BAI GIANG

NG
X LY SO TN HIEU
Bien soan: PGS.TS LE TIEN THNG
NG

Tp.HCM, 02-2005

CHUNG 3: CAC HE THONG

NG
THI GIAN RI RAC
3.1. Quy tac vao ra (Input/Output Rules).
3.2. Tuyen tnh va bat bien.
3.3. ap ng
ng xung.
3.4. Bo loc FIR va IIR.
3.5. Tnh nhan qua va on nh.

CHUNG 3: CAC HE THONG

NG
THI GIAN RI RAC
Cac he thong thi gian ri rac ac biet la cac he thong
tuyen tnh bat bien theo thi gian (Linear Time Invariant
systems) goi tat la LTI. Quan he gia ngo ra va ngo vao
the hien qua phep toan chap thi gian ri rac (discretetime convolution) ap ng xung cua he thong va ngo vao.
Cac he thong LTI co the c phan chia thanh hai loai
goi la FIR (Finite Impulse Response) va IIR (Infinite
Impulse Response) tuy thuoc vao ap ng xung cua chung
hu han hay vo han. Tuy thuoc vao ng dung cung nh
phan cng, hoat ong cua mot bo loc so FIRco the to chc
thanh dang khoi (block) hoac dang mau-theo-mau (sampleby-sample).

CHUNG 3: CAC HE THONG

NG
THI GIAN RI RAC
3.1. Quy tac vao ra (Input/Output Rules).
Trong phng phap bien oi sample-to-sample quy tac
I/O c xem nh phng phap x ly tc thi:
H
{x0 , x1 , x2 , " , xn , "}
{y 0 , y 1 , y 2 , " , y n , "}
H
H
H
y0 , x1
y1, x2
y, v,v. Trong phng phap x
ngha la, x0
ly tng
ng khoi, mot chuoi au vao c xem nh la mot
khoi, mot vector tn hieu c he thong
ng x ly cung
ng mot
luc e tao ra mot khoi ngo ra tng ng
ng:
x0
y 0
x
y
1
1
H
x =
= y
x2
y 2


#

#

CHUNG 3: CAC HE THONG

NG
THI GIAN RI RAC
3.1. Quy tac vao ra (Input/Output Rules).
Nh vay quy tac I/O anh xa mot vector au vao x thanh
mot vector au ra y theo mot anh xa: y = H[x]
(3.1.1)
Mot so v du ve he thong thi gian ri rac minh hoa cho
nhieu quy tac I/O:
V du 3.1.1: n gian ch la ty le au vao:

H
{x0 , x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 , "}
{2x0 ,2x1 ,2x2 ,2x3 ,2x4 , "}

V du 3.1.2: ay la trung bnh cong co trong so cua lien

tiep cac mau au vao. Tai moi thi iem nhan qua, he
thong phai ghi nh cac mau trc o va e s dung
chung.

CHUNG 3: CAC HE THONG

NG
THI GIAN RI RAC
3.1. Quy tac vao ra (Input/Output Rules).
V du 3.1.3: trong v du nay, quy tac I/O cho thay mot
phng phap x ly c hnh thanh t phep bien oi
tuyen tnh bien oi mot khoi thanh mot khoi ngo ra co
chieu dai la 6: y 0 2 0 0 0
y
3 2 0
1
y 2 4 3 2
y= =
y 3 0 4 3
y 4 0 0 4

y 5 0 0 0

0 x0

0 x1
= Hx
2 x 2

3 x 3

CHUNG 3: CAC HE THONG

NG
THI GIAN RI RAC
3.2. Tuyen tnh va bat bien
Mot he thong tuyen tnh co tnh chat la cac tn hieu ngo
ra la do ket hp tuyen tnh gia 2 hay nhieu tn hieu au
vao co the nhan c bang cach ket hp tuyen tnh cac
tn hieu ngo ra rieng le. o la, neu va va ngo ra t cac
au vao va , th ngo ra do ket hp tuyen tnh ngo vao
x(n ) = ax1 (n ) + a 2 x(n )
(3.2.1)
co the nhan c t ket hp tuyen tnh cua ngo ra
y(n ) = a1 y1 (n ) + a 2 y 2 (n )
(3.2.2)

CHUNG 3: CAC HE THONG

NG
THI GIAN RI RAC
3.2. Tuyen tnh va bat bien

Hnh 3.2.1 Kiem tra tnh tuyen tnh

Mot he thong bat bien theo thi gian la khong thay oi
theo thi gian. Co ngha la neu hom nay ngo vao c
cap vao he thong e tao ra ngo ra nao o th ngay hom
sau vi cung mau tng t khi a vao he thong cung tao
ra cung ngo ra nh nngay hom trc.

CHUNG 3: CAC HE THONG

NG
THI GIAN RI RAC
3.2. Tuyen tnh va bat bien
Cac toan t ch hay tre cua tn hieu theo thi gian tre D
c bieu dien trong hnh 3.2.2. No chnh la dch phai
cua toan bo sang D mau.

Hnh 3.2.2 Tre D mau

Mot thi gian i trc co D am va tng ng dch trai
cac mau cua x(n) .

CHUNG 3: CAC HE THONG

NG
THI GIAN RI RAC
3.2. Tuyen tnh va bat bien

Hnh 3.2.3 Kiem tra tnh bat bien

Mo hnh toan hoc cua qua trnh bat bien co the c the
hien theo hnh 3.2.3. S o tren cho thay ngo vao c ap
dung vao he thong tao ngo ra. S o ben di cho thay
mau tng t tre i D n v thi gian, o la tn hieu:

CHUNG 3: CAC HE THONG

NG
THI GIAN RI RAC
3.2. Tuyen tnh va bat bien
xD(n) = x(n-D)
sau o c cap vao he thong e tao ra yD(n).

(3.23)

e kiem tra he thong

ng can so sanh
nh vi sau khi lam tre
thi gian D. Nh vay neu yD(n) = y(n-D)
(3.24)
th he thong se bat bien theo thi gian. Co the bieu dien
di dang:
H
{x0 , x1 , x2 ,"}
{y0 , y1 , y 2 ,"}

sau o
H
{0,0,",0, x0 , x1 , x 2 ,"}
{0,0,",0, y 0 , y1 , y 2 ,"}
D zeros

D Zeros

CHUNG 3: CAC HE THONG

NG
THI GIAN RI RAC
3.3. ap ng xung

He thong tuyen tnh bat bien co the ac trng bang

chuoi ap ng xung h(n), xac nh nh la ap ng cua he
thong oi vi xung n v, (n ) nh hnh 3.3.1. ap ng
xung n v la ri rac thi gian cua ham tng t Dirac (t )
va c xac nh nh sau:
1
0

(n ) =

neu n = 0
neu n 0

Hnh 3.3.1 ap ng xung cua he thong LTI

CHUNG 3: CAC HE THONG

NG
THI GIAN RI RAC
3.3. ap ng xung
Nh vay:

H
(n )
h(n )

H
{1,0,0,0,"}
{h0 , h1 , h2 , h3 ,"}
hay:
Thi gian bat bien ngu y la neu xung n v c la tre
hay dch i mot thi gian D th tng ng ap ng xung
n v se dch mot khoang tng t, o la h(n-D). Nh
H
(n D )
h(n D )
vay:
cho ba ky thi gian tre am hay dng D. Hnh 3.3.2c cho
thay tnh chat nay vi D = 0, 1, 2. Noi cach khac, tnh
tuyen tnh ham y bat ky ket hp tuyen tnh cua cac au
vao cung tng t nh la cac au ra tng ng.

CHUNG 3: CAC HE THONG

NG
THI GIAN RI RAC
3.3. ap ng xung
V du t hnh 3.3.2 se tao thanh tong cac ngo ra, o la:
H
(n) + (n 1) + (n 2)
h(n) + h(n 1) + h(n 2)

hay, thong thng la ket hp tuyen tnh co trong so cua

ba au vao: x(0) (n ) + x(1) (n 1) + x(2) (n 2 )
nh a trnh bay trong hnh 3.3.3. Thong thng mot
chuoi bat ky co the xem nh la ket hp tuyen tnh cua
qua trnh dch va gan trong so cac xung n v:

x(n) = x(0)(n) + x(1)(n1) + x(2)(n2) + x(3)(n3) +"

CHUNG 3: CAC HE THONG

NG
THI GIAN RI RAC
3.3. ap ng xung

Hnh 3.3.2 Lam tre ap ng xung cua he thong

Trong o moi so hang trong ve phai ch khac khong ch
tai thi gian tre, v du tai n = 0 ch co so hang th nhat
khac 0.

CHUNG 3: CAC HE THONG

NG
THI GIAN RI RAC
3.3. ap ng xung
Tuyen tnh va bat bien ngu y la chuoi ngo ra tng ng
se nhan c bang cach thay moi xung n v c lam
tre bi cac ap ng xung c lam tre, o la:
(3.3.1)
y (n ) = x(0 )h(n ) + x(1)h(n 1) | + x(2 )h(n 2 ) + x(3)h(n 3) + "
hay viet rut gon lai la:
y (n ) = x(m )h(n m )
(LTI)
(3.3.2)
m
ay la tch chap (covolution) cua chuoi au vao x(n) vi
chuoi bo loc. Nh vay he thong
ng LTI la he thong
ng chap
vong
ng.

CHUNG 3: CAC HE THONG

NG
THI GIAN RI RAC
3.3. ap ng xung

Hnh 3.3.3 ap ng ket hp tuyen tnh cac au vao

Thong thng, tong co the m rong theo cac gia tr am
cua m, phu thuoc vao tn hieu au vao. V no c chng
minh dung tnh chat LTI cua he thhong, phng trnh
(3.3.2) co the xem nh la dang LTI. Thay oi ch so cua
tong, co the chng minh dang ngc lai nh sau:

CHUNG 3: CAC HE THONG

NG
THI GIAN RI RAC
3.3. ap ng xung
y (n ) = h(m )x(n m )
m

(direct form)

(3.3.3)

CHUNG 3: CAC HE THONG

NG
THI GIAN RI RAC
3.4. Bo loc FIR va IIR
Cac he thong LTI ri rac co the phan loai thanh he
thong FIR hay IRR, o la no co ap ng xung h(n) hu
han hay vo han nh minh hoa trong hnh 3.4.1

Hnh 3.4.1 ap ng xung cua bo loc IIR va FIR

Mot bo loc FIR co ap ng xung h(n) co gia tr tren
khoang thi gian hu han 0 n M va bang khong cac
gia tr khac: {h0 , h1 , h2 , " , hM ,0,0,0, "}

CHUNG 3: CAC HE THONG

NG
THI GIAN RI RAC
3.4. Bo loc FIR va IIR
M c xem nh la bac cua bo loc. Chieu dai cua vector
ap ng xung h = {h0, h1, h2, , hM} la: LH = M + 1
Cac he so cua ap ng xung {h0, h1, h2, , hM} c goi
theo nhieu cach khac nhau he so loc (filter coefficients),
filter weights, hay filter taps. Trong dang direct cua tch
chap trong phng trnh (3.3.3), tat ca cac thanh phan
khi m > M va m < 0 se triet tieu bi v cac gia tr h(m)
cua bang khong vi nhng gia tr m o, ch co cac gia tr
0 m M la ton tai. V the, phng trnh (3.3.3) c n
gian nh sau:
y (n ) = h (m )x (n m )
(P/t bo loc FIR)
(3.4.1)
M

m =0

CHUNG 3: CAC HE THONG

NG
THI GIAN RI RAC
3.4. Bo loc FIR va IIR
hay khai trien ra la:
y(n) = h0x(n) + h1x(n-1) + h2x(n-2) + + hMx(n-M) (3.4.2)
Nh vay, phng trnh I/O nhan c t tong co trong so
cua cac mau au vao hien tai va M mau trc o: x(n-1),
x(n-3), x(n-3), , x(n-M)
V du 3.4.1: Bo loc FIR bac hai c ac trng bi ba he
so ap ng xung h = [h0,h1, h2]va co phng trnh I/O:
y(n) = h0x(n) + h1x(n 1) + h2x(n 2)
Nh vay trong trng hp v du 3.1.2, co h = [2, 3, 4].

CHUNG 3: CAC HE THONG

NG
THI GIAN RI RAC
3.4. Bo loc FIR va IIR
V du 3.4.2 Tng t, bo loc bac ba FIR c ac trng
bi bon trong so h = [h0,h1, h2, h3]va co phng trnh I/O:
y(n) = h0x(n) + h1x(n-1) + h2x(n-2) + h3x(n-3)
V du 3.4.3 Xac nh ap ng xung h cua bo loc FIR sau:
(a) y(n) = 2x(n) + 3x(n-1) + 5x(n-2) + 2x(n-3)
(b) y(n) = x(n) - 4x(n-4)
Solution: So sanh phng trnh I/O vi phng trnh
(3.4.2), xac nh he so ap ng xung:
(a) h = [2, 3, 5, 2]
(b) h = [1, 0, 0, 0, -4]

CHUNG 3: CAC HE THONG

NG
THI GIAN RI RAC
3.4. Bo loc FIR va IIR
Hay, khi cho mot xung n v lam au vao, x(n) = d(n), th
ngo ra la chuoi cac ap ng xung, y(n) = h(n):
(a) h(n) = 2d(n) + 3d(n 1) + 5d(n 2) + 2d(n 3)
(b) h(n) = d(n) d(n 4)
cac bieu thc h(n) va h tng ng.
Ngc lai, mot bo loc IIR, co khoang thi gian ap ng
xung h(n) xac nh tren khoang thi gian vo han 0 n <
. phng trnh (3.3.3) co vo so cac so hang:

(phng trnh bo loc IIR) (3.4.3)

y (n ) = h(m )x(n m )
m=0

CHUNG 3: CAC HE THONG

NG
THI GIAN RI RAC
3.4. Bo loc FIR va IIR
Phng trnh I/O khong co kha nang tnh toan bi v
khong the tnh toan mot so lng vo han cac so hang. V
the phai gii han bo loc IIR thanh cac lp phu, trong o
mot so vo han cac he so bo loc {h0, h1, h2,} khong c
chon mot cach tuy y, ma cac lp c ghep vi nhau qua
cac he so hang tuyen tnh cua phng trnh vi sai.
V du 3.4.8: Xac nh dang chap vong va ap ng xung
cua bo loc IIR c mo ta bi phng trnh vi sai sau:
y(n) = 0,25y(n 2) + x(n)

CHUNG 3: CAC HE THONG

NG
THI GIAN RI RAC
3.4. Bo loc FIR va IIR
Giai: ap ng xung h(n) se thoa phng trnh vi sai:
h(n) = 0,25h(n 2) + d(n)
vi h(2) = h(1) = 0. Mot vai lan lap se cho:
h(0) = 0,25h(2) + d(0) = 1
h(1) = 0,25h(1) + d(1) = 0
h(2) = 0,25h(0) + d(2) = 0,25 = 0,52
h(3) = 0,25h(1) + d(3) = 0
h(4) = 0,25h(2) + d(4) = 0,252 = 0,54
Va thong thng, vi n 0. Co the viet tng ng:

CHUNG 3: CAC HE THONG

NG
THI GIAN RI RAC
3.4. Bo loc FIR va IIR

(0.5)n , neu n = chan

h(n ) =
0, neu n = le

Co the viet tng ng: h ={1, 0, 0.52, 0, 0.54, 0,. . .}

Va phng trnh (3.4.3) tr thanh:
y(n) = x(n) + 0.52x(n 2) + 0.252x(n 4)
T o cho ket qua la phng trnh vi sai
V du 3.4.9: xac nh phng trnh vi sai I/O cua bo loc
IIR theo ap ng chu ky nhan qua sau:
h ={2, 3, 4, 5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 2, 3, 4, 5, . . .}
trong o la chu ky lap lai cua bon mau:

CHUNG 3: CAC HE THONG

NG
THI GIAN RI RAC
3.4. Bo loc FIR va IIR
Giai: Neu lam tre ap ng mot chu ky, o la bon mau se
co: h(n 4) ={0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 3, 4, 5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 2, 3, 4, 5, . . .}
h(n) tr i se co: h(n) h(n 4) = {2, 3, 4, 5, 0, 0, 0, 0,. . .}
vi tat cac cac mau lon hn 4 se triet tieu. Cac toan t se
c minh hoa nh sau:

CHUNG 3: CAC HE THONG

NG
THI GIAN RI RAC
3.4. Bo loc FIR va IIR
Nh vay, ve phai ch khac khong khi n = 0, 1, 2, 3 va co
the viet lai theo phng trnh vi sai nh sau:
h(n) h(n 4) = 2d(n) + 3d(n 1) + 4d(n 2) + 5d(n 3)
hay tnh ra cho h(n):
h(n) = h(n 4) + 2d(n) + 3d(n 1) + 4d(n 2) + 5d(n 3)
Dung phng phap cua v du trc, co the thay y(n) thoa
phng trnh vi phan tng t:

yn = yn 4 + 2xn + 3xn-1 + 4xn-2 + 5xn-3

CHUNG 3: CAC HE THONG

NG
THI GIAN RI RAC
3.4. Bo loc FIR va IIR

V du nay cho thay cach tao dang song so chu ky. oi vi

dang song c phat ra dung ap ng xung cua he thong
LTI, can phai xac nh phng trnh vi sai, va sau o tac
ong vao mot xung, va sau o no se phat ra cac ap ng
xung la dang song mong muon.
Thong thng
ng bo loc IIR vi ap ng
ng xung h(n) co dang
ng:
M

h(n ) = a i h(n i ) + bi (n i )

i =1
i =0
hay khai trien:
hn = a1 hn 1 + a 2 hn 2 + " + a M hn M + b0 n + b1 n 1 + " + bn L
Dung
ng phng phap trong v du 3.4.7 co the thay phng
trnh vong
ng chap c rut ra nh sau:

CHUNG 3: CAC HE THONG

NG
THI GIAN RI RAC
3.4. Bo loc FIR va IIR
M
L
y(n) = ai y(n i) + bi x(n i)
hay viet ro rang

i =1

i 0

yn =a1yn1 +a2yn2 +"+aMynM +b0xn +b1xn1 +"+bLxnL

CHUNG 3: CAC HE THONG

NG
THI GIAN RI RAC
3.5. Tnh nhan qua va on nh
Giong nh tnh hieu tng t, tn hieu so cung c phan
loai thanh tnh hieu nhan qua, khong nhan qua va tnh
hieu trung gian, giong nh hnh 3.5.1.
Mot tn hieu nhan qua (causual) la tn hieu ch ton tai khi
n 0 va triet tieu vi cac gia tr n -1. Tn hieu nhan qua
la loai tn hieu pho bien nhat bi v o la tn hieu thng
ng
phat ra trong cac phong
ng th nghiem hoac khi m may
phat nguon tn hieu.
Mot tn hieu khong nhan qua la tn hieu ch ton tai khi
n -1 va triet tieu khi n 0. Tn hieu trung gian la tn
hieu ton tai ca trong hai mien thi gian noi tren.

CHUNG 3: CAC HE THONG

NG
THI GIAN RI RAC
3.5. Tnh nhan qua va on nh

Hnh 3.5.1 Tn hieu nhan qua, khong nhan qua

va hai pha
Cac he thong LTI cung co the phan loai theo tnh chat
nhan qua da vao ap ng xung h(n) nhan qua, khong
nhan qua hay la tn hieu hai pha. oi vi tn hieu hai
pha, tren toan dai - < n < + , phung trnh chap vong
co the viet nh sau:

CHUNG 3: CAC HE THONG

NG
THI GIAN RI RAC
3.5. Tnh nhan qua va on nh
y(n) = h(m)x(n m)

m=

Nh vay cac he thong co the thc hien trong thi gian

thc, va co the viet lai nh sau:

yn ="+h2xn+2 +h1xn+1 +h0xn +h1xn1 +h2xn2 +"

nh vay viec tnh ngo ra y(n) tai thi iem n can phai
biet cac mau tng lai x(n+1), x(n+2), , nhng thc te
cha xuat hien e x ly.
Bo loc chen va lam trn FIR phu thuoc vao cac bo loc
hai pha trong o khong ch co phan khong nhan qua hu
han ma con co khoang thi gian khong nhan qua hu han
DnD

CHUNG 3: CAC HE THONG

NG
THI GIAN RI RAC
3.5. Tnh nhan qua va on nh
Nh cac bo loc trnh bay trog hnh 3.5.2. Thong thng
phan nhan qua cua h(n) co the hu han hay vo han.
Phung trnh I/O (3.5.1) thuoc lp bo loc nay.

Hnh 3.5.2 Bo loc khong nhan qua hu han va dang nhan

qua cua no.

CHUNG 3: CAC HE THONG

NG
THI GIAN RI RAC
3.5. Tnh nhan qua va on nh

y (n ) = h(m )x(n m )

(3.5.2)

m= D

Mot ky thuat chuan e giai quyet bo loc nay la cho no nhan

qua bang
ng cach
ch lam tre thi gian D, o la
hD(n) = h(n D)
Nh trnh bay trong hnh 3.5.2, toan t nay dch h(n) sang
ve phai D n v lam cho no nhan qua. Phung trnh bo
loc I/O cho bo loc nhan qua hD(n) se la:

(3.5.3)
y D (n ) = h D (m )x (n m )
m 0

CHUNG 3: CAC HE THONG

NG
THI GIAN RI RAC
3.5. Tnh nhan qua va on nh
Va co the thc hien trong thi gian thc. Ket qua co the
rut ra yD(n) de dang bang cach lam tre y(n) trong
phng trnh (3.5.2) nh sau: yD(n) = y(n D)
V du 3.5.1: Xet bo loc lam trn 5-tap cua v du 3.1.7 co
he so loc h(n) = 1/5 trong -2 n 2. Phng trnh chap
vong I/O tng ng nh sau:
2
1 2
y (n ) = h (m )x (n m ) = x (n m )
m = 2

5 m = 2

1
= [x(n+2) + x(n+1) + x(n) + x(n1) + x(n2)]
5

CHUNG 3: CAC HE THONG

NG
THI GIAN RI RAC
3.5. Tnh nhan qua va on nh
No c goi la trung bnh hay lam trn bi v tai moi thi
iem n, gia tr x(n) c thay the bi trung bnh cua no
vi hai gia tr trc va sau no. V the no la bang phang
bt cac thay oi bat thng t mau sang mau.
No co phan khong nhan qua co khoang thi gian D = 2 va
co the lam cho nhan qua bang cach lam tre hai n v,
ket qua la:
y2 (n) = y(n 2) =

1
[x(n) + x(n 1) + x(n 2) + x(n 3) + x(n 4)]
5

Ngoai tnh chat nhan qua he thong LTI co the phan loai
thanh cac tnh chat on nh.

CHUNG 3: CAC HE THONG

NG
THI GIAN RI RAC
3.5. Tnh nhan qua va on nh
Mot he thong LTI on nh la mot he thong ma toan bo
ap ng xung h(n) tien ve 0 khi n -> , cho nen ngo ra
y(n) cua he thong se khong bao gi phan ky, no ton tai
mot can |y(n)| B neu au vao b gii han |x(n)| A. o
la he thong on nh neu au vao co gii han va tao ra
au ra cung co gii han.
ieu kien can va u e he thong LTI on nh o la ap
ng xung thoa:

n =

h (n

<

ieu kien on nh

(3.5.4)

CHUNG 3: CAC HE THONG

NG
THI GIAN RI RAC
3.5. Tnh nhan qua va on nh
V du 3.5.2: Xet bon mau sau :
a) h(n) = (0.5)nu(n)
on nh va nhan qua
b) h(n) = (0.5)nu( n 1) khong on nh va khong nhan qua
c) h(n) = (0.5)nu( n 1)
khong on nh va nhan qua
d) h(n) = (0.5)nu( n 1)
on nh va khong nhan qua
Co hai trng hp nhan qua, s ton tai cua bc n v
u(n) la cho h(n) se khac khong ch khi n 0, trong khi o
trong trng hp phi nhan qua do co u( n 1) lam cho
h(n) khac khong khi n 1. V du au tien la co khuynh
hng giam theo ham mu khi n > . D th hai phan ky
khi n > . That vay do n am nen co the viet n = -|n| va

CHUNG 3: CAC HE THONG

NG
THI GIAN RI RAC
3.5. Tnh nhan qua va on nh

h(n) = (0.5) u(n 1) = (0.5) u(n 1) = 2 u(n 1)

n

nh vay no se tang len vi cac gia tr ln n am. V du th

ba tang khi n > va v du th t tang khi n >
No co the rut ra t:

-.

h(n) = 2 u( n 1) = 2 u( n 1) = (0.5) u( n 1)
n