Phn I

Phn tch yu cu v gii thiu chung

v cng ngh np c qui t ng
I. Gii thiu chung v c qui.
c qui l ngun cung in mt chiu cho cc thit b
in trong cng nghip cng nh trong i sng hng ngy.
C nhiu loi c qui nhng ph bin v thng gp trong
thc t l c qui ch v c qui axit.
1. c im cu to ca c qui.
Cu trc ca mt c qui n gm c phn cc dng,
phn khi
bn cc m, cc tm ngn.
Phn khi bn cc do cc
bn cc cng tn ghp li
vi nhau. Cu to ca mt
2
bn cc trong c qui gm
c phn khung xng v
cht tc dng trt ln n .
3
Khung xng ca bn
cc m v bn cc dng
c cu to ging nhau,
chng c c t ch v
c pha thm 5 8 %
1. Vu bn cc
ng ti moang ( Sb ) v to
2. Cht tc dng
hnh mt li . Ph gia Sb
3. Ct bn cc
thm vo ch s lm tng
dn in v ci thin tnh
c. Trong thnh phn cht tc dng cn c thm khong 3
% cht n ( cc mui hu c ) tng xp, bn ca
lp cht tc dng. Nh tng xp m ci thin c
thm su ca cht dung dch in phn vo trong lng
bn cc, ng thi din tch thc t tham gia phn ng ho
hc ca cc bn cc cng c tng thm . Phn u ca mi
bn cc c vu, cc bn cc dng camicqui n c
hn vi nhau to thnh khi bn cc dng, cc bn cc m
c hn vi nhau thnh khi bn cc m. S lng cc bn cc
trong mi c qui thng t 5 8, b dy tm bn cc dng
ca c qui thng t 1,3 n 1,5 mm , bn cc m thng

mng hn 0,2 0,3 mm . S bn cc m trong c qui thng nhiu hn s bn cc m mt bn nhm tn dng trit
din tch tham gia phn ng ca cc bn cc. Tm ngn
c b tr gia cc bn cc m v dng c tc dng ngn
cch v trnh va p gia cc bn cc. Tm ngn c lm
bng vt liu poly-vinyl-clo b dy 0,8 1,2 v c dng ln
sng , trn b mt tm ngn c cc l cho pho dung dch
in phn thng qua.
2. Qu trnh bin i nng lng trong c qui .
c qui l ngun nng lng c tnh cht thun nghch : n
tich tr nng lng di dng ho nng v gii phng nng lng
di dng in nng. Qu trnh c qui cp in cho mch
ngoi c gi l qu trnh phng in, qu trnh c qui d
tr nng lng c gi l qu trnh np in.
2.1. Qu trnh bin i nng lng trong c qui axit.
K hiu ho hc biu din c qui axit c dung dich in
phn l axit H2SO4 nng d 1,1 1,3 % bn cc m l
Pb v bn cc dng l PbO2 c dng :
(- ) Pb

H2SO4 d 1,1 1,3

PbO2 ( + )

Phng trnh ho hc biu din qu trnh phng np ca c

qui axit :
phng
PbO2 + 2H2SO4 + Pb
2PbSO4 + 2H2O
np
Th in ng e 2,1 V.
2.2. Qu trnh bin i nng lng trong c qui kim.
K hiu ho hc biu din c qui kim c dung dich
in phn l KOH nng d 20 % bn cc m l Fe v
bn cc dng l
Ni(OH)3 c dng :
( - ) Fe KOH d 20%

Ni(OH)3 ( + )

Phng trnh ho hc biu din qu trnh phng np ca c

qui kim :

phng
Fe + 2NI(OH)3

Fe(OH)3 + 2Ni(OH)2
np

Th in ng e 1,4 V.
Nhn xt : T nhng iu trnh by trn ta nhn thy
trong qu trnh phng np nng dung dch in phn
l thay i. Khi c qui phng in nng dung dch
in phn gim dn. Khi c qui np in nng dung
dch in phn tng dn. Do ta c th cn c vo nng
dung dch in phn nh gi trng thi tch in
ca c qui.
3. Cc c tnh c bn ca c qui .
Sc in ng ca c qui ch v c qui axit ph thuc
vo nng dung dch in phn. Ngi ta thng s dng
cng thc kinh nghim
Eo 0,85 +
(V)
trong : Eo - sc in ng tnh ca c qui ( V )
- nng dung dch in phn 15 C
( g/cm3 )
Trong qu trnh phng in sc in ng ca c qui c
tnh theo cng thc :
Ep Up + Ip.rb
trong : Ep - sc in ng ca c qui khi phng in
(V)
Ip - dng in phng ( A )
Up - in p o trn cc cc ca c qui khi
phng in (V)
rb - in tr trong ca c qui khi phng in (
)
Trong qu trnh np sc in ng En ca c qui c tnh
theo cng thc :
En Un - In.rb
trong : En - sc in ng ca c qui khi np in
(V)
In - dng in np ( A )
Un - in p o trn cc cc ca c qui khi np
in

(V)
rb - in tr trong ca c qui khi np in ( )
Dung lng phng ca c qui l i lng nh gi kh nng
cung cp nng lng ca c qui cho ph ti, v c tnh theo
cng thc :
Cp Ip.tp
trong : Cp - dung dch thu c trong qu trnh phng
( Ah )
Ip - dng in phng n nh trong thi gian
phng in
tp ( A )
tp - thi gian phng in ( h ).
Dung lng np ca c qui l i lng nh gi kh nng tch
tr nng lng ca c qui v c tnh theo cng thc :
Cn In.tn
trong :
Cn - dung dch thu c trong qu trnh np ( Ah )
In - dng in np n nh trong thi gian np tn
(A)
tn - thi gian np in ( h ).
3.1. c tnh phng ca c qui.

c tnh phng ca c qui l th biu din quan h

ph thuc ca sc in ng, in p c qui v nng
dung dch in phn theo thi gian phng khi dng in
phng khng thay i .
T c tnh phng ca c qui nh trn hnh v ta c nhn
xt sau:
- Trong khong thi gian phng t tp 0 n tp tgh, sc
in ng
in p, nng dung dch in phn gim dn, tuy
nhin trong khong thi gian ny dc ca cc th
khng ln, ta gi l giai on phng n nh hay thi
gian phng in cho php tng ng vi mi ch phng
in ca c qui ( dng in phng ).
- T thi gian tghtr i dc ca th thay i t
ngt .Nu ta

tip tc cho c qui phng in sau tgh th sc in ng

,in p ca c qui s gim rt nhanh .Mt khc cc tinh
th sun pht ch (PbSO4) to thnh trong phn ng s c
dng th rn rt kh ho tan ( bin i ho hc) trong qu
trnh np in tr li cho c qui sau ny. Thi im tgh gi
l gii hn phng in cho php ca c qui, cc gi tr Ep,
Up, ti tgh c gi l cc gi tr gii hn phng in ca c
qui. c qui khng c phng in khi dung lng cn khong
80%.
- Sau khi ngt mch phng mt khong thi gian no,
cc gi tr sc in ng, in p ca c qui, nng
dung dch in phn li tng ln, ta gi y l thi gian
hi phc hay khong ngh ca c qui. Thi gian hi phc
ny ph thuc vo ch phng in ca c qui
( dng in phng v thi gian phng ).
3.2. c tnh np ca c qui.
c tnh np ca c qui l th biu din quan h ph
thuc gia sc in ng , in p v nng dung dch
in phn theo thi gian np khi tr s dng in np
khng thay i .

T th c tnh np ta c cc nhn xt sau :

- Trong khong thi gian t tn 0 n tn tgh th sc
in ng, in p , nng dung dch in phn tng
dn.
- Ti thi im ts trn b mt cc bn cc m xut hin
cc bt kh (cn gi l hin tng" si " ) lc ny hiu in
th gia cc bn cc ca c qui n tng n 2,4 V . Nu
vn tip tc np gi tr ny nhanh chng tng ti 2,7 V v gi
nguyn. Thi gian ny gi l thi gian np no, n c tc dng
cho phn cc cht tc dng su trong lng cc bn cc c bin i tun hon, nh s lm tng thm dung lng
phng in ca c qui.
- Trong s dng thi gian np no cho c qui ko di t 2 3
h trong sut thi gian hiu in th trn cc bn cc
ca c qui v nng dung dch in phn khng thay

i . Nh vy dung lng thu c khi c qui phngin lun

nh hn dung lng cn thit np no c qui.
- Sau khi ngt mch np, in p, sc in ng ca c
qui, nng dung dch in phn gim xung v n
nh. Thi gian ny cng gi l khong ngh ca c qui
sau khi np.
- Tr s dng in np nh hng rt ln n cht lng v
tui th ca c qui. Dng in np nh mc i vi c
qui l In 0,1C10 .
Trong C10 l dung lng ca c qui m vi ch np vi
dng in nh mc l In 0,1C10 th sau 10 gi c qui s
y.
V d vi c qui C 180 Ah th nu ta np n dng vi
dng in bng 10% dung lng ( tc In 18 A ) th sau 10
gi c qui s y.
4. S khc nhau gia c qui ch v c qui axit .
C hai loi c qui ny u c mt c im chung
l tnh cht ti thuc loi dung khng v sc phn in
ng. Nhng chng cn c mt s c im khc bit sau :

c qui axit
- Kh nng qu ti khng cao, dng
ln
np ln nht t c khi qu ti
nht khi
l Inmax 20%C10
50%C10
- Hin tng t phng ln, c qui
nh
nhanh ht in ngay c khi khng
s dng.
- S dng rng ri trong i sng
nng trn
cng nghip, nhng ni c nhit
thng s
cao va p ln nhng i hi
cng
cng sut v qu ti va phi.
xuyn v

c qui ch
- Kh nng qu ti rt
dng in np ln
c th t ti
- Hin tng t phng

- Vi nhng kh
th c qui kim
nhng ni yu cu
cao qu ti thng
s dng vi cc thit

5. Cc phng php np c qui t ng.

C ba phng php np c qui l
+
Phng php dng in.
+
Phng php in p.
+
Phng php dng p.
5.1. Phng php np c qui vi dng in khng i.
y l phng php np cho php chn c dng np
thch hp vi mi loi c qui, bo m cho c qui c no.
y l phng php s dng trong cc xng bo dng sa
cha np in cho c qui hoc np s cha cho cc
c qui bi Sunfat ho. Vi phng php ny c qui c mc
ni tip nhau v phi tho mn iu kin :
Un 2,7.Naq
Trong : Un - in p np
Naq - s ngn c qui n mc trong mch

Trong qu trnh np sc in ng ca c qui tng dn

ln, duy tr dng in np khng i ta phi b tr
trong mch np bin tr R. Tr s gii hn ca bin tr c xc
nh theo cng thc :
R

U n 2,0 N aq
In

Nhc im ca phng php np vi dng in khng i

l thi gian np ko di v yu cu cc c qui a vo np c
cng dung lng nh mc. khc phc nhc im thi
gian np ko di, ngi ta s dng phng php np vi dng
in np thay i hai hay nhiu nc. Trong trng hp hai
nc, dng in np nc th nht chn bng ( 0,3 0,6 )
C10 tc l np cng bc v kt thc nc mt khi c qui bt
u si. Dng in np nc th hai l 0,1C10
5.2. Phng php np vi in p khng i.
Phng php ny yu cu cc c qui c mc song song
vi ngun np. Hiu in th ca ngun np khng i vaf
c tnh bng ( 2,3 2,5 ) V cho mi ngn n. Phng php
np vi in p khng i c thi gian np ngn, dng np
t ng gim theo thi gian.Tuy nhin dng phng php ny
c qui khng c np no. V vy np vi in p khng i
ch l phng php np b xung cho c qui trong qu trnh
s dng.
5.3. Phng php np dng p.
y l phng php tng hp ca hai phng php trn. N
tn dng c nhng u im ca mi phng php.
i vi yu cu ca bi l np c qui t ng tc l
trong qu trnh np mi qu trnh bin i v chuyn ho
c t ng din ra theo mt trnh t t sn th ta
chn phng n np c qui l phng php dng p.
- i vi c qui axit: bo m thi gian np cng nh hiu
sut np th trong khon thi gian tn 8h tng ng vi
7580 % dung lng c qui ta np vi dng in khng i
l In 0,1C10. V theo c tnh np ca c qui trong on
np chnh th khi dng in khng i th in p, sc
in ng ti t thay i, do bo m tnh ng
u v ti cho thit b np. Sau thi gian 8 h c qui bt
u si lc ta chuyn sang np ch n p. Khi

thi gian np c 10 h th c qui bt u no, ta np b

xung thm 2 3 h.
- i vi c qui kim : Trnh t np cng ging nh c qui
axit nhng do kh nng qu ti ca c qui kim ln nn lc
n dng ta c th np vi dng np In 0,2C10 hoc np cng
bc tit kim thi gian vi dng np In 0,5C10 .
Cc qu trnh np c qui t ng kt thc khi b ct
ngun np hoc khi np n p vi in p bng in p trn
2 cc ca c qui, lc dng np s t t gim v khng.
Kt lun :
- V c qui l ti c tnh cht dung khng km theo sc
phn in ng cho nn khi c qui i m ta np theo phng php in p th dng in trong c qui s t ng
dng nn khng kim sot c s lm si c qui dn n
hng hc nhanh chng. V vy trong vng np chnh ta phi
tm cch n nh dng np cho c qui.
Khi dung lng ca c qui dng ln n 80% lc nu
ta c tip tc gi n nh dng np th c qui s si v
lm cn nc. Do n giai on ny ta li phi chuyn
ch np c qui sang ch n p. Ch n p c
gi cho n khi c qui thc s no. Khi in p trn cc
bn cc cu c qui bng vi in p np th lc dng
np s t ng gim v khng, kt thc qu trnh np.
- Tu theo loi c qui m ta np vi cc dng in np khc
nhau
+ c qui axit : dng np In 0,1C10 ; np cng bc vi
dng
in np In 0,2C10 .
+ c qui kim : dng np In 0,2C10; np cng bc vi
dng in np In 0,5C10 .
- T cc phn tch trn ta rt ra cc s liu sau:
+ Dng np ln nht Inmax Idmax 90 A
+ in p Udmax 64,8 V

Phn II
Phn tch tnh ton v la chn s
I. Chnh lu iu khin i xng s cu 3 pha
1. S nguyn l

S gm 6 Tiristor c chia lm hai nhm:

- Nhm Katot chung : T1, T3, T5

- Nhm Anot chung : T2, T4, T6

Gc m c tnh t giao im ca cc na hnh sin
Gi tr trung bnh ca in p trn ti
Ud

6
2

2U 2 sin d

T cng thc trn ta thy

Khi ta c

U2

U d max
3 6

3 6U 2
cos

U d U d max khi cos 1

Thay gi tr U d max 64,8V ta c U 2 27,68 V

in p cc pha th cp ca my bin p l:
U a 39 sin

2
)
3
2
U c 39 sin(
)
3
U b 39 sin(

Gi tr trung bnh ca dng th cp my bin p.

I 2 max

2
I d max
3
thay I d max 90 A

T s liu ban u
c I 2 max 73,5 A
Gi tr trung bnh ca dng chy qua 1 Tiristor l:
I TBV max

I d max
30 A
3

Gi tr in p ngc m Tiristor phi chu

U ng max

Cng sut bin p

S ba

6U 2

U d max 1,05U d max 68,04V

3

U d max I d max .64,8.90.10 3 6,1kVA

3
3

Nhn xt : Vi s chnh lu cu 3 pha c iu khin

th in p ra Ud t p mch ( trong mt chu k p
mch 6 ln ) do vn lc rt n gin, in p ngc
ln mi van nh, cng sut bin p nh nhng mch phc tp
nhiu knh iu khin.
2. ng c tnh biu din

II. Chnh lu cu 3 pha bn iu khin

1. S nguyn l

Trong s ny s dng 3 Tiristor nhm Katot chung

v 3 Diot nhm Anot chung.
Gi tr trung bnh ca in p trn ti
U d U d1 U d 2

Trong : Ud1 l thnh phn in p do nhm Katot chung

to
nn
Ud2 l thnh phn in p do nhm Anot chung
to
nn

U d1

Ud2

3
2

11

2U 2 sin d

3 6U 2
cos
2

2U 2 sin d

3 6U 2
2

6
11

3 6U 2
(1 cos )
2
Ta nhn thy U d U d max khi cos 1
U
khi ta c U 2 d max 27,68V
3 6

Vy U d

in p th cp my bin p
U a 39 sin

2
)
3
2
U c 39 sin(
)
3
U b 39 sin(

Gi tr trung bnh ca dng chy trong Tiristor v Diot

I TBV max I diot max

I d max
30 A
3

Gi tr dng in ngc ln nht

U ng max

Cng sut bin p

S ba

6U 2

U d max 1,05U d max 68,04 A

3

U d max I d max .64,8.90.10 3 6,1kVA

3
3

Nhn xt :Tuy in p chnh lu cha nhiu sng hi nhng

chnh lu cu 3 pha khng i xng c qu trnh iu
chnh n gin , kch thc gn nh hn.
2. ng c tnh biu din

III. Chnh lu iu khin cu mt pha khng i xng

1. S nguyn l

Trong s ny, gc dn dng chy ca Tiristor v ca

it khng bng nhau.
Gc dn ca it l : D
Gc dn ca Tiristor l : T
Gi tr trung bnh ca in p ti
Ud

2U 2 sin d

2 2U 2

U d max .64,8
U2

72V
2 2
2 2
U d max

Do

2U 2
(1 cos )

Gi tr trung bnh ca dng ti

Id

Ud
Zt

Dng qua Tiristor

IT

Dng qua it

1
2

d I d

1
ID
2

I d d I d

Gi tr hiu dng ca dng chy qua s cp my bin p

I2

2
d

d I d 1

Nhn xt : S chnh lu iu khin 1 pha khng i

xng c cu to n gin, gn nh , d iu khin , tit
kim van . Thch hp cho cc my c cng sut nh v va.
2. ng c tnh biu din

Kt lun :
C hai phng n dng s chnh lu i xng cu ba
pha v chnh lu khng i xng cu ba pha u c nhiu
knh iu khin, nhiu Tiristor nn gi thnh cao khng
kinh t.
Do yu cu ca u bi, v s knh iu khin t nn ta
chn s chnh lu iu khin cu 1 pha ng i
xng. Chng c mt s u im:
- Hiu sut s dng my bin p cao hn mt s s
nh cu 1 pha i xng.
- n gin hn v s lng Tiristor gim xung ch cn 2
nn mch iu khin c t knh iu khin hn, bo m
kinh t hn.
- Cng mt di iu chnh in p mt chiu th cu
khng i xng iu khin chnh xc hn
Qua phn tch trn ta chn s chnh lu iu khin
cu 1 pha khng i xng dng cho mch lc mch np
cqui t ng . Phng n ny va p ng c yu cu k
thut va bo m cho vic thit k.

Phn III
Tnh ton thit k mch lc
Ta chn phng n thit k cho mch np cqui l s
chnh lu cu 1 pha khng i xng. S nguyn l mch
lc nh sau :

T1

64,8 V

~ 220 V
T2

Rf
D

Rs

I. Tnh chn van mch lc.

1. S liu cho trc
in p ngun 3 pha : 220/380 V ; f = 50 Hz
2.Yu cu u ra : Ngun mt chiu t ng np cqui
Udmax = 64,8 V
Idmax = 90 A
bo m cho van lm vic tin cy , an ton mi iu
kin ta chn :
thuc
van
U ng
max 0,7U ng max
thuc
Trong : - U ng
max l in p ngc trn van khi lm vic
ch nh
mc.
van
- U ng max l in p ngc trn van khi van kho .
( tra s tay )

3. Tnh ton vi s chn

thuc
U ng
max

2U 2

U d max 64,8 102V

2
2

Do in p ngc trn van khi kho l:

van
U ng
max

thuc
U ng
max

0,5 0,7

thuc
U ng
max

0,6

102
170V
0,6

Dng in trung bnh qua van

thuc
I TBV
max

I d max 90

45 A
2
2

V ti c cng sut nh nn ta chn iu kin lm mt cho

van l lm mt t nhin, dng cnh tn nhit chun vi i lu
khng kh.
thuc
I TBV
Ta c
max (0,2 0,3) I TBV max
Do

I TBV max

thuc
thuc
I TBV
I TBV
45
max
max

180 A
(0,2 0,3)
0,25
0,25

Vy iu kin chn van l:

van
U ng
max 170V

I TBV max 180 A

Trong s ny ch lm vic ca Tiristor v it nh

nhau nn iu kin chn van ging nhau.
- Van iu khin TB 200
Thng s van nh sau :
van
U ng
max 0,05 0,8kV

I TBV max 200 A

U 2,4V
t off 20 s
I g 0,35 A
U g 5V
di / dt 200 A / s
du / dt 1000v / s

- it :
Chn loi B 200
Thng s nh sau :

I tb 200 A
U im 100 1000V
U 0,7V

II. Mch bo v Tiristor :

T
R

bo v van ta dng mch RC u song song vi van

nhm bo v qu p do tch t in khi chuyn mch gy
nn.
Cc thit b bn dn ni chung cng nh Tiristor rt nhy cm
vi in p v tc bin thin in p (

du
dt

) t ln n .

Cc nguyn nhn gy nn qu p th chia thnh hai loi :

- Nguyn nhn bn ngoi : Do ct t ngt mch in
cm,do bin i t ngt cc tnh ca ngun, khi cu
chy bo v t hoc khi c sm st.
- Nguyn nhn bn trong ( ni ti ) : Khi van chuyn t trng
thi m sang trng thi kho, do s phn b khng u
in p trong cc van mc ni tip.
y ta quan tm n vic bo v qu in p do cc
nguyn nhn bn trong gy ra.
i

Nguyn nhn qu in p trn van l do s sut hin dng

in ngc chy qua mi van khi n chuynr t trng thi m

sang trng thi kho. Dng in ngc ny suy gim rt

nhanh do vy s sut hin s qu in p

U qda L

di
dt

khc phc hin tng qu in p ny ta dng mch R-LC nhng do mch c tnh cht in cm nn ta ch cn
dng mch R-C u song song nh hnh v.
Khi van kha dng in ngc s chuyn t van sang mch
bo v.
III. Tnh ton my bin p lc
- Gi tr hiu dng in p th cp my bin p : Theo sch
thit k my bin p ; tra vi s cu ta c :
U2 = 1,11Udmax = 1,11.64,8 = 72 V
I2 = 1,11Idmax = 1,11.90 = 100 A
- Cng sut biu kin MBA :
S2 = U2.I2 = 72.100 = 7,2 kVA
- Chn mch t 3 tr , tit din tr tnh theo cng thc
QK

S2
C. f

Trong : - C : S tr mch t
- f : Tn s ngun
- K=56
Q5

7200
27 cm2
5.50

Chn li thp c tit din 30 cm2 lm bng vt liu st t

dy 0,5 mm , l thp dp hnh ch v ch I ghp li
Tnh s vng/vn. Theo cng thc kinh nghim c :
Wo

K
45

1,5
Q
30

vng/vn

- S vng cun s cp :
W1 U 1 .Wo 220.1,5 330

vng

- S vng dy cun th cp :
W2 U 2Wo 72.1,5 108

vng

- Dng in th cp :
I1

U 2 I 2 72.100

32,7 A
U1
220

Chn mt dng in J = 3 A/mm2

Ta c tit din dy qun s1

I 1 32,7

10,9
J
3

mm2

I 2 100

33,3
mm2
J
3
4s1
4.10,9

3,7 mm
ng knh dy qun s cp d1

s2

ng knh dy qun s cp d 2

4s 2

4.33,3
6,5

mm

Theo sch in t cng sut ta c dy tit din trn nh sau

d1 = 4,1 mm ; 117 gam/m
d2 = 7 mm
; 220 gam/m

Phn IV
Thit k v tnh ton mch iu khin
I. Yu cu v nguyn tc iu khin
1. Mc ch v yu cu
- Mch iu khin l khu rt quan trng trong b bin
i Tiristor c vai tr quyt nh n cht lng, tin
cy ca b bin i. Mch iu khin rt a dng, nhng
vi h thng mch lc c th ca mch np cn c mt h
iu khin thch ng. Vi mch ny, h iu khin s pht
xung m 2Tiristor
T1 v T2. Cc Tiristor s m khi tho mn ng thi 2 iu
kin :
+ Mt in p dng ln t ln 2 cc ca Tiristor theo
hng t Ant n Katt.
+ Xung in p dng a vo cc iu khin phi ln
(bin , rng)
lm thay i in p ra ti ch cn thay i thi
im pht xung iu khin, tc l thay i gc m ca
cc van. u im ca Tiristor l ch cn dng v p iu
khin nh nhng c th chu c dng v p rt ln chy qua.
- H thng mch iu khin phi p ng c cc yu
cu:
+ Pht xung iu khin chnh xc v ng thi im m
ngi thit k tnh ton sn.
+ Cc xung iu khin pht ra phi ln v bin v
rng m cc van.
+ Xung iu khin phi c i xng cao v m bo
c phm vi iu chnh gc m.
+ Dng xung c iu chnh thch hp v tc ng
nhanh.
+ m bo hot ng tt, tin cy cao khi in p
ngun thay i gi tr bin .

Ngoi ra h thng iu khin phi c nhim v n

nh dng in ra ti v bo v h thng khi xy ra s c
qu dng hay ngn mch ti.
2. Nguyn tc iu khin.
iu chnh gc m ca cc Tiristor trong na chu k
in p dng ta thng dng hai nguyn tc iu khin :
Thng ng tuyn tnh v thng ng arccos.
a. Nguyn tc iu chnh thng ng tuyn tnh
Theo nguyn tc ny ta dng hai in p :
- in p ng b , c dng rng ca, ng b vi in p
t trn Ant v Katt ca Tiristor, k hiu l Ur .
- in p iu khin l in p mt chiu , c th iu
chnh c bin , k hiu l Uc
Dng th c biu din nh hnh sau :

Ur
Uc

Ur

c
+U
r
U

uc

Tng i s ca Ur + Uc c a n u vo ca mt
khu so snh. Bng cch lm bin i Uc ta c th iu
chnh c thi im xut hin xung ra tc l thi im
iu chnh gc .
Khi Uc = 0 ta c = 0
Uc < 0 ta c > 0
Quan h gia v Uc c biu din qua cng thc sau :

Uc
U r max

Ngi ta thng chn Ur max = Uc max

b. Nguyn tc iu khin thng ng ARCCOS

Theo nguyn tc ny ngi ta cng dng c hai in p
iu chnh gc m ca Tiristor.
- in p iu khin Uc l in p mt chiu c th
iu chnh c bin theo hai hng ( m v dng ).
- in p ng b Ur vt trc in p UAK ca Tiristor mt
gc bng

Nu UAK = A.sint
Th Ur = B.cost
Dng th c biu din nh hnh sau:

Uc

Ur
t

0
Uc

Ur +Uc
T in p UAK ta to ra Ur . Tng i s Ur + Uc c a
n u vo khu so snh.
Khi Ur + Uc = 0 ta nhn c mt xung u ra ca khu
so snh:
Uc + Bcos = 0.
Nn arccos(

Uc
).
B

Chn B = Ucmax

Khi Uc = 0
Uc = Ucmax

ta c = /2
=

Uc = -Ucmax
=0
II. S khi v chc nng
Da trn nguyn tc iu khin v yu cu ca cng
ngh ta thit lp c s khi ca b iu khin
Ung

SS

K
To xung
Uk

Trong :
Ung : in p ngun
Uk : in p iu khin
- Khu ng pha ( F ) c nhim v to in p trng pha
vi in p ant ca Tiristor. Tn hiu ng pha thng c
cc dng sau:
+ Rng ca
+ Ch nht
+ Thang
+ Cosin
- Khu so snh c nhim v gia in p ta vi in p
iu khin Uk tm thi im hai in p ny bng nhau
( Uk = Urc ). Ti thi im hai in p ny bng nhau th
pht xung u ra gi sang tng khuych i v to
xung
- Khi khuych i v to xung c nhim v to xung ph
hp m Tiristor. Xung m Tiristor c yu cu : Sn trc
c thng ng m yu cu m tc th khi c xung
iu khin ( Thng l xung kim hoc xung ch nht )
rng xung vi rng xung ln hn thi gian m ca
Tiristor cng sut cch ly mch iu khin v mch
ng lc ( v in p mch ng lc qu ln ).
III. Mch iu khin.
I. nguyn tc n p n dng:
Mch np c quy t ng phi s dng hai nguyn tc:
1. n dng trong gia on u ca qu trnh np.

2. n p trong giai on np c quy no.

Mun thc hin c iu ny ta phi bit c ch
n p v n dng ca b chnh lu.
Trong trng hp ny ta xt b chnh lu mmt pha- 1 2 chu k

Ut

Z ti

1. Nguyn tc n dng:
Ban u b chnh lu chy khng ti vi in p khng
ti U0 . Khi ni ti dng in qua ti qu tng dn ti gi
tr n nh. Ti y b bin i thc hin qu trnh n
dng nh sau:
a) n dng theo sn trc:
Nguyn tc iu khin Uk = Ud + Uf
_Ban u in p ra ca b chnh lu l in p khng ti
Ud = U0, Id = 0 khi ni ti vo dng in Id tng dn ko
theo in p phn hi Uf tng. Do Uk = Uf + Ud Nn Uk tng
dn ti in p ra ca b chnh lu gim dn. Do Ud gim
dn lm tc tng dng in gim cho ti khi Id = Id . Ti
gi tr nh Id0 in p b chnh lu l U0
_Nu v mt l d no dng in tng hn I0 Uf
tng Uk tng lm in p u ra b chnh lu gim
xung Ud < U0. Chnh v iu ny lm dng in chnh
lu gim dn vi tc n nh.
_Ngc li nu Id gim ( Id < I0d ) dng in s t ng tng ti
gi tr n nh.
b) Theo sn sau:
_Ban u in p b chnh lu l Ud = U0, Id = 0
_ Ni ti dng in tng dn Uf tng dn Uk tng lm
in p ra gim.

_Dng in chnh lu ang duy tr n nh. V mt l

do no dng in tng dn n Uf tng lm Uk gim
lm gc m tng Ud gim nh hn U0d dng in s gim
dn ti gi tr n nh.
Tng t nh vy nu dng in gim.
Kt lun:
Nh vy nu thu hin n dng ta phi:
_Phn hi m dng in nu iu khin theo sn
sau.
_Phn hi dng dng in nu iu khin theo sn
trc.
2. Nguyn tc n p:
Ban u b chnh lu chy khng ti vi in p khng
ti U0 . Khi ni ti dng in qua ti qu tng dn ti gi
tr n nh. Ti y b bin i thc hin qu trnh n
p nh sau:
a) n p theo sn trc:
Nguyn tc iu khin Uk = Ud + Uf
_Ban u in p ra ca b chnh lu l in p khng ti
Ud = U0, Id = 0 khi ni ti vo dng in Id tng dn ko
theo in p phn hi Uf tng. Do Uk = Uf + Ud Nn Uk tng
dn ti in p ra ca b chnh lu gim dn. Do Ud gim
dn ti U
_Nu v mt l d no in p tng hn U Uf tng
Uk tng lm in p u ra b chnh lu gim xung Ud
= U.
_Ngc li nu Ud gim in p s t ng tng ti gi tr n
nh.
b) Theo sn sau:
_Ban u in p b chnh lu l Ud = U0, Id = 0
_ Ni ti in p tng dn Uf tng dn Uk tng lm in
p ra gim.
_in p chnh lu ang duy tr n nh. V mt l do
no in p tng dn n Uf tng lm Uk gim lm gc
m tng Ud gim dn ti gi tr n nh. Tng t nh
vy nu dng in gim.
Kt lun:
Nh vy nu thu hin n p ta phi:
_Phn hi m in p nu iu khin theo sn sau.

_Phn hi dng in p nu iu khin theo sn trc.

Uk =U+Uf

II. xy dng mch iu khin.

U
k =U- Uf

Ud
+V

+V

DZ

T2

Uc

c
+

OA1

OA9

T3

T1

+V

T4
+V

+ OA2

U1

+ OA3

+V

T5

+ OA4

Ue

T6

+V

Ug

+V

+ OA5

OA6
555

CM1

1 Gnd
2 Trg
3 Out
4 Rst

Vcc 8
Dis 7
Thr 6
Ctl 5

.IC

Uh
+V

Urss
+ OA7

+ OA8
CM2

Uf
D1

7815

+E

D2
C1

C3

C5

C2

C4

C6

Ui
D3

Uk

D4

7915

-E

C3

III. Tnh ton mch iu khin.

T nhng phn tch trn ta c th tnh chn cc thit
b cho mch iu khin nh sau:
Khi ng pha.
Tt c cc khuych thut ton chn cng loi LM 301A
Bin p ng pha c th ly chnh l bin p ngun cung
cp ngun mmt chiu cho mch U = 12 V ( xoay chiu ).
Cc it D1, D2, D3, D4 c th chn cng loi D4041

Thng s : Um = 50 V , Im = 500 mA
Khu to xung rng ca:
Cc Tiristor c th chn cng loi cho Radio cng sut nh
l c th tho mn .
Chn :
A564 UCE = 30 V
IC = 50 mA
= 120
C828 UCE = 30 V
IC = 50 mA
= 100
Cc in tr R1, R2, R3, R4 cc in tr hn ch dng c th
chn gi tr tng i 10 k.
Chiet p R1 t ngng sao cho Uref = 0,6 0,7 V
in tr R3 hn ch dng qua DZ chn 2,2 k.
it Zene chn loi 9V.
Tnh chn in tr R6 v ngun dng np cho t. trong
thi gian kho trazistor T2 in p nh rng ca c th t
c 10V th in tr R6 v C c tnh nh sau:
Q = C.U
Q = I.t
I.t = C.U
T 20

10 ms
2
2
CU 1.10 6.10
I

10 3 A
3
Z
10.10

Trong na chu k th t
Chn C = 1 F

to ngun dng ny th R6 c gi tr: R 6

U DZ
9
3 9
I
10

Tnh mch khuych i xung.

Nguyn l hot ng s :
T cc phn tch trn v ch n p v n dng ta c
th a ra c s nh trn. S c chia thnh ba khi
sau:
1. Khi ng pha:
Tn hiu xoay chiu c ly t bin p ng pha. Bin
p c im gia c chnh lu hai na chu k v a tn
hiu vo b so snh OA1 . in p chun so snh c chnh
nh in p mt chiu c 0,7 V .
in p ra c dng nh hnh v:
ng thi tn hiu xoay chiu t hai im a v b c
a vo hai bb so snh OA2 v OA3 to tn hiu ng pha
cho php pht xung iu khin hai knh.
in p ng pha t OA1 c a ti b to in p rng
ca

+ Khi UC m trazistor T1 kho t C c np bi ngun dng

khi
+Khi UC dng trazistor T1 dn t C phng in.
Dng in p thu c l mt dy xung rng ca c sn ln
tuyn tnh.
Khi to xung chm:
1. Vi mch 555

UC
E
2/3E
1/3E

Ur

R
0
0

1
1

S
0

thp T kho t C np theo ng E R1 R2 C

-E
UC > 13 E u ra OA2 cao
UC = 2 3 E u ra OA1 thp
Khi Q = 0 , Q 1
Tranzistor thng t C phng theo ng +E C R2
T -E
Qu trnh lI tip tc Kt qu c mt dy xung vung
u ra khng o R_S E_F.
C nhiu cch to xung chm , y mch time 555
c s dng nh mch da hI t dao ng. Xung chm
c ly ra chn 3 ca Time 555.
Q

Diot D m bo xung ra c b rng u nhau .Tn s

c tnh theo biu thc :

1
2.0,693.RC

Vi tn s mong mun f = 10 kHz ta phi chn

R = 10 k
C = 7 F
2. Khu so snh:
in p nhn dc t D qua in tr R5 c so snh vi Uk t
xc nh c thi im pht xung m cc van.
3. Khu khuych i xung:
_Knh 1: iu khin tiristor T1 xung in p nhn t
cng AND vi tn hiu cho php nhn t OA 2
_Knh 2: iu khin tiristor T1 xung in p nhn t
cng AND vi tn hiu
cho php nhn t OA3.
Dng in p nhn dc t OA2 v OA3 l cc xung vung
ng pha vi tn hiu sin nhng ngc pha nhau.
Khi in p ti im a dng tng ng OA2 nhn c
xung dng.
Khi in p ti im b m tng ng OA3 nhn c
xung m.
V vy khi 1AND m th 2AND kho thi xung in p c
khuych i qua bin p xung a ti cc G ca cc tiristor.
Dng in p nhn c nh hnh v: