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Rijeka sinagoga
The Synagogue in Rijeka
Savez ortodoksnih Izraeliana je 1928. godine kupio
zemljite u tadanjoj ulici Via Galvani, dananja Ulica
Ivana Filipovia, te pokrenuo inicijativu za izgradnju
ortodoksne sinagoge kako bi se mladi okupili i
sudjelovali u uenim razgovorima, molitvi i razmjeni
miljenja.

In 1928 the alliance of orthodox Israelis bought the

land in Via Galvani street (nowadays Ivan Filipovi
street). They had the incentive to build an orthodox
synagogue with the aim of bringing together the
young for educational discussions, prayer and
reflections.

Mala ortodoksna schull sinagoga sagraena je

prema nacrtima projektanata G. Angyala i P. Fabbra,
bez ukrasa i simbola na proelju, asimetrinog
proelja s oblogom od kamena i crvene cigle koji joj i
danas daje uoljivo koloristiki izgled.

The small orthodox school synagogue was built

according to plans by the architect G. Angyal and P.
Fabbr, without any decorations or symbols on the
facade, which is asymmetric and covered by stone
and red brick. This gives it a noticeably colourful
appearance still today.

Sinagoga u Rijeci, vrijedan spomenik kulture i

tradicije idova ovog kraja, jedna je od ukupno tri
sinagoge u Republici Hrvatskoj koje su preivjele
razdoblje Drugog svjetskog rata i ostale sauvane od
potpunog ili djelominog unitenja (ili prenamjene).
Sinagoga danas ima prvenstveno spomeniko
znaenje i sjedite je idovske opine u Rijeci.

The synagogue in Rijeka, a valuable monument of

Jewish culture and tradition, is one of three
synagogues in the Republic of Croatia which
survived the Second World War, it has been saved
from total or part destruction and preserved from
being re-adapted.
The synagogue today is primarily a valuable
monument and it is the center of the Jewish
community in Rijeka.

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Izvedbena varijanta zapravo je tree rjeenje inenjera

Angyala i Fabbra, koja je usprkos manjim izmjenama
zadrala idejni duh projekta. Unutranjost hrama
podijeljena je na predprostor i dio namijenjen
obredima. Ritam triju prozora bone fasade ponavlja
se i unutranjosti u trima proporcionalnim
jedinicama prostora. Dva sainjavaju obredni prostor
zajedno s balkonom iznad treeg, odvojenog ulaznog
dijela. Taj je balkon esrat naschim namijenjen
enama koje su morale biti odvojene od mukaraca,
pa ih je na balkonu skrivala reetkasta ograda. Za
vrijeme obreda vjernici su okrenuti prema aaron-hakodeshu, mjestu na kojem se uva Tora Sveta
knjiga. U istom smjeru, prema istoku, okrenut je i
rabin sa svoja dva pomonika, kantorom i hazanom.
Njihovo je mjesto na istaknutom povienju bima.
Jedini ukras unutranjosti je oslikani vijenac ispod
samoga krovita i stilizirani vegetativni reljef ispod
razine prozora.

Unutranjost sinagoge obnovljena je tijekom 2006.,

odnosno u cijelosti je dovrena 2008. godine prema
projektu rijekog arhitekta Vladi Bralia.

The final construction is in fact the third option of the

architects Angyal and Fabbr, which in spite of small
changes kept its ideal spirit of the project. The inside
of the temple is divided into the entrance area and
the area for ceremonies. The rhythm of three
windows in the side wall is repeated in the interior in
three proportional area units. Two of these areas
make up the ceremonial area together with the
balcony over the third unit, of the separate entrance
area. This balcony esrat naschim is dedicated to the
women as they had to be separated from the men, so
they were hidden behind a grid partition. During the
ceremony the believers are facing aaron-kkodeshu, the place where the Tora (Holy Book) is
kept. The Rabbi and his two assistants, Kantor and
Hazan, face the same direction, towards the east.
They are on a prominent, raised platform bima.
The only interior decoration is an illustrated wreath
directly under the roof and a stylised vegetative relief
under the level of the window.

The interior of the synagogue was restored during 2006

according to the project of the architect Vladi Brali.

Povijest idova na rijekom podruju

The History of Jews in Rijeka
15. stoljee

15th century

Najstariji poznati pisani podatci o idovima potjeu

iz 15. stoljea, kada u Rijeku pristiu idovi s
talijanskih obala Jadrana, posebno iz grada Pesare i
pokrajine Marche.

The oldest known written data about Jews dates back

to the 15th century, when the Jews arrived in Rijeka
from the Italian Adriatic coast, especially from the
town Pesara and the region Marche.

Prema nekim izvorima prvo pisano svjedoanstvo o

idovima u Rijeci datira iz 1436. godine Terra
Fluminis. Slijede spisi rijekog autora Antonia de
Renna iz 1436. do 1461. godine, spisi koji ukljuuju
potvrde o zaduivanju, ugovor o unajmljivanju radne
snage i sl.

According to some sources the first documents giving

evidence about Jews in Rijeka date from the year
1436, Terra Fluminis. From 1436 to 1461 Antonio
Bahin an author from Rijeka gave evidence to this
through documents which include proof of debts,
contracts for hiring labour and other things.

idovi su za vrijeme povremenih boravaka u Rijeci

stanovali u prostoru grada zvanom Zuecha ili
Zudecca, to bi odgovaralo poznatom venecijskom
izrazu Giudecca. Zudecca se nalazila u Starom gradu,
jugoistono od Katedrale sv. Vida. Njezin se nastanak
moe objasniti i praktinim razlozima: lokalne su
rijeke vlasti, radi trgovakog probitka, dolazile tada
u doticaj s trgovcima idovske vjeroispovijesti i
nastojale su im osigurati odvojen smjetaj, gradei i
iznajmljujui im posebne zgrade gdje mogu prebivati.

During their stay in Rijeka, Jews lived in the part of

town known as Zuccha or Zudecca which is
equivalent to the Venetian expression Giudecca.
Zudecca was located in the Old town south-east of St.
Vid cathedral. Its existence can be explained through
practical reasons. The local authorities in Rijeka, due
to the growth of trade, came into contact with Jewish
merchants and tried to ensure separate
accommodation for them by building and renting
buildings set apart for them. Thus merchants from all

Tako su u Rijeku mogli dolaziti trgovci sa svih strana,

prvenstveno s talijanske jadranske obale i Dalmacije, i
mogli nesmetano obavljati vlastite obredne propise.
Moemo pretpostaviti kako su idovske nastambe
vremenom zaputene budui da tijekom 16. i 17.
stoljea vie nemamo nikakvih vijesti o poslovnim
dolascima idova u Rijeku, niti se pojavljuju prilikom
sklapanja bilo kakvih ugovora. To, meutim, jo ne
znai da idovi ipak nisu povremeno dolazili i
zadravali se neko vrijeme u gradu.
Statut grada Rijeke iz 1530. godine nema posebnih
odredaba o idovima, ali u Sveuilinoj knjinici u
Rijeci uva se knjiga rabina Isaka Adarbija Dibre
Shalom (Rijei mira) o propovijedima na hebrejskom
jeziku tiskanim 1531. godine.

areas, mainly from the Italian Adriatic coast and

Dalmatia, could come and they were given the
possibility to practice their own religious ceremony
and ritual.
We can presume that Jewish dwellings were
neglected over time, as during the 16th and 17th
century there is no information about the arrival of
Jewish merchants to Rijeka, nor were they mentioned
in any contracts made at that time. However this does
not mean that Jews did not arrive and stay in the
town from time to time.
The Statue of Rijeka from 1530 does not have any
special regulations about Jews, but in the university
library in Rijeka there is a book called Dibre schalom
(Words of Peace) written by Rabbi Isac Adarbi,
containing sermons in Hebrew, and printed in 1531.

18. stoljee

18th century

Izvjesno je da samostalna idovska opina u Rijeci

nije postojala do poetka osamdesetih godina 18.
stoljea kada su i stvoreni svi potrebni preduvjeti za
osnivanje jedne takve konfesionalne i etnike
zajednice, izdvojene iz opevaeih pravnih i
drutvenih normi.

It is certain that an independent Jewish community in

Rijeka did not exist until the beginning of 1780s,
when all the pre-conditions for the formation of such
a confessional and ethnic community were created,
which was separate from all legal and social norms.

Tada je, naime, ustanovljena stalna trgovaka

kolonija, odnosno, nacionalno-vjerska zajednica.
Krajem sedamdesetih godina 18. stoljea u Rijeci se
trajno nastanjuje nekoliko idovskih obitelji koje su
mahom doselile iz Splita. Jedan od osnovnih razloga
njihova preseljenja svakako je iznimno teak poloaj
ondanjih idova na podruju Dalmacije koja je tada
bila pod vlau Mletake Republike.
Krajem rujna 1779. godine Isak Mihael Penso zajedno
s braom Josipom i Leonom Venturom (Ebrei
Spalatini), u svojstvu zastupnika svoje male
zajednice, upuuju gradskim oblastima slubeni
zahtjev u kojem trae dozvolu za podizanje groblja
nedaleko od gradskih zidina i osnivanje vlastite
sinagoge scole.

At that time a permanent trade colony was

established, that is, a national religious community.
By the end of 1770s, several Jewish families, mainly
from Split, had settled permanently in Rijeka. One of
the main reasons they had moved was certainly the
exceptionally difficult position of Jews in Dalmatia,
which was under Venetian rule at the time.
By the end of September 1779, Isaac Mihael Penso
together with the brothers Joseph and Leon Ventura
(Jews from Split) as representatives of their small
community made an official request for permission to
build a graveyard near the city walls and to establish
their own synagogue school.
If the requests were granted, then many families from
Split and other Italian towns would move to Rijeka.

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Ako bi se udovoljilo spomenutim zahtjevima, tvrde

oni, u Rijeku bi zasigurno doselile jo mnoge
idovske obitelji iz Splita i nekih talijanskih gradova.
ini se da su gradske vlasti ovu obvezu zatite
idovske zajednice od poetka shvatile ozbiljno te su
poduzimale rigorozne mjere protiv svakoga
izgrednika koji bi na bilo koji nain ometao odvijanje
njihovih vjerskih obreda.
Gubernij je 27. rujna 1779. godine Dekretom dopustio
idovima da ustanove vlastitu bogomolju, kehile,
pa je odlueno da se ona otvori u privatnoj kui
obitelji Penso. Obitelj Ventura tomu se protivila.
Stoga je odlueno da sinagoga ne bude vie smjetena
u privatnoj kui, ve u namjenskoj zgradi koju treba
uzeti u godinji najam. Zajednike trokove za to
ravnopravno su dijelili braa Ventura, Isak Mihael
Pensa i Isak Levi.
Postoji podatak da su 1783. godine u Rijeci ivjele
etiri idovske obitelji (Ventura, Pensa, Levi i Piazza),
sve podrijetlom iz Splita i bavile su se trgovinom,
prodajom duhana, koe, tkanina te itarica, rakije,
meda i drugih poljoprivrednih proizvoda.

It seems that the town authorities took their

obligation to protect the Jewish community seriously
from the very beginning, taking rigorous measures
against anyone who hindered their religious
ceremonies in any way.
On the 27th of September 1779 the Governor by decree
permitted the Jews to form their own place of prayer
kehile and it was decided to open it temporarily
in the private house of family Penso. The family
Ventura was against it. Therefore the decision was
made to open the synagogue in a specified rented
building and not in a private house. The brothers
Ventura, Isac, Mihael and Pensa and Isac Levi, shared
equally the rental expenses.
There is evidence that in 1783 there were 4 Jewish
families from Split living in Rijeka (Ventura, Pensa,
Levi and Piazzo). They were trading and selling
tobacco, leather, fabric, grain, brandy, honey and
other agricultural products.
Isak Levi was the first head and administrator of the
Jewish community, son of Kaliman, a trader living in
Trieste.

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Za prvog poglavara i upravitelja rijeke idovske

zajednice bio je izabran Isak Levi, sin Kalimanov,
trgovac nastanjen u Trstu. Trgovaka vanost Rijeke
postojala je sve vea to je pridonijelo doseljavanju
novih obitelji.

Jozefinsko zakonodavstvo nastojalo je emancipirati

idovsko stanovnitvo i uklopiti ga u graansko
drutvo.
Protocollum, kao opi pravilnik u cilju stvaranja
samostalne idovske zajednice koji je rijekim
idovima omoguio ostvarivanje njihovih temeljnih
graanskih prava zajamenih tadanjim austrijskim
dravnim zakonima, stupio je na snagu 26.
studenoga 1781. godine, a bio je pisan po uzoru na
transki Regulamentum Judaeorum iz 1771. godine
koji su dobili tadanji idovi pod zatitom zasebne
milosti i blagosti carice Marije Terezije.
Postojanje organizirane idovske opine tijekom 19.
stoljea u Rijeci s posebnim hramom i grobljem za
pogreb pokojnika po vlastitim ritualnim propisima
otvaralo je mogunost razvijanja drugih institucija

10

The trading importance in Rijeka was growing which

resulted in the settling of new families.

...
Joseph's legislation aimed to integrate the Jewish
people into the local town community.
On 26th of November 1781 the protocol was enforced
as a general regulation with the aim to create an
independent Jewish community, which had assured
fundamental civil rights for the Jews in Rijeka,
guarded by the Austrian state acts of the time. This
was written according to Regulamentum Judaeorum
of Trieste from 1771, which the Jews in Trieste had
been given under the protection of the mercy and
blessing of Empress Marie Theresa.
The existence of the organised Jewish community in
Rijeka during the 19th century with a special temple
and graveyard for burial of the dead, according to
their own ritual regulations, opened up the
possibility to develop other institutions according to
traditions of Judaism traditional, philanthropic,
humanitarian organisations, voluntary, religious and
cultural associations.

prema tradicijama judaizma tradicionalnih

filantropskih humanitarnih organizacija,
dobrotvornih, vjerskih i kulturno-prosvjetnih
udruenja. Tako 1885. godine M. Adolfo Gerloszi,
rabin rijeke idovske zajednice, zajedno s Antoniom
Matersdorferom i Giuseppeom Treuschem, osniva
karitativnu udrugu Chevra Kadischa Sveto
drutvo, Sveto bratstvo.
To je najstarije rijeko dobrotvorno drutvo koje je
brinulo o pogrebima i uzdravanju opinskog
groblja, drutvo koje je svojim lanovima prualo
pomo i usluge u svakodnevnom drutvenom i
vjerskom ivotu te materijalnim potrebama. Svi su,
uglavnom, bili lanovi zajednice i zato se plaao
redoviti doprinos prema imovinskim mogunostima.
Prikupljeni je novac bio koriten za materijalnu
pomo siromanima i oboljelima, za vjersku
izobrazbu i openito unapreenje vjerske slube, kao
i za pogreb siromanih po vjerskim propisima.

11

In 1885 M. Adolfo Gerloszi, Rabbi of Rijeka's Jewish

community, together with Antonio Matersdorfer, and
Giuseppe Treusch founded a charity organisation
Chevra Kadischa (Hebrew holy society, holy
brotherhood).
This is the oldest charity association in Rijeka which
took care of burials and upkeep of council
graveyards, a society which rendered help and
service to its members in everyday social and
religious life and material needs. The members were
all also part of the society and therefore paid a
regular contribution according to their financial
standing. The collected funds were used to help those
in need and the ill, for religious education and for
general improvement of religious service as well as
for burial of the poor in accordance with religious
regulations.

19. stoljee

19th century

Poetkom 19. stoljea idovima su bila priznata sva

graanska prava i slobode, kao i ravnopravnost sa
svim ostalim konfesijama. Nakon kratkotrajne
francuske civilne vladavine uspostavljene u Rijeci i
ponovne uspostave austrijske uprave i njezina
carskog centralizma, ponovno je uvedena strogo
konzervativna regulativa koja je ograniavala
graanska prava idovima.

By the beginning of the 19th century the Jews were

given all civil rights and freedom and equality with
all other religions. During the short period of the
French civil government established in Rijeka,
trading companies were founded. After the reinstallment of the Austrian authority and its Imperial
regime, strict conservative regulations were again
imposed which restricted Jewish civil rights.

Jo 1837. na temelju darovnog ugovora izmeu

Mozesa Saula Levija iz Trsta i idovske opine
Rijeka, Rijeka dobiva prvu sinagogu smjetenu u
jednoj trokatnoj kui na Trgu sv. Tri kralja Contrada
de Tre Rei kasnije Via del Tempio.

Already in 1837 on the basis of a donation contract

between Moses Saul Levi from Trieste and the Jewish
Organization of Rijeka, Rijeka gets its first synagog,
located in a three storey house in the Street of the
Three Kings later called Via del Tempio.

Godine 1882. Zajednica bira novog rabina i uitelja

vjeronauka, M. Adolfa Gerlozija. Sabato Levi
Mandolfo punih 37 godina vodio je poslove u ulozi
predsjednika Zajednice. Nakon njegove smrti 1895.
godine Zajednica za novog predsjednika izabire
Arminia Neubergera de Hlinika.

In the year 1882 the society chose a new Rabbi and

religious teacher, M. Adolfo Gerlozi. For 37 years
Sabato Levi Mandolfo was the president of the
society. After his death in 1895 the society chose a
new president, Armini Neuberger de Hlinik.

Godine 1895. rijeka idovska zajednica je imala 250 260 lanova s ukupno 1600 dua. U poetku su se

13

In the year 1895 the Rijeka Jewish community had

250 260 members with a total of 1600 souls. At first
the ceremonies and services were held according to

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obredi i sluba odravali prema panjolskim

obiajima (Sefardi), no u jednom trenutku, razvojem i
irenjem Zajednice, prelo se na obiaje Akenazi
idova koji su se odrali do 1940. godine.
Daljnja naseljavanja idova dio su opih migracija to
e zahvatiti hrvatske krajeve tijekom 19. stoljea.
Meu njima pojavljuje se znatan broj kolovanih ljudi,
ponajvie lijenika, odvjetnika, novinara i publicista.
S druge pak strane, tu su i trgovaki poduzetnici,
novari, tvorniari i obrtnici koji pridonose razvoju
gospodarskih odnosa, unapreujui proizvodnju i
akumulaciju industrijskog kapitala.

Spanish traditions sefardi , but as the Society grew

they conformed to the traditions of Ashkenazi Jews
which remained till 1940.
Further settlement of Jews is part of the general
migration which was taking part in Croatia regions
during the 19th century. Among them were a
considerable number of educated people known as
free professions; mainly physicians, lawyers,
journalists and publishers. On the other hand there
were also businessmen, bankers, entrepreneurs and
tradesmen who improved industrial relations,
developing production and the accumulation of
industrial capital.

Podruje Suaka
Sudei po suvremenim statistikim izvjetajima,
idovi se na Suak poinju trajno nastanjivati krajem
osamdesetih godina 19. stoljea. Od tada njihov broj
polagano, ali pouzdano raste.
U teritorijalnom su pogledu pripadali karlovakoj
vjeroispovjednoj opini, a kako nisu posjedovali
vlastitu bogomolju, sluili su se rijekom sinagogom i
pokapali mrtve na tamonjem idovskom groblju.

14

Suak area
Judging by the modern, statistic reports, Jews began
to settle permanently on Suak at the end of 1880s.
Since then their number has been growing slowly but
steadily.
They belonged to the Karlovac diocese territory, and as
they did not have their own place of worship, they used
the Rijeka synagogue and the Jewish burial grounds.

Tijesna se povezanost rijekih i suakih idova

ogledala i na drugim planovima. Uobiajeno je bilo
da trgovci nastanjeni u Rijeci otvaraju vlastite
podrunice na Suaku ili obrnuto. Mnoge su
trgovake tvrtke, poslovnice, skladita, tvornice ili
radionice bile registrirane u rijekom i suakom
katastarskom sudu, ostvarujui dobit s obje strane
tadanje dravne granice.
ini se kako je meu prvima na Suak doselila
mnogolana obitelj Wortmann, podrijetlom iz
zapadnougarskog gradia Gradia, koja je osnovala
tvornicu finih likera Braa Wortmann. Vlasnici i
osnivai poduzea za uvoz prekomorske robe Pfau &
Co. bila su braa Pfau, podrijetlom iz Galicije.
Veletrgovine vinom posjedovali su Francesco Herzel
te braa Ruika. Od 1896. do 1900. na Suaku je
postojala tvornica metala i etki Ivana Friedricha i
Otta Fursta.

15

There is a strong connection between the Rijeka and

Suak Jews on all levels. It was common for
tradesmen who lived in Rijeka to open their branches
in Suak and vice versa. Many trading companies,
warehouses, factories and workshops were registered
in the Rijeka and Suak land registry, making a profit
on both sides of the border at that time.
It seems that one of the first families that settled in
Suak was the large family Wortmann, originally
from the west Hungarian town Gsing. They
founded the factory of excellent liqueurs Wortmann
Brothers. The owners and founders of the import
companies for overseas goods Pfau and co, were the
brothers Pfau, originally from Galicia. Wholesale
wine trade was owned by Francesco Herzel and
brothers Ruika. From 1896 to 1900 in Suak, there
was a factory for metal and brushes owned by Ivan
Friedrich and Otto Furst.

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20. stoljee

20th century

Na Kraljevskoj velikoj gimnaziji i Trgovakoj koli na

Suaku uveden je i poseban predmet za nauk
izraelske vjere koji je od 1913. do 1918. kao eksterni
uitelj vodio tadanji rijeki rabin dr. Josip (Giuseppe)
Frank.

The Royal Grammar and Business School in Suak a

special subject was introduced for learning the Israeli
faith, which from 1913 to 1918 was lead by a part
time teacher, the Rabbi of Rijeka, Dr Joseph
(Giuseppe) Frank.

U svibnju 1921. otvara se veletrgovina itom,

branom i prekomorskom robom Ignaca Pennera u
suakom Kortilu.

In May 1921, Ignac Penner opened a wholesale trade

for wheat, flour and overseas goods in the Suak
Cortil.

U studenom 1935. godine osnovana je samostalna

vjeroispovjedna opina pod koju su potpali gradovi
Suak, Bakar i Senj. Prvim predsjednikom imenovan
je Velimir varc, dok je sveenike funkcije obavljao
zamjenik rabina (kasnije i rabin), Otto Deutsch.
Prostorije sinagoge nalazile su se u Strossmayerovoj
ulici 6/I u kui Oktavijana epia.

In November 1935 an independent, religious council

was founded for Suak, Bakar, and Senj. The first
president was Velimir Schvartz, while the functions
of the priest were carried out by the deputy rabbi,
(later rabbi) Otto Deutsch. The rooms of the
Synagogue were in Strossmayer Street 6/I in the
house of Oktavie epi.

Na prijelazu iz 19. u 20. stoljee u Rijeci evidentno

postoji velika i razvijena idovska zajednica koja ima
priblino dvije tisue lanova.

At the turn of the 19th to the 20th century Rijeka

already had quite a large Jewish community with
approximately 2000 members.

16

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Upravo zbog toga stara sinagoga u Starom gradu

(Via del Tempio) postala je pretijesna i neprikladna za
koritenje, tako se 1903. godine gradi novi raskoniji i
prostraniji hram u Via del Pomerio.

Therefore the old synagogue in the Old town (Via del

Tempio) had become too small and inadequate for
use, so in 1903 a new, larger and more luxurious
temple was built in Via del Pomerio.

Za podizanje sinagoge osnovan je poseban Odbor

idovske vjerske zajednice, koji je 1890. godine
raspisao dobrovoljan doprinos za izgradnju. Akcija se
oduila trajala je deset godina. Nakon to je rijeka
opina izdala graevinsku dozvolu, zapoeli su
radovi za izgradnju sinagoge na Pomeriu. U
cjelokupnom nastojanju i organizaciji skupljanja
doprinosa za izgradnju te luksuzne graevine isticao
se odvjetnik dr. Enrico Sachs koji je zastupao pred
rijekom opinom idovsku vjersku zajednicu i
vodio korespondenciju.

For the building of the synagogue a special

committee of the Jewish society was established,
which in 1890 had taken up a voluntary contribution
for its building. The project was prolonged and lasted
for 10 years. After the council of Rijeka had issued a
building permit, the construction of the synagogue
began in Pomerio street. Dr. Enrico Sacks, a
prominent lawyer in Rijeka, was greatly responsible
for the organization and collection of the voluntary
contribution for this luxurious construction. He
represented the Jewish religious society of Rijeka at
the council, and conducted all the correspondence.

Iz molbe magistratu za dozvolu gradnje hrama

doznajemo kako je u rijekoj idovskoj zajednici
1901. godine bilo 2.500 dua, pa je za potrebe tolikog
broja vjernika nedvojbeno trebao dolian hram.
Graevina je veoma brzo napredovala tako da je
Zajednica 18. rujna 1903. godine obavijestila rijeku
opinu da je izgraen novi hram i molila je dozvolu
za koritenje.

18

From the appeal to the municipal authorities, it is

clear that in 1901 the Jewish community in Rijeka
had 2500 souls thus a more suitable temple was
required to fulfill the needs of so many believers.
The construction proceeded fairly quickly, so that on
18th of September 1903 the Community informed the
council of Rijeka that the temple was completed and

Hram, glavno nacionalno, vjersko i drutveno

sredite idova u Rijeci, otvoren je 22. listopada 1903.
godine.
Budui da je idovska vjerska zajednica u Rijeci,
kako navodi dr. E. Sachs, bila tada jedna od
najsiromanijih u Austro-Ugarskoj, unutranjost
sinagoge bila je bogato ukraena i oslikana tek
kasnije. To je uinjeno 1907. godine.
Sinagogu je opustoio i sruio njemaki okupator 25.
sijenja 1944. godine, ostatci su razneseni i poslije
sloma Treeg Reicha (1945. godine) podignuta je
stambeno-uredska zgrada koja postoji i danas.

...
Slubene odredbe protiv idova poele su se u Italiji
primjenjivati 1937. godine, odnosno nakon 10.
studenog 1938. kada je donesena zakonska odredba
za obranu talijanske rase kojom je bilo zabranjeno
sklapanje mjeovitih brakova. Ovu odredbu donosi
Ministarski savez i njome je osobama idovske rase
bilo zabranjeno obnaati vojnike dunosti u miru i
ratu, upravljati poduzeima vanim za obranu

19

they requested a utility permit from the council of

Rijeka for the beginning of the Jewish New Year, on
the 22nd of October. This Temple, the main national,
religious and social center for Jews in Rijeka was
opened on the 22nd of October 1903.
Since the Jewish religious community in Rijeka, as dr.
Enrico Sachs mentioned, was at that time one of the
poorest in the Austro-Hungarian monarchy, the
interior of the synagogue was richly decorated and
painted only much later, in 1907.
The synagogue was devastated and destroyed by the
German occupation on 25th of January 1944, the
remains were stolen. After the break-down of the
Third Reich, in 1945, a new office building was
constructed which still stands today.

...
In the year 1937 official regulations against Jews were
put into affect in Italy. Especially after the 10th of
November 1938 when the law was passed for the
protection of the Italian race by which mixed
marriages were forbidden. This regulation was

ijeci
R
u
i
Zidov
Jews in Rijeka

naroda, kao i onima sa stotinu i vie zaposlenika...

nadalje... obavljati rad u kolama i odgojnim
ustanovama koje su pohaala talijanska djeca.
Prema ovoj odredbi idovi nisu mogli biti lanovi
akademija, zavoda te znanstvenih, literarnih i
umjetnikih udruenja... nisu mogli biti skrbnici
malodobnim osobama koje nisu bile idovske rase...
idovima koji su se bavili samostalnim obrtnikim i
intelektualnim djelatnostima rad je bio ogranien
iskljuivo na idovsku klijentelu, to znai da su bez
zanimanja mogle ostati i one osobe koje su takav rad
obnaale decenijima jo prije donoenja rasnih
zakona.
Rasni zakoni i praksa ustakog reima provodila se i
na podruju novoosnovane NDH
Poinje Drugi svjetski rat... iseljavanje... stradavanje...
logori smrti.
1945... poinje nova povijest.

brought about by the federal Ministry where people of

the Jewish race were prohibited to take part in military
activities in war and peace time, lead businesses
important for the defense of the people, and which had
more than 100 employees... They were also forbidden
to work in schools or in educational institutions
attended by Italian children. Furthermore, according
to these regulations, Jews could not be guardians to
under-aged persons who were not of Jewish race. They
could not even be members of the academies,
institutions or scientific, literary or art associations.
Those Jews who had small independent businesses or
intellectual activities were limited to dealing only
with Jewish clients. This meant that many people who
had had businesses or activities for decades before the
racial laws were passed, could lose their jobs.
Racial laws and practice under the Ustasha regime
were implemented in the area of the newly
established government of NDH.
The Second World War begins... deportations...
sufferings... concentration camps of death.
Year 1945... A new history begins.

20

2008. godina

2008

U cijelosti izvrena je obnova idovske opine Rijeka

i rijeke sinagoge.

The Rijeka synagogue and the Jewish community in

Rijeka have been completely renewed.

Danas idovska opina ima vie od stotinjak lanova,

veinu ine lanovi tree ivotne dobi.

Today the Jewish community has over 100 members,

most of them are older generation.

Cilj idovske opine danas je sauvati povijest

postojanja, tradiciju i kulturu idova Rijeke i rijekog
podruja ije korijene na ovom podruju biljeimo
punih est stoljea...

The aim of the Jewish community is to preserve the

history, culture and tradition of Jews in Rijeka and its
surroundings whose roots can be traced back over 600
years...

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idovsko groblje
The Jewish graveyard
Bitno je naglasiti da uz postojeu sinagogu znaajan
spomenik postojanja idova na rijekom podruju je i
idovsko groblje.

We should take note that, besides the synagogue, an

important monument to the existence of Jews in
Rijeka is the Jewish graveyard.

idovska zajednica u Rijeci pokapala je svoje mrtve

na vlastitom groblju koje se nalazilo blizu ceste to je
vodila na Belveder, sjeverozapadno od Starog grada.
Zbog neumoljivog razvitka grada, staro idovsko
groblje zauvijek je iezlo, kao i ostala groblja koja su
u vremenu od 1619. do 1845. postojala izvan gradskih
zidina.

The Jews community in Rijeka buried their dead in

their own graveyard situated near the road leading to
Belveder, North-west of the Old town. Due to the
merciless growth of the city, the old Jewish graveyard
disappeared forever, along with other graveyards,
which from 1619 to 1845, had existed outside the city
walls.

Zakljukom Gradskog poglavarstva iz 1840. godine,

zajednici idova odreuje se pokapanje mrtvih na
novom groblju Kozala, to je i uslijedilo od 1875.
godine na dva grobna polja ukupne povrine od
6.033 m2.

According to the resolution of the City council in

1840, it was stipulated that the Jewish community
bury their dead on the new public graveyard, Kozala.
Consequently, this has been in function since 1875 on
two graveyard sites with a total area of 6033 square
meters.

23

ijeci
R
u
i
Zidov
Jews in Rijeka

Kada je 1976. godine uslijedila eksproprijacija groblja,

knjievnik Teodoro Morgani iz Genove, uz jo 117
nekadanjih graana Rijeke iz osam zemalja i tri
kontinenta te potporu idovske opine Rijeka,
pokree sklapanje nagodbe o plaanju naknade za
grobna mjesta na izdvojenom grobnom polju za
sljedeih 30 godina, a radi zatite groblja kao
povijesne i kulturoloke cjeline.
Kao sastavni dio gradskog groblja Kozala, idovsko
groblje uz mrtvanicu postaje zatieno spomeniko
podruje 1. oujka 1993. godine i svjedoi o ostavtini
i viestoljetnom postojanju zajednice idova u gradu
Rijeci.

In 1976 the expropriation of graveyards began.

Theodor Morgani from Genova, with 117 former
citizens of Rijeka (from 8 countries and 3 continents)
and support of the Jewish community, initiated an
agreement for paying fees for burial places on this
graveyard for the following 30 years. With the aim to
protect the graveyard as a historical and cultural unit.
On the first of March in 1993 the Jewish graveyard
with its mortuary, as part of graveyard Kozala
became a protected monumental area. It testifies to
the heritage of the existence of the Jewish community
for several centuries, a community of unusual,
versatile and partly tragic history, but with a renewed
life in Rijeka today.

Izdava: idovska opina Rijeka Pripremila: Irena Dee Starevi

Lektura: Martina Pikor, Lobel Prijevod na engleski: Ivana Venar
Fotografije: Dean Miculini, Kristina Rena Dizajn: Kristina Rena, Dragon Tisak: Zambelli
Rijeka, lipanj 2011.

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