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The history of the call centre

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15
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Filed under Call Centre Life , Automatic Call Distributor, history
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I was recently asked by a researcher for the BBC, for an upcoming documentary on
contact centres, for the date of the first call centre in the UK.
This question stumped me. I knew of some early ones, but what was the first? I
have done some research and the early results are quite surprising.
The creation myth
Like many revolutionary technologies, the call centre has a creation myth. This
states that call centres as we know them today originate from the Automatic Call

Distributor developed in 1973 by US firm Rockwell (the Rockwell Galaxy) to allow

Continental Airlines to run a telephone booking system.
As it turns out, this was all good marketing baloney. Rockwell did indeed develop
their ACD in 1973 and it was installed that year. But it certainly was not the first.
Rockwells claim to the first ACD installation may be inaccurate, but they were
certainly amongst the first and most successful manufacturers.
Early Automatic Call Distributors (ACD)
But the basic features of the modern call centre can be recognised almost ten years
before this, in the mid-1960s. Private Automated Business Exchanges (PABX) began
to be used to handle large numbers of customer contacts.
The Oxford English Dictionary defines the term call centre as follows:
call centre n. an office staffed and equipped to handle large numbers of telephone
calls, using computer technology to assist in the management of calls, supply of
information, etc.; esp. such an office providing the centralized customer contact and
customer service functions of a large organization.
That computer technology is the Automatic Call Distributor, and its development is
closely linked to that of the call centre. ACD systems allow calls to be filtered and
assigned to the best possible agents available at the time. An algorithm determines
which agent receives which call.
The invention of ACD technology made the concept of a call centre possible.
Essentially it replaced the human operator with a far more flexible automated system
capable of handling much greater numbers of calls.
The first call centres
The first ACD systems would probably have emerged in the 1950s to handle central
operator enquiries at the main telephone companies. To date we have not been to
find any concrete evidence of this so far.

The earliest example of a call centre we can find in the UK is at the The Birmingham

Press and Mail.

They had a GEC PABX 4 ACD,

installed in 1965, as seen in the photos. Thanks to the British Telephones website
for allowing us to reproduce them.
Already the hallmarks of the call centre can be seen in the rows of agents with
individual phone terminals, taking and making calls.

The Ericsson PABX ET 4 was a fully automatic Strowger Telephone system with a
cordless operators console. It superseded the PABX No. 3 and was manufactured
by Ericsson Telephones of Beeston, Notts. The ACD system was an adaptation of
this PABX ET 4 system.
Early adopters
By the early 1970s PABX systems were beginning to include ACD technology,
allowing the development of large-scale call centres.
In May 1972, the New Scientist magazine reported that Barclaycard had installed a
Plessey PABX at its Northampton processing centre. This included an ACD to allow
up to 72 enquiries to be dealt in cyclic order. The agents on this system were able to
check the credit card records of Barclaycards 1.6 million customers via a microfiche
reference system.
At the same time, Barclaycards competitors Access installed a computerised system
allowing very fast access to customer records. It was an indication of the future
direction of contact centres.

In 1972 Gas World reported the installation of an ACD system at British Gas in
Wales. The system had the capacity to handle up to 20,000 calls per week. This
may have been the first multilingual system as it handled both Welsh and English
calls. It was reported that Welsh-speaking customers in Aberystwyth at first found it
strange to be telling someone in Wrexham of their problems.
Big names enter the market
Throughout the late 1970s and 1980s technological advances consolidated the
importance of call centres to business. Many of todays big names established
themselves in the UK during this period.
Datapoint began working with TSB Phonebank (now Lloyds TSB). [Does anyone
know the date when TSB Phonebank started ?]

Direct Line started their call centres in 1985

In 1985, Direct Line was founded by Peter Wood, becoming the first company to sell
insurance entirely over the telephone.
Call centre technology allowed these companies to base their entire business model
on telephone sales. In the USA, Aspect Telecommunications was founded by Jim
Carreker.
Aspects systems improved upon the early ACDs. They allowed calls made from
touch-tone phones to be routed more efficiently, by distinguishing between types of
calls and connecting them to specialised teams of agents. This cut down call waiting
times, and allowed call centres to deal with an increase in call volumes brought
about by the introduction of toll-free phone numbers.

Aspects flagship product was the Aspect CallCenter, somewhat fittingly, as the
company went on to become one of the worlds largest manufacturer of dedicated
ACDs.
Aspect entered the UK market in 1989, with Microsoft as their first customer. The
deregulation of the UK telecoms industry led to a drop in service costs, and as a
result the UK contact centre industry became larger than in any other country except
the USA.
ACDs systems fuelled innovation, such as the launch of First Direct in 1989. First
Direct was the UKs first direct-banking company, and proclaimed itself the future of
banking with an unusual television advert made to seem as if it was being broadcast
from 2010.
The advert can be viewed here.
When the term call centre was created
The OED lists the earliest published use of the term call centre as being as recent
as 1983, in Data Communications, in this sentence:
Each of these *call centers is staffed with agents who work with Honeywell
intelligent terminals, enabling them to quote rates and compute discounts given to
large users.
Dot com mania
In the 1990s the call centre industry continued to grow, spurred on by the rise of the
internet. From 1995 onwards internet-based dot com companies attracted vast
amounts of investment from venture capitalists excited by the potential for rapid
growth offered by the online economy.
As websites became the central point of contact and sales for an increasing number
of companies, call centres were essential in dealing with customer service and
technical support. Unfortunately it didnt last, and by 2001 the dot com crash saw
many internet-based companies go bust.

Rise of the offshore call centre

The call centre was still on the rise. By 2003 the industry consisted of 5,320 call
centre operations employing 800,000 people in the UK. 500,000 of these people
were working in agent positions. The industry had grown by 250% since 1995, and
was still growing.
The early 2000s saw a trend for large companies to transfer customer service
departments overseas. Cheaper labour costs and in some cases better skills in the
workforce made offshore call centres attractive to businesses seeking to cut costs.
Locations in India, the Philippines and South Africa aggressively marketed
themselves as offshore call centre destinations. India was particularly popular, as a
large number of graduates available for call centre work made for cheaper and
technically able agents for technical support phone lines.
Late 2000s: a backlash against offshoring
Offshoring slowed the growth of the industry in the UK. But few companies moved
their whole customer service operations overseas, and by midway through the
decade a backlash had begun. Customers sometimes had trouble understanding the

English spoken by overseas agents. Companies with large offshore call centres
attracted negative media coverage for taking jobs away from the UK.
Over the last three years some companies have actively advertised the fact that their
call centres are in the UK. NatWest launched an advertising campaign in 2007 based
around guaranteeing that customers would speak to agents in the UK rather than
overseas. Some companies have also moved customer service operations back to
the UK.
The call centre has now been an invaluable business facility for three decades. With
the recent rise of social media and technology that may allow call centres to become
virtual networks of homeworkers linked by cloud computing, it appears customer
service is swiftly evolving.
Call centres are a vitally important source of jobs. As Call Centre Helper reported
recently, new figures from ContactBabel show that more than one million people are
now employed by contact centres in the UK.
Our history of the call centre is far from complete, and wed like to include your
knowledge. If you have any memories, information or stories about call centre
history, drop us a line.
Many thanks to all of the people who have helped to contribute so far to this article,
including Derek Massey, Phil Wright, Dirk Speas, Steve Morell and to Bob
Freshwater from the British Telephones website.
19 Jan 2011 - Filed under Call Centre Life , Automatic Call Distributor, history
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Comments on: The history of the call centre

Fantastic article Jonty, really good!
Posted by Keith Gait 19 Jan @ 3:24 pm

You may be inteerested that Girobank established its Telebank call centre in its
centralised Head office in Bootle Merseyside in 1979.
Posted by Tony Blythe 20 Jan @ 3:08 pm
Hi Tony Thanks for that pointer. It would be great if anyone else has any information
on it. For example does anyone know what ACD system they used?
Posted by jonty pearce 20 Jan @ 4:11 pm
Great piece of research Jonty. A mention should also go to:
1) Command & control phone systems which were being used way back in the
emergency services call centres.
2) Dealing systems in the City which performed a similar function to ACDs but within
a dealing room. These handled many private circuits as well as simple phone calls.
3) The humble key & lamp phone system which I imagine was many peoples
introduction to small ad hoc call centre working.
The factor these systems shared with ACDs was that they had with more lines than
positions and they had control functions beyond the humble phone dial. Phone
systems or PBXs had more extensions than lines and people had an ordinary
phone.
I still have my training manuals from 1980 if your desperate for more !
The other significant industry stage was around 1995/6 when a lot of companies
started implementing pan-european, multi-lingual call centres, with Dublin and
Amsterdam doing particularly well.
To your question: I think TSB PhoneBank was slightly later as I remember Paul
Swainbank giving talks when we started doing the first call centre conferences in
1994 through Aspen which was my 2nd company. We focused on call centres after
helping build 2 large call centres for HP in 1992 and then C&W in 1993 the latter
still in operation in Wythenshawe. I keep meeting great people who worked at that
site in the mid 90s.

A historical mention for 3 people. First should go to Jeanette Menday who spoke at
our first call centre conference in 1993 and came from one of the US Airlines with
Fran Brookes (now Fish) to start Call Centre Focus in 1994, the first publication for
the emerging industry. She and I started what is now the European Contact centre
awards circa 1995 Halifax Direct won if I remember correctly.
Secondly, during those early conferences there was an influential guy called John
McCann from Glasgow Development Agency. He went from knowing nothing to
knowing more than most by attending all the conferences there were. Hes the
reason Glasgow has so many call centres. When we started Aspen Scotland we had
a launch conference which John helped with and he pushed for the various parties to
form a user association which Ann Marie Forsyth, who was a speaker, went on to
chair.
Thirdly, Leiderman and Roncoroni was the earliest call centre consultancy going
back into the 1980s I believe and of course Simon Roncoroni is still in the industry.
There were many ex BT people who came through their hands into consulting and
management.
As well as Aspen, the other two centres of excellent people in the mid 90s were
Merchants and Decisions. We sold Aspen to TSC, Merchants sold to Dimension
Data and Decisions sold to Sitel. You can see this lineage in many contact centre
experts CVs.
Posted by Peter Massey 20 Jan @ 9:27 pm
Hi I worked for Yellow Pages from 1976 in what was then quite a pioneering telesales operation selling advertising into the various classifications brilliant job,
excellent money and great atmosphere in the office with like-minded colleagues who
were aiming high to sell new and renewal ads. to business. Enabled me to buy a
house just before age 21, so grateful for that!
It was a compulsory working practice for all customer service reps to disinfect their
headsets and desks every morning prior to starting work with diluted Dettol I can
still smell it now. We were seated in banks of 4 staff with one Senior allocated to

each bank and a Glaswegian Tele Sales Manager who ruled with a rod of iron, but
was highly motivational, dynamic and fair she was brilliant. Her boss was another
Glaswegian who knew each of us well and dished out praise and criticism with no
holds barred. Promotion was lightning fast but was so was the door if you didnt
perform, only as good as yesterdays results was the mantra. Yellow Pages
employed hundreds of staff and each year, there was a massive central Sales Rally
to which sales staff from all the offices across the UK were transported the
presentations were super-slick and again, highly motivational, but maybe a bit corny
by todays standards they worked though. Turnover was high people were
chewed up and spat back out if they did not hit sales target consistently. Training
was continuous and delivered to a superb standard, usually from the HQ in
Farnborough. Two weeks residential induction training was mandatory for all,
followed by further residential courses as you progressed up the ladder. I wouldnt
have missed it for the world and this experience set me up for life, both with lifeskills
and financially it was grand and was headhunted when it split into Thomson
Directories and Yellow Pages, so the fun continued until my children needed me
more!
Posted by Sally Brown 20 Jan @ 10:45 pm
I worked in a call centre which did not belong to the business we were taking calls
for. Our company focused more than keeping its contract with zero customer service,
I left. If the compqany had employed us directly we would hve been paid more
paradoxically the company would have paid less for our services as a result. The
customer service would have been brilliant and there wold have been lower turnover
of staff. Their Indian call centre was appalling.
Posted by Farina Foxley 25 Jan @ 11:47 pm
Datapoint implemented the first ACD for TSB Phonebank in 1979.
Today, we are seeing that many companies are now looking to collaborate across
multiple channels by integrating social media, webchat and SMS in to the contact
centre as customers demand more routes to interact with businesses.

Posted by Paul Brewer 7 Feb @ 4:22 pm

TSB Phonebank was launched on 9 September 1994
Posted by Paul swainbank 11 Feb @ 1:03 am
You seem to have avoiding discussing the business of holding long queues of callers
paying various exhorbitant fees to make an enquiry or worse a Complaint so we im
fact are paying the phone bills and actualy making money for the company we are
trying in vain to talk toContact us they say on the web site and give you their
wonderful phone number. I have heard asked why are the general public becoming
angrier in generalWhat would anyone be considering even the government has
started charging us to call them. The police now to call in with an assistance request
if not an emergency, after already paying for their services> this will have effectively
cut the work load of so many of these people as we give up either in frustration or
principal. Most public will be aware that Phone calls actually cost fractions of a penny
per minute to operate so the principal is just to cut work response needs and Make
vast profits. An interceding call centre surely means a third party could be listening
in. Oh they are not allowed towell that stops it happening then.huh
Posted by Keykeeper 21 Jan @ 11:00 am

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