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CHNG 1

PHAN TCH D LIEU VI MICROSOFT EXCEL

1.1. Phan tch thong ke
1.1.1. o th Box Plot
o th la mot phng phap rat pho bien trong thong ke mo ta
dung e rut ra cac nhan xet trc quan ban au ve phan bo d
lieu. Trong muc nay ta se xem xet cach s dung Excel e o th box
plot qua bai toan nh sau: mot to chc nghien cu th trng tien
hanh theo doi dien bien gia ca cua mot loai mat hang lien tiep
trong 44 ngay. Gia c cho trong Bang 1 .1. e nhan xet ve tnh hnh
gia, ngi phan tch ve o th box plot.
Bang 1.1. Gia cua san pham c trong 44 ngay
Nga
y
Gia

Nga
y
Gia

1
0

1
1

1
2

1
3

1
4

1
5

1
6

1
7

1
8

1
9

2
0

2
1

2
2

1
0

1
1

1
0

1
1

1
1

1
2

1
2

1
3

1
4

1
6

1
5

1
1

1
8

1
9

2
0

1
5

1
4

1
4

2
2

2
5

2
7

2
3

2
3

2
4

2
5

2
6

2
7

2
8

2
9

3
0

3
1

3
2

3
3

3
4

3
5

3
6

3
7

3
8

3
9

4
0

4
1

4
2

4
3

4
4

2
2

2
6

2
7

2
9

2
8

3
1

3
2

3
0

3
2

3
4

3
3

3
8

4
1

4
0

4
2

5
3

5
2

4
7

3
7

2
3

1
1

3
2

Ngi phan tch thc hien cac bc nh sau:

Nhap d lieu gia vao o B3:AS3 cua bang tnh.

Nhap cong thc vao cac o A9:A13 nh trong Bang 1 .2.
Chon menu Insert/ Chart.... Trong hop thoai Chart Type chon Line.
Trong hop thoai Chart Source Data nhap A8:B13 vao muc Data
range (hay bam nut
e chon trc tiep o cha d lieu).
Trong hop thoai Chart Options nhap dong ch o th box plot
vao muc Chart Title.
Trong hop thoai Chart Location chon muc As object in neu muon
chen o th vao cung bang tnh d lieu hay chon muc As new
sheet neu muon tao bang tnh mi cho o th. Nhan nut Finish
e Excel hoan thanh o th.
Trong o th do Excel tao ra, nhan chuot phai len chuoi d lieu
(Data series) e hien th popup menu, chon Format Data Series.
Trong hop thoai chon the Options (Hnh 1 .1), anh dau muc
High-low lines va Up-down bar.

Bang
cong
ve o
plot

O
B9

Cong thc
QUARTILE(B3:AS3,1)

B10

MIN(B3:AS3)

B11
B12

MEDIAN(B3:AS3)
MAX(B3:AS3)

B13

QUARTILE(B3:AS3,3)

Y ngha
Tm iem t
phan v Q1
Tm gia tr nho
nhat
Tm iem trung v
Tm gia tr ln
nhat
Tm iem t
phan v Q3

1.2. Cac
thc e
th box

Chng 1

Hnh 1.1. Hop thoai Format Data Series va o th box plot

1.1.2. Kiem nh gia thiet thong ke

Kiem nh thong ke la cong cu toan hoc dung e kiem chng
cac gia thiet ve phan bo cua d lieu. Viec tnh toan cac thong
so kiem nh bang ban tnh (calculator) va tra bang thng de sai
sot va mat nhieu thi gian. S dung phan mem chuyen dung nh
SPSS hay Statistica oi hoi ban quyen cung nh huan luyen. Giai
phap khac la s dung cong cu san co trong Excel.
Bai toan: Hai phng phap san xuat vo xe c th nghiem e
xac nh tnh nang. 10 vo xe theo phng phap 1 va 8 vo theo phng
phap 2. Vo xe che tao theo phng phap 1 c thc nghiem tai a
iem A va theo phng phap 2 c thc nghiem tai a iem B. So
lieu qua kh cho thay rang tuoi tho vo xe co phan bo normal va
o lech chuan thay oi tuy theo a iem thc nghiem. Biet o
lech chuan cho a iem A la 4000 km va a iem B la 6000 km.
Nha san xuat muon kiem nh gia thiet la 2 phng phap eu cho
vo xe co tuoi tho nh nhau vi mc y ngha 5%. So lieu tuoi tho
vo xe trong Bang 1 .3.
Bang 1.3. So lieu tuoi tho cua vo xe
a
iem
A
B

Tuoi tho, x 100km

61,
1
62,
2

58,
2
56,
6

62,
3
66,
4

64,
0
56,
2

59,
7
57,
4

66,
2
58,
4

57,
8
57,
6

61,
4
65,
4

62,
2

63,
6

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Ta thc hien kiem nh gia thiet ve trung bnh cua hai mau bang
cong cu Data Analysis nh sau (xem muc 6.9.2 ve cach cai Data Analysis
trong Excel):

Nhap d lieu nh Bang 1 .3 vao cac o A1:K3 cua bang tnh.

Chon menu Tools/ Data Analysis. Trong hop thoai Data Analysis chon
muc z-Test: Two Sample for Means.
Trong hop thoai z-Test, nhap B2:K2 vao muc Variable 1Range, va
B3:I3 vao muc
Variable 2Range. Nhap gia tr 0 vao muc
Hypothesized Mean Difference (kiem nh gia thiet 1 2). Nhap
gia tr phng sai 1600 cho a iem A vao muc Variable
1Variance (o lech chuan c chia 100 e n gian d lieu).
Nhap gia tr phng sai 3600 cho a iem B vao muc Variable
2Variance.
Nhap gia tr mc y ngha 0.05 vao muc Alpha, nhan OK e
hoan thanh.
Hnh 1.2. Hop thoai z-test

Excel tnh toan va cho ket qua nh trong Hnh 1 .3, cho biet trung
bnh cua mau (mean), gia tr cua kiem nh z. gia tr p (P(Z<z two-tail)
, gia tr z tng ng vi mc y ngha 5% (z Critical two-tail).
Hnh 1.3. Bang tnh ket qua cua kiem nh z-test

1.1.3. Cong cu add-in Data Analysis

Cong cu Data Analysis cua Excel cho phep ngi s dung thc hien
cac phan tch thong ke d lieu thng gap. Viec s dung Data
Analysis rat n gian, bang cach chon phan tch ma can thc hien
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trong hop thoai Data Analysis. Di day la liet ke cac phan tch
thong ke cp the thc hien:

ANOVA: phan tch phng sai.

Correlation: phan tch tng quan.
Covariance: phan tch hiep bien.
Descriptive Statistic: phan tch thong ke mo ta.
Exponential Smoothing: d bao bang phng phap lam trn ham
mu.
F-test Two samples for Variances: kiem nh F, gia thiet ve hai
phng sai.
Fourier Analysis: phan tch Fourier.
Histogram: lap bieu o histogram.
Moving Average: d bao bang phng phap trung bnh dch
chuyen.
Random Number Generation: tao cac so ngau nhien.
Rank and Percentile: thc hien xep hang d lieu.
Regression: phan tch hoi quy.
Sampling: lay mau t mot tap hp.
t-Test Paired Two Sample For Means: thc hien kiem nh gia thiet
ve tr trung bnh cua 2 phan bo, lay mau theo cap.
t-Test Two Samples Assuming Equal Variances: kiem nh t gia thiet
ve tr trung bnh cua 2 phan bo co phng sai (cha biet) bang
nhau.
t-Test Two Samples Assuming Uequal Variances: kiem nh gia thiet
ve tr trung bnh, cua 2 phan bo co phng sai (cha biet) khac
nhau.
z-Test Two Sample For Means: kiem nh gia thiet ve tr trung bnh
2 phan bo vi phng sai cho trc.
Hnh 1.4. Hop thoai Data Analysis

1.2. Toi u
1.2.1. Quy hoach tuyen tnh
Excel co the giai cac bai toan quy hoach toi u tuyen tnh, quy
hoach nguyen va quy hoach phi tuyen bang cach s dung cong cu

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Solver. Trong muc nay ta dung d lieu cua bai toan quy hoach tuyen
tnh trong chng 4 e minh hoa cach s dung Solver.
Trong bang tnh nhap d lieu nh Hnh 1 .5. Cac o B5:G11 cha
he so cua cac bien A, B, C, X, Y, Z trong ham muc tieu va rang
buoc. Cac o B27:G27 dung e cha cac gia tr cua bien. Cac o
D17:D22 cha gia tr RHS cua rang buoc. Cac o B16:B22 cha ham
muc tieu va ang thc LHS cua rang buoc (ta ch go cong thc
vao o B16 va sao chep qua cac o B17:B22).
Bang 1.4. Ham muc tieu va rang buoc trong Excel
O
B16
B17
B18
B19
B20
B21
B22

Cong thc
=$B$27*B5+$C$27*C5+$D$27*D5+$E$27*E5+$F$27*F5+
$G$27*G5
=$B$27*B6+$C$27*C6+$D$27*D6+$E$27*E6+$F$27*F6+
$G$27*G6
=$B$27*B7+$C$27*C7+$D$27*D7+$E$27*E7+$F$27*F7+
$G$27*G7
=$B$27*B8+$C$27*C8+$D$27*D8+$E$27*E8+$F$27*F8+
$G$27*G8
=$B$27*B8+$C$27*C8+$D$27*D8+$E$27*E8+$F$27*F8+
$G$27*G9
=$B$27*B10+$C$27*C10+$D$27*D10+$E$27*E10+
$F$27*F10+$G$27*G10
=$B$27*B11+$C$27*C11+$D$27*D11+$E$27*E11+
$F$27*F11+$G$27*G11
Hnh 1.5. Mo hnh bai toan quy hoach tuyen tnh trong Excel

Sau khi tao bang tnh nh tren ta giai bai toan nh sau:
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Chon menu Tools/ Solver.

Trong hop thoai Solver Parameter (Hnh 1 .6), nhap B16 vao muc
Set Target Cell (hay bam nut
e chon) e xac nh o cha
ham muc tieu. Nhap B27:G27 vao muc By Changing Cells e
xac nh o cha bien so.
Nhan nut Adds hien hop thoai Add Constraint e tao rang
buoc. Nhap B17 vao o Cell Reference, chon dau trong list
box, nhap D17 vao muc Constraint, nhan OK e hoan thanh
viec nhap rang buoc 1 cho bai toan. Tng t ta tao cac rang
buoc con lai.
Nhan nut Options trong hop thoai Solver Parameter. Trong hop
thoai Solver Options anh dau muc Assume Linear Model (quy
hoach tuyen tnh), Assume None-negative (cac bien dng). Nhan
nut Solve e giai bai toan.
Hnh 1.6. Hop thoai Solver Parameters va Add Constraint

1.2.2. Solver Options

Cong cu Solver cung cap cac tuy chon nh sau:

Max time: gii han thi gian ma Solver chay e giai cac bai
toan. Gia tr 100s la u cho hau het cac bai toan.
Iterations: gii han so vong lap cua Solver. Gia tr 100 la u
cho hau het cac bai toan.
Precision: thiet lap sai so cho rang buoc. Gia tr trong khoang
01.
Tolerance: thiet lap sai so cho o ham muc tieu trong bai toan
quy hoach nguyen.
Convergence: thiet lap sai so cho o muc tieu trong bai toan quy
hoa hoach phi tuyen. Gia tr t 0..1
Assume Linear Model: chon khi giai bai toan quy hoach tuyen tnh.
Assume Non-Negative: chon khi cac bien co gia tr khong am
Use Automatic Scaling: chon khi khac biet gia gia tr cua ket
qua va d lieu la rat ln.
Show Iteration Results: Solver dng sau moi vong lap va hien th
ket qua cua vong lap.

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Estimates: chon phng phap ma Solver dung c lng cac gia

tr ban au cua li giai. Chon Quadratic khi giai bai toan phi
tuyen.
Derivatives: chon phng phap tnh ao ham ma Solver dung e
giai toan. Chon Forward trong hau het cac bai toan. Chon
Central khi cac gia tr ham rang buoc thay oi rat ln.
Search: chon thuat toan ma Solver dung e tm li giai.
Newton oi hoi nhieu bo nh nh chay t vong lap. Phng
phap Conjugate can t bo nh nh chay nhieu vong lap.
Hnh 1.7. Hop thoai Solver Options

Sau khi nhan nut Solve, Excel se thc hien tnh toan va hien hop
thoai Solver Results cho biet bai toan co nghiem hay khong. Di
day la cac tuy chon trong hop thoai Solver Results:

Keep Solver Solution/ Restore Original Values: gi lai ket qua tnh
toan trong cac o cua bang tnh hay phuc hoi lai cac gia tr
ban au cua o.
Reports: la chon cac bang tnh bao cao ma Solver se them
vao so tay. Answer la bang tnh ket qua cua cac bien,
Sensitivity la bang tnh phan tch o nhay cua ket qua, Limits
la bang tnh cho biet gii han thay oi cua bien so.
1.3. Kiem soat chat lng
1.3.1. Van e
o th kiem soat (control chart) la mot cong cu n gian nh
hieu qua trong cong tac kiem soat chat lng. e ve o th kiem
soat, ta co the dung cac cong cu n gian nh giay, viet hay phan
mem chuyen dung. Cac phan mem chuyen dung mac du rat
thuan tien trong viec tao o th nh phan ln lai thieu uyenb
chuyen trong viec x ly so lieu. Trong muc nay ta se xem xet cach
s dung Excel e thc hien o th kiem soat.
Bai toan: nha may XYZ quan tam ti viec kiem soat chat lng
bac sec mang cua ong c do nha may san xuat. ng knh cua
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bac sec mang la ac tnh chat lng quan trong ma nha san xuat
muon kiem soat. e thc hien cong viec nay, nha san xuat s
dung o th X va R (Hnh 1 .8). Ta dung Excel e tnh toan d lieu
va ve o th.
Hnh 1.8. Do th R va X trung bnh

1.3.2. o th kiem soat vi Excel

e n gian trong bai nay ta ch s dung d lieu t 15 mau,
moi mau co 5 quan sat (ngha la ng knh cua 5 sec mang c
o). D lieu c cho trong bang tnh Excel nh Hnh 1 .9 (trai).
Cac cong thc c nhap vao o G2:N16 nh sau:

Nhap cong thc AVERAGE(B2:F2) e tnh trung bnh mau vao o

G2. Sao chep cong thc qua cac o G3:G16.
Nhap cong thc AVERAGE($G$2:$G$16) vao o I2:I16
Nhap cong thc cong thc MAX(B2:F2)-MIN(B2:F2) vao o K2.
Sao chep cong thc vao cac o K3:K16.
Nhap cong thc AVERAGE($K2:$K$16) e tnh R trung bnh.
Nhap cong thc I2+0.557*M2 vao o H2, sao chep cong thc
qua cac o con lai trong cot H3:H16.
Nhap cong thc I2-0.557*M2 vao o J2, sao chep cong thc qua
cac o J3:J16.
Nhap cong thc 2.115*M2 vao o L2, sao chep cong thc qua
cac o L3:L16.
Nhap cong thc 0*M2 vao o N2, sao chep cong thc qua cac
o N3:N16.

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Hnh 1.9. D lieu ng knh sec mang va tnh toan

o th R va X c thc hien nh sau:

Chon menu Insert/ Chart... . Trong hop thoai Chart Type, chon Line.
Nhap K1:N16 vao muc Data Range trong hop thoai Chart Data
Source. Nhan Finish e hoan thanh.
Trong o th do Excel tao ra, nhan chuot phai len ng UCLr
e hien popup menu, chon Format Data series...
Trong hop Marker (Hnh 1 .10) chon None e bo cac dau sao,
trong hop Line chon Custom va thay oi Style, Color, Weight cua
ng UCLr theo y muon. Tng t ta thc hien vi ng X
trung bnh va LCLr.
Hnh 1.10. Hop thoai Format Data Series, the Patterns

Thc hien tng t vi cac d lieu trong day G1:J16 e ve o

th X trung bnh.

o th X va R c Excel ve nh trong Hnh 1 .8. Quan sat o th

X trung bnh ta thay 2 diem 3 va 14 nam ngoai ng LCLx va UCLx.
Hai iem nay c goi la ngoai kiem soat va la bieu hien nha
may ang san xuat bac sec mang co chat lng ngoai gii han cho
phep.

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1.4. Phan tch kinh te ky thuat

1.4.1. Van e
anh gia hieu qua kinh te cua d an la mot phan viec quan
trong cua ky s ky thuat he thong cong nghiep. Viec tnh toan cac
gia tr tng ng cua dong tien te, he so chiet khau hay lai
suat noi suy thng n ieu va de sai sot. e tranh sai sot va
tiet kiem thi gian ap dung cong cu bang tnh la ieu bat buoc.
Excel cung cap cho ngi s dung mot so cong thc tai chanh rat
hu dung trong anh gia hieu qua kinh te cua d an ky thuat.
Bai toan: Ban giam oc nha may Vifa xem xet e ngh lap at
thiet b thu hoi nhiet lo hi cho day chuyen m. Gia va chi ph lap
thiet b thu hoi nhiet la 25 trieu ong. Bo phan ky thuat nha may
c tnh nh thiet b nay hang nam nha may se tiet kiem c
8,5 trieu ong tien nhien lieu. Thiet b co the dung trong 5 nam
vi gia tr thai hoi la 3 trieu ong. anh gia hieu qua kinh te
cua d an. Biet MARR la 20%.
1.4.2. Phan tch vi bang tnh
D lieu cua bai toan c tom tat nh trong Hnh 1 .11.
Hnh 1.11. Bang tnh phan tch kinh te ky thuat

Cac cong thc c nhap vao bang tnh nh . Cac o C6:C11 tnh
gia tr hien tai tch luy cua dong tien te lan lt t nam th
nhat ti nam th nam vi lai suat 0%. Cac o D6:D11 tnh gia tr
hien tai tch luy vi lai suat MARR (20%). O C13 cho gia tr hien tai
cua dong tien te trong thi gain xem xet (5 nam) va lai suat MARR
(20%). O nay co gia tr tng ng o D11 nh s dung cong thc
khac. Cac o C14:C15 cho gia tr hang nien va tng lai cua dong
tien te. O C17 cho lai suat noi suy cua dong tien te.

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Bang tnh trong v du nay anh gia hieu qua kinh te cua d an
theo phng phap gia tr tng ng va lai suat noi suy. T ket qua
tnh toan cua Excel ta thay d an nay co hieu qua kinh te at yeu
cau. Ro rang viec s dung bang tnh e tnh toan a tiet kien rat
nhieu thi gian tnh toan va tranh c sai sot.
Bang 1.5. Cong thc cho bang tnh phan tch kinh te ky thuat
O

Cong thc

Cong thc
=B6
=D6+NPV(B3;B7)
=D6+NPV(B3;B7:B
8)
=D6+NPV(B3;B7:B
9)
=D6+NPV(B3;B7:B
10)
=D6+NPV(B3;B7:B
11)
= -PMT(B3;5;C13)

C6
C7
C8

=B6
=B7+C6
=B8+C7

D6
D7
D8

C9

=B9+C8

D9

C1
0
C1
1
C1
3
C1
5

=B10+C9

D1
0
D1
1
C1
4
C1
7

=B11+C10
=C6-PV(B3;5;B7;B11B7)
=-FV(B3;5;;C13)

=IRR(B6:B11;B3)

Khi s dung cac ham tai chnh cua Excel ta phai lu y cac iem
sau:

Dau cho dong tien te. Dau cho cac khoan chi (thng ky
hieu dau -) phai ngc vi dau cho cac khoan thu (dau +).
n v cua thi gian khong oi. Chieu dai cua cac thi oan
dong tien te la ong nhat.
Cac khoan chi hay thu phai thong nhat tai au hay cuoi thi
oan, c xac nh bang tham so type trong ham cua Excel.
type = 1 tai thi iem au, type=0 tai thi iem cuoi.
Ham NPV tnh gia tr hien tai thuan (hay con goi la hien gia
thuan) cua dong tien te nh khong tnh ti khoan chi thu tai
thi iem 0. e tnh ti dong tien te tai thi iem 0 ta phai
cong them vao ket qua cua NPV (nh cong thc tai o D11).
Chu y ti dau cua ket qua t ham FV, PV, PMT. Cac ham
nay tnh gia tr tng ng cua dong tien te (tng ng vi F,
P, A trong kinh te ky thuat). Khi s dung ta nen oi dau e
phu hp vi cach tnh toan trong cac bai toan kinh te ky
thuat (nh v du trong o C13:C16).

11