Comparing Cell Division in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Chromosome Structure

Parts of a Chromosome

Diploid and Haploid Cells

Cells having two sets of chromosomes
are
diploid
(2
n
).
Haploid
cells (1
n
) have only one set of chromosomes.

Chromosomes: Homologous, Paternal and Maternal

Each strand of the chromosome is known as a

chromatid and the two chromatids making up the
double stranded chromosome
are attached at the centromere
.

This division of one chromosome into two chromosomes with identical

information is the whole point of mitosis! This occurs for each chromosome i

Chromosome
Numbers
of Various
Organisms

Sex Chromosomes and Autosomes

Sex chromosomes
are chromosomes that determine the
sex of an organism.
All of the other chromosomes in an
organism are
autosomes.

Sex Chromosomes and Autosomes

Cell Division in Eukaryotes

Cell Cycle Introduction

Cell Cycle
The cell cycle is the life span of a eukaryotic
cell
.

It represents recurring events that take

place in the period of time from the beginning of
one cell division to the beginning of the next.
In addition to cell division, the cell cycle
includes periods when the cell is growing and
actively producing materials it needs for the next
division
.

Cell Cycle
The
cell cycle
is the repeating set of events in the life of a
cell.
The cell cycle consists of cell division and
interphase.
Cell division in eukaryotes includes nuclear
division, called
mitosis
, and the division of cytoplasm, called
cytokinesis
.

G
1

M phase

G
2

the cell cycle consists of:

G1
= growth and preparation of the chromosomes
for replication (G
0
= normal cell functions only)
S
= synthesis of DNA
G2
= preparation for
M
= mitosis and cytokinesis

G
Interphase
1
phase

S phase

Section 10-2

G
2
phase

Metaphase
Prophase M phase
(Mitosis)

Anaphase

Concept Map
Cell Cycle
includes

is divided into

G
0

Go to
Section:

is divided into

Telophase

Interphase
Interphase
consists of growth (G1), DNA replication (S), and
preparation for cell division (G2).

Stages of Mitosis
Mitosis is divided into stages:
prophase, metaphase, anaphase,
and
telophase.
Mitosis results in two offspring cells that are
genetically identical to the original cell.

Prophase
is the first stage of mitosis proper. Chromatin
condenses (remember that chromatin/DNA replicate durin
Interphase), the nuclear envelope dissolves, centrioles (if
divide and migrate, and the spindle forms.

Metaphase
follows Prophase. The chromosomes (which at this
point consist of chromatids held together by a centromer
migrate to the equator of the spindle.
Anaphase
begins with the separation of the centromeres, and
the pulling of chromosomes (we call them chromosomes
after the centromeres are separated) to opposite poles o
the spindle.

Telophase
is when the chromosomes reach the poles of their
respective spindles, the nuclear envelope reforms, chromo
uncoil into chromatin form, and the nucleolus (which had
disappeared during Prophase) reform. Where there was on
there are now two smaller cells each with exactly the same
genetic information. These cells may then develop into diff
adult forms via the processes of development.

Illustrated here are micrographs showing the

stages that can be observed during the process of
mitosis. These micrographs are of whitefish blastula cell

INTERPHASE
All of these cells are between divisions. The nuclei
are seen with their membranes present.
Chromosomes are extended and not visible
.

PROPHASE
Since we see
chromosomes
(they are replicated) appearing as units in the area
where the nucleus was located and the nuclear membran
no longer
present, the cell marked "P shows the signs of this
first stage of mitosis.

METAPHASE
The
spindle
(S) is complete and the
chromosomes

ANAPHASE
The replicated
chromosomes
are moving away from each other towards the
poles

TELOPHASE
We are rarely able to observe telophase. Cell "T"
shows the replicated chromosomes clearly at the poles a
the spindle fibers being cut through by the formation of
the
furrow

TELOPHASE
This is another view of telophase with the spindle a little
less clear and a completed membrane. When the nucleus
has its membrane, the nucleolus is reformed and the
chromosomes have unwound, mitosis will be complete
.

Animal Mitosis -- Review

Onion Root Tip Mitosis

The five major phases of
plant mitosis. Unlike animals cells,
plant cells do not have centrioles
or asters. During telophase, a
partition or cell plate divides the
cytoplasm rather than a cleavage
furrow.

Prophase Metaphase Anaphase

Interphase

Plant Mitosis -- Review

Cytokinesis
During cytokinesis in animal cells, a
cleavage furrow
pinches in and eventually separates the dividing
cell into
two cells.
In plant cells, a
cell plate
separates the dividing cell into
two cells.

During cytokinesis,
the dividing cell separates into two diploid
daughter cells
.
In
animal cells
, which lack a cell wall and are surrounded only by
a cytoplasmic membrane,
microfilaments of actin and myosin attached to the
membrane form constricting rings
around the central portion of the dividing cell and
eventually divide the cytoplasm into two daughter cells.
In the case of
plant cells
, which are surrounded by a cell wall in addition to
the cytoplasmic membrane,
carbohydrate-filled vesicles accumulate and fuse
along the equator of the cell forming a cell plate