2014M

VI th SEM
BANSAL INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
(BIST)

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LAB MANUALS
COMPUTER AIDED ENGINEERING
(CAE)
MECHANICAL DEPARTMENT
VIth SEM
BIST

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COMPUTER AIDED ENGINEERING

BANSAL INSTITUTE OS SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

OBJECT:- Introduction of CAE (Computer aided engineering) and CAE

tools.
THEORY:Computer aided engineering is the use of information technology to support
engineers in tasks such as analysis , simulation , design , manufacture , planning
, diagnosis and repair.
Software tools that have been developed to support these activities are
considered CAE tools. CAE tools are being used , for example , to analyse the
robustness and performance of components and assemblies. The term
encompasses simulation , validation and optimization of products and
manufacturing tools. In the future , CAE system will be major providers of
information o help support design teams in decision making.
Engineers in fields from aerospace , automotive to bio-medical use CAE in tasks
such as analysis , simulation ,design , manufacture , planning , diagnosis and
repair .
Among the CAE areas covered include :1. Stress analysis on components and assemblies using FEA (Finite element
analysis)
2. Thermal and fluid flow analysis using computational fluid dynamics (CFD)
3. Kinematics
4. Mechanical event simulation (MES)
5. Analysis tools for process simulation for operations such as casting ,
moulding ,and die press forming.
6. Optimization of the product process.

CAE in the automotive industry:CAE tools are very widely used in the automotive industry. In fact their use has
enabled the automakers to reduce product development cost and time while
improving the safety, comfort , and durability of the vehicles they produce. The
predictive capability of CAE tools has progressed to the point where much of the
design verification is now done using computer simulation rather than physical
prototype testing. CAE dependability is based upon all proper assumptions as
inputs and must identify critical inputs . Even though there have been many
advance in CAE , and it is widely used in the engineering field , physical testing is
still used as s final confirmation for subsystems due to the fact that CAE cannot
predict all variables in complex assemblies (i.e. metal stretch, thinning).

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The FEM or FEA is a computing technique that is used to obtain approximate
solutions to the boundary value problems in engg.

For example:Multi leaf spring is modelled using the discrete building blocks called elements .
Each element has some equations that describe how it responds to certain loads.
The sum of the response of all the elements in the model gives the total
response of the design. CAE depends upon actual assumption s of the assembly
which acts as input data.
B.C. (Boundary conditions):- Boundary condition is the collection of different
forces, supports, constraints and every condition required for complete analysis.

CAE Tools:Pre/Post-Precessor:
Hypermesh
Ansa
I-DEAS
Patran
FEMODE
ANSYS
Animator
Solvers:
Abaqus
LS-Dyna
Ansys
Nastran
Pamcrash
CFD
Pre-Processor:
Fluent
T-Grid

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CAD Modelling:Cad modelling software is dedicated for the specialized job of 3D modelling. The
model of the multi leaf spring structures also includes many complicated parts,
which are difficult to make by any of other CAD modelling as well as Finite
element software.

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COMPUTER AIDED ENGINEERING
BANSAL INSTITUTE OS SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

OBJECT:- Introduction FEM (Finite Element Method)

THEORY:Finite element method involves modelling the structure using small
interconnected elements called Finite Elements.
A displacement function is associated with each finite elements. Every
interconnected element is linked , directly or indirectly , to every other element
through common ( or shared ) interfaces, including nodes and / or boundary
lines and / or surfaces. By using known stress/ strain properties for the material
making up the structure, one can determine the behaviour of a given node in
terms of the properties of every other element in the structure . The total set of
equations describing the behaviour of each node results in a series of algebraic
equations best expressed in matrix notation.
Discretization :- The process of modeling a body by dividing it into an
equivalent system of smaller bodies or units (finite elements) interconnected at
points common to two or more elements (nodal points or nodes) and / or
boundary lines and/or surfaces is called discretization.
Step 1:- Descretize and select the element types
It involves dividing the body into an equivalent system of finite elements with
associated nodes and choosing the most appropriate element type to model
most closely the actual physical behaviour. The total number of elements used
and their variation in size and type within a given body are primarily matters of
engineering judgment. The choice of element used in a finite element analysis
depends on the physical makeup of the body under actual loading condition and
on how close to the actual behaviour the analyst wants the results to be.
Step 2 :- Select a displacement function
It involves choosing displacement function within each element. The function is
defined within the element using the nodal value of the element. Linear,
quadratic, and cubic polynomials are frequently used functions because they are
simple to work with in finite element formulation.
Step 3:- Define the strain / displacement and stress / strain relationship
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Strain / displacement and stress/ strain relationship are necessary for deriving
the equations for each finite element . in the case of 1-D deformation , say, in
the x-direction , we have strain Ex related to displacement u by
Ex = du/dx
For small strains. In condition , the stresses must be related to the strains
through yhe stress/ strain law generally called the constitutive law. The ability
to define the material behaviour accurately is most important in obtaining
acceptable results .
Step 4:- Derive the element stiffness matrix and equations
Initially , the development of element stiffness matrices and element equations
was based on the concept of stiffness influence co-efficients, which presupposes
a background in structural analysis. We now present alternative method used in
this text that do not require this special background.
Step 5:- Assemble the element equations to obtain the global or total equations
and introduce boundary conditions.
Step 6:- Solve for the unknown degree of freedom or generalized displacement.
Step 7:- Solve for the element strains and stresses.
Step 8:- Interpret the results.
Applications of Finite Element Method :1. Typical structural areas include Stress analysis including truss and frame analysis.
Buckling , such as in columns , frames and vessels.
Vibration analysis, such as in vibratory equipments.
Impact problems, including crash analysis of vehicles , projectile
impact, and bodies falling and impacting objects.
2. Non structural problems include
Heat transfer , such as in electronic devices emitting heat as in a
personal computer microprocessor chip, engines, and cooling fins in
radiators.
Fluid flow, including seepage through porous media, cooling
ponds ,and in air ventilation system as used in sports arenas etc.,
air flow around racing cars , yachting boats, and surfboards etc.
Distribution of electric or magnetic potential ,such as antennas and
transistors.
Advantages of FEM:

Model irregularity shaped bodies quite easily.

Handle general load conditions without difficulty.
Model bodies composed of several different materials because the
element equations are evaluated individually.
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Handle unlimited numbers and kinds of boundary conditions.

Vary the size of the elements to make it possible to use small
elements where necessary.
Alter the finite element model relatively easily and cheaply.
Include dynamic effects,
Handle non linear behaviour existing with large deformations and
non linear materials.