International Journal of Research and Development in Pharmacy and Life Sciences

Available online at http//www.ijrdpl.com

February - March, 2015, Vol. 4, No.2, pp 1456-1462
ISSN (P): 2393-932X, ISSN (E): 2278-0238

Research Article
DIVERSITY OF BLUE-GREEN ALGAE AND STUDY ON RELATED PHYSICO-CHEMICAL
PARAMETERS OF PADDY FIELDS OF CHHATARPUR DISTRICT OF MADHYA PRADESH
Neha Jain*
Department of Botany, Dr. H. S. Gour (Central) University, Sagar, Madhya Pradesh, INDIA, 470003
*Corresponding Author: Email nehaj147@gmail.com

(Received: December 151, 2014; Accepted: January 17, 2015)

ABSTRACT
Occurrence of Blue-green algae in local paddy fields of Chhatarpur district M.P. has been under taken for the first time in this area. A regular monthly collection has
been made during cropping season May to October in year 2013. In the present investigation, rich diversity of Blue-green algae was recorded. Total 66 Bluegreen algal species with wide range of thallus structure were found, belonging to various orders i.e., Chroococcales, Oscillatoriales, Nostocales, and Stigonematales
etc. Total nine physico-chemical parameters (pH, EC, Temperature, soil N, P, K and Calcium content) were chosen for study. Chlorophyll-a content were also
estimated during study period as an index of growth. This study reveals that comparatively lesser number of Blue-green algae were growing in summers in
comparison to rainy season. The unicellular forms were abundant during summer while number of filamentous (heterocystous and non-heterocystous forms) increased
during rainy season.
Keywords: Blue-green algae, Chhatarpur district, Chlorophyll-a, Diversity, Paddy fields, Physico-chemical, thallus.

INTRODUCTION

of the region Maharaja Chhatrasal. The District is situated at

Blue-green algae or cyanobacteria a group of gram

North East border of Madhya Pradesh. This District is spread

negative photoautotrophic bacteria are the one of the most

over an area of 8687 Square Kms. with longitudes and

ancient component of earth present in the Archaean and

latitudes of 24.06 - 25.20 on North 78.59 - 80.26 on East

Proterozoic Eras (2.7 billion years ago) that were

respectively. The study of identification of blue green algae

responsible creating our oxygenic atmosphere through their

has been taken for the first time in this area.

photosynthetic activities1. The paddy fields are the suitable

MATERIALS AND METHODS

ecosystem for growth and reproduction of blue-green

Collection of samples

algae2. The Blue Green Algae are ecologically beneficial in

Soil samples were collected from four local paddy fields of

Paddy fields for sustaining soil fertility, reclaiming of alkaline

Chhatarpur district of Madhya Pradesh, namely, Ishanagar

soil and can contribute 25-30 kg N2 per season. They are

(2451'51"N, 7923'19"E), Barat (250'39"N, 7952'38E) ,

ubiquitous in nature and dominantly present in paddy fields.

Sahaniya

Various studies were reported on identification of Blue-green

(251031N,

algae from various Indian paddy fields 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 , 9,

respectively. Soil samples were collected at one month

10 and only few from Madhya pradesh 11, 12. The District

interval during morning to noon from the pre-sowing

Chhatarpur occupies a central position in the plateau of

treatment stage of the crop to throughout cropping and

Bundelkhand and known after the name of the great warrior

cutting season from May 2013 to October 2013.

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(250'36"N,
792008E),

7928'57"E)
stations-1,

and
2,

Int. J. Res. Dev. Pharm. L. Sci.

Alipura
and

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Neha Jain et. al., February - March, 2015, 4(2), 1456-1462

Representative, randomized and composite soil surface

Microscopic analysis

samples collected from 8-10 spots of upper 0.5 cm soil crust

Isolated Blue-green algal strains were observed under light

from study areas. The sites were selected on the basis of

microscope, for morphometric analysis. Camera-Lucida

different texture of soils and different water resources by

sketches were drawn and data related to trichome shape,

which they irrigated, so that diverse and maximum number of

filament color, akinete and heterocyst shape, size, position,

Blue-green algal species can be observed. Station-1 is

number recorded. Some microphotographs of dominant forms

situated at the bank of Tadper River; station-2 is irrigated

were also taken by a digital camera (Figure.1).

by water of Jagatsagar pond, station-3 by Seelap River

Physico-chemical properties of Soil

and station-4 by Dhasan River.

Total nine different parameters pH, EC, Soil temperature, N,

Isolation and Identification of samples

P, K, Organic carbon and Calcium content were taken into

Soil samples were mixed well, dried, sieved and 100g

consideration for the measurement of fertility levels in soils.

representative samples from each field were stored in

The soil temperature, pH and conductivity of the soil samples

sterilized polythene bags. BG 1113and modified Chu No.10

were determined by using soil thermometer, digital pH meter

14 were utilized as enrichment medium for isolation of

and conductivity meter respectively. The available soil

strains. 1 g soil sample was inoculated in 50 mL sterilized

phosphate, sodium, potassium, total soil nitrogen, organic

BG11 medium and then flasks were incubated for 30 days

carbon and calcium content were estimated in the laboratory

at 28 20 C with cool white fluorescent light tubes under a

as per procedures described by Trivedi and Goel (1986)17.

16/8 h light. The isolation of Blue-green strains was carried

The data obtained of the soil analysis during the study

out by dilution and pour plate method. The identification of

period are given in Table 2.

taxa was done following the keys given by Desikachary

(1959)15 and classical manuals of Baker & Bold (1970)16.
Table 1.
Table 1. Blue-green algae identified in four studied local paddy fields of Chhatarpur district (M.P.)
S.N.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

Name of isolates
Microcystis robusta
Microcystis aeruginosa
Aphanocapsa montana
Aphanocapsa littoralis
Aphanocapsa biformis
Aphanocapsa virescens
Aphanocapsa banarescensis
Aphanothece saxicola
Gloeothece samoensis
Chroococcus minor
Chroococcus turgidus
Chroococcus varius
Chroococcus minimus
Chroococcus minutus
Chroococcus cohaerens
Chroococcus limneticus
Chroococcus indicus
Gloeocapsa calcarea
Gloeocapsa compacta
Gloeocapsa nigrescencs

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Station 1

Station 2

Station 3

Station 4

+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

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Neha Jain et. al., February - March, 2015, 4(2), 1456-1462

21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66

Gloeocapsa luteofusca
Gloeocapsa punctata
Stichosiphon sansibaricus
Arthrospira spirulinoides
Arthrospira platensis
Oscillatoria ornata
Oscillatoria boryana
Oscillatoria pseudogeminata
Oscillatoria limosa
Oscillatoria angusta
Oscillatoria miniata
Oscillatoria proteus
Trichodesmium thiebautii
Phormidium ambiguum
Phormidium corium
Lyngbya spiralis
Lyngbya contorta
Lyngbya mesotricha
Symploca cartilaginea
Cylindrospermum indicum
Cylindrospermum muscicola
Nostoc entophytum
Nostoc paludosum
Nostoc calcicola
Nostoc commume
Nostoc spongiaeforme
Nostoc ellipsosporum
Nostoc muscorum
Anabaena constricta
Anabaena torulosa
Anabaena oryzae
Anabaena naviculoides
Anabaena orientalis
Anabaena circinalis
Aphazimenon flos-aquae
Scytonema bohneri
Scytonema subtile
Scytonema millei
Microchaete tenera
Calothrix fusca
Stigonema aerugineum
Haplosiphon flagelliformis
Haplosiphon welwitschii
Westiellopsis prolifica
Fischerella muscicola
Stigonema hormoides
Total species

+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
_
+
+
+
-+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-

+
+
+
+
+
+
-+
+
+
-

+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-

33

24

21

23

* Present (+), Absent (-)

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Neha Jain et. al., February - March, 2015, 4(2), 1456-1462

Figure 2. Some micro-photographs of identified dominant forms

Figure 2. The graph showing variation in Chlorophyll-a

in four local paddy fields of Chhatarpur district (M.P.)
during May 2013 to October 2013

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Figure 1. The graph showing monthly variations in

different meteorological parameters of Chhatarpur district
during study period (during May 2013 to October 2013)

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Neha Jain et. al., February - March, 2015, 4(2), 1456-1462

Table 2. Physico-chemical characteristics of the four local paddy fields of Chhatarpur district of Madhya Pradesh during
(May 2013 to October 2013)
Parameters

Stations

May

June

July

August

September

October

1
2
3
4

450.200
440.520
440.040
430.030

43.20.158
440.210
420.364
440.095

32.50.343
330.450
30.50.026
30.20.062

32.70.186
28 0.090
33.70.057
32.50.860

35.6 0.423
34.60.066
320.0830
34.5 0.004

30.90.310
29.50.005
28.5 0.165
27.9 0.019

1
2
3
4

6.50.045
5.910.02
3.90.007
4.30.026

6.90.024
6.20.033
4.2 0.010
5.2 0.008

8.60.054
7.80.068
4.6 0.003
5.6 0.041

8.970.071
7.60.051
5.0 0.012
5.8 0.094

9.64 0.014
6.980.039
5.7 0.014
6.8 0.057

9.420.045
6.870.019
5.30.020
6.1 0.004

Conductivity (S)

1
2
3
4

3.80.004
2.10.046
0.10.082
1.20.160

4.20.001
3.300.018
0.30.0091
2.30.185

4.650.023
3.450.060
0.30.048
2.60.101

4.970.002
4.360.120
0.40.006
2.80.002

5.70.006
4.340.153
0.340.016
2.50.080

3.980.003
4.290.035
0.30.072
2.20.025

P (Kg/hec)

1
2
3
4

9.780.019
3.20.014
0.890.170
5.60.003

8.960.082
2.90.005
2.780.001
9.70.165

9.60.078
4.00.017
2.80.95
8.60.072

10.50.079
5.40.023
2.60.043
9.80.018

10.370.134
5.610.097
2.40.001
3.40.039

8.340.063
4.970.028
0.960.031
4.50.674

1
2
3
4

450.902.927
365.451.005
330.40.032
2760.018

4581.390
456.781.249
345.10.056
2890.260

456.961.803
403.21.841
348.800.018
323.80.045

3983.459
400.90.984
374.200.062
3400.045

4902.684
406.450.662
3210.071
3400.038

365.452.742
394.420.474
2980.820
3280.009

Soil N (kg/hec)

1
2
3
4

167.300.063
190.521.260
2100.620
180.40.602

123.800.048
198.151.652
2560.505
196.40.692

282.100.094
198.271.420
200.8 0.925
188.420.764

289 1.080
2000.989
212.861.051
1620.831

2451.325
2120.971
243.301.076
1780.527

2801.462
2020.052
195.362.929
1840.810

Organic carbon

1
2
3
4

0.600.002
0.45 0.018
0.320.052
1.050.068

0.850.028
0.570.282
0.560.163
1.200.003

0.750.172
0.460.062
0.490.058
1.200.103

0.560.118
0.480.038
0.430.019
1.230.062

0.580.091
0.420.073
0.340.030
1.120.041

0.540.035
0.380.064
0.210.095
0.980.071

1
0.490.025
2
0.260.005
3
0.630.026
4
0.070.720
*Values are expressed as the mean S.D; n=3

0.790.084
0.320.650
0.990.016
0.100.029

0.230.017
0.650.012
0.860.100
0.130.013

0.360.018
0.530.080
0.650.073
0.120.011

0.380.056
0.750.032
1.580.041
0.980.025

0.350.110
0.360.085
0.740.014
0.250.062

Surface
temperature
(.C)

pH

K (Kg/hec)

Ca2+
(ppm)

Measurement of chlorophyll accumulation and

Enumeration of algal cells
Chlorophyll content was estimated using hot methanol

(Rainfall, Relative Humidity and Temperature) were collected

extraction method18. Enumeration of populations was

Chhatarpur. Average meteorological parameters during

carried out by MPN (Most Probable Number) technique. The

study period are showing in Figure 3.

enrichment flasks and MPN tubes were regularly monitored

Statistical Analysis

for growth and observed microscopically. The data obtained

The triplicate sets of data for the various parameters were

of monthly chlorophyll estimation and algal counts are shown

analyzed by ANOVA (completely randomized design) using

by Figure2.

Graph pad prism 6.04 (Graph pad Software, Inc., San

Meteorological Study

Diego, CA, USA) statistical software and critical differences

Meteorological parameters notably influence the diversity of

values were calculated at P level of 0.05.

from Agricultural Institute and Department of Bhu-Abhilekh,

Blue-green algae. All the data of meteorological parameters

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Neha Jain et. al., February - March, 2015, 4(2), 1456-1462

DISCUSSION

CONCLUSION

Diversity of Blue-green algae

In this investigation, it is found that among meteorological

In studied paddy fields, station-1 showed maximum number

parameters, relative humidity plays an important role in

of species while least number of species recorded from

growth of Blue-green algae as well as available nutrients in

station 3. The unicellular forms are abundant during summer

soil also increases their number. Since maximum diversity

while heterocystous and filamentous forms found exclusively

found in alkaline soil, it implies that alkalinity favors diversity

during rainy season. Total 27 heterocystous, 17 filamentous

and growth of BGA. The soils of all studied paddy fields

and 22 unicellular forms were obtained from studied area.

have nitrogen deficiency and due to water-logged condition,

Maximum number of species belongs to Nostoc genera, and

the efficiency of nitrogen fertilizers becomes low in flooded

order Chroococcales.

soil. Application of Blue-green algae in paddy fields as

Effect of physico-chemical parameters

biofertilizer increases the fertility level of soil and biological

The physico-chemical properties of collected soils showed

nitrogen fixation will also be improved.

much variation, the maximum soil surface temperature

Acknowledgement

(440.520) C found in May while minimum (27.9 0.019)

Author is grateful to Department of Botany, Dr. H. S. Gour

C in October. The pH of soils of all studied paddy fields

(Central) University, Sagar for providing necessary facilities

differ greatly ranged from 3.90.007 to 9.420.045. The

to carry out this work and also thanking full to The DST

soil of site-1 showed alkalinity throughout season. The

INSPIRE, for providing grant for this work. I am grateful to

maximum diversity found in alkaline soil, which favors growth

The Director, Agriculture Institute of Chhatarpur district for

of

low

providing facilities for soil analysis and Meteorology (Bhu-

concentration of N2 content, ranged from 123.800.048 to

Blue-green

algae.

Collected

soils

showed

Abhilekh), Department of Chhatarpur district for providing

282.100.094 Kg/hect but rich in potassium (K) ranged

necessary

from 2760.018 to 456.781.249 Kg/hect. The site-3 had

parameters for this work.

lowest concentration of potassium 0.890.170 and site-1

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1.

phosphorus ranged from 0.890.170 to 10.370.134,

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2.
3.

showed medium concentration level of calcium in soils. The

site-4 had maximum concentration of organic carbon (upto
1.230.062 %) and site-3 had lowest concentration

4.
5.

(0.210.095).
Meteorological parameters and Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a)

6.
7.

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(18.0183 g L-1) and minimum value (0.2553 g L-1)
analysed in May. Site-1 showed maximum Chl-a value

8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

among four sites throughout season while site-3 showed

lowest value.

SRDE Group, All Rights Reserved.

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How to cite your article:

Jain N., Diversity of blue-green algae and study on related physico-chemical parameters of paddy fields of chhatarpur
district of madhya pradesh, Int. J. Res. Dev. Pharm. L. Sci., 2015, 4(2), pp. 1456-1462.

SRDE Group, All Rights Reserved.

Int. J. Res. Dev. Pharm. L. Sci.

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