Historia completa de tabasco

Tabasco
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This article is about the Mexican state. For the hot sauce, see Tabasco sauce. For other uses,
see Tabasco (disambiguation).

Tabasco
State
Estado Libre y Soberano de Tabasco

Flag

Seal

Nickname(s): El Edn de Mxico

(The Eden of Mexico)

Anthem: Marcha Tabasco

State of Tabasco within Mexico

Coordinates:
Country
Capital
Largest City
Municipalities
Admission
Order
Government
Governor
Senators

[2]

1758N 9235WCoordinates:
1758N 9235W
Mexico
Villahermosa
Villahermosa
17
February 7, 1824[1]
13th
Arturo Nez Jimnez
Fernando Enrique Mayans
Canabal

Rosalinda Lpez
Deputies
Area[4]
Total

Francisco Herrera
Federal Deputies[show]

[3]

24,731 km2 (9,549 sq mi)

Ranked 24th
[5]

Highest elevation
Population (2012)[6]
Total
Rank
Density
Density rank
Demonym
Time zone
Summer (DST)
Postal code
Area code
ISO 3166 code
HDI
GDP
Website

1,100 m (3,600 ft)

2,309,369
20th
93/km2 (240/sq mi)
12th
Tabasqueo (a)
CST (UTC6)
CDT (UTC5)
86
Area codes[show]
MX-TAB
0.744 High Ranked 17th</small
US$ 17,492,682.26 th[a]
Official Web Site

^ a. The state's GDP was $223,906,333 thousand of pesos in 2008,[7]

amount corresponding to $17,492,682.26 thousand of dollars, being
a dollar worth 12.80 pesos (value of June 3, 2010).[8]

Tabasco ( taasko (helpinfo)), officially Free and Sovereign State of Tabasco (Spanish:
Estado Libre y Soberano de Tabasco), is one of the 31 states which, with the Federal
District, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided in 17 municipalities and
its capital city is Villahermosa. It is located in the southeast of the country along the Gulf of
Mexico bordering the states of Campeche, Chiapas and Veracruz, as well as the country of
Guatemala. Most of the state is covered in rainforest as, unlike most other areas of Mexico,
it has plentiful rainfall year round. For this reason, it is also covered in small lakes,
wetlands and rivers. The state is subject to major flooding events, with the last occurring in
2007, which affected eighty percent of the state. The state is also home to La Venta, the
major site of the Olmec civilization, considered to be the origin of later Mesoamerican
cultures. Even though it produces significant quantities of petroleum and natural gas,
poverty is still a concern.

Contents

1 Geography and environment

2 History

o 2.1 Pre-Columbian period

o 2.2 Colonial era
o 2.3 Independence and 19th century
o 2.4 Mexican Revolution to the present

3 Economy

4 Tourism

5 Demographics

6 Culture

7 Archaeology

8 Education

9 Communications and transportation

10 References

11 External links

Geography and environment

The state is located in the southeast of Mexico, bordering the states of Campeche, Chiapas
and Veracruz with the Gulf of Mexico to the north and the country of Guatemala to the
south and east. The state covers 24,731km2, which is 1.3% of Mexicos total.[9][10] The
northwestern portion is on the coastal plain of the Gulf of Mexico with the south and east as
part of the mountain chain that extends into northern Chiapas. It is divided into seventeen
municipalities. There are 36 communities designated as urban with about 3,000 smaller
towns and villages. 185 are classified as regional development centers.[11] Tabasco has
seventeen municipalities: Balancn, Crdenas, Centla, Centro (Villahermosa), Comalcalco,
Cunduacn, Emiliano Zapata, Huimanguillo, Jalapa, Jalpa de Mndez, Jonuta, Macuspana,
Nacajuca, Paraso, Tacotalpa, Teapa and Tenosique.

Regions of Tabasco
In 1994, the state was officially divided into two regions, five sub regions for
socioeconomic development and geographic documentation. The two major regions are
called the Grijalva and the Usumacinta. The Grijalva Region is named after the river on
which most of the municipalities here are dependent. It is the smaller of the two regions
with a territory of 12,069,34km2 or 48.94% of the states territory; however, it contains
most of Tabascos urban population as well as socioeconomic and political activity. It is
divided into three sub regions called Chontalpa, Centro and Sierra and includes the
municipalities of Huimanguillo, Crdenas, Comalcalco, Cunduacn, Paraso, Jalpa de
Mndez, Nacajuca, Centro, Jalapa, Teapa and Tacotalpa. The Usumacinta Region is named
after the main river on which the Centla, Jonuta, Emiliano Zapata, Balancn and Tenosique
municipalities depend. It is divided into the Pantanos and Ros subregions, which are both
more rural than the Grijalva Region.[12]
The environment of the state consists of extensive low lying floodplains, mountains and
valleys.[13] Most of the territory is covered with tropical rainforest and wetlands. There are
also areas with savanna, beaches and mangrove forests. Much of the rainforest has suffered
degradation due to over logging and conversion of territory into farmland. The east is
formed by low humid plains formed by sediment deposited by a number of rivers. In the
Chontalpa zone and in parts of the municipalities of Cental and Jonuta, there are swampy
depressions extremely vulnerable to flooding from both river flow and from excessive
rainfall.[11] In the south there are some elevations which are part of the central mesa of
Chiapas. The most important of these is El Madrigal, La Campana, La Corona, Poman,
Cocon, Mono Pelado and El Tortuguero. However, most hills in the state do not exceed
thirty meters above sea level.[11]

Grijalva River flowing through Villahermosa

Tabasco has 198.8 km of shoreline, 29,800 hectares of estuaries, lakes and numerous rivers
and streams.[14] Major rivers include the Mezcalapa, Pichucalco, Chacamax, Usumacinta,
San Pedro y San Pablo and Tonal.[11] Almost all of the river system of the state belongs to
the Usumacinta River based, the largest in Mexcio and the Grijalva River basin, the second
largest. These basins encompass numerous rivers and streams which all eventually flow
into the Gulf of Mexico. The only rivers outside these basins are the Tonal, on the border
between Tabasco and Veracruz and some small rivers in Chontalpa. On the coastline, there
are numerous lagoons and some inland lakes. The most important of these are El Carmen,
Pajonal, La Machona and Mecoacn. Because of the flat terrain, there are areas where
rivers pool due to shallow depressions. The total volume of fresh water flow in the state is
about 125,000,000,000m3 with is about 35% of the flow of the entire country. Flooding is a
frequent occurrence, especially September and November.[11]

View of Villahermosa, the capital of Tabasco

There are four principal ecosystems in the state: tropical rainforest, tropical savannah,
beaches and wetlands. Tropical rainforest dominates most of the state due to the high levels
of rainfall the area receives. However, what exists today is only a fraction of what used to
be, as much of the forest area has been overexploited by man, mostly through logging and
slash and burn agriculture. Most the intact rainforest are found in the municipalities of
Tenosique, Balancn, Macuspana, Teapa, Tacotalpa, Crdenas and Huimanguillo. These
rainforests contain species such as mahogany, cedar, various types of palms, macayo,
ceiba, willows and many more. There are various types of orchids native to the state along
with a native species of cactus. This environment also has the widest variety of wildlife,
such as macaws, parrots, quetzals, hummingbirds, iguanas, and various kinds of snakes.
Mammal species have declined because of deforestation, but still include spider monkeys,
jaguars, pumas, raccoons, anteaters, deer, and wild boar. Tropical savannah is mostly found
in the southern part of the state, mixed in with areas of rainforest. These areas are
dominated by grasses and bushes along with some smaller trees such as jahuacte, cocoyol
and small palm trees. The savanna has wildlife such as rabbits, deer, foxes various species
of birds. Along the coast the soil is sandier and while the vegetation is still tropical, species
are different than in the interior rainforest. They include coconut palms, palo mulato, royal
palm and pimento de Tabasco. These areas has suffered most from slash and burn
agriculture. Along these areas of forest are the beaches and wetlands of the state. The beach
areas are dominated by ground vegetation which is able to tolerate the high salinity of the
soil. The wetlands are dominated by the most extensive mangrove forests in Mexico,
concentrated on the lagoons that border the Mezcalcpa River along with the banks of the
Tonal, San Pedro y San Pablo and Grijalva rivers. There are four main types of mangroves

locally called red, white, black and prieto. Most of the wetlands of the state belong to the
Pantanos de Centla Biosphere Reserve. The abundance of fresh water in wetlands and river
areas supports a wide variety of aquatic life such as freshwater gar, mojarra, crocodiles,
various species of turtles and frogs, and many species of native and migratory waterfowl. In
larger bodies of water manatees can be found. In the brackish and salt water lagoons
various ocean species are found along with shellfish and mollusks along with bird species
such as seagulls and pelicans.[11]
Tabasco has a hot tropical climate, with the Gulf of Mexico having significant influence on
weather patterns.[11] Over 95% of the states territory has a hot, wet climate. The rest is hot
and semi humid, located in the far northeast of the state.[10] The average annual temperature
is 27C with high temperatures averaging 36C, mostly in May and lows of 18.5C which
present in January.[10] Unlike many parts of Mexico, Tabasco has abundant year round
precipitation.[14] The state receives an average annual rainfall of 2,550mm. Rain occurs all
year but is particularly heavy from June to October.[10] The flat areas of the state are subject
to frequent flooding. One reason for this is the rivers that flow from the Sierra region and
the Usuamacinta River. Another is that there are a number of dams such as the Angostura,
Chicoasn, Malpas and Peitas, built for hydroelectricity and flood control but can
overflow.[15]
The state has 17,138.2 hectares of state protected lands such as the Agua Blanca waterfalls
and the Sierra State Park in Teapa. The Grutas de Cocon caves are classified as a natural
monument with 422 hectares. The Centla Biosphere Reserve covers an area of 302,706
hectares. The Yumk Park and Laguna de las Ilusiones Ecological Reserves have 1,973.6
hectares. The Laguna de la Lima Reserve has 36.2 hectares. The Chontalpa Ecological Park
has 277 hectares. The Laguna del Camarn Ecological Park has 70 hectares.[11]

History
Pre-Columbian period

Comalcalco
The name Tabasco is not definitively known with a number of theories debated among
linguists. The name appears in the chronicles of Bernal Daz del Castillo during the
conquest era, who says it comes from the name of a river in the area. One possible
etymology is that it comes from a Mayan phrase meaning our lord of the eight tigers.

Another states that it is from Nahuatl with two possible derivations: one meaning place
that has a lord and the other place where the land is moist. The state seal is that which
was granted in 1598 to the town of Villahermosa, then called San Juan Bautista by Philip II
of Spain. This is one of the oldest coats of arms in the Americas.[16]
The Olmec civilization dominated much of what is now Tabasco 3,000 years ago, with its
height around 800 BC. They were the oldest Mesoamerican culture which dominated areas
in what are now the states of Mexico, Guerrero, Oaxaca, Veracruz and Tabasco as well as
parts of Central America, and considered to be the founding culture for all of Mesoamerica.
[17]
The main Olmec site in Tabasco is La Venta. The site covers an area of 5.3km2
surrounded by swamps and marshes linked to the Tonal River, 15 km from the Gulf of
Mexico.[18] Around 300 AD, the Mayas began to dominate part of the state. Mayan sites
include Comalcalco, Pomon, El Tortuguero and Jonuta. (prehispnico) The Mayans in
Tabasco reached their peak between the 6th and 7th centuries.[19]

Colonial era

The Entrance of Hernn Corts into the City of Tabasco

In the early 16th century, the main ethnicities of Tabasco were the Mayas-Chontals, the
Zoques, and the Popolocas, living in small villages with the Mayan language dominating.[17]
[20]
The first contact with the Spanish came in 1518 when an expedition headed by Captain
Juan de Grijalva disembarked at the mouth of the river that now bears his name. Hernn
Corts came the following year and fought the indigenous here at the Battle of Centla. As
conqueror, Corts received twenty female slaves, one of which was La Malinche.[17][20]
Despite the early conquest and the foundation of Santa Mara de la Victoria (today
Frontera), the territory was not fully subjugated because of the climate, terrain and lack of
minerals.[17][20] The Franciscans arrived in the 16th century for evangelization purposes, but
they did not stay. For this reason, the indigenous of this area was not generally converted to
Catholicism unlike other parts of New Spain .[20] Tabasco was a landing and crossing point
for the conquest of southern Mexico and Guatemala, referenced by Hernn Corts in one of
his letters to the Spanish Crown. It was noted by him and by Bernal Daz del Castillo for its
abundance of cacao.[20] The first to have success was Francisco de Montejo (Jr.) in the
1540s who assumed command of the city as part of the province of the Yucatn, governed
by his father. Montejo introduced the first cattle to Tabasco.(etapasgob)

The introduction of European diseases decimated the local population, resulting in the
Spanish bringing African slaves to work plantations. This led to some mixing among the
three races which has affected the ethnic appearance of the people of the state.[20]
Significant agricultural production was not achieved until the 18th century, primarily in
cacao and cattle. During this time, sea traffic to Villahermosa increased which made it a
relatively important port.[17] For the rest of the colonial period, most of Tabasco would have
no major events and no major commerce in comparison to the rest of the country.[21]
The Spanish did not begin to pacify the area until the second half of the 16th century, when
Santa Mara de la Victoria was secured slightly inland from the original Frontera location.
However, in the meantime, the English had taken possession of the nearby Isla del Carmen
and other points in the Gulf for piracy. Santa Mara de la Victoria was attacked and sacked,
forcing the settlement to move inland in 1598 to San Juan Bautista (Today Villahermosa),
renamed Villa Hermosa by the Spanish Crown, which gave it the oldest coat of arms on the
American mainland, today the seal of the state of Tabasco.[19][21] At the beginning of the 18th
century, the Tabasco and Veracruz united to combat the pirate threat, succeeded in expelling
them from the Isla del Carmen. The city returned to its original and current location in
1795.[19] At that time, the entire state had a population of only 36,000 in two towns, two
villages, and various ranches and farms. The province sent a delegate to Spain to complain
about the marginalization of the area to the Crown.[21]

Independence and 19th century

The first insurgent during the Mexican War of Independence in the state was Jos Mara
Jimnez, who declared the states independence in 1815. However, Jimnez was soon jailed
and local authorities proclaimed allegiance to the Crown.[22] At the end of the war in 1821,
Tabasco became of the first fourteen states under the 1824 Constitution. The first state
constitution was ratified in 1825. In 1883, the state was divided into seventeen
municipalities.[23][24]
The struggle between Liberals, who wanted a federal government, and Conservatives,
which wanted a centralized government, played out in Tabasco with various skirmishes
between Ruiz de la Pea leading the Liberals and Marcelino Margalli for the Conservatives.
In 1829, the military in Campeche revolted against Mexico City and proclaimed its own
government. Shortly after, Tabasco joined the movement and proclaimed a Conservative
government. However, this government was short lived. Political instability in the state and
an outbreak of cholera forced Tabasco to rejoin the federation. In 1836, a group of
Conservatives took control of the federal government, but Tabasco liberals decided to rebel
against this government until they were defeated.[25]

Image of the U.S. invasion of Villahermosa

During the Mexican American War, troops under Matthew C. Perry arrived to Tabasco in
1846. Other ships arrived soon after and the troops took possession of the port of Frontera.
[26]
On their first attempt to take Villahermosa upriver, they failed. The second attempt
bombarded the city before successfully taking it. However, the Tabascans formed guerilla
groups and this along with the inhospitable climate forced the U.S. military to withdraw
soon after.[19] For the rest of the war, ships remained in the Frontera area to block
commerce. After the Americans left, Tabasco governor Justo Santa Anna rebelled against
Mexico City due to the lack of support during the war. The Americans returned in 1847 to
attack the capital. It was defended by local troops but they did not have the necessary
supplies. The Americans occupied the capital for another thirty five days, causing great
destruction.[26]
During the French Intervention in Mexico, the French took Villahermosa in 1862 installing
a governor in 1862. Tabasco forces retreated into the mountains. Meanwhile Various
Tabascans formed a newspaper called El Dissidente, which criticized the French installed
government.[19][27] There were several insurrections against this government such as the one
headed by Andrs Sanchez Magallanes in 1863. He raised a small army from various parts
of the state and attacked the imperial army barracks in Comalcalco then moved onto
Villahermosa in November 1863. Here they encountered imperialist troops at what is now
called the Battle of Jahuactal, where the insurgents won, expelling the French from the
state.[19][28]
The Porfirio Daz period from the 1880s to 1910 were free from political violence and
allowed the state to build infrastructure, but slowly due to its isolation. The capital, heavily
damaged by decades of war, was reconstructed, with many old buildings torn down to make
way for new ones. In 1879, the Instituto Jurez was inaugurated. In 1881, telegraph service
connected Villahermosa with Mexico City. The capital received electricity in 1890, with the
new state government palace opened in 1894 and the first bank in 1901.[19] Tabasco
experienced significant economic development during the Diaz period in the late 19th
century, with cacao and other products shipped worldwide.[17] However, this development
led to wide scale deforestation began in the latter decades of the 19th century with timber
companies cutting large areas of rainforest.[19]
While Daz remained in power, Tabasco governor Abraham Bandala also remained from
1894 to 1910, re-elected to office sixteen times.[19] Timber and agriculture made the elite in
the state rich, with most of the rest of the population workers indebted to their employers.

The technological progress was accompanied by poor and even slave-like conditions for
many workers. This fueled resentment in the state and the rest of the country. This
resentment led to the Mexican Revolution.[19][29] In 1879, the first institute of higher
education, the Instituto Jurez, was opened. During this time period, a woman by the name
of Salom Marn Virgilio founded schools in Balancn to teach workers to read and write
along with liberal political ideas. Her work would later inspire Jos Mara Pino Surez.[19]

Mexican Revolution to the present

Group of revolutionaries from Tabasco

Anti Daz sentiment began in the decade of 1900 with efforts to keep Bandala from being
re-elected. The first vocal opponent to the Daz regime in Tabasco was local journalist
Domingo Borrego. In Huimangullo, Chontalpa, the first Club Anti reelection Melchor
Ocampo was formed to oppose the government but it was disbanded quickly. By 1909,
there were a number of large protests in the state which led to the formation of the
Gutierrista Party, headed by Ignacio Gutierrz Gomes along with two brothers. These and
others in the state joined forces politically with Francisco I. Madero and a new Club Antireelecionista was formed in Huimanguillo. These efforts succeeded in getting Bandala
reelected, replacing him with Policarpo Valenzuela, calming the situation in the state for a
short while. After Madero was assassinated, the politics of the state fractured, with various
factions vying for the governors position leading to insurrection and frequent government
changes who were allied with the various armies vying for power nationally.[30]
Another important episode in the history of the state was the governorship of Toms
Garrido Canabal after the end of the Revolution. He was elected in 1922, allied with
Mexican presidents Obregn and later Calles. He implemented an ambitious socialist
program, organizing unions and consolidating power though his Radical Socialist Party
(Partido Socialista Radical). He reestablished the states teachers college and established a
system of rural schools. Livestock raising increased and general economic levels rose. He
prohibited the production and sale of alcoholic beverages in the state. An atheist, he
persecuted the Catholic Church, destroying various churches including the Tabasco
Cathedral. Events relating to this were portrayed in the novel The Power and the Glory by
Graham Greene.[31][32] He organized cultural assemblies with the aim of persuading people
away from religion, sometime burning images of saints. He even forbade the use of crosses
on graves and changed the names of towns and ranches to rid them of religious reference.
Unlike other parts of the country, there was little resistance against this repression of the

church and the success of Garridos dissuading left a vacuum, which was later filled by
missionaries from Protestant and Evangelical groups.[33] His tenure as governor ended in
1935, when he was appointed the federal Secretary of Agriculture and he appointed Aureo
L. Calles to take over. Opponents of Garrido declared this a violation of due process and
held their own elections. Supporters of Garrido tried to stop the election resulting in
shooting and twelve dead.[17][33][34]
In the 1950s, Carlos A. Madrazo became governor who promoted large public works,
agricultural and industrial projects and initiated exploration for petroleum.[17] The highway
along the Gulf Coast linking eastern Tabasco with Veracruz and the Yucatan Peninsula was
completed in 1956. During the same decade, a museum dedicated to the La Venta
archeological site was founded by Carlos Pellicer .[19]

View of Villahermosa.
In the 1960s and 1970s, the educational system was modernized, instituting free breakfasts
for students. Infrastructure projects improved or created docks, roads, monuments and
sporting facilities mostly in the capital and municipal seats. Agriculture was the focus of
programs called Plan Chontalpa and Plan Balacn-Tenosique and free health care clinics
were built in rural areas.[19]
Oil and natural gas were discovered at this time and in 1974, the development of these
resources began.[19] The petroleum boom produced great wealth, but there has been disputes
over the money earned from the facilities owned by PEMEX, the nations oil company. The
industry has put pressure on the states infrastructure, housing and supplies of basic
necessities. New roads, bridges and a modern airport have been constructed with oil money,
along with a Centro de Investigaciones de la Cultura Olmeca y Maya, el Teatro del Estado,
a planetarium and a convention center in the capital.[19] The PEMEX facilities have caused
environmental damage, and damage to local farmers crops. There have been issues related
to the breaking of environmental laws, but corruption and the lack of legal jurisdiction
outside of the federal government, which owns PEMEX, has hampered efforts to sue for
enforcement. In 1996, hundreds of blockades of installations were carried out by locals
with the active support of the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD). The most notable
was the blocking of the bridge to the Sen oil field. It was broken up by police but the
following month 30,000 marched on Villahermosa to protest.[35] The friction between the
populace and the government over oil and other issues led to some political restructuring in
the state. This was accompanied with general dissatisfaction with the ruling party, the PRI,
nationwide. Reforms to decentralize power away from Villahermosa was undertaken but in

the 1990s, political instability remained with farmers, ranchers and others continuing to
complain about how PEMEX was affecting their economic activities.[19]

Scene from the 2007 floods

Flooding has historically been an issue in the state, which has year round heavy rainfall and
various rivers flowing through it. Villahermosa was founded on a hill between the Sierra
and Grijalva River. The growth of the city from the 1970s on has brought development
down from the hill onto the floodplains. Recent major flooding includes events in 1975,
1990 and 1999. The last prompted the creation of the Programa Integral de Control de
Inundaciones (Integral Program for Flood Control) to build dams, dikes and other flood
control measures. These were in process of construction when the 2007 floods hit. From
October 28 to 30, unusually heavy rainfall caused the Grijalva River to rise, overflowing
the Peitas Dam, as well as other area rivers. This eventually covered about eighty percent
of the states territory as deep as four meters in places, affecting over a million people.[15]
The flood damage was made worse by the presence of human settlements on flood plains
and the lack of hydraulic infrastructure on the Sierra and Usumacinta rivers. There was also
a lack of warning system for those downriver or evacuations plans.[15]
In the 1990s, various technical colleges were established in the state along with the
Universidad Popular de la Chontalpa and another in Tenosique. Hospital in various
municipalities and various historic centers were reconstructed, especially that of
Villahermosa.[19]

Economy

Scene from the Feria Tabasco

The state accounts for 3.4% of Mexicos national GDP.[9] Although the recent oil boom has
helped to bring the state out of complete poverty, there is still areas in which this is a
serious problem.[36][37] In the city areas coverage of running water, sewerage and electricity
is over ninety percent; however, in the rural areas, running water is about forty percent,
sewerage under seventy percent and electricity under 85%.[38] The state has about 150,000
families or about half a million people living in poverty, mostly due to lack of employment
according to Sedesol. Most of the states poor are concentrated in the Jonuta, Tacotalpa,
Centla and Humanguillo municipalities as these lack any major industry.[37]
The heavy rainfall in the state does not lend itself well to annual crops and frequent
flooding is a problem as well. Despite this, there is significant production of corn, sorghum
and beans. Most of the commercially important crops are perennials, such as cacao,
coconut, oranges, bananas and sugar cane. There is also important pasture, both natural and
seeded.[10][14] The state has extensive areas of natural grasslands. Due to the climate, the
Zebu breed of cattle does best and is mostly raised for meat. Cattle accounts for about three
quarters of the meat produced in the state. Other livestock includes pigs, sheep, goats and
domestic fowl. Most livestock is raised in the Villahermosa, Crdenas and Emiliano Zapata
municipalities.

View of the port of Dos Bocas

Tabasco has salt water and fresh water fishing along its shoreline and in the many rivers
and small lakes but they are not extensively exploited, providing less than two percent of
Mexicos total fish production. Commercial species include oysters, mojarra, shrimp, sea
bass, shark, lobster and pejalagarto. Most fishing fleets are located in Frontera, with others
in Sanchez Magallanes, Chilitepec and Dos Bocas.[14] The state has natural resources such
as mahogany, cedar and other tropical hardwoods.[11]
Mining, mostly of petroleum and natural gas, provides most of the states GDP.[9] Only
14.6% of the working population is in mining. About 19% work in construction,
transportation and manufacturing.[39] Most manufacturing is food processing, bottling and
tobacco products.[39] About ninety percent of industrial establishments are family owned,
mostly dedicated to food processing in and around Villahermosa. The most important
industry is petroleum refining, done by PEMEX in the Macuspana municipality. There are
860 wells in various municipalities extracting crude oil and natural gas.[14] It produces
556,371 barrels of crude oil and a 1,363 million cubic feet of natural gas per day. It has
deposits of gravel and sand, along with the Cementos Apasco factory.[11]

Just over 61% of the working population is employed in services and commerce.[39] There
are 86 traditional public markets.[38] The Tabasco Fair is the most important commercial
event. It has its origins in 1880. It has been held on and off since then in various locations.
Today, it is held in Villahermosa at Parque Tabasco 2000 where the various municipalities
of the state demonstrate their products. The current event also features cultural and sporting
events as well.[40]

Tourism
Tourism in the state is organized into various routes. The Centro or Villahermosa Route is
centered on the state capital with its museums and historic buildings. These include the
Cultural Center of Villahermosa, Regional Anthropology Museum, Toms Garrido Canabal
Park, the Yumka Ecological Reserve, The Paseo Tabasco Malecon Tourist Corridor, the
Papagayo Interactive Museum and the Tabasco Cathedral.[13][14][41]
The Cacao Route consists of various cacao haciendas, where guides give lessons on how
the plant is cultivated and the cacao bean is harvested, then processed into chocolate. It also
includes a visit to the Comalcalco archeological site.[13] The Cacao Route focuses on the
municipalities of Nacajuca, Jalpa de Mndez, Comalcalco and Paraso. In Nacajuca, located
on the river of the same name, the main attractions are its boardwalk area, handcrafts and
surrounding Chontal villages such as Tucta, Mazateupa, Oxiacaque, Tecoluta and
Guatacalca, where many customs and the Chontal language are preserved.[42] In Jalpa de
Mndez, the main attractions are its gourd handcrafts, the San Remo cigar factory, the La
Encantada Turtle Farm and the Pompos Juliva Wetlands on the Mezcalapa River.[43] In
Comalcalco, attractions include the Comalcalco archeological site, cacao haciendas such as
La Luz with its Cacao Museum, Jess Mara, La Chonita and Cholula.[44][45] Paraso is a
small port with beaches and some resort facilities.[46]

Rafting in Tenosique
The River Route is based in the interior portion of the state, between the Grijalva and
Usumacinta Rivers. This is an ecotourism route with activities such as canopy climbing,
rafting and rappelling. There is also an option to visit the Ponom archeological site.[13] The
River Route is on the interior portion of the state. It includes the Cascadas de Reforma
Ecological Reserve, the Reforma Mayan archeological site, the Dr. Jos Gmez Pnaco
Museum, the El Popalillo Lake and the Ribera de Acalln lookout point.[47]

The Wetlands Route emphasizes flora and fauna both on land and on the water.[13] The main
attraction if the Centla Biosphere Reserve. The reserve is home to a wide variety of wildlife
species such as herons, storks, ibis, crocodiles, fresh water turtles, manatees and more.
There is also over 500 species of plants with some of the most important concentration of
aquatic plants in Mesoamerica. Other attractions include the Centla maritime port, the
Museum of Navigation, the town of Frontera (where the Spanish founded the first European
settlement on mainland America) and the Punta Manglar Ecotourism facility. Beaches in
the area include Pico de Oro, Playa Azul, Miramar and El Bosque.[48]

Opening of the Cocon Caverns

The Mountain Adventure Route is in the highlands of the state with its forests, sulphurate
waters and caves, centered on the town of Tapijulapa, which is noted for its handcrafts of
wood and wicker.[13] It features the hills, rainforest, sulfur springs and caves in the Teapa,
Tacotalpa and Macuspana municipalities. Sites include he Ro Puyacateno Park, Los
Azufres Hacienda and Spa, the Jos Natividad Correa Tosca Museum and Cocon Caverns.
Ecotourism activities include spelunking, rappelling and hiking.[49]
The Olmec Zoque Route encompasses the municipalities of Cardenas and Huimanguillo.
Cardenas is near the ocean with various attractions. One is the fishing village of Villa
Snchez Magallenes. Huimanguillo has archeological sites and a number of natural
attractions. The best known is La Venta, an Olmec site but another important one is
Malpasito, which belongs to the Zoque culture. In addition, there are areas of tropical
rainforest, waterfalls, petroglyphs and lakes.[50]
The Biji Yokotan Route centers on the municipality of Nacajuca. It features the crafts of
the area such as decorated containers made from gourds, its cuisine, especially river fish,
the Chontal people of the area and the river boardwalk.[51]

Ecological and adventure tourism in Tabasco

Pantanos de
Centla

Desarrollo
Ecoturstico
"Kolem-Jaa"

Cascadas de
Aguas Blancas

Puerto Ceiba

Can del
Usumacinta

Grutas del Cocon Sierra de Tabasco

Rpidos de San
Jos-Desempeo

Demographics
Historical population
Year

Pop.

1895[52]

134,956

1900

159,834

+18.4%

1910

187,574

+17.4%

1921

210,437

+12.2%

1930

224,023

+6.5%

1940

285,630

+27.5%

1950

362,716

+27.0%

1960

496,340

+36.8%

1970

768,327

+54.8%

1980

1,062,961

+38.3%

1990

1,501,744

+41.3%

1995

1,748,769

+16.4%

2000

1,891,829

+8.2%

2005

1,989,969

+5.2%

2010[53]

2,238,603

+12.5%

El Bellote

Tapijulapa

Tabasco's population has been growing rapidly: between 1990 and 2005 the population
grew from 1,501,744 to 1,989,969.[54] Tabascos population is mostly young, with an
average age of 19 years and over 38% of the population is under 15 years of age.[38]
The state's population is more rural than the national average: 57% lives in urban areas, in
contrast to 78% of Mexicos population in general.[55] Those who leave the state mostly go
to Quintana Roo, Campeche and Veracruz. Those that migrate to the state mostly come
from Chiapas, Veracruz and Campeche. As of the 2000s, only about 2% of the population
has left to live abroad, mostly to the United States. The national average is 16%.[55] Three
percent of the population speaks an indigenous language, which is lower than the national
average of six percent.[9] Most speak the Tabascan dialect of the Chontal language. This is
followed by Chol, Tzeltal, Maya, Zapoteco, Nahuatl and Tzotzil.[54]

Culture
Traditional masculine dress consists of a white shirt and pants, with black boots or shoes,
black belt, a hat in a style called chontal and a red handkerchief around the neck. This
dress is based on an older style of dress called traje choco which was made of cotton
cloth called manta used to work in the fields. Traditional feminine dress consists of a wide
skirt trimmed with a ruffle. Under the skirt is a slip designed to fluff the skirts appearance
and made the waist look smaller. The blouse is white with an embroidered band in bright
colors often with flower and/or animal designs. It has short sleeves ending in a square form
in the lower part. The woman often carried a small handkerchief and a shawl called a
rebozo in bright colors, often complementing the skirt. The shoes are black.[56]

Traditional dress of Tabasco

Traje regional ordinario

Traje regional de media gala

Traje regional de gala

The state has a number of unique traditional dances due to its relative isolation from the rest
of the country. These include El Gigante of Nacajuca performed on 14 August. Baila
Viejo is performed in Tucta and Guaytalpa in the municipality of Nacajuca as well as the
Atasta de Serra in Villahermosa. El Poch is of pre Hispanic origin and performed during
Carnival in Tenosique. Los Blanquitos is also performed in Tenosique and symbolized
the struggled of black slaves during the colonial period. El Caballito Blanco depicts the
struggles of the indigenous against the Spanish at the Battle of Centla. El Zapateo is said
to be derived from the fandango, brought to the area by a conquistador called Ortz de
Squito. It is considered to be the regional dance of the state.[40]

"Tamborileros", traditional music of Tabasco.

"Zapateo", the traditional dance of Tabasco.

Traditional music has its origins in the Olmec period with other indigenous influences such
as those of the Maya, Mexicas and Nahuas. It is based on flute and percussion, including
drums made of tortoise shells and flutes/whistles made of ceramic. Purely indigenous music
has almost entirely disappeared, replaced by that of European influence. Fandango
influence was the first to arrived, which was modified then called fandanguillo leading to
songs called zapateos in the colonial period, played by small orchestras. These were mostly
composed of wind instruments but the marimba and drums called temborileros were added.
This music was accompanied by a dance of the same name. Later, short improvised rhymes
called bombas were added varying by region often consisting of a man and woman
answering each other.[40]
The cuisine is based on the foods of the ancient Mayas and Chontals, using plants and
animals native to the region such as achiote, chili peppers, chipilin and banana leaves, with
corn and beans serving as the base.[57][57] (amashito) Traditionally, people in Tabasco eat
seven times a day, these meals are called puntal (after getting out of bed), breakfast,
refigerio, apertivo, comida, merienda and cena. This regime is based on rural
work customs which required starting the day before the sun rose.[57] Typical dishes include
those with iguana meat, Lepisosteus fish, beef puchero, smoked oysters, totopostes, pork
with beans and tortillas made with banana and fresh corn.[40] Chocolate is still found in
preparations which have not changed since pre Hispanic times mostly as hot and cold
beverages. The most common cold chocolate beverage is pozol, served fresh or fermented.
[40][57]
Each of the regions has certain specialties. Teapa is known for its cheese and
longaniza sausage. Jalpa de Mndez produces head cheese, longaniza sausage and another
cured meat called butifarra. Macuspanas dishes are often based on ingredients from the
areas rivers such as bass, turtle and Lepisosteus. Paraso is known for its oysters, often

cooked in their shell over an open flame. Jalapa is known for its sweets such as sweetened
fruits in corn husks, often accompanied by a cacao and corn beverage called chorote.[57]
Tabasco is host to the boating marathon called the Mundo Maya on the Usumacinta and
Grijalva rivers.[14]
The state has sixteen important museums. Most are located in the Villahermosa area but
others can be found in Comalcalco, Huimanguillo, Balancn, Emiliano Zapata, Jalpa de
Mndez, Jonuta and Teapa. These include the Carlos Pellicer Museum (anthropology)
Museum of Popular Culture, Museum of History and the La Venta site museum.[40]
Patron saint days are still popular events in the state, with some of the more notable being
San Isidro in Comalcalco and Nacajuca, James the Greater in Chontalpa, Our Lady of the
Remedies in Nacajuca, Our Lady of the Assumption in Cupilco, Francis of Asissi in
Tamult de las Sabanas, events related with Lent in Atasta and Tamult and the Saint
Sebastian in Tenosique. There are also notable Carnival celebrations in Poch, Tenosique
and Villahermosa.[40]

Archaeology

Temple IV in Comalcalco
La Venta was the most important civic-religious center of the Olmec civilization, the first
major culture of Mesoamerica. The site shows a number of the characteristics of Olmec
culture, including depictions of jaguars, colossal heads and images of figures of rotund
children. The site dates back to about 1000 BC and declined around 400 AD, replaced in
importance by San Lorenzo.[58] The museum associated with La Venta is in Villahermosa
proper called Parque Museo de la Venta. It contain thirty three major pieces from the site
and includes displays about Olmec customs, government, astronomy and writing.[40] This
park was created in the 1950s by writer Carlos Pellicer to protect the most important pieces
of the archeological site. There are also exhibits on the flora and fauna of the area.[59]
Comalcalco is a Maya archeological site near the modern city of the same name, on a bank
of the Mezcalapa River. While it is not the only Mayan city whose monumental architecture
is of adobe brick instead of stone, it is the only one which has had extensive reconstruction,
open to the public. The Mayas here used adobe because of the lack of building stone in the
area, instead using the abundant clay and lime extracted from shells. The Mayan city

developed between 800 and 1100 AD, contemporary with Palenque and Yaxchilan. The
name of the site comes from Nahuatl and means place of comals (a kind of cooking pan),
but its Mayan name was Hoi Chan, which means cloudy sky. The site covers 577 hectares
and with a total of 282 structures. The main monuments are La Plaza Norte, La Gran
Acropolis and the Eastern Acropolis.[45]
Malpasito is located near the modern settlement of the same name. This site is related to the
Zoque culture and was at its height between 250 to 400 AD. To date, the site is only
partially explored. The structures of the site rest on a series of artificial terraces with twenty
seven mounds. These structures include a Mesoamerican ball court, a main plaza and a
sunken patio. Another feature of the site is sixty petroglyphs.[60]
Pomon is a Mayan site discovered in 1959. The city was established in the Classic period
achieving its height in the late Classic and falling in the early Post Classic. It is on the
Usumacinta River, giving it an important role in the political and economic relations of the
time as many ocean products passed through here on their way to the Peten area. Its
original name is not known and it is currently named after a nearby modern settlement. It
has six important groups of buildings with residential areas extending over 175 hectares.[61]
Reforma is also known as Morales or Moral. There is little information about this Mayan
sites but it had an established ruling lineage by 633 AD and was tied politically and
economically with Pomon, Palenque and Bonampak. The main plazas with their
ceremonial structures are similar to those found in Tikal and the towers of Ro Bec. There
are seven principle structures surrounded by numerous smaller ones. Many of the stele from
the site can be found at the Jos Gmez Panaco Museum in the nearby city of Balancn.[62]

Archaeological and colonial tourism in Tabasco

La Venta

Comalcalco

Pomon

Moral-Reforma

Olmec Head, La
Venta Park

Oxolotn

Cunduacn

Cupilco

Villahermosa

Tapijulapa

Education

The states population growth has put pressure on the educational system with about forty
percent of its population school age. The average schooling in Tabasco has climbed from
2.7 years in 1970 to 6.7 years in 1995. In the same time period, the level percentage of the
population which was illiterate fell from 25.7% to 11%.[38] Today, the average schooling is
8.6 years or the third year of middle school, which is the national average.[9]
As of the 2008/2009 school year, the state has 4,910 primary and middle school. Primary
and middle school education is ranked next to last of all federal entities. It has 269 high
schools and vocational school, ranking 30th of 32. It has 57 colleges and universities,
ranking next to last.[39] The state has sixteen major institutes of higher education, with four
universities, three technological colleges, seven teachers colleges an instituto de estudios
superiors and one post graduate college. These include the Escuela Normal Urbana de
Balancn, Escuela Normal Justo Sierra Mndez, Escuela Normal Graciela Pintado de
Madrazo, Escuela Normal Pablo Garca Avalos, Colegio Rosario Mara Gutirrez
Eskildsen, Colegio Monte Cristo, Centro de Estudios Culturales, Universidad Jurez
Autnoma de Tabasco, Universidad Olmeca, Institutio Tecnolgico de Villahermosa,
Instituto Tecnolgico Agropecuario Num.28, Instituto Tecnolgico Superior de
Comalcalco, Centro de Estudios Universitarios de Villahermosa, Instituto de Educacin
Superior Alfa y Omega, Universidad Pedaggica Nacional and the Colegio de
Posgraduados en Ciencias Agrcolas.[38]
The Universidad Intercultural del Estado de Tabasco was founded in 2006 as a state
university to offer higher education to those from lower socioeconomic classes and
indigenous communities.[63]

Communications and transportation

Villahermosa international airport

The state has thirty-three radio stations and thirteen television stations, nine of which are
repeaters for programs from Mexico City. The two local stations are Televisin de Tabasco
and Canal 9.[38]
The state has 9,092 kilometers of federal, state and rural roads.[39] The most important
highways in the state are the Coatzacoalcos-Villahermosa, Tuxtla Gutirrez-Villahermosa,
Escrcega-Villahermosa and Cd. Del Carmen-Frontera-Villahermosa. There are also
315 km of rail line which transports 523,468 tons of cargo per year as well as passengers.[38]

The C.P.A. Carlos Rovirosa International Airport is located just outside Villahermosa. It
offer services to various cities in Mexico along with Havana in Cuba and Houston in the
United States.[38]

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External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tabasco.

(Spanish) Tabasco State Government

(Spanish) Tabasco State Web Directory

(English) "The Present State of the West-Indies: Containing an Accurate Description

of What Parts Are Possessed by the Several Powers in Europe" by Thomas Kitchin,
1778, in which Kitchin discusses Tabasco