 4cylinderengines work harder, rev higher and can run totter. in \ to reduce oi thinning and fight oi brea down indoeylinder engines. Whenever you change or act oil, get STP Oj) Treatment... original or new'¢cylinder for mulas. And give your oil muscle. 2. sr FUTERS. Yhe STP Double Oil Filter is the state of the art inoil fiters. Quite simply, ‘sa filter within a filter Two firters to clean your oil more effectively than one. Each and every filter is individually tested to help give you high performance. The STP Air Filter helps keep your carburetor clean by protecting it from. airborne dirt and grit So you get better performance and better mileage. For high-efficiency filtration, use STP Air filters. Snon mE Corpo er enecoe Pome eee tomeronly for racing cars.. 3. ‘STP PROTECTOR /BEAUTIFIER. STP Protector |Beautifier, __with its exclusive “Sunscreen formula, protects your car’s vinyl, leather and rubber surfaces from fading, drying and cracking. It actually screens out the sun’s harmful ultra- violet rays, STP Protector Beautitier helps keep your car in —_ showroom condition. ~ ‘4. stp GAs TREATMENT. Tune-up your gas". with STPGas Treatment...nomatter what grade gasoline you're using. Used regularly, it keeps water rom building up in your tank, helps clear your entire fuel line, cleans your carburetor, saves gas... For better performance and better mileage get STP Gas Treatment. 5. anp OTHER PERFORMANCE PRODUCTS. The lineup goes ‘on and on... Carburetor Cleaner, Diesel Fuel Treatment, PCV Valves, Breather Elements, Foaming Engine Degreaser, Motor Oil and more. All consumer-proven. All satisfaction guaranteed or your money back Ht the brand name is STP you'll get proven performance. Depend on it. —=Depend on STP proven performance. gpur dream garage started out as a nightmare (inset, right), Like many garages, itwas just dead storage for things that should have been junked years before. The workbench that we fabricated ourselves (above) goes together like an Erector set. I's cheap, versatile and can adapt easily to any special requirements that you have. DESIGN YOUR OWN DREAM GARAGE (c: your garage, the R19 and heater combi- ‘ation will probably allow you to work in your shorts. If you've got an 18-foot-high, peaked celling like ours, we'd suggest ‘something we tried—installing a 10-inch fan on the roof to blow the hot air that's trapped up there toward the floor. 130. POPULAR MECHANICS ued tam page 127) The next step was to install 23 cleats ‘and wiring. The cleats were no probiem, ‘going in with a hammer and concrete fails. The wiring took a certain amount of plaming. We knew exactly what power tools we wanted and how much current they would draw. We also had to figure ut ahead of time how big the tools were and where we wanted them, ‘The major pieces of equipment we wanted were an air compressor, dil press, arc welder, bench grinder and a sanderigrinder. Since all these too's would be coming right out of the Sears catalog, it was justa matter of looking up the dimensions and current requirements, and figuring out on Paper the most space-efficient way of placing the tools in the 20 by 20-foot garage space we had. ‘Once we knew where the tools would go and where we wanted to run the 220- volt and 110-volt ines, we were then able ‘oinstall the BX cable and terminal boxes. At the same time, we ran the lines for the fluorescent lights. We were determined to make this garage as bright as possible and went toa ite overkill. We used three B-foot sections of fluorescents, plus a small 4foot cection mounted over the workbench. With all that light, we now don't even need a trouble light, no matter how deep we go into a car's innards. ‘Atterthe cleats, cable and terminal box- s were installed, we put in a 1-inch laver The sanderigrinder sits on an extension built onto the end of the workbench. I's an invaluable device for deburring metal.Hard to believe It's the same garage. Here's one corner before (inset, left)—and after (above). Before buying the tools, you cen heve an Insulated, wel-ighted and heated garage {or about $500. The fire extinguisher (on the wall) is a necessity. We've got three handy for ‘any emergency. This one is located near the arc welder. We gave it two coats of primer and two Sleais, This insulation rated at 4 and coats of oftwhte eemigiose. The combi: Goes a credtable jd of Keeping the chil ration ofthe white wails and the lighting from penetrating the sione wal gave us a dazzling bright garage that’s We spent $45 forthe Styrofoam insula- very comfortable to work in tion, $60 for the BX 12-gauge cable and terminal boxes and $120 for tne ight fix: Beyond hand tools tures. Local ordinances may vary, so. When your goal is near- check your utity company before nook: total solf-eutficency, the ing up the wiring. In New York we had to have the ob inspected by a cetited elec trician before the utlty company installed the meter. ‘Once the Insulation ard elecrical system wore installed, we had to choose wall pancling A wood-graned veneer pane! would have looked good, but Snce this would de a. no-non- sense workhorse of a garage, we wanted. something durable and Cheap. It had to be strong enough to handle the shelves full of pars tools and cabinets we need to hang on the wall and take a coat of pai Parcieboard was the tinal choice. It was cheap ($12 for a 4x8-t. sheet), fond hae etood up exceptionally woll of Styrofoam insulation between the Fine measuring instruments, such as the dial indicator at right, are critical for checking minute dimensions.Oe RGR BCE SOUR a COC COIN OCcgeo Learnt em Cone Loe RU coo eee Cote e cleo back from Simoniz. Street testing on new and The SIMONIZ SuperPoly line is designed cs cars proved it to us. Long-lasting water Om Um een eer Nmekec a hoon rea gmee aay aca aon Cee Senne aomett mttaer Other innovative car-care products that bond to your car's finish to in the SuperPoly line, Poly Glaze eer ee enti eaenese tet ts shine renewer, 10 Minute Pre-Wax NUS ocee i Rec Cae ea Ae em nsnce ahs Le TAU ES Me Serica acon n Mota oc een ass against the street. Give your cara poly-coating. But SuperPaly is sof (@ == tough that it's guaranteed to out fighting chance with the SuperPoly Peres moun see et Sree eet onsite SIMONIZ. The Perfect Finish. Simonia"anid"SuperPaly"are trademarks of Union Carbde Curporation, Danbury, CT 06817First three construction steps: 1. Cleats, BX cable, terminal bores installed; 2. Insulation being trimmed: 3. Adhesive being applied to insulation. DREAM GARAGE ‘most complete set of hand tools alone will leave you far short of your mark. You ‘need power tools to bridge the gap. With that in mind, the frst item on our list was anair compressor. We used a Sears 3-hp Unit that allows usto run air tools, power a sandblaster and spray paint, as well. We also got a sandblasting kit to go with the compressor. ‘Next up was an arc welder, also right out of the tool catalog. It isn'ta tool that you'll use every day, but i's worth its weight in Krugerands when you need to fabricate something that's otherwise un- available or expensive. For inetanco, wo used it to weld up a frame for a press. A two-ton hydraulic car jack boted up inside ‘our fabricated frame gave us a really uso- ful hydraulic press which can dive wrist pins in a piston, bend bar stock or squeeze tho shatts out of a manual trans- mission, Ail press speaks oritsetf. Witha few accessories, like a miling table, iting ‘Dil press with indexing-table accessory will otyou fabri- ccate custom pieces like vented brake rotors. Bench grind- ¢r (below lft) will repair drill bits, polish and grind metal. ‘Ait compressor (below) will sandblast metal, paint 2 car, ‘clean parts and drive 2 host of alr tools. MAY 1982 133,table and an indexing accessory, you can make virtually anything you can dream up. We've drilled brake discs, bored out valve guides and made up @ custom alu- minum dash panet with it One piece of equipment that's inds- pensable is a parts washer. The one in our garage came from Buck ‘Supreme and it’s made specifically for the home garage. I's big enough to hold a complete two-cyl- inder motorcycle engine or acylinder head from a V8. We use mineral spirits for solvent with a 120°F. flash Point. One neat safety feature of the parts washer is a fusible link in the prop rod that holds the lid open. In ase of a fire, the link meits ang the lid shuts over the basin Our othar pieces of power equi ment include a sandergrinder and a bench grinder. These are excellent for repairing screwdriver tips and drill bits, deburring metal, grinding small bevels and, with a buffing wheel attached, leaning up or shining aluminum cast- ings, chromed parts or stee! pieces. The investment for all this equipmentis Parts cleaner (below) is great for degress- ing dirty parts. Low-cost unit is made for home garage. A sturdy tool cabinet (right), luke this unit, Keeps all tools handy. sizable. There are alternatives, however, that could save dollars. PM plans are available, forinstance, for an ait compres- sor, milling table, boring machine and a small drill press Diagnostic equipment Ail the tools in the worid won't help unless you can find the source of a prob- lem. As this year's Car Care Guide points cut, the name of the game from now on isIf old ler cote you're in luck. PE CEPVUA EG UU AC WEF ET oe" “gs ea sey —198076 504”, 360” 2 bbl engines, all transmissions, 6 Cyl.—1970-76 25. 58" 1bbL engines, all transmissions. BUICK. 8 Cyl.—1970-76 350'.455" 2 & 4 bb. engines, all transmissions. 6 Cyl.—1968-75 250" 1 bbl. engines, all transmissions. 1978 251" 2 bbl. engines, all transmissions. CHEVROLET 8 Cyl.—1968-76 527"-454" 2 & 4 bi. ‘engines, all transmissions. 6 Cyl.—1965-74 250", 250" 1 bbl. engines, all transmissions. ‘4 Cyl.—1973.77 140" 2 bbl. engines, ai! transmissions. DODGE/CHRYSLER/PLYMOUTH 8 Cyl.—1970.77 318-440" 2 & 4 bbl. engines, all transmissions. 6 Cyl.—1969-77 170'-225" 1 & 2 bbl. engines, all transmissions. 1979-80 1.7 litre 2 bbl engines, all issions. FORD/MERCURY 8 Cyl.—1962-77 289':400" 2 bbl. engines, all transmissions. 6 Cyt.—1965-77 170", 200” (Incl, 2800cc) 1 & 2 bbl. engines, all transmissions. 4 Cyl.—1971-74 1977 2000cc, 2500cc 2 bbl. engines, all transmissions. OLDSMOBILE 8Cyl.—1975-77 550’-455" 2 & 4 bbI. engines, all transmissions. 6 Cyl.—1968-76 251", 250” 1 & 2 bbl. engines, all transmissions. 4Cyl.—1976-77 140" 2 DDL engines, all transmissions. PONTIAC B Cyl 1067-78 305'.485" 2 & Abbi. engines, ail transmissions. 6 Cyl.—1970-78 251", 250" 1 &2 bbl. engines, all transmissions. 4 Cyl.—1975-77 140", 151" 2 bbl. engines, all transmissions, TOYOTA 4 Cyl.—1975-77 1600cc 2 bbI. engines, all issions. If your car isn’t on this list, you're still in luck. There is an ECONOMASTER brand Standard Replacement carburetor for your car. can restore your {fs there, then there's an ECONOMASTER® brand Fuel Economy carburetor that can improve your car's gas mileage from 5 to 10 ppercent* depending on engine. How's cco oo car's original performance. ‘The ECONOMASTER brand Fue! pace Datars Becsony crburctr & the any 11955 East Nine Mile Road, replacement carburetor desig Warren, Michigan 48090. to deliver improved fuel “Actual ae oes id “Actual economy may vary due to exrery Me eae — ‘pplcaen, eng and diving ports in the catburetors cen OG deg habe E = os ‘Registered Trademark conditioning. And an exclusive lle F el Efficie vane-style booster venturi for Makes better fuel atornization. Plus two- ' y u ne slage power vaives for improved mid-range efficiency. So you can put that old guzzler on a dict Fast. Holley Replacement Parts Division Colt Industries ©wi Gee ee So ee | GET UP TO $9.50 BACK ON MOTORCRAFT PRODUCTS, AND A CHANCE TO a ee ee ail) Now get up to a total of $9.50 in refunds on spark plugs, tune-up kits, air fillers, oil fil ters, oil, and wire sets. On Re Cmenme tae ORCS On Mme ce se eOMC Ee Merce Mesa Recher een eg Celok rete irra eee ES UC re es aT} Cee ete em ene eros rece ae eet eee Tens) mR mes Tees oem TSE el) oe ered ON nM reer) Ttrete ns CS e ae ee tere Cee travel clocks. Refund and sweepstake: Ties nS SPS ey Sm er ete Memes Tee Pe eRe ke Coe Sree rare Cerer) ) iwiDREAM GARAGE (Coninued trom page 134 diagnostics. Briefly, these are the diag- ‘nostic tools that we'e stocking in our garage. From Dixson inc. we've got digital vol ‘ohm and tachidwell meters. These are compact, handheld units that are great for 4 quick spot check. For more elaborate diagnostics, we've gota Sun Electric diagnostic kit that includes a timing light, compression tester and electronic box thatlets you check everything from simple timing to more elaborate electronics irou- Diesnooting. The whole kit comes in a sturdy plastic suitcase. The other pieces of test equipment we've stocked are the more common vac- uum gauges, vacuum pump, fuel-pump pressure taster, cooling-system analyzer, dial indicator, verrier calipers and a few special tools that will apply only to some For instance, there will soon be intro- duced on the market a handheld tester specitically made to checkoutall ne elec- tronics of the GM 3C computer. If you dont have a 3C on your car, obviously you won't need it, but the same type of specialized equipment exists for other makes of cars. See the list for addresses the end of this article. Security eyetome Whether or not you have as many tools a8 we do, your shop could be a target for thieves. We went a litle overboard on this because we've stocked ours so well. The first line of defense is @ pager trom Micronics. Thisis an automobile unit pow- ered from a 12-volt transformer plugged intothewall. I's merely atiny microphone screwed into the garage door (trom the inside) which detects the noises of some- ‘one tampering with the lock If it hears ‘something, it transmits a signal through @ four-watt transmitter which seis off a beeper you carry with you. Depending on terrain, the transmitter's range is one to three miles, ‘Our second line of defense is another car alarm, a motion detector, which Is activated ‘by the garage door being opened. This is also run by 2 12-vot transformer and ectivates a 125-decibel siren The third line of defense is a Radio ‘Shack ultrasonic alarm which senses ‘motion in the garage itself. We set it up to dotect motion in the erea starting al one {oot inside the garage door. This detector activates @ siren plus two KC Hilites, Which are offsoad driving ights. They produce 385,000 candlepower each. We ‘SUPPLIERS—DREAM GARAGE ‘Ale compronse, cil prea, are welder, banch grinder, ‘sonaogrinac, rund tos toorcabeet Sou, Pee Bite and Co, Sere Tower Cneag,t 6807 Parts washer But Super, 361 Wet Daman Pe ‘Base Cok Mich #9016 ugar See Race Sach, 180 Tandy Caner, Fort ‘Worn, 15102 icons itrtonl rs, 2056 Eat UnPaina Ave. Arahen, Cat e806 ‘Airtel, pome toon Bia & Deo, 70! Eas Joppa Highintnaty ght KC Hes, Wasama, A 6646. ‘Tort wrenches, mie ts, nat vars Vaso Pouce, 7510 Sols Sea. Nombroce, S02 = and ool —Ingeret an, Pato Tol Ov, 8077, 2600 ‘East Nuwood Ave Futon Cal S281; RO Marat ‘mga, 53 eptra Ro, Laces Pa 17008 Sue mt Yoo Go, 4150 Fox St. Done, Cab. 60216 Dlagnoute equipmant Sun Elocrc Cop. 1560 Tene PerGan Jose Cat 9519; Onsen. Atom Ow Box ‘Ware, plane, cnenos, eaters —sohrson Wax, SC. ans & Sov fan Wis 340% mera rasa, Boe 16000, bn, Call 92713: Meguars. Box 17177, Wve Cat eerie ey Pom Genome & Co, wonngen (Ba 9006: tayir Mase Presta 200 Weat Marat S ‘Reon ono ats tested them prior to installation and we were able to pick up airplanes at night fy- ing around 10,000 feet. On level ground. they have a range of four miles. FM MAY 1982 137Teele (GONK) Fast Action —_/ HAVOLINE vemos Wh: ‘Wanrs) Stops Leaks Liquid Wrench? acts on car f ll-ciimate lubrication pro- __Penetrates instantly to free Special blend formula. stops bon, corosin.s-0218 88 | tectsenginesathightempers- frozen metal parts, stop rust engine cil leaks, revitalizes Professional formula removes | tures. prevents engine wear, and corr rubber gaskets and seals. Die Qreaseandoilfrombartecues. | carhon.ruet 10W20-0t. “BE mosture solver deposits to free parte, floors, mowers.16-02.f01 1.89 | 150rebatewhen youbuySqts. shorts. -0z spray. ill 1. reduce noise. 11-02.50619 1.68 from the Bright New Ideas In Headlights Popular Halogen Plus sealed beam headlamps givemore light fromthe same Maintenance-Free Battery Power Premium 60-month car battery provides fast ‘even slarting power plus maximum cold cranking power in the roughest weather Easy to inspect, never Needs waler under normal criving conc tions. Available in sizes to fit most popular cars. 54.99 numberof watts High orlow beam Tightsavaiiable inround orrec- ‘and lowbean fordoublelight ‘option in round ‘rectangular sizes. SOOO MESSAESLADIESU, AP codyrepar Rally. onestep turtle Fast Finish Body filer repairs scratches, High performance polymer ‘Minute Wax" gives your cara re donte,holee BLx! 229 bonde'to ear’ finch to clean, hard ehell finioh that acto and ‘Sprays on, wipes off to clean, Fiberglass resin resurfaces protectand shine. Choose 16-_‘lasts without waiting or rub- brighten and condition ties, cracks, leaks, ruste areas in Oz. liquidor 4-02 paste. Each bing, Simply spray on and rubbermats.3202-555..2.29 wood&metaltoo.Pt.i0! 3.69 4,89 less $2 rebate. ssoW1%, wipeotf.18-02.115......3.98 {OTE & COMPANY, tPA ne as ino sey on 6D Trea re embers won Ro ss. cs eee ho anes Beas peboeg Tti Quality Oils for Every Engine 4OCTITE Adhesives 2-cyele outboardoilforclean exhaust. ....4.49 B-oz.....48€ Permanently bonds rear view High pressure air pump in- 2-cycle ollisBlA-certfiedforhigh-h performance. Qt... 4.69 —_—_mirrortowincshield. lis? 4.69 lates tires, atts, boats, Bard Chainoilkeepssawsworkingsmoothly.Gal. 5.49 Gi..1.49 Auto Trim adhesive bonds em shocks, sports balls, more. ‘cycle motor oi for mowers, motorbikes, enerators.O..... 1.9 ems, moldngs, bumper im Has long hose, two adapters ChanSawolreducesenginewear Qt... ..1.49 6-02... AB ——pactsiripstast Owis.. 1.88 easy-read dial ‘93 ‘Special prices good thru June 5 (ree witnany purchaseat parteipating FrueVaive Power Pal™ Compressor Put Mileage Back Versatilenew power Into Your Motor source brings High performance air professionalhelpto dovit yourself jobs. Just plugin, attach ‘accessories 1 caulk, paint, staple inflate, more.wisito ... 128.98, ‘Accessory kit contains blowgun, sprayer, caulk canister andpower hancle. wot... 22.99 fitersandoilfilters offer simpledo-ityourself savings! Theyareprecl- sion designed tore- ‘duceharmfulcontami- rants that can shorten ‘engine lfe. Change regularly improve ‘on gas mileage. In ‘Szestofiimastamer- ieancars JURE Fights Rot MON) SureFirers @ XeczSESSEsOnTime mHow Penetrates Polymer formula penetrates Replace worn spark plugs ‘Electronic digital clock is crys- «Multipurpose 3-oz. lubricant inv, rubber. leather to help _yoursell to save money. get ia quartz accurate with bull. with Tellon reduces friction & Breventrot 8-07-1100. 1.88 mileage, smooth engine. _—inalarm, boldeasyread Gsplay wear, shields against rust, Al purpose cleaner removes --Regularplugs.each ....1.09 of time and cate. Installs easily _‘frees rozen mechanisms. Now Girt grease, 16-02 3010 1.49 Resistor-type,each |..1.45 ——withoutwiring. 2 .,..17.9B 1.88 less a $1 factory rebate,CLOGGED FUEL FILTER CRACKED VACUUM LINE FAULTY ELECTRONIC- IGNITION MODULE stuck PCV VALVE FAULTY EGR VALVE (ON INTAKE iANIFOLD) INCORRECT FAULTY COIL CABLE CHOKE ADJUSTMENT (ON CABURETO s a man sere Faulty parts or adjustments that cause a no-start problem are detailed here. In the following sections you'll earn how to find them on your car 140 POPULAR MECHANICSeye hoye aol) CORRODED BATTERY TERMINALj De ee ed Pet TET tel Tell CO ae ee mea are ede le Mao enue Tee e ay gas, and money. There's a Dayton dealer nearby, coast to coast. Ce eaten Pu hale ca Gee lee Nee) eee era) oud sated Dr Aeae ana rd Eyal era er Denne kOe lo : 2797 , Cg Cole CRI YCAR CARE GUIDE HARD STARTING ee winae the most tratrating auiometive BPircsiem i wo cer that canta bat wont siar. I's also one of the more dificult Conditons to diagnose because you have only ‘one realy eo pace of evonea to wrk with the fact that the darn thing refuses oun. How eer, you may be overiooking more subtle ev- dence. For example, coeste car crank quickly ‘ot grind laboriously whon the ro: stant cancion ‘curs? Does it happen ony when its cot oF only when its warm? ‘A multitude of malfunctions can prevent your ‘ar from staring. They inciude: Improper technique and poor mainte- nance. IH Detectve CFI coldstert valve (Kvetronic Fuel injection. Clogged fel fiter. IGNITION- CONTROL Box ‘A faulty component located anywhere on this ignition circult could result in 2 no-start condition in your car. Check each of these seven units, starting with the battery. 1H Electronic ignition problems. ‘Loose or corroded battery cables. ooded engine. Defective or wet high-tension cable. Incorrect choke adjustment. Improper technique ‘A mechanic who helped many stranded motorists last winter slaime the main cause of cold-star problems is a combination ofimprop- ft starting technique, poorly maintained en- ine and undercharged battery. Many drivers ignore the maker's advice for starting a cold engine. They get away with t when the weather's okay: Warm fue! is more volatile than cold fuel. The usual technique calls for depressing the accelerator to the floor ‘once or twice; then cranking at ide. This does vary, 80 check your owner's manual. “The same can be said about a pocrly main- tained engine. Erectronic igntions wil readily fre grossly neglected spariplugs when the combustion chamber Is full of warm gasoline vapors, but may fal to fire the same plugs in a cold chamber. the engine is not cranking quite as fast as t ‘ould be, the problem is compounded. I! you ‘make short trips at night with the heater going fullblast and shut the car of as soon as you roll in the driveway, you can expect it won't start when the mercury ds to 5* next morning. Testing CFI cold-start valve Ityour engine has a continuous uetinjection (CFI systom, ithas a coldstat vave. This valve acs ka the choke on an engine with a Garoureor onnones neue mouure oracoe fengine to permit easier staring by injecting gascine into the cylinders through the intake air cctributor. Such a valve is referred to as the fitth injector by those who designed the four- cylinder CFI Vokswagen engine. ‘A faulty col¢-start valve causes starting problems under different conditions, do- ending on how it fails. If i won't open, gas. ‘Won't be injected into the fuel stream to help a ‘old engine start. If he vaive leaks when sup- posedly closed, the engine is likly to flood as ¢'s being cranked, especially when hot. IH To check the valve on 1980-82 Volkswag- ‘ens with CFI, do the following: 1. With engine cold, disconnect the plug attached to the cold-start valve. 2. Remove the valve from the intake alr manifold. However, leave the fuel hose the fuse panel. ‘Caution: Be sure igniton Is tured oft 4, Attach jumper with anin-line fuse (part No. US 4480/3 at VW dealers) in place of fuel-pump relay. The jumper has 2 toggle switch for tre fuel pump. 5. Disconnect high-tension cable from Ignition. Use a jumper 10 ground ©. Wipe nozzle of cold-start valve ‘and flip on toggle switch of jumper US 4480/3. Ator one minute, iffuel drips from the nozzle, the valve is leaking and should be replaced. 7. If valve Is not leaking, remove jumper 4480/3 and reinstall fuel-pump relay. Reattach plug to cold-start valve; dis- ‘Connect pugs rom conor pressure regulator ‘and auxiliary air regulator. 8. Aim nozzle of the cold-start valve NAY 1982143CAR CARE GUIDE SECTION Li. ee Into a glass receptacle and have someone crank the engine. Spray from the nozzla should be a perfect cone in shape. ‘An ireguar stream or pinpoint jet of fuel indi- cates a dity or damaged cold-start valve. Oth fr cold-starting causes on K:etronic sysioms include thermotime switch fafure, jammed air- flow sensor plate or contol plunger, jammed auxiliary air valve, inoperative fuel pump and faulty warm-up regulator. Clogged fuel filter Before fuel iter is clogged enough to keep fan engine from starting, it will usually cause partial fuel starvation, making an engine stal ‘while you're driving. If you disregard ths, a To determine # your fuel fiter is clogged, remove the carburetor air cleaner and move the throtte linkage by hand (or have someone ‘pump the accelerator pedal) as you look down the throat of the carburetor. If gas does not ‘squint from carburetor jets. you may have @ ‘Gogged filter, a bad fuel pump, or a clogged fuel ine or fuel-tank pickup. ‘Allfunl fiters should be replaced at intervals recommended by the maker. Here's how to replace the most common: (Note: Before starting, see thatthe engine is. ‘cold and disconnect the battery ground cable. Lay rags under the fuel fiter io catch any gas- line drip. No smoking!) If To replace aniline fue! itr inthe fuel ine between fuel pump and carburetor—do this: 1. Loosen hose clamps and pull hoses off the fuel line with pil- tera. If cimp-type clamps are used, cut or pry them open; then, pull off hoses. Discard old fiter. The control module in an HEI ditributor cannot be serviced. Replace If It's bad. 2. If clamps are shot, slide new clamps on hoses. Replace distorted crimp lamps with spring or screw clamps. ‘3. Insert the new filter, making cer- tain It faces the right way. Usually, an arrow points toward the carbureior. 4. Slide clamps in place te secure fl. ter to hoses. Then stat the engine, f there's ‘292s leak, chances are clamps are not prop- postioned. ‘Some model cars have an in-ine tue fiter ‘hat screws into the carburetor inlet. To change It, release the clamp holding the fuel hose to FUEL aR —> DISTRIBUTOR) AUXILIARY- AIR REGULATOR’ aun INU INJECTION LINE Teter’ AIR ET SENSOR, FUEL DISTRIBUTOR METERING PORT CONTROL PLUNGER PREssuRE- REGULATING REGULATORY WARM" RUNNING [COMPENSATION ‘A malfunctioning fuel pump or a cold start valve could be the cause of hard starting in a fuelnjected engine. The cold-start valve should be taken cut for testing. the fiter nipple and pul off the hose. If the car has a steel fus! line, hold the ‘iter with one wrench andloosen the fuel-ine nut with anot- er. Unscrew the fier, which has a hex-head to accept a wrench. When replacing t, be sure the hose ard clamps are in good shape. To replace an intemal fuel fter—found inside the carburater inlat—do this: ‘1. Use awrench to hold the fuelintet nuty another to loosen fuel-line nut. Use of only one may twist the fuol ine. 2, Unscrew the fuel-inletnut. Replace ‘gasket with a new one if cracked o tom. To test cold-start valve, this jumper Is wired {In place of the fuel pump relay. tt provides fuel without turning on engine. sspting behind the fiter in place. its probably ‘okay. Hf not ori i's lost, get another from an ‘auto parts and accessories stor. 4, Insert a replacement filter. Some fiters have a check valve in one end. This end ‘should face the fuelinlat nut. 8. Screw on and securely tighten the fusi-intet and fuel-line nuts. 6. Run engine and check for leaks. Electronic-ignition failures '¥ your car has electronic ignition, one com- ponent could cause a no-start problem. t’lectronic-igition pickup send: igntion control unit which then fires the coll at the appropriate time. The distributor directs this volage to the correct sparkalug. The pick ‘up, mounted in the distibutor, is connected by wiring othe controlunitor module. The latter is. ‘lao located inthe diatrbutor on GM HEI unt, ‘On Ford and Chrysier vehices, it's mounted in the engine compartment. 1 the pickup falls or its wiring breaks, the ‘control unit won't get a trigger signal and the plugs wont fire. Pickup problems, however, ‘are generally evidenced first by what is best ‘Gescribed as a “surging conaiton.” See Sec- tion 10 for more details. Control module failures are amore comrron ‘cause of ro-start problems than pickup fall- tres, because they frequently arer't revealed ‘nil the car won't start. However, many prob- 144 POPULAR MECHANICSTouays down sized cars run ho ter due to emission controls, option- al equipment, smaller engines and higher RPMs. Heat problems develop when you carry extra passengers . . . extra baggage . . . drive in stop-and- go traffic . .. drive on ice or snow .. . drive in hot temperatures . . . climb steep grades . .. and do towing. The strain produces heat build-up, and heat destroys engines and transmissions. patented design is so effective that oil tem- perature is lowered by 20 to 60°F. Remember, every 20°F drop in oil temperature doubles oil and equipment life. Trans-Cooler Engine Gil Cooler Quick Do-It-Yourself Installation. If you can change the oil in your car, you can make the installation yourself in a half hour using Hayden's Patented Quik-Mount and Quick Connect. ‘Complete illustrated installation instructions come packaged with every oil cooler at The Heat. Free Offer. Purchase any Hayden Trans-Cooler™, or Duo-Cool™ at your local auto parts store, automotive chain store, RV dealer or repair shop and receive a Trans- Lite™ HiTemp Warning System absolutely FREE ($19.95 value. Offer ends Sept. 1, 1982), * Courtesy ATRA Umited offer’ | Purchase a TransLite direct from i Hayden for only $16.95 prepaid. I Kore EE 1 1 1531 Pomona Road, P.O. Box 848, Corona, CA 91720ee Joms are sctvaly caused by corroded connec- tions and very herd to diagnose. Some elec- tronic igntion testers avalaove for uncer $100 wil usually detect a contrct- module fabure, but that's pretty costly if you figure this may occur ‘once or twice durng the He of your car. CAR CARE GUIDE ‘sion cable between distributor tower and igni- tion-coll tower. If cable wires are pulled apart ‘ermnals are eroded or wet, current flow wil, stop and the engine wont start. ‘To check your distributorto-collhigh-ten- #.0n cable, remove it and look for burned tor HARD STARTING “The only other sure ways to detect most con- minals and cracked insulation. Replace a dam troL-module failures are through process of agedcabie. Ii cable ends are moist, wipe them ‘elmination o* substitution testing Many me- and their sockets witha lint-free rag and spray ‘chanics try combining beth. They crank the _themwith a delectriclubricant. Ian inspection ‘engine to test for spark. none, they check all reveals rothing, use an ohmmeter set to the ‘connections, pickup and condition of coll and high scala and touch each cable terminal with contains 3 see complete, r re-measured ‘its for “‘no- guesswork" repairs. @ Our exclusive dual color- change: agent turns filler purple when material is properly then Bava en when fillers ready to file and sand. @Followthe easy, step-by-step, full-color instructions to get fast, professional- looking auto body repairs. Available at better automotive departments everywhere. kwikmnpcic” Kwik Magle, Inc, Gonton, Unio ALOD noeenee ~ MAY 1982153Vo iene Ries ATS aaa ena helin, the leader in Pron ccs ae achieved another innovative Cee ee ens piano years of Michelin research. We took a fresh look at the tire Sune uy PO mee acy Dae a Tee te eae ce Eta eRe cere ee aes ee an ee ee eS TRX provides extraordinary cor Ce Rca Rea ee ace ea a Res eee oes Pe Rm tc eee en! TRX, this tradition continues. See your authorized Michelin Pees eee aco) are We put America on radials.CAR CARE GUIDE Pear ‘exists I tightening bolts doesn't fx the prob- lom, replacing the carburetor-base gasket may, Testing fuel-injection delivery Stalling oF rough idling of a gasoline engine with a fuel-injection system wil usually resut ‘when one injector fais. This can also ocour if ample fuel pressure is not delvered to the injectors. This lack of pressure can result rom @ weak fuel-delivery pump, parially clogged {uel fer or @ restriction in the fuel-delivery Ine. Without proper equipment, the removal, testing and cverhauling of injectors is dificult, but checking fuel daivery ist. Using atypical vate 4 PCV valve that won't rattle when you shake it Is shot and should be replaced. throtie-body.injection (TBI) system as an ‘example, here's how to do i: |leed pressure from the injection aystem. You doit by removing he fuel-pump fuse from the fuse parel end cranking the engine for about 30 seconds. 2. Broak the fuslline connection at the fuel iniet. 3. Using a tee, install # fuel-pump pressure tester in the fuel-line con- nection point. ‘4.Crank the engine. The pressure tester shoud record the fuel pressure specified by the manutacturer. For example, the new Pon tiac 2.54iter TBI engine requires al least 9 pounds per square inch (p.s.1). It doesnt get thie much, not enough fuel will reach the injec: tors, Caution: Gasoline will probably drip when the fuel ine is disconnected. Try tocolectit ina container or absorb itn a rag. I's wise to keep aire extinguisher handy when you dothis. You should have one for your shop in any case. 1 you do colect any spilled tuel win a rag or paper towels, don't leave them lying around. Not only are such rags dangerous, but fumes of evaporating gasoline ere Highly explesive. Obviously, dont smoke, while you're doing this and keep the work area ‘woll ventilated, ™ Ceres Cert ee ein ry erg ely Percy eg rere) Prerend “Tough? You bet! Blue Poly protects like no could.” Theee times Wiorid Driving Champion. O mote. othe le Rakuten eae cic ae pees MAY 1982 155SECTION 3. “Why Is My Mileage So Lousy? IN 2,27 eterna eausne soor ‘engine performance wil result in poor fuel economy. However, there are also some reasons for poor fue! economy that are not ‘elated to engine problems. The following ‘potertia! causes include both engine maltunc Sone and other probleme: 1 Poor crivirg technique. Leaking vacuum hoses. Urdoriviaied tros Dragging brakes. internal ‘or external carburetor fuel leak- WF Incorrect idle adjustment W's in your hands ‘A car that is mechanically perfect will stil ‘consume more fuel than i should because of ‘bad habits on tho part ofthe diver. Since ther sino substitute for the sensible handing of a ‘vehicle, here are some of the things thet drivers ‘should keep aware of in thet daly travels if they don't want to waste gasoline: BH Drve smoothly, avoiding fast starts and sudden stops | Anticipate tratfic-lght movement and traffic blockages by coasting o them so that your car Is stil moving when you receive a "go" signal. In othar words, try to avoid stopping if possi- ble. You will use 20 percent less fuel by accel- ‘erating back to cruising speed from as iow as 5 ‘moh rather than from a full stp. As youcruse at highway speed, try to keep that speed constant. Varying your spesd by as lite as 5 mph (for example, from 55 1060, back CAR CARE GUIDE ‘nostic tools. Attach It to a vacuum ‘the carburetor to. ‘umat idle. ‘some engine 0 55, up to 60 and so forth) can increase fuel ‘consumption by 1.3 miles per gallon. & Stoor smoothiy around the slower-moving vehicles rather than running up to them, brak- ing and then accelerating around them. Every time you hit that accelerator pedalunnecessar- iy, you waste gas. |W Try toavoid hitting your brake pedal tosiow down. If you're traveling too fast on a lovel rad, take your foot off the gas pedal and lt the ‘engine “brake” the car to the desired speed. When you're tooling along at highway ‘Speed, keep the windows closed o reduce the air resistance on the vehicle. Open the vents to ‘raw in fresh alr or tum on the aircondiion- er. WE It you are stuck in a tratfc jam or have to waitin the car fora length of ime for any other reason, turnoff the engine. How oltenhave you POOR FUEL a A vacuum gauge is one of your best diag- ‘on Sacre ‘deviation from | ‘malfunction. ‘engine will provide 15 to 20 In. Hg of vacu- seen a Ine of cars with their engines running while waiting many minutes for a long freight ‘rain to clear a costing or for a drawbriage 10 ‘open and close? Each engine is consuming a pint of gas every five minutes. I Don't lot a cer engine warm up belore you rive off. Start itup and proceed to dive at ow ‘speed immediately. Not oniy will ou be using gas that would otherwise be wasied if the ‘engine were merely idling, but you aiso will be warming up the engine faster than would hap- en if the car ware standing stil. |B Anticpate allhills and gradually accelerate yourcarto the speed you willneed tonegotiaie ‘ham before gating to them. |B Don't top off a gas tank to the point where ‘he fuel fils the filer neck. The chances are (00d that some fuel wil be spiled from the (Please tun topage 158) SEVERAL TROUBLE SPOTS YOUR VACUUM GAUGE CAN IDENTIFY Low, steady reading Low, stesdy reading Fluctuation 2 to6 In. A fluctuation from Drifting around nor- High, steady reading ‘at 5'In. shows vacu- at 10 in. Indicates below normal Is bad normal to 5 In. Is @ malls an incorrectly indicates that the um loss in system. timing Is incorrect. breaker points. leaky head gasket. tuned carburetor. choke Is stuck. 156 POPULAR MECHANICS————— Ree tte ea Me Me ee ee eee) Mobil 1" that's just what your oil could be. Nee eee ce Senate ea Rea eeu ce ae een Es are er eae ee Cena close to Mobil 1 Pe ge Ren en) CRC ese Cue ey lubricates better and helps protect engine parts better Ee ue cue eg Tate ecu a) eee eed ue aerial) Pe une ec esd So engines stay cleaner, run smoother andlast longer. Mobil. The oil that saves you gas. And more. If everything you put into your car has to be No.1,we've got your number.ee tank: Thi fs eopecialy te in fot woater, the heat causes gesone to expand How to find a leaking vacuum hose ‘A vacuum leak can affect acceleration, cause an ongine to lose power and result in CAR CARE GUIDE misfiring. These conditions, in tum, could lead 4 reduction in fuel economy. An engine that has a vacuum leak will iond to idle roughly ‘The modern engine has a number of hoses ‘hat control the operation of vacuum-operated components. Among these components are tho brake power booster, distributor spark Uinatoornadpaigtach Resi emma ty NoeDeNOAN AOA “But Blue Poly still present up to fifty washes.” BLUEPOLY. POLY ‘Registered Trademark ForemostAlenoscn, I 158 POPULAR MECHANICS “Look! After just two car washes, oe All was nearly washed off.” eed ‘was uct Stamey World Drving Champion, PROTECTANT Seals in the beauty. Seals out the elements BLUE POLY = Li: ee oe oS ECONOMY ‘advance, choke vacuum bresk, EGR vale, PCV valve and EEC canister. fa hose should split or bocome disconnect: ed, you may hear a loud hissing sound when YoU raise the hood and fet the engine run at idle, This is an indication that vacuum is being lost However, a lack of hissing doesn't mean that there is no vacuum loss. It ust may mean that Yyou can't hear i. Therelore, to be assured that there is, indeed, no less of engine vacuum, ‘examine the hoses for spits, kinks and loose connections. Replace all damaged hoses. ‘Then connect a vacuum gauge to a source of vacuum, such as a vacuum port on the engine (or a portal the base o! the carburetor. HF you can't fnd a vacuum port, disconnect, the vacuum hose at the brake power booster ‘and tap a vacuum gauge ino the hese through the use of an adapter, but first make certain that the hose is in good conditon. Start the engine and let it idle. A sound ‘engine will provide 15 10 22 in. Hg ot vacuum. However, altitude can affect this reading A ‘vacuum gauge will record 1 to 2 in. Hg lower vaquum forever 1000001 you are above sea W the vacuum gauge holds steady at about 5 in Hg, it means that there is a ésconnected or leaking vacuum hose, a leaking vacuum cia~ pBivagm in one of the vacuum operated com ponents named above, or a loss of vacuum coming from the carburetorintake ranitold ‘area. Check the hoses again and test the car- buretorintake manifold jurction as exslained in Pan2. To test the various vacuum-operated com- ponents for leaks, close off the hose leading to ‘each component by squeezing it wih aneede- ‘ose piers while the engine is ling. Ifthe ie smooths out o° changes when you squeeze the hose, the component thet the hose is attached io (or the hose itso) is leaking vacu- Tire inflation basics ‘The following tips may help you get better ‘once a month. A typical tire wil lose up to ‘one poundof air during thal time. Athough this Ist ciical, the monthly examination can Luncover a slow leak that can't be detected by eye unil a tre, especialy a racial, isalmost fa ‘The underinfiaion causes a loss in fuel econ- ‘omy as well as abnormal tre wear 2. Follow your tire manufacturer's Inflation recommendation. The a pres- ‘Sute recommended by the car manufacturer in your car's owners manual may not provide the best fuel economy. If you have replaced the original ures with metic-size radals, inflate them to a higher pressure than what the car ‘manufacturer recommends for conventional- size radials. Uotro-eire radiaie are designed to handle ‘pressures up 035 pounds. Using maximum air Pressure reduces rolling resistance which, in tum, improves gas mileage. According to the‘consumed by an engine io used to ‘overcome the rolling resistance presented by tires. increasing air pressure wil, however, increase ride harshness. How much air pressure shoulc your tres hold—whether metricsize or otherwise—to obiain the best fuel economy? Certainly it ‘should not be leas than that recommended by the car manufacturer. Usually it should be at least three or four pounds more as iong as you = and then cranking the engine with the throttle held open. The battery should be fully charged for peak cranking power. ‘ot reinstalled at all. The trigger whee! may, theretore, be out of ine with the pickup. This Condition will cause a change in spark timing, misting, especialy athigher speeds, and poot Power. IH the cause of your problem hasn't been Uncovered and there has been an inexplicable change 0! inal spark-advance timing, it may bbe worth the effort to check the position ol the trigger wheel. ‘After you have removed the distributor cap and rotor, place two screwdrivers under the trigger wheel. Woxk the wheeloff the shaft, but be careful not to damage the teeth or lose the Pin, ifthe pin is there, ‘Note: I'youcant move the rigger wheel wth screwdrivers, usea small gear pullartogetitof tho ohalt. Place thick waaher on tep of the ‘dstributor shatt. Then, place the puller so its tum screw rests on the washer ands jawsgrip the inner shoulders of the trigger wheel. Turn tum screw until the trigger whee! comes. loose. incidentally, you may not have to buy a gear puller if youhiave a battery cable puller in your fookit. it works just as well, ‘Check the trigger wheel for damage. If i's cracked or a tooth Is broken, replace it ‘Now, make sure the smail ol pin isin its slot in the distributor shaft and press the tigger whee! beck frmly on the shalt. Make sure the trigger whee! is pushed cown securely, so the teeth align with pickup. No part of the rll pin shoud extend ether above or below tigger wheel Internal engine problems Engine-compression testing isthe best meth- od at your dsposal for determining i intoral engine parts ar sealing propery compres sionis leaking past vaives, pistons or a head {gaske, loss of engine power is one of several (Pease um fo page 164) ————— 162 POPULAR MECHANICSWarning: The Surgeon General Has Determined That Cigarette Smoking ls Dangerous to Your HealthCOMPARE FEL-PRO IMPORT CAR GASKET SETS. A Little More Money. A Lot More Value. Less expensive gasket sets most often contain only bare basic parts—with quality to match. FEL-PRO SETS INCLUDE: » PermaTorque* no-retorque head gaskets * Premium material valve stem seals required for today's hot running engines All the parts—no time wasted looking for missing sealing parts * Plus time-saving installation tips Do the iob riaht, do it once, and do it fast—buy where Fel-Pro sealing | FREE! feat Os chow Oh Savion Sen etter Waal To: ters nso Son 164 POPULAR MECHANICS CAR CARE GUIDE SECTIONG.LACK OF POWER (Contiaed om page 162) Problems that can result. Others are hard start ing, staling, abnormally high fuel usage anc rough running. ‘Note: Since testing involves cranking the engine repeatedly without having it star, be sure the battery is fully charged; otherwise, the battery may weaken fo the point where crank: ing is weak, and erroneous test results will occur. ‘Warm up the engine to normal ‘2. Remove the carburetor alr clean: ‘er and all sparkplugs. (Now is a goodtime 1 look for worn or damaged plugs.) Caution: Make sure sparkplug cables are entiied, so tnat when you reatach them to the cylinders they serve, you don’ switch them accidentally. Mismatching cables and cylin: ers will cause the engine to misfire, which may damage the engine. ‘3. Ground the ignition system to pre: vent a spark from igniting fuel vapors ‘or battery gas. In ron-HEIsysioms, pul the distributerorgniion coll high-tension cable from the coll ower, atach one alligatox clip of a jumper wire to the metal terminal in the cable boot and attach the other aligator cip of the Jumper wre to a dean metal part ofthe engine ‘such as the altemator bracket. ‘Todisable a GM HEI system, disconnect the wire attached to the sar terminal inthe estrio> tor eap. 4. Install the end of the compression ‘gauge firmly into the first sparkplug ort, The end of your gauge maybe threaded, 0 it holds itself; or it may have acone shape, ‘0 you must hold in place. n either evert, the ‘end ofthe gauge must be tight in the sparkplug ‘port io keep compression from leaking. ‘Caution: if youhave a ecrew-in compression gauge, finger-tighten it. Dont use a wrench. Xou_smey denage “te “spertphig pot ‘5. Have someone in the car hold the accelerator pedal to the floor and ‘crank the engine fer 10 seconds to ‘assure four revolutions. Count needle deflections or engine surges, leaving the [gauge in placo for the camo rumbor of detloe ‘tons per cylinder. Record the reading. Repeat this procedure for each of the other cylinders ‘and record the readings. 6. Study results in relation to mink mum and maximum compression readings given by the manufacturer in ser- vice erature. If specications aren't available, Use the following criteria: ino less than 90 pounds per square inch (p.si.) fom each cylinder are generally ‘acceptable, as long as the highest and lowest readings are within 70 percent of one another. For example, ifthe highest reading cylinder is 140 p.s.i and the lowest is 98 p.s., wih all thers falling within this range, the engine shows marginally acceptable compression. If one cylinder, or more than one, is lower than 90 p.8.i or not within 70 percent of the Nighest reading cylinder, or it two side-by-sia oylinders are 20 or more p.si. ower than thers, an abnormal compression loss exists. ‘To establish the reason for it, inject about a tablespoon of SAE 40-weight engine ol into the weak cyinder through the sparkplug port ‘and retest. tthe new reading shows higher ‘compression than before, piston rings are wor. If he new reading is much the same as Ihe first reading, valves are sticking or bummed, ‘or valve seats are worn. If two adjacent cylin: dors stay 20 or more p si. lower than the oth- fs, me nead gasKetis DIOWN, Hf one cylinder, or more than one, shows reading 10 psi. or more above normal forthe engine, tiere’s probably a buildup of carbon in the cylinder. Higher-than-normal compression wont cause lack of power, but we mention t here because a bullcup of carbon may be the teason why your engine detonaies. Treat the ‘engine with a carbon solvent. It may prove an tetfectve, yet inexpensive way 10 alleviate a spark-knock problem. If this fails, the cyinder head may have to be removed to purge carbon from cylinders and trom around valves. (Please tu to page 167) PICKUP COIL ASSENALY WHEEL Trigger whee! misaligned with pickup coll compromises ignition timing, performance.DRIVEYOUR TIRES UNTILTHE CAR FALLS OFF. You've probably heard c1lot of mileage claims for highway tires. At Sears, we guarantee ours. If you get one of Sears Best Road- Handler. you also geta 50000 mile tread wear- Thatmeansif you want tires for your’37 Packard, your 69 Peugeot, your ‘81 Pontiac, or your 4x4 pick-up, there’sone place where you can find themall. Andoneplace where their mileage willbe guaranteed. Ourploce. A Sears Tire and Auto Center snpremamigaares Ora Searscatalog. iaeeey S000 aie Fee, Itmight seem as if we have a lot of Season Steel-Belted Radials, confidence in our tires. We do. In 1974 we ran a set of our Road- out warranty. Onthe otherhand, ifyou Handlers for 40,000 miles—then tested Sears has mos every Hind of tre you need. Ben fer antique cars, erplckups, and fr foreign cars getoneofour low-priced Guardsman. Bias-ply tires, we'lsiill give youa 12,000 mile tread wearout warranty. The pointis, the mileage for both is backed by a written warranty. There’sagood reason we con warranty our mileage. Itsthe way our tires are built. ough. That goes for every new highway tire we sell. And we sell just about every tire you could want. them against government standards for new tires. Even with all those miles behind them, those Road- Handlers exceeded the federal safety standard for new tires. In fact, our standards exceed Federal standards for every new tire we sell. By the way, here's what Sears Limited Worranty on Highway Tire Wearout “ae covers: For the number of miles specified in the tread wearout warranty, Sears will, upon return, replace the tireor give arefund, charging a pro-rata charge for the miles received if wearout occurs and is not caused by gp failure to properly maintain the tire. There's something else thasincludeciatno * extra charg Contidenice. Youcan count on Sears Sian teenasc Ries HES 08 Snock ABSOROERS Ifyou drive a car, you need these Master Keys! POPULAR MECHANICS MASTER KEYS TO CAR CARE packet can help you out! In this handy packet you can find your basic car repair needs in step-by- step instructions, all shawn on numbered sheets, supplemented by photos and diagrams that show ‘what you'll see under the hood of your car as you go through the repair and mainte- nance procedures. This handy packet can be kept very conveniently in your car. Referred to at a ‘moment's notice! If your battery and cable need checking you pull out folder number Il and find the answer. To repair a car dent, folder number 1 will show you how. Why isn't the air conditioner keeping your car cool? Number 12 has the answer. IT’S THAT SIMPLE! This information packet will help keep your car in top running order and will show you how to repair your car if something does go wrong, especially on an isolated road or highway. Just think how convenient it will be and the money you can save. $ 495 PM’s Master Keys to Car Care is available for Send check or money order to: Popular Mechanics, Box 1014, Radio City Station, New York, NY 10101. For faster mail service add an extra $1.00 Poet Mechanics Patino eat Magnes Dison The Hear CortonCAR CARE GUIDE ee ee | LACK OF POWER (Continues from page 184) ‘Spark-advance units Most breaker-point and electronic-ignition distributors have two controls thal advance (or retard) ignition timing to meet the changing load demands on an engine. One of these is a ‘vacuum-operated component which is normal ly located on the side of the distributor. The other is a mechanical device, consisting of ‘eights and springs inside the distributor, that takes over control where the vacuum advance leaves of. The condition of both units may be ‘checked witha timing light when you suspect failure of either is causing loss. ‘Check tne vacuum advance as follows: 1. Alm the timing light at the timing marks and run engine 2. Once the engine I the vacuum hose from the vacuum: advance housing and cover the end of the hose with your finger. There should 'be a noticeable shifting of the timing mark in relation to the index pointe. ‘Note: You should aiso feel a strong pull rom the hose. If you don’, a bad or disconnected hose is atfeciing operation 3. Reattach the hose to the vacuum: advance housing. The tring mark STOW retum to where it was bere. I you dont get this action, replace the vac- uum advance. The vacuum diaphragm in the chamber has probably sprung a leak. ‘Note: it there Is more than one vacuum Dteabte GM HE! system by disconnecting wire on sar terminal In distributor cap. f advance, consult a factory service manual To tes the mechanical-advarce unit, which js refered to commonly as the ceniifugal ‘advance, connect a tachometer. Siow n= Grease engne speed 102,500 rpm as you am the timing ight atthe timing marks ‘You should see the timing marks begin to ‘advance smeothly comewhore between 1,800 ‘and 2,500 tpm. If action is sluggish, jerky or oesnit occur, there is a malfunction. Springs thal control the weights may have lost tension or the advance mechanism may be stuck Other reasons for power loss Clogged carburetor-a-tter element. Sticking choke plate, linkage (Section 1. Clogged fuel iter (Secton 1). Damaged EGA valve (Section 2). Bad thermostatic air cleaner (Section 2) Outot-spec basic engine adjustments Faulty PCV system (Section 2) Damaged distritutor cap, rotor (Section 5). Wom sparkplugs (Section 5) 1 Damaged, loose or disconnected vacuum hose (Section 3) Wom or bad disirbutor breaker points of a ‘corentonal ignition system. Week ignition col 1 pe uo ye eee Cee eet ere Sarit sere money can buy, Complete,affardable, and et aca Ys ccre rude fee reals rar se) ere defatted Iixeilement UuCen ae aearern errr ay ee awe NERS CLUB AccountSECTION CAR CARE GUIDE S. ENGINE “Why Is My Engine Missing?” ne term “missing” is interpreted ditferenty 2y different people. Generally, means that youfeeta steady puisaing or jerking feo ing 20 you Increase speed up to about 35 mph, or that you hear the exhaust emiting a spitting sound atlow speed and idl. Alo! the follwing are potenti) causes: 1W Excessively ean fuel misture. Detective electronic contol module, Wom sparkplug or sparkolugs. A corroded distibutor cap oF rotor. Lean fuel mixture ‘An excessively lean fuel mixture will cause ‘an engine to stumble or miss upon acceler tion. This is due to the fact that lean mixtures 7 not always ignited by the sparkplug. Alean mixture can be the resut of a vacuum leak in ‘one of the hoses, in one of the emission com- Ponents, or betwoen ine carouretor an imtaKe manic or intake manifold and cylinder head. ‘The mast common cause ofan tuel mixta dirty carburetor. If dirt gets into the carbure- tors jets or main metering cicut, fuel deivery ‘ill be impeded anc lean stumble will resut. ‘The solution to a dity-carburetor problem is either a complete carouretor rebuild &roplace: mer. Defective electronic control module A dotective electronic control module was mentioned 3s one potential cause of no-star problems. Perhaps it should be mentioned agah here, because a defective module can ‘make itself known in a variety of ways, one of ‘which mght3¢ intermittent, stumbiing acceler ation. To perform a fuel-pump volume test, you need 2 graduated container to catch fuel. 168 POPULAR MECHANICS ‘As we mentioned before, control-module failures are somewhat rare nowadays, and Very citficultto pinpoint. Changing controlmod- Ules should be a last resort. Try o eliminate all ‘other potential sources of engine probiems. GMhasa procedure designed tozero in on the ‘cause of misfire and prevent the unnecessary teplacement of expensive electronic compo- rnenis. The GM method calls for an inspection {and testing procedure as folows: 1. Examine vacuum hoses for splits, kinks and loose connections. 2. Test to make sure there ls novac- ‘3. Examine ignition wires for cracks ‘and loose connections. ‘4, Warm up the engine and discon- nect the vacuum hoses from the ther- mostatic air cleaner sensor and from the EGR vaive. Seal the ends of both hoses. You can uso golf teos or pencil atubs. the clears up the miss, the EGR valve, the thermo- static sensor or the air-leaner vacuum motor is defective, 5. With the engine running, use insu- lated pliers to remove co bles, one at a time, trom sparkplugs. Reconnect each cable bafore removing anoth- or. Everytime a cable is removed, there should be a drop in engine rpm. ©. If there Is a drop in rpm for all oyt- Inders, then check the following areas. In an effort to locate the trouble, IE Virtually all carburetor systems and compo- ents. I Timing and choke adjusiments. Al emission-control devices thet operate ‘an, ne limit, angina vacitim I Electrone control module, Overall cylinder comaression, Hf there is nodrop in rpm when you jsconnect one of the sparkplug ca- sparkplug which Is fouled with heavy deposits (left), you can often clean to a reusable condition (right) by using @ sandblester and = small fiat file. bles from a cylinder, do the following: | Remove the sparkplug and look for dam- ‘29¢, wear, incorrect gap and heavy deposit. Check sparkplug cables with an ohmme- ter. Examine the distributor cap and rotor for damage. IH Check for worn camshaft lobes, worn rock er arms, bent pushrods and broken valve springs. Check the compression of that particular ovine Working on sparkplugs there's one component which causes per- formance problems most frequently, incuding migsing, i's the aparkplug. Even in this day of ‘engine computers. and esoteric sensing de- Vices, sparkplugs haven't changed much in ‘one basic respect: If they fail, no amount of “space-age” componentry placed on an en- sine i going to make that engine run well ‘There's only one way to remove sparkplugs {or examination and caring (ot reolacng)— ‘and tha's the right way. Any other method can sparkpluge, identity each cable in ‘some way so you can reattach It to its Proper cylinder. Incorrect reinstallation can alter the engine ‘ring order and damage ‘engine parts 2. Mf necessary, use @ sparkplug cable removing tool to twist and pull cable boots from plugs. Your autc-pats ‘and accessories dealer can show you several types. Some car models have boos that a preformed into a handle. If you have one of face, yout wont nad a tant Grnen the haat handle, twist and pull Dont pull on cables. You will dam-Gabriel computer tuned 254 shocks for the world of small Cars. ferrs Ee ey blow dirt particles from sparkplug ports to prevent thom from falling into cylinders as plugs are removed. Use compressed air, i's available. You can buy Compressed air in cans; one such product, called Dust-Oft, is available in photo and hobby shops. AS a last resort, aim a straw at the sparkplug ports and blow throught to dislodge det. ‘4. Using a ratchet wrench and sock: et, turn plugs counterclockwise to loosen and remove them. The socket must fit plugs propery, or you may break @ hex socket, but important: Flemove plugs with the engine Cold. i the engineis warm, plugs may bind and bbe more dificult 1 loosen, 5. As youtake each sparkplug out of the tape that coincides with the cylin- der number. Ii you reuse plugs, put them Dack into the cylinders from which you took them, It one or more plugs are worn, replace the whole set. However, itis okay to replace just one damaged plug if the others are fairy ew. If all sparkplugs are in good condition and apparently aren't causing the engine miss Gent reiratal therm Mmmaciately. As long as they're out of the engine, you might as well ‘ean and gap them frst. ices Tact Bertie poet} Cee ee Sie Capea errer tape acadoas) Cie ee PS Toinstalinew or used plugs, screw them into ports until they are finger-ight. Then, tighten ‘them with a sparkplug wrench, but dont over- tighten them. if plugs have tapered seats with- ‘Out gaskets, tum them approximately Ye of a turn trom the fingertight position. I plugs use ‘gaskets, tighten them until the wrench offers Only moderate resistance, Damaged distributor cap or rotor A indicated in the GM troubleshooting pro- cedure just presented, a badly corroded or cracked distributor cap or burt rotorcan cause misfire Be particulary suspicious of cap and rotor condition when youhave just removed a set of badly wom sparkplugs. The extia voltage required to fire ine worn plugs will uickly cor- rode the cap and rotor and may cause tracking Within the cap. Tracking is evidenced by thin lines of carbon across the interior surface of the ‘cap. The spark voltage can easily be induced to follow the track if there is something that makes the cycle a tie hard to fire. Replace any caps orrolors that show evidence of poten: tial problems. ‘To prevent hooking up the wires incorrectly when you're replacing adistributor cap, use the folowing procedure. Remove the od cap, but keep the wires attached to it. Install the new ‘cap on the distributor. Then, with the old cap ‘and wies oriented next io the new cap, remove the wires one at atime from the old cap and install them at the corresponding positions on thenew one. This should koep you tom geting your wres crossedee CAR CARE GUIDE PING AND KNOCK “Why Does My Engine Sound Like It's Going To Self-Destruct?” P23 292 noc rating sound at ‘you hear during light to medium accelera- tion. Ifs most noticeable when the engine is Under heavy load, such as when you're going ‘pill. The noise is actualy caused by a com- bustion problem called detonation Detonation resuits when two separate flame fronts are established within the combustion chamber. Each ofthese flame fronts produces heat and, consequenty, pressure, This pres- sure and heat cause unburned fuel between the two flame fronts to ignite. Because the burning gases don't have room 10 expand ‘gradually, a violent explosion takes place and Causes the pision, connecting rod, and cylirder Bleck to vibrate. You hear the vibrations as pinging or spark knock. Detonation can be caused when a second- ary flame fronts ignited aftr sparkigniion has taken place. Itcan also result when themixture 's ignited by part of the combustion chamber before the spark occurs. When the secondary ‘ignition occurs belore the spark, itis some times called preignition. The symptoms, how- ‘ver, are identical, and many ofthe causes are overiapping. ‘The causes of detonation include: 1 Excessively low fusl-octane number Ignition timing too far advanced. Overheated engine. Incorrect sparkplug heat renge. Crossfire through sparkplug cable induc- Carbon deposits in the combustion cham- ber. Choosing the right fuel Contrary to what you might boliove, low- ‘octane fuel produces more heat when it bums in the combustion chamber than fue. Its also easier to ignite. That's why a fuel that is too low in octane number can cause detonation. if your car was made to run on unleaded gasoline, you have your choice of regular or ‘premium unleaded. Some cars that once per- formed satistactorly on regular unleaded may have accumulated enough carbon in the come bbustion chambers thal they now have higher ‘oyinder pressures during combustion, Higher ‘finder pressure means more heat, and more IGNITED BY HOT DEPOSIT Fuel mixture In cylinder Is ignited by source (hot spot) other than sparkplug. FLAME FRONTS COLLIDE Flame fronts’ of the burning mixtures race toward each other and collide. heat means detonation. Sometimes a switch to high-octane unleaded is all that's need to solve ‘such a probiom. Those premium unloaded fuels are available in a range of octane num- bers. Shop around tofind one tha your gine likes. IH you're driving a car with a high-compres- sson'engne (9.5 to 1 or above) that was designed to run on premium leaded gasoline, Youll have to resort to other tactics, While Some of these engines will not detonate on Unleaded premium, they need a dose of lead to protect the exhaust valves. Therefore, a rin’ {ure of 75-percent unleaded premium and 25- percent leaded regular may be just right for these cars. A mixture of $0/50 should also be REGULAR IGNITION SPARK the fuel mixture in the normal manner. IGNITES REMAINING FUEL. Collision causes remaining unburned fuel to explode, rather than to burn gradually. tied. Use the one that performs best without detonation ‘Some roports suggest that the mixture of these two grades of gasoline produces a fusl with an octane number that is actually higher than the octane number of ether. This is pos- sible because octane numbers are rot related 10 the chemical composition ofthe fel, nly io is knock resistance ‘lth engines of utranigh compression (over 10.7501), ou'l defntey have io use aviation 92s oF spedaly formulated racing fuel. The Stror ohemetives are water njoctin, @ care Shalt designed to lower dynamic cylinder pres- sure or an engine modification to reduce com pression rao. (Pease tu to page 176) 170 POPULAR MECHANICSAdjusting ignition timing ‘About two milliseconds separate the ignition ‘of the fuel miture and complete combustion of the fuel mixture ‘Sparks across sparkplug electrodes have to arc early enough to assure this complete com- bustion. Y sparks occur too late—that is, timing is retarded—power is lost. On the other hand, # ‘iming (spark) ocours too early—thatis, ting Is 100 far advanced—extreme pressure from trapped gases builds up befere combustion is ‘completed, CAR CARE GUIDE SECTION 6. This pressure causes the unburned portion of the fuel midure to ignite and detonation results. Undoubtedly, proper timing adjustment is Important for al-around good engine pertor- mance. However, changes in automotive technolo- Qy, primarily in electronic engine contro's, are Caling for a citterent way to check tis adjust- ment. Many modern engines now have mag- ‘etic-iming probe holes, so thal timing can be checked witr special eloctronic timing equip: ‘ment. On practically all engines, though, you Can stil use the old-fashioned timing light. Here's how: 1. Warm up the engine; then tum off the ignition. 2. Find the timing marks and the index or reference pointer. I! ney dont stand out, dab the timing mark that corre- sponds to the correct amount of advance for your engine and the index or reference point with white paint. The location and significance (ofthe timing mark on your engine are provided ‘Magnetic timing probe hole allows timing to be checked with special equipment. In the car owners manual, service manusl and! or on the emission-control label mounted under the hood. ‘Note: Startingat 0, you can usually igure out However, ityoucant and you don't have a ser- Vice manual to guide you, ask the service man- ager at a dealership that sells your make of the calibration of each of tre timing marks. 3. ignition time practically al An Exciting New Concept in Engine Optimizing THE PERFORMER” SERIES tom With the new Performer manifold series. Edelbrock found 2 way t0 significantly improve engine power and performance, and be compatible with aftermarket carburetors, headers, distributors and camshafis. The guesswork of bolt-on parts selection is gone when you follow the simple guidelines in our 1982 catalog. Performer series manifolds are for people who use their vehicles—truck, van, RV, pasenger car, 4X4—and need more power, torque and throttle response to make that vehicle do the job that was intended. Per- formers are available for small- and large-block Chevrolets, 318-360 Chryslers, 289-302 and 351M-400 Ford engines. Get excited about driving again with the new Performers from Edelbrock! PERFORMER-PLUST” Camshatts, Dyno-Matched & Street- Proven For Use With Performer Manifolds. Edelbrock engineering brings you another industry first: an intake manifold and camshaft combination designed specifically to work together Ss for maximum engine performance improvements. With our new family of Performer manifolds and Performer-Plus camshafts, substantial bolt-on gains are easily achieved. Combined with recommended exhaust header dimensions, 2 Performer package will dramatically boost stock engine performance along the lines of the graph shown here. Performer-Plus camshalt/lfter/lube kits are available for each Performer manifold . . . they're made for each other! Performer series maniflds end Performer Plus camubafs are for wse om pre-emisoms contrled veils, wot legs for use in California om any polation contred mor vebice. Write for FREE copy of Edelooc + Perm Performer Plas package tetra or send $e or sls ‘and nc 50 page 1982 Cato. decals. & pach to 411 Cora Gace, Dept. PMSE2, B Segundo, CA 9028.CAR CARE GUIDE Pe Ce ee eg ‘SPARK OCCURS Detonation begins when the sparkplug Ignites 2 portion of the fuel mixture. ‘CONTINUES. The second ignition of the fuel mixture ‘occurs in another area of the cylinder. systems, fret disconnect the hose from the spark-advance vacuum ‘chamber. Piug he end o this hose wth agott tee oF pencil stub. 4. Ityou have a magnetic (inductive) lead on your timing light, attach the ‘clamp to the cable of the No. 1 spark- plug. Connect the other two leads to the car Battery. Be sure fo observe correct povary. If your timing light doesn't have a magnetic pickup, detach the ignition cable of the No. 1 Sparkoiug and insert a pickup adapter (avail ‘able fom an auto paris and accessories ceal- 1) between the cable terminalandplug. Atach the timing-light pickup to the adapler and took Up battery leeds. Caution: Never puncture the sparkolug cable with a probe to connect the timing boht You wil ruin the cable 5. Start the engine and point the tim- Ing light at the timing marks. Hold the light straight end look down the “barre.” ifyou can, With some cars, such as some Fiestas, con't {8 the timing ight to see the timing marks. Instead, look at the marks by peering cown the ‘ide ct ihe ting light. If timings properly adjusted, the correct tim- ing mark and index or reference pointer will ‘cepeer tobe aligned cach time te stroboocop- {clight lashes. Ifthe ting mark and index or ‘reference pointer are not aligned, adjust the timing as follows: COMBUSTION BEGINS Fuel mixture burns with a traveling flame that moves away trom the sparkplug tp. DETONATION. Flame fronts collide and cause the remain. Ing unburned fuel mixture to explode. 4. Working with a distributor wrenct, loosen the distributor hold: down bolt. 2. With the engine running and the timing light pointed mark, rotate the distributor until the timing mark and index or referenc pointer appear to be completely alignment each time the strobe light flashes. 3. Tighten the distributor hold-down bolt and recheck the setting. Don't forget the cooling system Don't everiook the obvious in searching for the cause of pinging. Excessive engine heat Coan ignite fuel prematurely or cause a second. ‘ry ignition, 0 look for a low coolart level, restricted air ow. an inoperative electric cool ing fan (in cars that have these), aloose water- ‘pump drive belt and a thermostat that is stuck In the closed positon. ‘Sparkplug heat range If the sparkoluos are too hot for your enaine, ‘reigiton wil occur, causing subsequent det Graton. This preigntion results when the incoming uetair mixture comes in contactwith tho not spertolugeloctrocos oriole. Cach engine is designed to operate best wih a spe Coffe sparkplug. Sarkplugs vary in eat range (Pease umn o cage 176) MAY 1982175 SAVE MONEY! RISLONE REPLACES A QUART OF OIL AT CHANGE TIME or when you're down a quart FISLONE may cott 8 few cents more than — RISLONE Ie a big QUART yolow, red land Black can and saves the cost of a quart of your regslar moter ol, to. For over 50 years, RISLONE has been vsed parts lores everywhere FREE 22 noe bose pg eatin Inicmation, ous feat dhcumtoe stat Sate Eee eeetas 9,6. ‘Searborough, Onuario, Mim G2CAR CARE GUIDE SECTION according to the length of the insulator cone ‘and the distance the elactrode and cone pro- ive from the end of the pug. 3enerally, the plug that is recommended as original equipment willbe best for your engine. However, automakers have sometimes re- vised sparkplug recommencations aftr or dur- ing a model year. Tt you suspect that hot sparkplugs may be ‘causing detonation, remove them and exam- ine them. The insulator should range trom very light gray ot tan in color to dark gray or tan. Electrodes should show only wear, not melting. ‘There should be no biistering ofthe insulator. I the engine has been detonating, the insulaior ‘may be cracked. if inspection reveals your ‘plugs tobe oo hot, replace them with a set that fs one-half heal range colder. Fun those for a few hundred mies and repeat the inspection. It ‘most of your diving is done at high speed on thehighway, you may need a plug thats slight ly colder than what the manufacturer recom- ‘mended. Generally, itis not advisable to use a ‘eperkplug that i in a hettor range than recom ‘mended, Crossfire prevention Crossfire occurs when curent moving ‘through one plug wire induces a currentto tow ina parallel wir. The induced current causes spark n a plug that was not supposed to fire at that time, I'can establish a flame tron which will cause detonation when the actual igniton occurs, ‘Grosstir is easily preverted by making sure plug wires that are next io each other cross, rather than tie parallel Carbon deposits in the combustion chamber ‘As mentioned earlier, carbon deposits in the combustion chamber can cause detonation. (One way they contibute to this problem is that they raise combuston pressure, which, in tum, causes heat However, carbon deposits can also be a direct cause 0! preigntion, if they continue to glow atte te spent gases have been exhaust- from a cylinder. ‘Thoto aro commarcial sclvents availablo for removing carbon deposits from engine com- bbustion chambers and pistons. Try one of theee, if you suspect that carbon buldup ie ‘causing detonation. Another possible cure, already mentones, is swiching 1 a higher ’A final solution is removing the cylinder PING AND KNOCK heads and scraping the carbon trom ine cham- bers and pistons. Other reasons for detonation ‘Among the other common causes ofdetona- tion are: ‘A nontuncional EGR valve (Section 2) A lean fuel misture (Section 5). Vacuum leaks (Sections 2 and 3). Sticking centriugel-advance weights. 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Ask for Operator 52 (illinois, phone 1-800-942-8881) cmrmapia fxpetene instbpes Hh ps ee e sobdstateignitions, tansmis- Tp asschne ee sions and trarsaxles, engine Sericconie | aoe Sanmeamies mnie \ i =a Sine Caturtos, woublsbong and more. All designed to pre- pare you for suces. 1 Yetigreyoutmeron | EE CHECK OvE FREE CATALOGONY —, Free Catalog,No I sosuxsanwntearosvor — °Dstawunnse Salesman Will Call ur big free catalog describes each lesson, each piece of equipment and each day ofthe factor service school traning youl re ceive. Tae Un fis sep wo “Training Includes wards running your ovm lite. ‘SIP engine, all the Send coupon or phone right Profestonateols. now using our TOLL-FREE 4 contesting Comme Neate Sued nonoy Ne ey al ci l[a l= Pee Pore SECTION i ENCINE DIESELIN “Why Does My Engine Run On After Turn ts Off?” ‘engine is saidto dese! when itcontinues 10 run—although unevenly—after the ignition is shut of. The following malfunctions can contribute to ths: ‘A delectve EGA vale. leaking tuer-njector nozzle Carton in a cylinder. ruptured spar-advance diaphragm. ‘damaged choke vacuum broak. ‘An inoperative idle-stop solenoid. An incorect idle adjustment. Three conditions—a combination of un- burned uelin the cyinders, a source of ignition after the engine is turned off and a supply of air—must be present for deseling to occur ‘The fuel burns and engine run-on continues, Lunt all fuel is consumed. ‘To control dieseling, you must stop the ingut of fuel es the ignition fs turned off, shut off the air supply 0: controlthe ignition source. if your diesels, conside’ IIs the octane of your fuel too low? An add tivein higher-octane fuels resists ignition when the engine is tured off Is engine timing set property? Incorrect ini tion timing can raise combustion temperature. When the engine is shut of, deposits in the ‘chamber glow and provide igniton. | Any component conirolied by vacuum can cause cieseling i itis defective and offers an air inlet after the engine is tured otf. See Sec- tion? for an EGR vave chock and Section 8 or fa vacuum-break diagnosis. 1 Is the carburetor out of adjustment? A high Idle speed is the most likely cause of diesel- ing. 's the throttle linkage catching on some- thing asi tums to idle position in preperation for a shutdown’ If so, dle speed wil rise and probably cause dieseiing Test VW fuel injector with magnet to litt sensor plate in mixture control unit. | Have you ever treated your engine with car- bon sovent? It's worth a shot, since a plug of ‘catbon in a cyinder may get hot enough to Seve a¢ @ Source of ignition, Testing an idle-stop solenoid i your engine nas an ialestop soena, yout find ion the carburetor. To ast & 1. Watch the solenoid as someone starta the engine, accelerates It ‘quickiy to half-throtile and then lets it ‘drop to Idle. The solencid plunger should ‘come out and caich the throtie lover as it snaps closed, 2. Turn off the engine. Tho plunger ‘should retract a once, ting the throttle cose. Init doesn’, the engine may diesel 3. Wf these things don’t happen, ‘detach the wire from the solenoid ter. minal and turn off the ignition. Check with a votmete or est ight for battery voltage. Ht there is none, replace the wie. If votage Is ‘4: Hook up a tachometer and adjust engine idling speed to maker's specl- fleation. Usea small wrench o tum the ile. slop plunger. Retest solenoid. Ifit doesn't une- tion, its no good. Install a new one. Test for a leaking injector Fue! injection systems are not hard to rou- bleshoot. For example, to lest for a VW leaking Ingctor system, you'd do this: 1. By hand, pull one of the injectors from the manifold tube. Leave the fuel hese attached 2. Remove the rubber duct from the top of the mixture contro! unit to uncover the sensor plate. ‘3. Remove the fuel-pump relay and connect a jumper (see Section 1) ‘4. Point end of the injectorin a glass ‘and use @ magnet to lift the sensor late. The injector should eject fuel ina prop- ‘er spray pattem. Release the sensor plate. If the ‘end cf the injector drips, replace it the injector is okay, moisten the rubber coal with gaeoline and prove the injector firmly in its seat in the manifold tube. Tes! each injector the same way. ™ 178 POPULAR MECHANICSHOW DO YOU KNOW HOW GOOD YOUR MOTOR GIL Is? ie IN WRITING? Queatin E. Wood tee ilel-1s Probably the biggest favor you can do your car is provide it with clean, fresh, quality motor oil each time it's ready for an oil change. But, since you can't watch a motor oil at work in your 1's engine, how do you know you're getting all the quality you've paid for? At Quaker State, we put it in writing. We back up our quality with a lifetime guarantee. We guarantee every new car engine against oil-related failure for as long as you own your car and use Quaker State. For details, and coverage, write Quaker State, Warranty Department, Gil City, PA 16301 And y y anew car to benefit from Quaker State quality. When you put Quaker State in your car—old or new —you're putting in ‘America’s quality motor cil. Made only from Pennsylvania Grade Crude Oil. STAYIN’ ON THE ROAD WITH QUAKER STATECAR CARE GUIDE SECTION 8. ENGINE ie “Why Does My ine Balk When | Step Gnit'?” fou've tuned up the engine—there are new plugs, all adjustments have been made to the carmaker's specification and so forth. Stil, when you attempt to accelerate, the engine stumbles. Why? ‘Some of the likely causes include: The vacuum break is ruptured 1M Tho accelerator pump is damaged The thermostatic aircieaner valve hangs up. ACCELERATOR PONE Faulty accelerator pump may have @ weak spring or plunger that's become brite. In additon to these you can add vacuum- hose leaks, an airleak at the carburetor-man- ifold joint and damaged ignition wires. Defining the problem Let's make sure that we're speaking about the same problem: Stumbling flatspot aoce- ‘eration, hesitating and faltaring are defined as ‘a momentary lack of response as you push ‘down the accelerator pedal. though this trou- ‘ble can occur at any speed, itis usualy most Pronounced when you take off from a doad ‘stop. The condition doesn't usually cause the ‘engine to Stat However, 1 COUN" tne prOo- Jem Is severe enough. ‘Once you are satisfied thet the engine is property tuned, olow this diagnostic approach ae you try to get to the bottom of tre problem: 41. Examine vacuum hoses (see See- ttion 3). Look for an air leak at the carburetor- ‘manifold joint (see Section 2), and also exam- ine and test the igntion wires (see Section 1). 2. If stumbling on acceleration oc- curs only when the engine is cold, check operation of the automatic ‘choke. Aisoiestio make sure thatthe valve in the thermostatic air-cleaner snorkel closes when the engine is cold. Incidentally, if the ‘engine is warm when you are performing this, test, wrap some ice ina rag and hold itover the ‘conor, which le located in the air cleans housing. The valve should close with the ‘engine running. Test the action ofthe acceler- ‘The purpose ofthe choke vacuum breakis to help the choke plate overcome the resistence that simposed by the thermostatic spring when ‘engine is beginning towarm and the choke Pate iS opening. The "pul on the choke plat by the vacuum break opens the pte sighty to. Jean the fue! mixture just enough to avert per- formance problems caused by an overly rich xt. ‘When @ vacuum break ‘ail, the cheke plate will remain closed uni the engine gets warm ‘enough for the thermastatic spring to release its gnp. in the several minutes it takes for wart-up, the overy rch fuel rixture can cause the engine to stumble on acceleration. TTofind out the vacuum break is working as it_should, follow the procedure outined below: 1. Start the engine and then pull the hose away from the vacuum break ‘chamber. 2. Close the end of the vacuum hose by preasing your thumb against It. Do you fee! astrong pull (vacuum)? Ifnot, check to ‘see that the other endo the hose is connected to the vacuum source, and that the nose isn't kinked or spit. 3. Turn off the engine and reconnect the hose to the vacuum break cham- 4. Now, disconnect the same hose at the other end, thatis, at the vacuum ‘source. Attach your hand vacuum pump to 5. Keeping your eye on the link con- necting the vacuum break to the choke actuator lever, pump up the ‘vacuum. THe should cause the Ink io move. W i doesn't, you should replace the vacuum break How to check the accelerator pump ‘The accelerator pump is a device that pro- vides a steady stream of fuel within the carbu- fetor when you suddenly depress the throttle. This quick action is designed to prevent the mixture from suddenly becoming very lean, which, in tur, results in the feeling of hesita: ton, ‘Some accelerator pumps provide fuel by meane plug control systems, depending on car and year. Consult a repair ‘manual of a professional f your eystem fale. Arestricted fuel filter ‘A clogged fuel fiter causes the same prob- lems in dese! and gasoline engines. One is Clogged fue! fitter wil stop the engine. To check, disconnect fuel outlet line and crank engine. Use 2 receptacie to catch fuel. A forceful fuel spray means filter is okay. Finish this exciting CLOCK Yourself and Save! Fun and any. everything included, 417 x Me" the, prerouted «Coan pees Ey ohh + Soper 75 que move west Sansa + Gotton Sepente Kinds, eepnt Gaston Ronan tomers: seahesve + Compe toi isons Invector eet $19, 95 e550 ipa nd, en alte neon bere eb our rast tpt oce Vise ee ts ‘Pease serd me the merchant cece are cyst CL@CK CRAFTERS 2 S605NO. PETERSON AVE, SEDALIA, COBON9S ATOERTK © For anything that Sticks or © Dries ignitions in boats, RV Protects reals. gune against rit © Cleans, lubricates. It really works.————— AUTOMATIC GARAGE DOOR SYSTEM) ‘¢ NO PLASTIC PARTS -ALL STEEL '* AUTOMATIC REVERSE. = Va HORSEPOWER © UGH TIME DELAY 1° DIGITAL REMOTE CONTROLS ‘SHIPPED UPS OR PARCEL POST | Uva Foc APPROVED MADE INUSA FREE bromo MOTORDOOR sons: wacts a rouse CAR CARE GUIDE ee Dieseit NO aes (Continued tem page 193) thatthe engine falls to start. Use the following procedure to determine ita fuel iter is clogged. applies specifically to GM diesel engines, but can be adapted to other makes. ‘The GM fuel fiter is mounted on the right, side of the engine near the rear of the air intake. The tuel-nletline from the fuel-delvery ump is at the top of the filter. The fuel-outiet line to the fuel-ijecton pump is atthe bottom of the iter. 1. Disconnect the fuel-outlet line at the fue! filter. Piug the open end ofthe line 'o keep out dirt. Caution: Foreign mater in the fuel system can damage the fue-injection pump anc noz- 2ies, causing expensive repairs. Kent-Moore Tool Corp. kit No. J28438 contains plastic plugs to seal discomected fuel ines, nozzles ‘and injection pump parts. Ask your auto paris ‘and accessories dealer about it 2, Hold a receptacte near the open fuei-filter fitting to catch fuel that will ‘spray during the test. ‘3. Have someone crank the engine. Wt fuel sprays energetically from the open fuel-filter fitting, the filter is not ‘causing your starting problem. ‘imporant Diesel fuel can damage rubber parts. Wipe up spillson hoses, wiring and rub- ber steering- or suspension-sysiem boos ‘4 If fuel does not spray from the open fuelfilter fitting, reconnect the fuel-outiet line and disconnect the fuslinlet line. Hold a receptacte to catch {uel spraying from the inlet. ‘5. Have someone crank the engine. it fuel sprays from the inlet line, it means that fuel Is getting to, but not through, the filter. The filter is plugged. Replace it. fuel doesnt spray trom the inlet Ine, the biockage is 10 the rear of the fiter, probably in a faulty fuel-delivery pump or fuel sending unit I its below 20°F, the problem is probably dus to fuel waxing atthe pickupin the tank. GM's retrofitted fuel warmer and check- valve system can prevent this. It's standard on some newer GM diesels. ‘Note: You can usually avoid a problem with the tue! fiter by flloning the maker's replace- ment recommendations. With GM, replace the Iter every 24,000 miles. with a VW cesel, replace it every 15,000 miles. Engine compression test Testing compression of a diesel engine is. not ike checking a gasoine engine. There's a testing procedure that applies generally 1 all gasoline engines. Not s0 with diesols, since makers ay own dtferent rues. Thus, we give GM's procedure and show major diferences Detwoen it and VW's. 1, See that the batteries are fully or nearly fully charged. ‘2. Remove the alr cleaner and install a cover over the alr crossover to keep loose objects and dirt out of the engine. Dent vee a reg as a cover. GM oug- gests you get a Kent Moore air-crossover cov- {r (part No. J26396-1), which bolts on. ‘Note: For data on Kent-Moore diesel tools for GM or Datsun dissels, wite to 29784 Lite Mack, Roseville, Mich. 48066, 3. Disconnect wire from fuel sole- nold terminal of the injection pump. slow-plug hole and crank the engine until you count six “puffs.” Each ‘puf"is ‘one revoluton. Test each cylinder. (For VW, screw the gauge inio injector ports) ‘Note: You have to use a ciesel-engine com- pression gauge, capable of recording very high readings. GM recommends Kent-Mcore gauge -J26998, which can read up to 1.000 1pm. VW recommends gauge VW 1323 or US 1011, used with adapier VW 1329/2. ‘Compression should buld up quickly and evenly. A low reading on the frst “put” fol lowed by readings that build up gradually but

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