I.

Present participle:
Present participle l g?
u tin cc bn hy n li khi nim participle. Participle l mt t c cu to l mt ng t
nhng c chc nng nh mt phn ca mt cm ng t.
Ex : has been
Hoc ng c lp vi vai tr mt tnh t : a working man
C ba dng participle, l: The present participle, The past participle v The perfect participle.
a) The present participle:
The present participle l mt participle kt thc bng ui -ing. N thng c dng km vi
mt tr ng t to be hnh thnh nn dng th tip din. N lun lun dng mt ng t
ui -ing hay ni cch khc l ng t tip din, k c nhng ng t bt quy tc dng -ing.
Ex: I am learning English. (Learning l mt phn ca cm ng t tip din am learning)
We were running through the woods. (Running l mt phn ca cm ng t tip din were
running)
Ngoi ra, present participle cn c dng nh mt tnh t:
Ex: I am a working woman. ( working y ng vai tr l mt tnh t)
Ch : Dng ca Present participle gn ging nh Gerund. Nhng hy nh rng nu Gerund
c s dng nh mt danh t th Present participle c s dng nh mt ng t hoc mt
tnh t.
b) The past participle:
The past participle dng ch ra mt hnh ng kt thc hoc hon tt vo mt thi gian
trong qu kh. N thng c gi l dng "ed" nu ng t gc l ng t theo quy tc, tuy
nhin n cng c cu to t rt nhiu cch ca cc ng t bt quy tc.
Ex : I have learnt English. ( learnt l mt phn ca cm have learnt )
N cn c dng trong th b ng:
Ex: Her hair was well brushed.
N cn c dng nh mt tnh t:
Ex: He had a broken arm. ( Broken y vi vai tr mt tnh t )
Sau y l tng hp nhng ng t bt quy tc ( dng qu kh khng thm ed hay d nh bnh
thng ): http://www.learnenglish.de/Level1/IRREGULARVERBS.htm
c) The perfect participle:
The perfect participle ch mt hnh ng hon tt, thng c dng: having + past participle.
Chng ta s dng perfect participle ch mt hnh ng din ra xy ra k tip nhau. S vic
th 2 s xy ra tc thi , ngay sau khi hon tt s vic th 1. S vic th 2 l kt qu ca s
vic th 1, HAVING +V3 + SUBJECT + MAIN VERB(V2)
Sau khi
* th ph nh NOT ng trc HAVING+ V3
Ex: having done, having finished, having read, having spoken

Ngoi ra, n cn c dng th b ng:

Ex: Having been heard terrible weather forecast, we ecided not to travel.
Ch : A perfect participle (past participle): dng lt bt ch ng trong cu trong trng
hp 2 ch ng l cng 1 ngi hay 1 vt, hnh ng no xy ra trc th ta dng perfect
participle trong mnh .
Having sat all day in the tower, the lifeguard left to find a cold drink. = The lifeguard has sat all
day in the tower, he left to find a cold drink
(Ngi c ngy trn pho i, anh v s b i tm nc ung)
- Having read the instructions, he snatched up the fire extinguisher.
(c xong sch hng dn, anh vi chp ly bnh cha la)

II. Perfect Gerund:

Trong mt s ng cnh rt kh m xc nh c khi no l perfect gerund v khi no l perfect
parcitiple v hnh thc chnh t ca chng ging ht nhau.
*Chng ta s dng perfect gerund khi mun cp n mt hnh ng trong qu kh ( ch hi
c):
SUBJECT + MAIN VERB (V2) + PERFECT GERUND + PARTICIPLE
*Nu s kin c th , r rang ng cnh v thi gian xy ra sm hn, chng ta khng cn s
dng perfect gerund m ch cn s dng gerund m thi.
Chc nng l 1 danh t, do n ng v tr ca 1 Subject hay object.
- Having sat there all day was a challenge for the lifeguards = A challenge for the lifeguards was
having sat there all day O
(Ngi trn c ngy l 1 th thch i vi nhng ngi v s ny)
- I have been to South Korea. -- My having been to South Korea helped me learn the language
when I took classes. (Ti tng n Hn Quc-- Vic n HQ gip ti hc c ngn
ng ny khi ti tham gia cc lp hc )