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LI NOI AU
Cuon Hnh Hoc Hoa Hnh Ve Ky Thuat nay c bien soan e dung lam tai
lieu phuc vu giang day va hoc tap mon ky thuat cua nganh xay dng Trng Cao
ang Xay Dng c nhieu thuan li.
Noi dung bien soan da tren e cng ve ky thuat hnh hoc hoa hnh cua he
cao ang xay dng vi thi lng 90 tiet va phan bo nh sau :
Phan I : Nhng tieu chuan c ban cua ban ve ky thuat xay dng ( 10 tiet )
Phan II : Hnh hoc hoa hnh ( 53 tiet )
Phan II : Ve chuyen mon ( 27 tiet )
Mot so noi dung co bien soan m rong hn e cng e kch thch t duy cua
mot so hoc sinh sinh vien a tm hieu va yeu thch mon hoc.
Trong qua trnh bien soan chung toi tham khao cac giao trnh ve ky thuat
hnh hoc hoa hnh a c Bo giao duc va ao tao cho xuat ban va c dung lam
tai lieu giang day tai cac trng ai hoc, trung hoc chuyen nghiep xay dng.
Chung toi chan thanh cam n cac ong ch can bo giang day ve mon ky thuat
cua nhieu trng a tham gia gop y cho cuon sach.
Bo mon hnh hoc hoa hnh cua Trng Cao ang Xay Dng So 2 a co nhieu
co gang. Tuy nhien lan au tien bien soan chac con thieu sot, chung toi mong c
s gop y xay dng cua cac ong ch, e chung toi chnh sa nham giup cho cuon
giao trnh ngay cang hoan thien hn.
Bo Mon Hnh Hoc Hoa Hnh Trng Cao ang Xay Dng So 2
Trang 1
Noi dung
M au - Nhng tieu chuan c ban
cua ban ve ky thuat xay dng.
Phan II
C_1
C_2
thc.
Tong so
Ly
thuyet
Bai tap
10
53
12
12
12
thc.
Bieu dien cac vat the hnh hoc tren
o
thc.
Mat cat _ Hnh cat.
Hnh chieu truc o.
Bong tren hnh chieu vuong goc.
Hnh chieu phoi canh.
27
Ve chuyen mon
-Ban ve BTCT.
-Ban ve ket cau thep.
-Ban ve nha.
17
15
90
55
35
Trang 2
PHAN M AU
I. Gii Thieu Mon Hoc
1. Muc ch mon hoc
Ban ve la tai lieu ky thuat c ban e ch ao san xuat. Ban ve c xay dng
nh nhng phng phap bieu dien va cac he thong qui c. Nhng ngi lam cong
tac ky thuat xay dng dung Ngon ng ban ve e thc hien cong viec cua mnh.
Ve ky thuat la mon hoc cung cap nhng kien thc c ban ve oc va lap cac
ban ve ky thuat. Nh nhng ban ve, ngi can bo ky thuat the hien c y nh
thiet ke cua mnh va thc hien c cac y nh o.
Ve ky thuat la mon hoc ky thuat c s, no phat trien kha nang hnh dung
khong gian cua hoc sinh, no giup cac em the hien o an mon hoc, o an tot nghiep
va hoc cac mon ky thuat chuyen mon khac. Ngoai ra mon hoc con ren luyen cho
hoc sinh tnh khoa hoc, chnh xac va kien nhan la nhng c tnh can co cua ngi
lam cong tac ky thuat.
2. Noi dung va yeu cau mon hoc
a. Noi dung mon hoc
Gom 2 phan chnh :
Phan I. Hnh hoc hoa hnh : Nghien cu viec the hien cac vat the trong khong
gian len mat phang goi la ban ve no la c s cua ve ky thuat.
Phan II. Thiet lap cac ban ve ky thuat, ng dung cac nguyen ly cua hnh hoc
hoa hnh cac quy nh, ky hieu ky thuat e ve cac ban ve ky thuat xay dng.
b. Yeu cau mon hoc
Hoc mon ve ky thuat phai at 2 yeu cau c ban :
Ve c ban ve : T vat the that hay t y o thiet ke, dien ta thanh hnh bieu
dien tren giay ve theo ung yeu cau cua ban ve ky thuat xay dng
oc c ban ve: Xem ban ve va hieu no, hnh dung c hnh dang that cua
vat the trong thc te.
Muon at hai yeu cau tren, sinh vien phai nam vng :
- Cac phng phap bieu dien cua hnh hoc hoa hnh.
- Cac tieu chuan cua ban ve ky thuat.
- S dung thanh thao vat lieu va dung cu ve.
Trang 3
Pencil
2B
Hnh 1.1
c. Tay gom :
Dung e xoa bo cac net ve s phac, net ve hong, nen dung loai tay mem.
Muon tay xoa net mc dung dao lam hoac but tay phu mc trang.
d. Cac loai vat lieu khac:
inh mu, bang keo, giay mai ch, vai sach lau ban ve, mc ve (mc tau)
hien tai s dung pho bien loai pha san trong lo.
Trang 4
Rong roc
Thc te
Day
Hnh 1.2
c. Eke :
Eke lam bang nha, cac canh co vach n v dai
moi, bo gom 2 chiec, 1 chiec la tam giac vuong can, 1
chiec tam giac vuong (co goc nhon 300 va 600).
Eke ket hp vi te e ve cac ng thang ng,
ng xuyen hoac cac goc 150, 300, 450, 600, 750.
d. Compa :
Dung e ve ng tron hoac o oan dai.
Compa 1 au kim nhon, 1 au co the la kim nhon, but
ch hoac but mc tuy theo yeu cau s dung (hop compa
thng co cac dung cu: compa au ch, au mc, compa o, compa quay vong tron
nho, can noi cua compa )
e. But ke mc :
Mc dung trong ban ve la loai mc xa (mc tau).
Dung but kim bm mc e ve.
Trang 5
Hnh 1.3
thay
Thong thng ngi ta dung but kim so 0,1 0,2 e ve net manh; 0,3 ve net
Hnh 1.4
Trang 6
K hieu kho
4.4
2.4
2.2
1.2
1.1
K hieu t giay
A0
A1
A2
A3
A4
1198x841
841x594
594x420
420x297
297x210
KT(mm)
Khung ban ve
Khung ten
Hnh 1.5
Cho phep s dung kho giay phu tao thanh bang cach tang kch thc 1 kho
giay chnh nao o, mot so nguyen lan kch thc cua cac canh kho 1.1 (A4).
V du :
Giay kho 1.2 (A3) la 297x 420 297 x (420 + 210) 297 x 630
hoac kho 2.2 (A2) la 594 x 620 594 x 420 (594 + 297 ) x 420 891 x 420.
2. Khung ban ve, khung ten
ban ve ky thuat xay dng khung ban ve dung net lien am, cach mep t
giay vi kch thc nh hnh ve 1.5
Khung ten : S dung net lien am. V tr khung ten thng at le pha di
ban ve hoac le ben phai ban ve hoac goc phai pha di ban ve tuy thuoc vao tng
c quan qui nh.
Trang 7
Ghi chu :
O so 1: ten trng, ten to mon (h = 57)
O so 2: ten bai tap (h = 57)
O so 3: ghi dong ch: Sinh vien thc hien (h = 2.53)
O so 4: ghi ho va ten sinh vien (h = 2.53)
O so 5: ghi dong ch Giao vien hng dan (h = 2.53)
O so 6: ghi ho va ten giao vien (h = 2.53)
O so 7: ghi so th t cua bai tap (h = 2.53)
3. Ty le hnh ve:
La ty so gia kch thc cua hnh trong ban ve va kch thc that. Tuy theo o
ln va mc o phc tap cua vat the ma ngi ta chon ty le hnh ve phu hp, co 2
loai ty le :
+ Loai thu nho (hnh ve nho hn hnh that) : thng s dung cac loai ty le 1/2,
1/5, 1/10, 1/20, 1/50, 1/100, 1/200, 1/500, 1/1000, 1/4000, 1/25000.
+ Loai phong to (hnh ve ln hn hnh that) : thng s dung cac loai ty le :
2/1, 5/1, 10/1, 20/1, 50/1, 100/1.
Chu y: tr so kch thc ghi tren hnh ve la kch thc that, khong phu thuoc
vao ty le ve.
4. ng net va ch so
a. ng net (TCVN 8-1994)
Trong ban ve cac hnh bieu dien c ve bang nhieu loai net vi hnh dang va
y ngha khac nhau (quy nh theo bang sau) nham tao cho ngi CBKT the hien va
oc c ban ve ung.
Trang 8
Ten goi
Hnh dang
Be rong
ng dung
-ng bao thay
Net c ban
Net manh
b/2-b/3
Net cat
(1,5-2)b
Net t
b/2-b/3
b/2-b/3
Net ln song
b/3
Net ngat
b/3
b/3
Chieu day b cua net ve lay t 0.3 1.5 mm (tuy thuoc vao kho ban ve va ty le
hnh bieu dien). Chieu rong cua cung mot loai net ve phai khong thay oi tren cung
mot ban ve
Trang 9
Hnh 1.6
Ten cac ban ve cong trnh, cac ng bao thay nam pha sau mat phang cat
c ve bang net lien manh.
Trang 10
Rong
Cu the theo bang sau: Ve qui nh ty le gia o cao h va o rong b cua ch, so :
Chieu Cao Ch Va So
Rong ch I va so 1
h
1/10h
6/10h
8/10h
h
(1/103/10)h
Trang 11
Hnh 1.7
Trang 12
3/10h
Chieu rong ch I va so 1
1/10h
Chieu rong ch M
4/10h
1/10h
3/10hh
Khong nho hn h
Khong nho hn 1.5h
Hnh 1.8
Chu y: Neu ve tren may vi tnh (chng trnh Autocad) ta nen chon phong ch
ky thuat c cai at san trong may.
Trang 13
8.600
8.000
6.400
5.800
5.200
4.800
3.200
3.000
1.600
1.400
0.000
-1.200
Hnh 1.9
Trang 14
-1.400
Hnh 1.10
Con so ghi kch thc nam pha tren ng kch
thc cach t 1-2 mm, song song vi ng kch
thc. Hng ghi con so kch thc c bieu th
nh sau:
- Cac ng dong khong cat qua ng kch
thc nen ng kch thc ngan at gan hnh ve,
ng dai at xa hnh ve.
- Khi khoang cach qua nho khong u cho
ghi con so th co the ghi con so ra pha ngoai.
- Ghi kch thc theo phng ng va
nguyen tac xoay mat ve ben trai.
- Trng hp hnh ve co ngat oan nhng
kch thc van lien net va kch thc ghi la so o
tren toan bo chieu dai.
Trang 15
Hnh 1.11
i = 1%
1:
0.030
3.600
4.80
50
< 1: 5
125
> 0.225
Hnh 1.13
- ng knh thc con so ghi
v du: 500
- Ban knh trc con so ghi R
v du: R25
- Hnh vuong trc con so ghi
v du: 100
- Mep vat ghi mot kch thc x o ln goc.
- Khong cho phep bat ky ng net nao cua
hnh ve i qua con so ghi kch thc.
Hnh 1.14
Trang 16
1.30
Hnh 1.15
Hnh 1.16
Hnh 1.17
Vi cac kch thc goc, hng ghi
con so kch thc chnh la hng ghi
cua con so kch thc dai co ng
kch thc vuong goc vi phan giac
cua goc can ghi kch thc.
Trang 17
K Hieu
Kim Loai
at thien nhien
Go
Chat long
Betong
Chu y :
- Tren mat cat vat the neu khong can ch ro loai vat lieu s dung th ky hieu :
(net gach nghieng 450 day net b/3).
- Cac mat cat co chieu day (hnh ve)<2 cho phep c to en. Neu cac mat
cat hep ke nhau th phai e mot khe h khong nho hn 0.7mm gia cac mat cat o.
- Net gach gach nghieng 450 vi ng bao quanh chnh hoac vi truc oi
xng cua mat cat.
Hnh 1.18
Neu tren ban ve can the hien nhng vat lieu cha c quy nh trong TCVN7-1993
th cho phep dung cac k hieu phu va phai ghi chu bang ch.
at set
at ap
Trang 18
Betong gach v
Trang 19
- Ket thuc ban ve: Kiem tra lai toan bo ban ve lan chot va xoa bo cac net d
Ket kuan:
Qua moi ban ve, ngi ve phai tao c thoi quen tot, ngi ve phai t
nghiem khac trong viec trnh bay ban ve : ve ung, chnh xac, can than, bo cac thoi
quen ve au co the dan en nhng sai lam trong san xuat ve sau nay. Ch co qua kho
luyen ngi ve mi at c ky nang ve can thiet.
7. S dung thc, compa, eke, thc cong e ve mot so ng cong
hnh hoc:
a. Chia oan thang
Chia oan thang thanh nhng phan theo
mot ty le nhat nh nao o hoac nhieu phan
bang nhau.
Chia AB thanh 5 phan bang nhau:
- T A ve An bat ky, tren o at nam
oan thang bang nhau lien tiep.
Hnh 1.19
Hnh 1.20
Hnh 1.21
Trang 20
Hnh 1.21
e. Dng tiep tuyen cua ng tron o t iem A
- Noi AO
- Chia oi AO ta co O
- Dng vong tron tam O ban knh OO
cat ng tron tam O tai T.
- Noi TA ta co tiep tuyen.
f. Dng tiep tuyen chung cua 2 vong tron
Tiep tuyen ngoai
Hnh 1.22
- Noi O1 va O2
- Chia oi O1O2 ta co M
- Dng vong tron tam O2 ban knh R2-R1
- Dng vong tron tam M ban knh MO2 cat vong tron phu va ve tai A va B
- Noi O1A va O1B
Trang 21
Hnh 1.23
Tiep tuyen trong
-
Noi T2 va O1
T T2 ke T2T1 // T2 O1
Hnh 1.24
Trang 22
Hnh 1.25
h. Noi hai cung tron ban knh R1, R2 bang mot cung tron ban knh R
- Lay O1, O2 lam tam ve cung tron ban knh R1+R va R2+R.
- 2 cung tren cat nhau tai O .
- Noi O1 va O co T1 .
- Noi O2 va O co T2.
- Lay O lam tam quay cung
tron ban knh R.
Hnh 1.26
Trang 23
Hnh 1.28
- Elp can dng i qua tam iem A,B,C,D va M,N,P,Q tiep xuc vi bon canh
cua hnh bnh hanh.
tron.
- Cach ve elp nay thng c dung e ve hnh chieu truc o cua cac ng
p. Ve hnh trai xoan theo truc dai AB cho trc (hnh 1.29)
- Dng ng vuong goc vi AB tai iem gia O.
- Chia AB lam bon phan eu nhau.
Trang 24
Hnh 1.29
Hnh 1.30
q. Ve hnh trng theo theo truc chieu rong AB cho trc (hnh 1.30)
- Chia oi AB ta co O.
- Dng vong tron tam O ban knh OA co iem C va D (nam tren ng trung
trc cua AB)
- Noi AB va BD keo dai.
- Ve hai cung tron tam la A va B ban knh AB ta co FE (F AD; E BD)
- Ve cung tron tam D ban knh DE
- ng cung ACBFEA la ng can dng.
ng xoan oc la nhng ng cong phang c tao nen bi mot iem chuyen
ong tren mot na ng thang khi na ng thang quay quanh au nut cua no.
r. Dng ng xoan oc hai tam (hnh 1.31)
- Ve ng thang m.
- Tren m lay O1 lam tam dng cung tron ban knh R1 co iem 1 va O2
(thuoc m)
Trang 25
Hnh 1.32
Hnh 1.31
s. ng xoan oc ba tam (hnh 1.32)
Hnh 1.33
- Lay O4 lam tam ve cung tron ban knh O4C=O4E cung tron cat ng
trung trc cua AB tai iem D (nh cuon)
p , CDE
q , EB
p tao thanh cuon vom can dng.
- Cac ng cong AC
Hnh 1.34
v. Dng vom cao cho biet kch thc vom rong l va cao vom h
- Dng hnh ch nhat ABED vi canh dai AB = l va AD = h .
- Dng truc oi xng cua cuon (dng trung trccua canh AB). Ta co iem O
va C vi O AB va C DE (nh cuon).
- Noi AC dng phan giac hai goc DAC va DCA, hai phan giac nay cat
nhau tai K.
Trang 27
- Lay iem Q oi xng vi K qua truc OC, iem 3 oi xng vi 2 qua truc
p va BQ
p.
- Lan lt lay 2 va 3 lam tam ban knh 2A=3B ta co cung AK
q.
- Lay 1 lam tam, ban knh 1K dng cung tron KCQ
l
Hnh 1.35
Trang 28