Math 446 - Homework # 4

1. Are the following statements true or false?

(a) 3 5(mod 2)
Solution: 3 5 = 2 = 2 (1) is divisible by 2. Hence 2
5(mod 2).
(b) 11 5(mod 5)
Solution: 11 (5) = 16 is NOT divisible by 5. Hence 11
5(mod 5).
(c) 31 10(mod 3)
Solution: 31 10 = 41 is NOT divisible by 3. Hence 31
10(mod 3).
(d) 100 12(mod 4)
Solution: 100 12 = 88 = 4 44 is divisible by 4. Hence 100
12(mod 4).
2. Prove the following: If x, y, z, a, b, n are integers with n 2 then the
following are true:
(a) x x(mod n)
Solution: Note that x x = 0 = n 0. Hence n divides x x.
Thus x x(mod n).
(b) If x y(mod n), then and y x(mod n).
Solution: Since x y(mod n) we have that ns = x y for some
integer s. Multiplying by 1 gives n(s) = y x. Hence n divides
y x. Thus y x(mod n).
(c) If x y(mod n) and y z(mod n), then x z(mod n).
Solution: Since x y(mod n) we have that ns = x y for some
integer s. Since y z(mod n) we have that nt = y z for some
integer t. Adding the equations ns = x y and nt = y z gives
the equation n(s + t) = x z. Hence n divides x z. Therefore
x z(mod n).
(d) If a b(mod n) and x y(mod n), then a + x b + y(mod n).

Solution: Since a b(mod n) we have that ns = a b for some

integer s. Since x y(mod n) we have that nt = x y for some
integer t. Therefore
(a + x) (b + y) = (a b) + (x y) = ns + nt = n(s + t).
Therefore n divides (a + x) (b + y). Hence a + x b + y(mod n).
(e) If a b(mod n) and x y(mod n), then ax by(mod n).
Solution: Since a b(mod n) we have that ns = a b for some
integer s. Since x y(mod n) we have that nt = x y for some
integer t. Therefore
ax = (b + ns)(y + nt) = by + nbt + nsy + n2 st.
So,
ax by = n(bt + sy + nst).
Therefore n divides ax by. Hence ax by(mod n).
(f) We have that x y(mod n) if and only if x = y + kn for some
integer k.
Solution: Suppose that x y(mod n). Then n divides x y.
Hence nk = x y for some integer k. Thus, x = y + nk.
Conversely suppose that x = y + nk. Then x y = nk. Hence n
divides x y. Thus x y(mod n).
3. In Z4 , list ten elements from each of the following equivalence classes:
0, 3, 2, 5.
Solution:
0
3
2
5

=
=
=
=

{. . . , 20, 16, 12, 8, 4, 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, . . .}

{. . . , 23, 19, 15, 11, 7, 3, 1, 5, 9, 13, 17, . . .}
{. . . , 18, 14, 10, 6, 2, 2, 6, 10, 14, 18, 22, . . .}
{. . . , 15, 11, 7, 3, 1, 5, 9, 13, 17, 21, 25, . . .}

4. Answer the following questions.

(a) Is 0 = 8 in Z4 ?
Solution: Note that 0 8 = 8 = 4 (2). Hence 4 divides 0 8.
Thus 0 8(mod 4). Therefore 0 = 8.

(b) Is 10 = 2 in Z5 ?
Solution: Note that 10 (2) = 8 which is not divisible by
5. Thus 10 2(mod 5). Therefore 10 = 2.
(c) Is 1 = 13 in Z6 ?
Solution: Note that 1 13 = 12 = 6 (2). Hence 6 divides
1 13. Thus 1 13(mod 6). Therefore 1 = 13 in Z6 .
(d) Is 2 = 52 in Z4 ?
Solution: Note that 2 52 = 50 which is not divisible by 4.
Therefore 2 = 52 in Z4 .
(e) Is 5 = 19 in Z4 ?
Solution: Note that 5 19 = 24 = 4 (6) is divisible by 4.
Therefore 5 = 19 in Z4 .
5. Answer the following questions where the elements are from Z8 .
(a) Is 0 = 12?
Solution: No, because 0 12 = 12 is not a multiple of 8.
(b) Is 2 = 14?
Solution: Yes, because 2 14 = 16 is a multiple of 8.
(c) Is 51 = 109?
Solution: No, because 51 (109) = 58 is not a multiple of 8.
(d) Is 3 = 43?
Solution: Yes, because 3 43 = 40 is a multiple of 8.
6. Consider Z7 = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}. Calculate the following. For each
answer x that you calculate, reduce it so that 0 x 6.
(a) 2 + 6
Solution: 2 + 6 = 8 = 1.
(b) 3 + 4
Solution: 3 + 4 = 7 = 0.
(c) 1473
Solution: To reduce 1473 number modulo 7 we use the division
algorithm. Dividing 7 into 1473 we get that 1473 = 210 7 + 3.
Now we use the fact that 7 = 0 in Z7 to get that
1473 = 210 7 + 3 = 210 0 + 3 = 3

(d) 3 5
Solution: 3 5 = 15 = 1.
(e) 2 3 + 4 6
Solution: 2 3 + 4 6 = 30 = 2.
(f) 5 2 + 1 + 2 4 6
Solution: 5 2 + 1 + 2 4 6 = 10 + 1 + 48 = 3 + 1 + 6 = 10 = 3.
7. Consider Z4 = {0, 1, 2, 3}. Calculate the following. For each answer x
that you calculate, reduce it so that 0 x 3.
(a) 2 + 3
Solution: 2 + 3 = 5 = 1.
(b) 1 + 3
Solution: 1 + 3 = 4 = 0.
(c) 4630
Solution: To reduce 4630 number modulo 4 we use the division
algorithm. Dividing 4 into 4630 we get that 4630 = 1157 4 + 2.
Now we use the fact that 4 = 0 in Z4 to get that
4630 = 1157 4 + 2 = 1157 0 + 2 = 2
(d) 3 2
Solution: 3 2 = 6 = 2.
(e) 2 2 + 3 3
Solution: 2 2 + 3 3 = 4 + 9 = 0 + 1 = 1.
(f) 3 2 + 1 + 2 + 2 2 2
Solution: 3 2 + 1 + 2 + 2 2 2 = 6 + 3 + 8 = 17 = 1.
8. Suppose that x is an odd integer.
(a) Prove that x = 1 or x = 3 in Z4 .
Solution: Let x be an integer. Dividing x by 4 we have that
x = 4q + r where q and r are integers and 0 r < 4.
Any integer of the form 4q + 0 = 2(2q) or 4q + 2 = 2(2q + 1) is
an even integer. Since x is assumed to be odd we must have that
either x = 4q +1 or x = 4q +3. So, x1 = 4q or x3 = 4q. Thus,
either x 1(mod 4) or x 3(mod 4). Therefore either x = 1 or
x = 3.

(b) Prove that x2 = 1 in Z4 .

Solution: Since x is odd, by exercise (8a) we have that either
2
x = 1 or x = 3. Thus either x2 = 1 or x2 = 3 = 9 = 1.
9. (a) Let p be a prime and x and y be integers. Suppose that xy = 0
in Zp . Prove that either x = 0 or y = 0.
Solution: Suppose that xy = 0 in Zp . Then xy 0(mod p).
Thus p divides xy. Since p is a prime we must have that either
p|x or p|y. Thus either x 0(mod p) or y 0(mod p). So either
x = 0 or y = 0.
(b) Give an example where n is not prime with xy = 0 but x = 0 and
y = 0.
Solution: In Z6 we have that 2 3 = 6 = 0 but 2 = 0 and 3 = 0.
10. Let p be a prime. Suppose that x2 y 2 (mod p). Prove that either
p|(x + y) or p|(x y).
Solution: Suppose that x2 y 2 (mod p). Then p divides x2 y 2 .
Hence p divides the product (x y)(x + y). Since p is prime, either
p|(x y) or p|(x + y).
11. Let n be an integer with n 2. Let a, b, c Zn . Prove the following.
(You will need to use the corresponding properties of the integers.)
(a) a b = b a.
Solution: Since a and b are integers we have that a b = b a.
Thus
a b = a b = b a = b a.
(b) a + b = b + a.
Solution: Since a and b are integers we have that a + b = b + a.
Thus
a + b = a + b = b + a = b + a.
(c) a (b + c) = a b + a c.
Solution: Since a, b, c are integers we have that a (b + c) =
a b + a c. Thus
a(b+c) = ab + c = a (b + c) = a b + a c = a b+a c = ab+ac.

(d) a (b c) = (a b) c.
Solution: Since a, b, c are integers we have that a(bc) = (ab)c.
Thus
a (b c) = a b c = a (b c) = (a b) c = a b c = (a b) c.
(e) a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c.
Solution: Since a, b, c are integers we have that a + (b + c) =
(a + b) + c. Thus
a+(b+c) = a+b + c = a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c = a + b+c = (a+b)+c.
12. Prove that 4 does not divide n2 + 2 for any integer n.
Solution: We prove this by contradiction. Suppose that there exists
an integer n where 4 divides n2 + 2. Then n2 + 2 = 4k for some integer
k. Therefore
n2 + 2 = 4k
in Z4 . Hence

n2 + 2 = 4 k

in Z4 . Since 4 = 0 we have that

n2 + 2 = 0.
Adding 2 to both sides and using the fact that 2 + 2 = 0 we have that
n2 = 2
in Z4 . However, this equation is not possible in Z4 since
2

0
2
1
2
2
2
3

=
=
=
=

0
1
0
1.

13. Prove that 15x2 7y 2 = 1 has no integer solutions.

Solution: We prove this by contradiction. Suppose that x and y are
integers with 15x2 7y 2 = 1. Then
15x2 + 7y 2 = 1

in Z3 . Since 15 = 0 and 7 = 2 in Z3 we have that

2y 2 = 1.
Multiplying by 2 on both sides and using the fact that 2 2 = 4 = 1 we
have that
y 2 = 2.
However this equation has no solutions in Z3 since
2

0 = 0
2
1 = 1
2
2 = 1.
14. Prove that x2 5y 2 = 2 has no integer solutions.
Solution: We prove this by contradiction. Suppose that x and y are
integers with x2 5y 2 = 2. Then in Z5 we have that
x2 + 5 y 2 = 2.
Since 5 = 0 in Z5 we have that
x2 = 2.
However, this equation has no solutions in Z5 since
2

0
2
1
2
2
2
3
2
4

=
=
=
=
=

0
1
4
4
1.

15. Let n, x, y Z with n 2. Consider the elements x and y in Zn .

Prove:
(a) x = y if and only if x y(mod n).
Solution: Suppose that x = y. By definition
x = {t Z | t x(mod n)}.

Since x x(mod n) we have that x x. Therefore, x y because

x = y. By definition
y = {z Z | z y(mod n)}.
Hence x y(mod n).
Conversely, suppose that x y(mod n). We now show that x = y.
Let us begin by showing that x y. Let z x. By definition
x = {t Z | t x(mod n)}.
Thus, z x(mod n). Since z x(mod n) and x y(mod n) we
have that z y(mod n). Thus z y. Therefore x y. A similar
argument shows that y x. Therefore, x = y.
(b) Either x y = or x = y.
Solution: If x y = , then we are done. Suppose that x
y = . Then there exists z x y. Since z x we have
that z x(mod n). Since z y we have that z y(mod n).
Therefore, x z(mod n) and z y(mod n) which gives us that
x y(mod n). By exercise (15a) we have that x = y.

lio- e*o.\< + l'

S. [.,*i.^,t

o
R= Zr --ll, z,t,y),,,)
R is nol o
"in3, At has n" od,lft"< i&^(
e ign"c,^{

(")

Yrx-y
.**Y,.
etl x( . ,ih
( 0 ir 'rr! 5;1, )

o,r,
lll

f-or

zr;J

r{ Q rinj.
rs .. j,.uug vnde. q.JJ.oi,,.,
:
"

il*^'.|;
" Il."

uku

(.*Jr)= (o*.)+(u+i\iez&l

,Y:o+ri)+
"l
,Ar" q- ;,
^JJ,],.*
=' of,,.t;.

" d- iE

,\ r,0 c r'^+iv{ nn.kn ocl"t,}-,,^

u^i.

fu z(;) il

a.gotacr.hve

,,,,La ,$G,oa.

ZL)=C-

: k*11411.:-.3f
l,r-. ,4 a+ L< r! (-a)+ G r)r',"1ilTT,*1"rrli."l',,"
o.
z[;) ,< .r,,"j
, f,+ arL,t.,J-e
, fu..

?r_

("+\J)k.l i ) =(,rc- uJ)+ (^o\+u .\; e Z C;J

ac-bJ ,-^-a\ ^l +Lc o-n ;"k"r,eto.

Z[^] s^F,rhe , 'fl. A;r+;r..,tl*e a^J asrrrti,,rh*< (rt*-ri.rvo\viy ,-^rth!licah'",, E<ca-ut( C &rc o^1,
Ll;7 _< ,
Sintc

t't9 1l'*
zc;7
^r.*'t
t^t i I ir cr (ornyvrvlz^hv<
:

-1.[

ci^,

si^..c-

)(.*ri) = f..i^ri),Lil"*
(r) 1= t+o; i1 tk *uit, ia,^l\
(.) T-"t a+bL ZGl wke.L
d/rrZ
(a+Li

t^+

t;

a-

Li
az+

'.^3 f;. ;[

7,,

o.'ly

lC

iprz "a -1;e Z.

l.,e t od
f,nr-q-

o1

+. uc i^

ut +o Ii,,L

\c.t*u'lZlal

frW i{

tot,,.

o"ly

So,

6,@ l)-lJ;r-;

!'

Zt;]

it

T).a{

r.r

,. "^J V si-,14-a,.c."s[g ,

0"",1,

[at*u'l

zlt\ rL;

(a,U)= (1 t,o\
a,,,

(!-,

6r

(o,1")=(ortr).

.,^?K

t\ ZC.1

^'4bj:'

(d\

z[i]
I

l*

ihat lt

;^

ZC;),

tj ^ol

z;(i)
.l-

(t

91.<a)dr

Aetd
\

-z

e-xa*

; {zCi

).r^r h" -u\\pli t.^h\q

inw,,rz*

glZ

o,.,
(

R:1rnIxe iR]

r<

nrl

gint-q-

ctolgJ u^"tq-. ^,r.tt\'rtic<\',n

ieK

Lrl .^.,,.--ldR.

a; e(JZ)- fau!Ji
Le(
al
L\i

I *,t

el.
"

\.,-. 1i*-+ < (','Z ) ir o. J.,,\r '")

G-\.rn\y q(.F,)sK siac4 ,fZe tjR.
lR.
S

Vre

f!'a r vbri r.l ."i-1r-"ia ',

o O=o+o,,lza@.(JZ),
o Lel a+bJi,,'*'i'{ze cA(/t) L.'l"c""

eA,, Tla^.,
(atr,E) -1.t,I&\ = (q-c) + (q-'()Jt
arV,. rJ

a".\

+ ( ad tt')F
(qct
zuJ)
=
(at b,fz\ '('+JJZ)
u^t in d"(.{t\ gtqt{ d<rV-J, a-c+Z\J', a-'!.

(dt[.
"

a^.c \N

fu, A(,ttl i< ," 5ubrt,r9 of K.

Sin-

F)

@(,1-z)

sR

ir

IL

o,^tr

c"n"r,-o$r{r\t

ilr.t @,(Jr {f Co^,-,rta.

(D L= l+o,JZ e e(fz\ , T>."" Affi)
hr^-s q rur.l\\)P\t.,^ l-'e ; du-hl7'
(d t.t a.+1..[Z d,(JZ) *i*t^ 9beQ,
a-l ^+bE fo, M,
tn^e

k,ru,,

J-,

.flqr^'

*\n-t cil*4o
e-l,l,l.lr-

c.r,uJz*o;
rL\L--z

\-br

-1

',7
$

az ^, L
o, -tb

h4"fL

A+l,J'
NJr{a

tr"vQ .

b'natzt'^

\-

7 ^. r V-

a:-

lL'

l{, i+ *'ts

sin'q

tr!.'\tL,'. isntf

";;;=L

^=.l'=

.-

tincx.

'tt'oqiue P'f

-"rt

t)'*'"t^u'p'1'n

vtu^nz tr 4 a

c.r ^ r v ,^niudr. {'fu-*

^'' ,*-zL'
6^.d2)'

T' #;tr

^irlIr'
?4' o
o uiu'y

a unil,
(A) aCl-z\

A .r,-

tt

t+ II
(L4tu4'*'

a {zU

t)

te

C.(G\

'r

(^l-(0\ il't"1/t'

'

Cq

\nle

i"'l

KI

u5e

\to

(o"

-l_

T1*^

frla

(l' L, ) 1W,

,J

t c., o \

1u,Az

(.r.)= lo

R, is 4 s'r!ri^1

R. it no\ a

trlok

a, ct,-, l', Ut

eZ,

o b,)-

,^, O \

o t,

i,)

rtk^"c q') qrt\t,\.e2,

nR,

o
,^,-,n.
I
o
r a- \ (
\o v,' \t

0\

(ul

KK,

" Le{ ( l' 3,) '^.t

cc

It: ;; l",u.z]

o (o

o,vr,\

9,,rtr-i"1

\h"+

,luIonn*; ^,^ *\

b,l .)

o{

5J\c ,n i

(::)

n?^J t'

L.t
4

W,.@..

)e R,
K.

M. (K),

.{

\1,. (lR),

,nttb
(""".)

r'

'

(trr) it

(".)

S^*

n,

)rnt{-

*[.

i nrnerr.e,

0l

a,ure,I e (L

{-r\lo

a^e vn

ea,)^

r^.i

"s3 :

i&^li1

!r, *k

"I1"",7

l-true o,.r- o{
"arr"*

-.1

"( Zxt,

itt a^J l1,a a^a

(c,.I)= (lrt )
(ap) = (*\,0 n^l (.,,\t -- (-t r)
(n,b\ = (r,-t) ani. (",tr) = ( \, -l )
o^L (c, trl= (- l,- r) .
(a,b ) = (-l-r

(a,v1= (trl)

sr

(.,L\

("., b)

(o., L)\ =(1, l),

ac-- | anl kl=1,

So,

t/I

wll.. @
(",,t ) (.rA\ = (\t
"
),

\1,

r"r,,

h^u

qtb,.rAet

tt^"+

Su9 po 9a

+k

nl>

ol LrT.

h^-{-

(r,rl , (-1; \), (t,-l ) ) ('\,' r),

(D zz\vs= {G,,r,,rn,),,
'f|t

o,z

), (tE),

(t-l,f 1 .lJ

(t.,:) o^r), G,n),

r"ra<
^^elr^,(i1r,* vni\ si,rur (I,-, ) . lLc n*,r{, i&^t
,

),(r,i)'(i,;) -J (t,il1i,i)

t-J
ii,,nj4t,

44

o{

11

"J I

= (r rv J, (a/i ) J

iLvCtae,l

ct

eal,.. ,rflt^

*cl

eI'4

Ilq

"-nu,. 8*-""J.
w[";r.h *o^L& l] ro

1".+"-<

+1".1

o s i^ a 4o*po*J
c otnll Vt^'< 4r il.'el^4,

-J

.
J"

Jwa1;
Le{ K, ,^nJ R. tz c r\ lvq I /r,t*
fl ,.0{t"ra
.i^1< ,rilt G*..{intt, t-e* -(arV .^q,*R.
1lt^ [urt) 't 4 vn] i^ R'xR' rtt in Ke l'l)+-*.".
?"-t.<.
o'^J' t ir
^i)
r^ i( o ur& i,'. R.
_ i-l_\ iir(R,^ r.f= rl"ai. 1
o.vrd,.,

l(rf:

ftq^do-lhi<l u-^e \
unft oi Zr
;^i; z) * { ""1
oQ Zt*lt
5. '"
''{r1)
"^ih
(1;1)
"
\
"1i
-

2_

I
I

j
l
I
1

._--

---

-=--/

.-----------l\

-'-'

[.\ D-n'rtin

LL',)'
I

\'Jt JIJ n^ii iq

\)- t)L/')".

1r.!\-e

* 1.

*^"t
v"A,
,

@LefK
G-^\\
u^o

,Ji)

f,"11^

rn.rll,y\irr,.l'w
\ra u cin{
^1frf
cbe>
+u+ 1, onJ' \.
!r{po.,.
Ttt"^
,*u)\ip\.,^-h\* [r^^\]it1'

!t-- L,,

"

r"^'r

\\

'

&^

\ li tl

"^^ 'r "\\

w'

\t'a''{ 9'."^l
h, X Lr^A J-

S',pe.s"

\ N$t)4'L'

oQ

1}t^

{L'

!
o^J y-1, = Y'-x: !
X 9,= 9'x--

1va,^9,
./l

),

r*'r\\

'

'

= 9r. !=yt(^gJ
ir"re^'&

61"1 un''1"ve '

1'
\"1"
=(J't)Y,--

iyetlar=o].
We
o
o

s".,

'"J

X/Y

$e""* 0 'r^,
ax

a(x-1)(xy) =

=O

*n.l zt1 =O

- a.1 '= O- O:- O

CIX

(ax )(y) =

"
x-J e 0 f

J"i(

5",

ccr{gaiq.

Jr.,bcina

+ ')

a ,0=O,

Nr le ]x^t

Le{

t-,

utc

onl

0(y)= o.
X1
oar'

IuLri^1

ef.,
R.

Ar^,^ *-< .,r< -i L< s.\ci^7

<

r i{e-^ ir...

@
o

0- n,0 "Z

Le*

'

xpa.^/, Tl*"^ x=nk'

i,.. 5"-o' \. r,l.eZ

,-3 =
onn b

SO,

nL, -n

'

5o,'

L. = r'' (r''- L'z) ^Z

-- n (h,^L') e nZ '

xy -(^r.,)(n\^.)

y\|L

anJ Y=/r['

\l h SoL..J o) L

'

/( -- cu

R] =

",*uF, hw

tF ,

,-,^i!r

a, n1

of

wtTL

iJn^t\ 17o.

?ro.., R] o 1f ," un
Jtn u*, [+
"
?
" [.{ a, t e R_t. Tl*^^ I o q^.1 t q..

nitJ

{k.nca

[-' .+,1* -J
"*.t
ait= ! c."J t!-' { *-(
t) f -'efr,
=
at d sl,\q ot'L*' (a[)-,
=
(^u)

o-

(r't-') = ato-' L-,=

"t fJ j < .l , r<J ,.,^ "r.r-e

'u.. lfi
o Rx ir ar:,,ci2,. hw vncft- *..,[1,

h<,+use

,Li,-i=
^.,.

lir..d'on

5incc K

ir a. cinl o^A Ru _. R.
o ! is .rnt}, lt<^.q 1 C
^
@ A< at"o"e
, 1{ ^. R* , 1le^ {L^'t
v"' h <;l-J
Ynoa-nr

tl"^f o oi< o

dt xi<ls wft1^ ac.''.,u ', = 1

\o,, o-i i( z. {s" q uni} qn} ;'e d.
-.i\

ol\^,,,i,

DY

K'i< 6 !ror( u"ln, hnrl+,

7.4,

=! .

Le'l
rinl

t
^JS
'f'[-^

t,

t ub ri^gS

Rnl ,i

pr'.'t

4-

("-f
E
"5"*
l*e kn,* tx{t

"{o
l, b-."1
^
"{ T,

"

o^-L

(uL.i^7t.{

ORa^J

0el

T
fu-,s

OeR0s,

" Le* x,yeRA5,

!;.,* *rge R

o^,"). R ir atuLcil \A.^e Yn"- )l^iJf,

X-1 eR a^J, KyeR.
S nrt X,y e)
aMJ S ir,. tv["rr^J ,v k n, *-, th.+

X-gut

n^rN

x,1el.

tJt

x-ye(05
n

\ot

ty fu

.^*J[ x1 e RA5,

fu\,rin/

i( a tvL r'in J

D+

cc'.Il-ia, KAt

t-.

Ll= 1: ,,\
7.;=\r , t]
Zj, -- \r

ft,1 3 |

zzi=Ir,sJ - , l
7t\=1\,2;,q,\'L f
2:=ii)i,.,11 - =t
:t"
i
r
7,'1 ,\,1,E)
Ll-\''-'=-^\
7.'," = \l ,3,1
,'lr' ,
vr =1t,1rlif

,'i

,1

,E

/1 ,,,-)

\T '1'':'-1 7 n ,x ,i t ra ,i' ,; t
=
'
\/
-Silr\rYt\rat

-\llit - \
-l
i,'5,7,7,1-'].
a,.
tt_t1=11,
r

(")

=t--f

^2.L tlr^

nz =f, ,,t -Ln,- n

t

ir

et \t l^r\^
n, f' an indeJr..{
&-oi^

),,, ]

,;n.n

(ul Zxz hz.r z,

^:+- :;': ";;:.r ?ul^.,i".,
L90l t(
f\

"a/,1*
(tro1, (0, 1)= (.,")

le

a{nZ.
tt tt

irr"{.,fo.

T1n'*

''o+
rtub

ii1ffi

"il/ilv(
il-{rl

(. ) Srr^,

(r"),

6r Ux<.-Vlt
f-:
\ 17 o /' ( o--, T) = [;,;)
|ot ZaxzT .. r t(r," Livito.s.
cLc

1".,

U) Zs

t(

a,,, i,tl1jna( ci^ar,-ot^ sin<c

5 i,

P-i tr\ t

k) 2,",
i( *'.+

no.{*

(( rn<

,.-

i^{ey..^

clonndlln

t-tr e*a.w"-(2,

1'bi=lo6=o=
rt

bt sr" _[

1'
?sro

,lne

lo

(+l

Ik

llzi ) ts

oll irrr. ,L^t

,,

no( 4a
it

rn {ex

."

Lrtr"'"^

(:;)

h"t

(: ;l '("
1'
nol
c./J Frrr

__,)

fu^tl3

O Sin* R, onA

te f.*.

0r a^"( 0.

Le*
6r^r[,
D+

A-rJ

t'

qtd4tr h^,rtl.

1.,
K,x (.

-it^e

LQ

i)=

::)

Rz a.r- itl<1r-( J^,un.i^r

i&"ttlner 1, a^a l, ,
h- *JJ,l-.,w ,&^l.htr c( K,

^ (0,
,,0. ) il
.k

1t"

"JJ,l,w ;di^+,b

It"^r (1,,0.)71o,ru.f
(a,,t.\ +(u,, d. ) Dul
(r,r o.) , (0,, 1.) = (o,, o.)

R,x

fi/,

(, \nr &,v

Lt,' in{egrt

t cl,r,*ain

dir.so.r. .*.{ ,r

^of

,.-...

(ol

(r)
\--.,,

5 i(

rJr"lty

Slnq

K a^,1

Jr

it"l

lirta
6[^

.-^.^ )

5.

(t,^,c.s

a\so

W.. \ ,l
5

1-^}1w t.i "'7 - ''\h

t(
tx
\ubti^1
,r
S
S l""t '.' a!-r o
R

c.'."\ n'\

R,

al i+ A'f tl'e^

\" o-"e

JL.,,,',

74r.

J r' il.: tt

5 ir (n

in{e5nI

*ill

(ut J.' t1^i< Lu\( ,1 I @ ^, 1 te

u i n{e3 rr.\ }., -"^' n J"z"'^"L L +>,
^

f^lr,r"Jo".,;n u.{a(s c{ 5uur'g

(.-rr ar. tl$al .a \ a!-rxo-t4.

g,,oa k^ ),(), I v[ ri^1 '\ T.

t
Sin

K o^^A 5
- o^t

**f ^,- ft."*

le Rns,

-J
-lko+
+l

'l7,lg

G-)

-[^'{

1,,

Xe

tA

RnS

'
Ynl;"
u^J 7el' ltr,**

it

t-

t"* :*'^* +
rl
,<ns
L^t
*"v"""-

Sin.s K u^^tr S ^--e

fffiil,

[-D.^\.-vf^N('
whc,.r rnbo,Y +Lrd
uK

tk
1

B.i

t,t, "'

. ^.,. il^t

l,,j:::,".

.lJ,-;i,",

:*i;"._n,.',

K\ = o ' l:,; ,",,.,\^i.L i',r'' I

v<'t' d(v')" ' /
Las

]\t',

'\o

Rns

V'o..( r

fl-n\ '(

f^
{'
[*.t
^2;'..0"t:^.";; ^',
,

,";;t
!
tu
_,.

n^'"

,-r- A,r.(,r,!

(^ \"^L u r^\
'

Ju ^'^in'

'

(^,
\-/

ir ".^, i&*p"'lent
{\,'^\
!'so"e
lnt,
4^ ntelta\ L

,*,J. R \(

1]*

'.,-ei

'

X'x =

e,

5., X'X -X =O'

\nt x (*-\) - o'
q^ in[err-\ J1^,.-^in, 'Y'e'^'

fi.'* K i(
Y=O br x'-\=o'

1)"-,

\-:

,B
.

t'', l-e u"\1

a^. it{e1 rr\

\. =

cr

\Jz "-'n- P''

)o ^^r^i r

l.
+(

'"

L
t

ri\^-.

\-'e"-tt
D an't'l' 1

o(

"

S,

Or^r

r^
@@ hk)

Itxlly0d =Q-x'+

IA'"5
hr<-

h*-

+ (xL*2 K+_t{/

^)
-- s^'l 3x*T -

*h', kl --(Ztr*x) ("12r*r/

Zne+Txs+2n'+y 1t Z xt+x

Lxl tlx3+xt*,,<

[u) u^ TLrCi ws t.an<

flX*; (x) = (x1*xlx*r) + (x',-Ti

= xj+x
{rn r(x} = fxt+xir*t
=

)(xi])

x5+x3+ x1*xt+
X9+ xq

+x+?

xt+x+rtl7

6,T, L ,

o o., \., x,

+T,

{ra)=
t (rl -- \+\
Tcor

o{

X) x+1 ;

N.+

L, 2x, Zx+t Zk{ t

x'erx\r9 xL+x+16, x1x

I

-;-2,

*o
-U

lx) =xl*7 i,, ZzCl ^* xs .

V\.o, o(

o.r7=z+o 1 f (r)-x'r z
l(r/. r'+7--J=o ( in Z3lx)

fle)

1L -_\=O

P(Zl=L+L-u

ar<, X =frZ

Lel p(x)

(a)

= on Xn+ Q"-, xn-t... *

Q,

x+ 4o

?(xl= brX * !^-,o^-?,,.*t,x+t.

be eiu"r^r" tL K[xl wril". q^+o q^l L^lo,
aunI

&y(i)=n anol A<.1 Q)=rl$.Zl

J'*^in
S in.r- K tt qn irrt<5.^[
So,

-fl^.qt

7$e k no^

4nt,^

{0,

0tt

rk/ '1(x) =

r n+n1:t
QnVnX (q^1,-,+

4n-,t .)x

n+

pl'l

+,,,+6b"

h'- fuAr",
(v)
A^ri ,r5lun^.<- p G) ?" ctnJ )(Xl + o '
'i-p'".-i p{x)=Qnx{t '" * Qe
@
u'rTL (
Lo
+
t
+,
L^
K"
"
{&l
,

^J
7,i'ir'^'^x
to7 g(( ,q(rt

5ino

1,,'to

- onu, x

unV*

f 0,
cl^

2i'Xlo,^,''!* f'

-/

|
+ (o^r,^,,+ a^,,b^\K 4+1"-1
*,,,16(obrX-.,
@> (-/

K[rc-] lr
i,rte.9.oL &n^aiQ,
Sot

(-\ ,

ottf

(^ unll.

'v\)t
(y)

fr

":

p (x ) , ql

(Gl
ir
lk)

,*:r *':u
^

*t

l,

+teX'e)

l(x) e acil

lr::

="fo
1-Lun,
M(r)=r-, o^t , (ry)=
d9 -

sot r (x/=q,

: :^

"

eK, *Uon^ )( <) -L" ,"{""{

QoL"=[' n'"'
@ @ p(x) t - q unrl
u{ & /. prv)e1reot

L.

l*o^n-".

F Y )a1,5o,",,

(^) .p ir nof a riy

Fa

S o ,-,

,w..( [,.'i, ,,, .

"* ^^<tut

Y( 2,3): t(6): 2,6--lz

tvk
: zLl
(z'i)
-(z'z)
't(rt
?(4
.

@N&rqi"\n

fod( lr rr*-o..r^r.p h
-t
rl X,ve

r"r,r

fk^-

Z
vn&r.r t Vc"'tui(x* J\= L(xty)= ZK+ Le = !(xt*qty).

(9 iJ

(r\ t

apl a ci.'.'j h""""- "rPVitttr '

sa,.\< hcs T ( AB)=qft\qfb),

Vr*
ctlh oV.rk fhi, \)r'.<^e-a, r?'.
td^& ra.af s^\sh fu ^aU.i),vt ?'o?<fu
! (n + s) -cp(A )i q (a) , fr>r era'','y-Q+,

q ( ()i)+

(:i) ) = .e (ii\:

Dv\

ot.l =o
(:i'l+,{(:l):
f

T it IVoT o. ri^3 ho,^o, .t?^if,\^,

,(')\ le) a1vlc tJ te,l,\,I^ K, 1L,^-

scthskes

.fl([i)-(ii))= r(:t;
=q

@+e)

u'-l

.ir q,l

+(dthl

(;;;,':
(:l)
(
t.
Q+.)'
=
ro'.f''rfo {t-z

\wM4/ q d,oes ^nF

y . r',,ufr1 , ffir 'o^ry!u'

- q Gil'

*"Ilnili-"ti'<

r((,;tt:t))=q(:;)= "
vuf

q(',i)q(:' i\=

(.\) I
T

{(

\s q' ri^'3

( iq,u) *1',J'\ )

--

q(oru)

(a,t)[e.\)) = q

\'\:\,

\4u

-'.,.- .'. t hilnt

=q(u*ctvrl\=(*'
t q (.r"1')
( a'7ul) - ^c = t[r,U\q(Srd]

Wg tlg,e fldk

I.^(q)- f (0,r.)e7tr"l qd,u)-ol

=fu,v)etxzl

o= uJ

-f(o) t \v. z\
= T'-, (u' - t\, (ot -tL lru)) (o,t)t b, t), ,. ]
O
V.rY

\(

xr

6-N

v.oV \-1,

\(t*,o.?Vtswr,

fil,.

etx

,^,^rl

f(r,o)=\
r"v (\r.\*(\,r),

ll1-

n$s,

((l/i)=[

11 onlo,

lvppose

lR-+C ,,

o
"i,1, t
Lc,n^ol Ll'

v'1 o

"n

.-f

l,^ iJ

/vl

Le+i r lrow *h^t

a/v\ i ! 0.," o.1 h ir lra.
?
N"L tl^^+ ? (t)'= q(r)g(r) - g (r,l) =? (\),
!", g t,)[ .P(r)- t] = o, 5,,,,-" our e 1-rl-lio.

tt in
Il

A-

reiW q(t)=o a.

.g(r)=f.

g(t)=0, tl^e.. q is no* /-t

(")=

si^q-

^tro"

{,

*her^ I Cr) =- -c4(')=-1'

IF ? t'!"e..14- a--\ i(tn- "' ?\iu"1, +1",^ SrelR
r -1 -e
l
-f
--,t,
cP(r/
=^
=-1,
[.".{,
9(r)
svch

Ll

q(r)=

So, ?(.') =-l'

I \
It l-l ,

9,)
(

*J

So,

-L
-l
D =-t.

V"yr-^
in ,j1.1

):onrorfl[iSura.

B.'i-

5 inc-

<o"s(1

lhan )
r?,,1
\Jv

retK,

gt5

h"t

tl^(a

thi;

"1_l

r\-

\,,

J. ^LlL- +
t4- CtS t,nas
/
\-ll

\t^

ri.y

to

.'

Svl,pose

!",,nno^or6hl5rra, Cu^;

**

i&,..

iZ

? '. 27/ -

9(z),

t"'/

r^^t r\

r-1

a-")'
1(a') - 1(z\cP(t) = t(,-l'
-T!r-J', s"
-T("
o. [5o
!(21 =cP(tt=q(1+]r fo,
9(z) [cA(zl*f=o'
= z 9(z-)'
='g{r)rcp(z)
?(d'
dow'a.in-.1 on( C7*\}''
azu' i..-lep^0
N/"]s

\i^* 32 ir
Sr'"<t
,g(z\:2.
tr
0
lz,r",+
ei{$e"
f(z)=
0i**
7+77/ ) "te wrvrl L\^J"< !l'^+ q (z) - 0, 1le.^^
;F 2ne?7{,1 W l^are 'l'l^u-t
rp(z)+"" +q(r):O'
q(zv,l --q(z+z+.',+L)
=
\+
I
21r
n

)o

orr

wrag

tirv'ef

lr,u\<\

\ik<"

h.{+ I r,

cp

(2") = o

dn

5"

eZ.

ca^1 &_

Orr iirrnorp

hrSYvr.

u (a u. ,,. tl*

f
frr1"?.*,,"|'ili.'";g;o,
-r'll
'R ^,.tu
"'-tn' s h- r Ia),
%* ,ln,^ i;
. (: r r=
r; ; i.';'"'|1i*^I,,=.1
' fel a,br. ,J el , T,r^,,
(r'!)-(; .j)= (ft;/ ijljl) . r,
:h,^,

'''

c^d

;'"' ) . ( ;'jl
K. ii

o.r

(t)

(1:::i'!;,'::\

t zb4
\ al*b"

a svIrln3

z (a{+bc)

o.c

,$

ac* LbJ.

It-(tR),

Lef

? :. Rr J Rz Lc g i"a^
? (a iu,fa) = 6o tJ ) ,

Lel a,\, c 1)'e7/

Tt^"

(t^*'t*[r'ol)G)

q (atr,) tq [.+I'lz) =

5ah rftq'

by

T (inrUl,-) l1ctao))= '1

a",,l

)e Ra

,.'

(t',

),

+\(i

n- {J.trolt u {b f4n\

ri"5 \,*,* " tp hrtu.

la*c ztu-Jj

(r.l

a1-c ./

3)=(ri 'i'J)

4^

Ai;;,

0."x.'rn)) =t

t')fz
1^{*
ruJ'\+
((a..+

:'('.rt.'r:* ;:$-s)

\ = /a zt\1c za1
ti,;1".1
q(.*I{')
("*vJ')

o^J.
q

}:_;i

= [ o&+vc "'-

'l*, (
q' ,

n1
t

\.
\-\

. P-t"e^
:,,^*, ,{
fF" ^'\1le\it^tl't
s''\rt.'tr
,*

-o rPhi(W't

",

frf-.t1 - \

.-tt,"J

,,0,=[n,uE)"."i
\ ''t
--- [n*"1-' '.-1,
--

L*'

= \o+

\r- \ =

q(n+rJz\--

[.i;i=

(:i)l

r::rJ

<
1
1"1,
'_,,..,

_ ^ {.-o* 4gt

v* *t*

rr-w-* t ,,- Ler tr=,i,U e7t"rW ":_,

,nh,
,,;-_-t-o
ontpl
q rq
5n,

%\ bli,
no'n

{(o.vv'{z\"'("
1\u, c, \\
g, [r

*lt"

ilori.rpl\

*o

ir'*lr)t

ftr

(,"r:}
"(;/

\^l\^+

7t-t

fP- te

i( {

(t)

o,-,e-r

\-

g(i)'cP(t'tr

a.

is

l,'o^.,n orpf,.isrut-

f1^4

Ie^

- q tr)

cg (r

),

{L', s,

q(r)'-gLr)=0'
An 1"k"4"r.0
it
V.
9i""e

[nn'j

gtr)-"

CPL\I

lt

Ao^o"in-,

-'. {r) -

Wh'+ is

q[n)

c1(r'.,)=

ryr.{ioa

Z)

i{e-,

5o, ?

b,

/ -f\ U

gitl.e-

? t\) [',t" I

S,;

rr
U.vt A/-

cr,r

^r21-s
n1*A

r+n 7V {1e,'

= 9(r\t'{ ( \t\+\t...*\)

O lF

9tr)=o

cA(r) =

r+

ir. q (r ) = \

/r t(\\l '

@Or^t^*,t,,)

Tf

(0,

B1 a{1n*

in c\c,sI, {(o)=0,

+to^^ L1 fla

@
\'
T(n)--t(-n)=
Ue^^oo., if

(!)= o/

o^'en'iu"s

?'L\*

if 1(r)-o

f' it
(-^

ll*

1(r\=l

1(x)=o

f"'

q(^]=l
(i)"
\,
T+
Q
cr\\ x e1L,
Yi-' .-'1J

\"
e
Z'
x
t-u' a\\

Yla" o*

L*".--.ghi<r'^' I I7t+Z

'

Lla,l{y

GI
O5\

ouJ

e K,

/^

(Ju;t 94f 4= 0

an|

,=o)

Lel ar\r. ,), e Z,

Iao

(" t )-

(.";)=

-c o
o b-{ ).

r<

a-d

(ii (: i)= (1"i)

)

j,,,U

EJ

(ul

De

v1

ri^3

."llt^ry

R is "r Sv!rtn1 ,$ ly.(rl.

h"t f" lt.,"h,^

g r R-

't()[)=(a'u)'

T il oi IirJ

\",o,".'.0*n.phi<t/r't

T([i ;)- (: ; )) -r

VxZ

t Lgf a,\,.,de Z,

(:' ;J = 1"t",t' rr)

-= (t..,b)i- (.,.\\ =

( (i i )"q (", :)

r(: i)'(:3))= t l"'

fi)= 1""

;i)

.r (1 :)
i [),
"
q(:3 \,
(ii).1\zZ,
;u
Y1"'t
Lel a,,Ur
?
ni,^' (",Ur-=G,,tr), il{^"* . };..' ^" b =J,

-= r^,urc",i\ -- .1 (

\-\)

l--, (ii)- (::)'

.? ii . "\n
(l ?)' r

',

Let ("ru )

o,-.1 q

I AD \

Iorl

<ZxZ'

i1,^,r

= (arl,\,

\ionho'

-.n

\\*,
rt) r-)'t
,, o,* " rg\ ic

'

1l,,^

*J

ZxV-

.,
(

Yie t"a^,e th.k

")7i ? (o)_- f (o + o) =?(o)+p(u),

M,,

o'

o'

go., or_1 [o),

(o)

Tx, < h.k"*^+ - ? (a) = c1 G v\^zcL4s

^)
fl4+ QG^) ir fu
"dJltr< iav<,+.o< f;. q("1,
1V,L .,.^ k rL-^ tJ s h.,,;^3 1u.-*
fi*o, + e(-o.) = ql-^)* 1G\ - o'.
:r"o\q&[;

!,."-. tr^,;t
f (,t)+q (-") -

O,^r)

'a^e

(("o(-^\)={io)= ol

( t-^t*
(
^) -- ?(o)-o/.
?(-^t+1(a)=

We "'-<- \le

(-)
'Nolo!@

sv\-r-\,,.3

+t^i o': ?-i:) T^

a,*, o' n ff t isl:

Le+

ct',\

et

(S\

o,n

'-.-\e^i^

'

t'

tJ'

f q(^l

*'"'
'":
'i^{^{T)4u^
C
)"
Y)\ e-T

T^on- . >, \__qtx-J

|
^ \ -.o(x)- Q'l'
L-b-.t\'-

^io,

f,t

qu"P (v)-Q lxY)

qts)

at K/.

\l

ot

eq

[\)'

5vtcN'1

2\

/n\
1.4
lq

o(t)
t-

(^\

-Jo
L

t,

(J) fel
a. q=.t (x) q,k^j ? rr<1,

xf tr

Il".e--)

,t3),

n""

a = p(1),e tx)
=t(i,r)=q{r)

ct-",{

s@,

a" q 01= gft),,p(ty= g(x,

1,)

:9(x)-* a,

lj"A

t Qh\ il

ntvlip\i,,,'1rw

,22,d!

6- p(fl .

l-iurrr". \.

(*'

5"

[,tioa1

I o't*'-.t , T'(r",),

+t / -

Z'(x'+

r) r

x'(xt*T)7 ( rtx) (x'+T)2 (Ztx\ (x'+ t ),

ft,

x'+1 ), (riZx )(xL+Tl, (i+ix)(x'+

)7

,}

i" fr'n ilr!

ma^J mo.{
p o lyto rvr,a\t

(^) S =1G,") [ae Z] ir rnof 4n i{rJ

of ZXZ, -ur exu*f<-., ( r, r) eS
a,nJ. ( zro)

EZ<V- U't

(2,o),(r7i\=(Ltot f S,
(ut
F

irsl

Let
hI

3=1
tln "- +l^A't S ir

It"t

Z|,

(z^.,3b) \ a,ve
,

I^1

lJ

,\'^,\!r3l
ot z'z'

o'^?"Jl
I'

"->,

Svbg(5r( d\ AX -(.,
^

(o,o)= (7.0,,1" o )S,

. Let x,3 eS,1\,0^ X -- (2o,, 3 b, ) t. dr g = (Za ,,31.\
o

Nolc

ru^ll"a.a a,,

A.tL , rV, eZ.

X-vd

)o, ) ir

r^ Svb

=(

L\4

3'u, (

-qz)t 3(u,-u.

t)

or Ax Z,

c.5.

Lei 6' e LxX w^J r-<5,

The^
n -- (.rd)
= (2elf ) vLt-u_q <,d,erfe.
J\

Sq

-Lf

Ar,r

(i=

1),u5,
(.)

t\.^l
o

(zer:fl(.,tr)= (Zec,

3FA)

(.,,4) (ze, 3t /= ( ze.,

1.1) s.

5 it un iJo,c{ oQ VxV_,

Let S= 1(o,o) I ^eZl,

St< a^ il,z.J ut ZxV-,

( 0., o)e S

hJe sln.-

(set
o)
^=
Le{ (oro)r ([,o1 a 5 -[*^o q,veZ,
(a, o)-$,uJ= (c*.-tro)5,
Let (x,y\
C>ry)

w"l

Zxk o^/ ( <ro) eS,

(.zo\

(c, o ) (

= ( xc, o) es

x1j't -- (. xu " )

<s,

Ql S=[(a,-u)\aeV I
iJ-e..\

uf 5,

tn,

Q*.a+'plz

(r, -t) (5,,1 -- (s,,o)

tj

i, -{) 6 S

4t,

Zt-^t-r={G,").,(n/1 ))(,/Z )) ( r, !/r ({/ i ),

I --l t;r,)/ (;/1\, (z1z)/.

\nle

c\^

( 5ro) eZKV)v"+

o-^^cI

(t flot

hu- t1"r,.{

-t

a"' \ d{
(

I
Lu.

df

-f - ((o--ri))
27x74

ar;i (67T), (.rr Xo/i

(r,;

l/ $,2

t1;7 ), t< ,i ) (6/\) / ( \

a,^J'

rr,ttf

1,,b",

G1\ ),

E\le /I )1

-,7
lSrJ), ll'rl l, (,2)/

(") By \s5

ul<,

oP zn fr
Tl",s;

a*1

Kn o '.r

c1<-

'Jt\

< '.t

,.t

\i{
, vt

fX*+ e,xj sr\jnoup

Sl

nc,-

k^ i(

i1 o+ fk

L)=l C V,zt^ t \w t ,.)

M@

i.

1t

Y Q' (Ln
filr1)'err^^ ^t , rt
wf^i,.r Y1xeZ, fi{^-

--': =- [l-z
-Y,^k
aru'.J {-'T
\'kn.r-

tr-p-,r..L

<1cli<,

4,.,,^

_7

(n-r

a^t

) l. ),

AA

<i)

e
----C
a
xa Yc \- <v /,

r^^ i.Az.0 "-*

(l
@ <v>
t""'r
fl;
/b
i(
d\ a^

l'.) <;>= T-')

= (17
<r7 = \'or1,Zt1'Q '{}
'- <q7
--\;'L'\J
<27
<j> -- 1;,aJ

< <i7

e""-Y

C.)

(;)= fa7

(J7 = f e,r, T

i;l:i?,71

i,i,it a,i] = (s-) --rc7=<t

c]:(e-z

(a)
<

= 1o, EJ
,z/ r-\ - f
--- *
\z/':,7= ic,T,i,e
- ,T1i;

)A,n,RrD,

Tc::l I ..
r5

(1,:

,nl

).

ctn

t'dt-l

rR/

@o..ln. <*amp/e,,

L!9

rlzftrl a^d (t"; I S L,+

6i

Q; )(? sl= (f

a,AV

:) 4s.

(Do) r:
nol

it:;l
I ^,r, J
dn ;&^! u(
/12 (/R

f t I

buI

),

(,'i)<n a //i1)
/t tl/ro I : (l Ct 5,
\ r , /(" r / \r sl7

^
p'xa,,cL.q-,
flr

An,J,

lJo*.E

" Lel

(,1

;J < s

Le-l 0 a"J. 0' Lz Tk ,',!d}'t*

(a)
"rJ,k f\^J g (ul= tt/,

" Let

,S

d*, tr h' e(

(-{e^ro

ol Kd n/

t<a"@).

op(*l= o' a'^J g(7

.p(x-v) - g(x)- 9(1)= rt'_U - U,
,^e K o'^cl *e L^(f ), 1)a^ q:( zl = o

x,yek-e-<(q)'

(.

= Q(")q(z)= q(-)'ol=or

f(r+-)
o*J f(zr)=?(z)'P(ri : o/'q(.1=ot'
ft.^J

Le-. q, ?

t,F^',
ri"fl
1
)'i
ir
R
:>t^*
'a
\11<l('
!^Jt"o^-s
/,t
.^/u_-tlnn(R)
"-l+t^*'
o'- t (xl -'(('1) ffi
*fr"r'<k"'AT;;-T-n
a^J
, Le*
ceqr(K)
L(t c<-Y\
t-- 1-l
U4v
'
-thea ut r'l-t ra ( w'']1" t\rI
rt,c= ((r)q (zl=qit.l e9G)
q"$ .,.'= q(tt qf.) '- q(zr) e'i'{\
-inu cL.,tc eK
^

'\.4

-- I F t -

\'

'

l'c-t(,

(1

e)

?OY
LJ

N4nIh

V1

F,O=

a^J

u^J, R t]\4- 5lbrlro rps dl K

\55, Lel <-e K' 1144*"

o 17.3

0,.= Oe7"3'

lw*

{o} lr o^^ i&^!-

LeF x(-'

.,

'

D*^

r'X K

e(L
r
*.J
o'"'d*[
ir
R
;:,
Y'

'

oQ K'

R'
\4,^nl&Jo{
Le+ f
x7'7ef,
*-1 e T ifiT ^/"r
(' Ji ---,,z--l

Ti-o,^ 0I
-D-4'^
a'ber
It-4-^^
r
I
'-T
L<-* arbeJ'
i't-al

u+

** #^-,-rk

b1

'

'ri'k<in-'r
':;'"u7
u+ [< '
i(' c^ @v?'a'f
5vbrinf,

W* vy

O: o'^<- 1^),
o Lel

xr

il < 1q2'

u"' lltra
V=

X=A{)

X-J = ar-arz-=^' h-o

K,
;r hicL, ir in ("2 si,le i-ez-
Le-t 7<(a) a"^dt w < K, 7-)t^*.,
eR.
Le:'Z
et{
R,
a.G
71"t

Q,o

AJ,TI

C\
/oo
P

Jr
\/

(rz,zr)

A- (,u f3) e 1r")

WAr3
=
@ vr?_:
:
ru) e 1q).
a
\rr
Gcsw
Z^J

cnl,^',

r : { czr:l)

(6'i
(tii,
(6])
)ai)/
(G,\t/(i,1),
))
[(o;)rz,z
' (ry;trtr,t), (T/T)(t, L I ) (i'1) (i'il' ( r/l )(t'
t'
).( z' L ).'
\,
C.li
)
(i
G
itf,
ir';,-6rz,l't 1
(f'-'!',(
T' t ) ( z t7l]
6'i)
"
(
3,7)
( 1)l ;
)
)
c
lT
)
i,
it
iz"i a

I te,;)r(

o,t, ( e,o) I ;)i))

(2,\1, lZ,Z), (2r'o)2 (L,Z))

(5/o)i (./Z )/(6);)) t"rt),,
(Lta), lz,a)t (2, oL z,z>j
\

.t

<)o\\,/\
r r- \)/\t
{6
lh*-".. K
(al

o+32

alI
-L,
-

-1, o ,tre ,2r,,,]

r)32

-l ,-),

-'.ttt4.,ntl,,',7

-7t-1, -tlz/Y/

z+3L

V,

irr,,,7

zr szj
t+322
+32,,
7z/zr,
1u
aJa L

4tz
o\iL
\x3Z

732t"
o+J71

\\tlL
-c -2,

'Z\ >q-

otlZ

tr

3k-

z+32

o$z\ *sz
6r31L

$32 z+32
o\32-

z+3?

(6) Zrx4
(;/.)+
(i; 0/ +

=lcur"1, ( rt u )t (E,t )t e/1, ( n

/a)/Cr,zlj

- : Iccr;), (nrl ), ( ",i)]

rl,6)t (it]l.)r@ (tLtJ
(a,a)+rl

(1;)+-r

-r::
(ar;)+

k t; t+r

(t.,o/tI

(ifil+r

A1o

/ff

UJ"A,.

(o,;)tt

(sr; )+t

(e-r;/

r-I

| (t,r)+r(o/ii+X

'--f

(r;

t+-r

( rto/ J Ji

(tnl *t-

/r
(()
L6= Lot(t

Lt3t7,\r(,

a=1\)={or4 I
'I- r -rof-_!

q 4:a\+t
=?u
|
/\
)

I =f l,f ) l= j+r
Z+I =lz/6f=L+t
T+

=f?,{}={+r

3+J

ut/T,* 0fr t+r

z+t 3+E

?tr
I t?

6+J
o+glT+-r I z+T-

3fL
2s

b," r:trlr+r

o-+-t
I f

z-*
--=

J-

J-

3*L

/5+-l

o+r /'5+f /6-t:L

b1L
II.

lo+l T+t
5+L

z-+:tr

;-(

6\9 3+:r

2+A
o

3+f,-

r:r Z+t

2rLllxj-

7j

W p,.'*s
It

-t(ir

l1

in

(x+r; =.{ + I.
tt^* (xrr)k=

ctr

o.,r

tal

<.I

k>.1

t(

1I

n-

ru^
,

s" r Fu*

lA.^

(xk,

r) (x * r) = kk*r+x

(xrrl n= xn+r A.

.,.1(

n2.

l,

Le{ o .^^g

hle l(uru" +h"f

Sin.r- C rr
fl^l Oz I,

o Ld

n.^,

(o)=

o/,

u{ K w{, kno"J
o'<a (t\,

i &,n-l-

lWe

Xtg e rg (f)

d/,i. q(\"1=y

, 1I'4"^ .g (c.i = x

who,r,z-

txl|eT,

9rnca

'r( an i Jz,^{ a-tef. *4^''aX-J = f (a)-g(u)= (("-L')q'('r)'

o

1.,

"
(x+r)k*t= (krrJL(5tf)=
Pa"*

cL.

Lo* ze?(T\ 0""$. r/ ,f (A) "

T-L'^--

/
2 = c( (c\ ,r,*& r --.g ( r) dl^!^-e' <e !
a"."l- reK, Sin'cP L tl a,n iJaJ
(( ef a^^,L cc Qtt \)t*@l
rtz--<4(r) 1(c)= {(r-.) e q(=\

a^A r.r'-q,(.)((r) - {Ccr) <q(+\,

"^{

R1

D:{-^e -rre v^a4f

4,
R--: R
wr^eru- { (x ) = x "ft.
^ri n. n. Tl,.
I u ^ "iy Lo"^,.Eyrorfhfi*. s in c**("tU) = a+L - {(at +{(b)
Arridt

f{at)

.{-o. ,tLt

: qV = (0.\ +tt")

otV CK,

Nole tl'rtt

h.e"

fSl =1o9.

lie-* \j *k" 1st

+hr^N"r\ )

R/T,!

h. -o

^nl
ryl0f g

{(R. l=R,

Lrlrna

= %r. (+) g +(R) =R,

(ul Le! x,1 e R., IW

x! = ! x

lnc!-

\-z\t\v' \:\'(/\u'
J:J
(xi-I)(9+5\ - x3t T- ",o
R ig

I swr''^'"j

-r\

--Q+I)(x+-Pr'
ou'nn^..rVativ '
is
R/r
\{e^o

r\
aril [x+a)(rt
\\a^*

r Jl^Hg

-h

n'(*
-= x-F {
\,x + \4I.
Y
{
x'l-n =
T<

lt,

r'l

a<[h r \i rr^ lr

@ Le+
f'(x

ty )

F,y

= (x".4 ) +
-n-

(x)

lL=(x+r) +Q+s)
rrlg)

(x+r)(Ytx)

a^&

rr(xJ\

4".
-)

(,

{\t

-,n(x)

fl19)'

a,^1 \no*u'-utf

\n tlrul

Le{

ad.& it,ue

wn,
ve
O'
D ^^I
of ( anJ" K'

i&^1,

+iLq

, N. k ltn^t |'e-Lt "^l

j*

44

i&l

o[R', W
vuue
I/
--o'e
''u"
!tn* q(o\ tt
{.^+ oeq, i}-lr r'
(Tt
q-'
L
L" t xtl,
,)' , n
.!",.t'
. r' untr n
!,^,,,v
eC-,
:.*'
''l
\^.<
ri^ i&J

r/,
a
,^* r/ i<
)
(v-Y
-(x
)
191 ,?
fr,.^f .(,
,,^
v- J e- r['(-r-')'
^
I
/\
FKAt{ ^
, .e,l{
S

*;!'fl''r*
tr7'i::'*
;"i
'
* jl"'
i,q(l)tlg,
u'r'
of k''. J *',,r.pCJ nt,-,
r

(1.):
'
q
1).ue

\';\),i-'
q(r-xl'
c\mil

t:'y". *
O n,

([4J-

o[

(a)=1ul
( l> = Ts,;,2 , l,

1,s-)
-

d,\t-

j= <i>

(i> =7e ,7,41 :<q-)

< t)

S{ns-

t;]

1;,il

xtr,** erir,t, 7"/3

t 43-/
clr'.e

ti 1st pciana

Sinc{

,r^,1

z.s e f;J

Yt -Tn,ai].
Lot4\j
p";,*.

t"t

^^e

ff_lEJ_9"1

il* ilat
<'-'>
-5 -l
r. uz -Zo/

o( Zn=
o t; / t,7 ii ,T

< t )= f-o,1,1_,s,

'

i,

rZ, iJ

{---

<i) --? T,7,ite 7= (e-2

Ft a,

i]

(77=(;2=7;2

(t)=2;,ii.

*nr inn{ idr,.Q.

^
{z^{
ir q (f, p ri ,r,o

TT,L

gnlY

Tl"rt

ca\

l"

t or't
\ov

p, ,uu rJp^!^.

] ;' tanot '--prime

z-

1(i ,s

t5
7 at't
9\4c{ UatYi,vtA il<r"A" a.n9tA<e-

9,6

L,L < {

fr t6, | )'

npt

__7

prinn

e s;^Li- T,Te1"1

/.

",iJ
h"1

\ {t,}

One ca,r sl""* -11^,r-t +r't

i[-ai'' uf

V.x7r..--t6,u), (( 1;\ , (6 tt ), (r,r l]

tk [-o\\"^11; lo,u$ ,llo,n),t0,r4,

A'.4-

q{d {Lt,-"),

V-.x

(0,-rl

(r,r

'

tr,ul.

Z.

r,;)

1t^I{ t;F)r (6/f

)1

*n **'W'S

Th"r, 1(0,;),,{ir;)) '

gc'n"t iL("J^''
a\so
*",\
; {-(*lz
(;,f)'(r,;l{c""t}
<i.rQ
qol er\^^4
, .,^_')
tl
( o,ot;'
c6,;)1
f

\.'Y (t, 1) +1( r"{

n^a

(1,;) 4 I

z/rtt

ld\

-- \ u,r,z,l , ,
Ze
,r
=
9"''
Ae\J
@
no*
ir
t^ic\^.
^
tl'|
Z,
,^^,1"
rnarnQ
7L
,
I
,
no*
6

\)/

\^\

an \nk3'rn\ J"*^',4
(^,

nol

\5

Prin^t

?,1

ollt^

r-i ^ne
f

e- \01

\le,'tq

'

f,i;

iA/^['
rr'e
r\
?

i,tz^l

t 7r

sr,,a Z t7
nrurruu!'

l"+
Tal
,
6[^*,^in
27/ cz-,
s
{rl

i', &

n*tJ '"tt
e \nct

r.5
Ki=
Ma-xl ^Lt
.T
q"
i"l<(
Kfu, il

*t^tt

fie\J,
,nnotio

pci^r- i d2!-'

_!\t

9lnLr-

i(,

t')
kn"^ ttat
.nI )^ '"n"ia'
tn{eU
tn
kl<
lt
t
laoJ

\\t^*

Vt"ca- 6Z

;d/"0'

\rJe

)o.t t

is

.\A

ll,^u

o
("<t

trtlvlions

o, k

lhu{ Y- c ir t\ )rv;so.
oF ttxl in f [xJ, 1-1,'r,^ {ft /= (x-cl3(x/
\^h{,\.r- 1*) eF U), 11l!-Su p1,.r"

{(-} =(.-.\gC") - 0,1(.)=0.

So,

(tFl

c is

S,9p0,"

H,rc oP C0.1,

tf.^l l(.)= 0

{3y tl^{- Jiv'/r,n

algte

i*Lm

whq^rl <e F,
ta_ [^*3,

11-" e,rirl- I (x), r(x ) e r[x-l wih

l(x): (x-.\'{(x) +c(x)

MJ(x-.) = 1.
F.
{""is
r,t
<^asVnt
d
ol
ll?vrcl c(X) =
^hr^z
inc-eThaF is,, {(x)= (x-..|1(x)* ad' S5r'nc-Q{(.t--0 ,-. t*u" 6 = {(c) --(.-.\1(A+J = )'
fi.i5, Irx l= [x-,) 4 tx), Tl.uit N.- <Clr I Jrr l rx) in F
lxl,
who,.-r olrg* 1.(x))

(o)
-i).*.

Lel {(x) = v'+ T

.\_
{(;)=o'+l-=r*o
{(T}=1'tT=z*o

,n

ZrCxf .

t(zl=ZL+T =r--Z+6,
'4 r a
Vus
no
(\l'
+
w^J
Z
S in.,t
dnq
i, ir"<}.ucfuQt in 23Crlin V-E
anl'

7'{(x\

(u) L l lkl = xz+ rn ZaC^).

,
I + L- :3 o
]l,e^ j( Tl= -?_
:

V<nuL

\^a

\+a
X

-l-= x+Z

^r/*l
;

-(

+"...fuJ(-.1

Z -\
X-xr
x+z

- ( 1+Z)
d

ar I,

? llsr,(!_,
L)
(

-\
\+ Z '= x+Ti(x*z/

\
I

(.) Let h(xl= x1

- -'l
x+l rn LsLxJ.
X{rk {t"al I.(tl=rt+ \tl=3 =o,

*a

Ika^er *

Fa.ci-'.

X-T=YtZ tr
X+z
x+ z

ya+X +

tF+\
-\
-(zy.+tr

J\a"{- ir.,1

(x),

luir, ol

L\

--( x'1 Zx )

-x+

i^

x'+xr-1,

So,

x'f xoi = (x*Z)1yr71

a.\'l

-ik^
\(

t\

{
Le*
_

(x)'
x) =

\'

.-qt1

+1

Il-)- II +t'l- =
oQ x
x'+7,

trcf"

x3+xt+x+ II
I
-r--::-----=;=+
xrTI lx1 r q

>c.

< xt *Tt3 )

-* xTtrxjt{x'))
-(
.-..-.-.--=----=
x'+ v
_(x .
+.1-

y)

x+.t-(K r ql
o

i:

ln Z5 Cx1'
:-

D.
xq+

Wq
i--

(x

x-T= x rT

+7) (,x'+.r 1 r *l-l

Lel

,fi1=- X3+xa+x+1.
- )
-7,
z+Z-+Z+l
1(zl =
= tr+Y+-3-- IE =o.
x-_Z = X+3 it
fncl". ol xL x l:'+-r +l
xt +3_x+Z

T1-^"
'$e^n.{

u+*'i
xrtl x 3tix'/
*-F

-(

-a

2-

X+ X+T

C
L

J'/

xl[= (x*il(Mrr,)

W
@

= (xrq

)(r+i) (x'rix+

i)

_sx +x+r

-(312+4r)

Zx+

-t
-(zx+r,
o

i1;r*z

t+
ix +;, 1te^^ t^(: )=
Lt
h /X )= x
xa+ix*I
t'l-a^te- X-t--x+z 17 q (zcfir "rF
\
r-' {
X
I
f___;--=:__=-_
i

X*7 I x -+3x+Z ( l1wu,

-(x t z1)
I
i
x+z ! )l-q= (xt?)(xti)

-(x,i)
___t

o,

[
I

(x+

){ x +t-)

lf

=d.

Le*

@
Buf

t-

ffi
?=),

if

t.)

a1
"
t F<^/v

pri^-,2 otnr(

ctrtcl, I O '

ls e,'r,len

5-5x3+115xrlo
ccileria x
x1'
4rf
r-,r
rlttoible
r
r

tt

Le,+

q^J Z'-

2
D-- 4,

'Lr-

J;

n4"^

J' "d-e' Z,
'q"I
lz

,ri+<n;u, X
!
i)4^sl;e'
e
81
Ca&J.
i, al'uc'W

@t'r5'(=,5'
I uel
o^^,1

Bu
I

z
",La

rs

i'a

Tr4^ t
rt"

cl

i' '7-e'-

I Ji''-& 'o l"

/, Cr,'l4tl&/
ittr'rhi^

t-rr< Jv-' bl<

1a aGl'

^'i

t^
lv

/o

Crntlann

Let pk)
.

*he

-xlx+r,

Ae

iJ

Zz,

Sioc<

-)
(o)=ot+Z+r
=\*o
P
*z
*
_
(Tl= t+ l+T:3*rf
Ctr/
a^l fuj*(pk))= 2 wL lno'., ffi
P

9(xl

is

ir'"e .,lv ,J"8"

,q Z. C^.7 a.1A

)^z^ct

ir

rnaai*t',Q, 1'tn. Z.CvJ/1rn,

tf

fit

tJ

/\

v'r'J/E =

, Wr; lef r= (*l***r) n%

{,'nt, -HTt x+r) iu^*t}

1\ut Zrt"S6 rr (;eiJ o{ siz< \,

^

tr

Zz '
A'e
+t*
C.,n:'&^
C)
Ll Pk) -- x-+x+r'
2
-1X-o o-t -:-,2
o'+
)= _1
11-a^ p(o
I
t
= J}u'
{+
l'+
)=
a,.rnJ P(f
l"''antl' 7&t
t
tr(il)=
&1*
9,n.r
Vl''
(t
*
in
,Y!
no 4.rte1
\ t, i,.. A, .iu t. in V'CxJ' "^'
@

Pk/

rf

+T7,
Y*'
T=
o i''.-tJ '
rr
ztc{7t
rna.ri.^\ an[
<^3+X

ft\s,,
/a,L*\

+I.,

x-

o*f ,T )
l-.
=f
/t to1',F*x')+T1
+

(x+x')

r 1 (T+xnx1*r],