Introduction To Active Filter Networks PDF

EE 541
Lecture Aid
#7
Fall
Semester
2010
Introduction To Active Filter

Networks
Dr. John Choma,
Professor Of Electrical Engineering
Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical Engineering
Powell Hall Of Engineering (PHE) Room #620
University of Southern California
University Park; Mail Code: 0271
Los Angeles, California 90089-0271
(213) 740-4692 [Office]
johnc@usc.edu [E-Mail]
www.jcatsc.com [Course Notes]
Overview Of Lecture
O
Operational Transconductor Topologies For Filter Networks

NMOS Floating Voltage Cell
Basic Concept
Circuit Realization
COMFET Floating Voltage Cell
COMFET Linear Transconductor
NMOS Linear Transconductor
Sallen-Key Filter
Basic Architecture
Shortfalls
Potential Instability
Finite Amplifier Output Resistance
4-Pole Butterworth Example
Other Filter Architectures
Delyiannis-Friend Bandpass Filter
Miller Integrator
ckerberg-Mossberg Biquadratic Filter
EE 541 Lecture Aid #7
Active Filter Introduction
381
NMOS Floating Voltage Cell

Id1
V1
Vx
Id2
M1
M2
+
Vgs2
Vgs1
Note:
Vgs1 = V1 V2 + Vx
Vgs2 = V2 V1 + Vx
V2
Vx
Vss
Requirements
M1 And M2 Matched
Substrates Appropriately Back Biased
Analysis I d1 =
Kn W
2
V
V
V
V

2
x
hn
2 L 1
Id 2 =
Kn W
2
V
V
V
V

1
x
hn
2 L 2
(
(
I I
= G
V V
Result
d1
d2
me 1
2
Linearity Of Differential I/O Relationship
W
G
2K
V Vhn
With Respect To Differential Input Voltage me
n L x

Transconductance Tunable By Vx
)
382
Floating Voltage Realization

+Vdd
id1 + IQ
kIQ id2
M1
V1
Vx
xk
M3
kIQ id1
id2 + IQ
xk
M4
M2
V2
Vx
Requirement:
kIQ >> |id1|, |id2|
(i
d1
+I
) (i
d2
(k + 1)IQ
Vss
Analysis
Comments
K kW
2
kI n
V
Q
hn
2 L x
) = G (V
me
W
= 2K V V
me
n L
hn
x
G
(k + 1)IQ
+I
8K
V V
x
hn
n(
W L) I
2I
K
n(
W L)
M3 And M4 Behave As Nominally Constant Floating Voltage Sources

All Transistors Matched Except For Indicated Gate Aspect Ratios
Substrates Are Reverse Biased
Currents
id1, id2 Are Signal Currents

IQ Is A Quiescent Current
Only nChannel Transistors Used In Signal Paths
383
COMFET Floating Voltage Cell

Id1
V1
Vx
Id2
M1a
M2a
M1b
M2b
Id1
Parametric Review:
+
W
W
p
K nn K n n K pp K p
L
L
n
p
2
K
ne
V = V +V
I =
V V
he
hn
hp
d
ge
he
2
1
1
1

+
K ne
K nn
K pp
V2
Vx
Id2
Analysis I = K ne V V + V V
d1
1
2
x
he
2
K ne
V2 V1 + Vx Vhe )
(
2
I I
= G (V V )
d1
d2
me 1
2
G
= 2K (V V )
me
ne x
he
2
Id 2 =
Differential Output Current
Comments
Linear Differential I/O Relationship
Effective Transconductance, Gme, Tunable Via Vx
Wide Tunability Range Owing To Vhe = Vhn + Vhp
384
COMFET Linear Transconductor

+Vdd
Id1
IQ
V1
IQ
M3a
Id2
V2
M4a
M2a
Va
M1b
Id1
Vx
M1a
M4b
Vb
M3b
IQ
M2b
Id2
IQ
Vss
Analysis
IQ =
Results
2
K
(Vx Vhe )
Vx = Vhe +
)
I I
= G (V V )
d1
d2
me 1
2
G
= 2K (V V ) =
me
ne x
he
I
K ne
=
d1
ne V V V 2
1
a
he
2
2I Q
K
=
d2
= V1 Vb = V2 Va
ne
ne V V V 2
2
b
he
2
8K I
ne Q
385
Comments On COMFET Linear OTA

O
All COMFET Pairs Must Be Matched

M1aM1b Matched To M2aM2b
M3aM3b Matched To M4aM4b
Ideally, All n-Channel And p-Channel Devices Respectively Matched
Signals
Linear Differential I/O Relationship
Inner COMFETs Do Not Conduct Signal Currents
Inner COMFETs Conduct Current IQ, Which Controls Effective
Transconductance, Gme
Biasing
All Substrates Back Biased
Not Especially Amenable To Low Voltage Applications
Applications
Moderate Speed OTA For OTA-C Filter Applications
Class AB Stage To Improve Slew Rate Of CMOS Op-Amps
386
NMOS Linear Transconductor

+Vdd
Ida
V1
M3
VQ
M1
M4
M2
M5
M6
VQ
V2
Vx
M1, M2, M5, M6

Are Matched
VQ Vss
Idb
Iss
M8
M7
Vss
O
No Signal Currents In Transistors M3-M4 And M7-M8
Voltage VQ
Biases Gate Source Terminals Of M3-M4 And M7-M8
Controls Effective Differential Transconductance
387
NMOS Transconductor Analysis

K W
= n
I
da
2 L
K W
= n
I
db
2 L
)
)
(
(
2
K W
2
n
V1 Vx Vhn +
V2 VQ Vx Vhn
2 L
2
K W
2
n
V2 Vx Vhn +
V1 VQ Vx Vhn
2 L
W
I I
= K V V V = G
V V
da
db
n L Q 1
2
me 1
2
+Vdd
Ida Idb
V1
M3
VQ
M1
M4
M2
M5
M6
VQ
V2
Vx
Iss
VQ Vss
M8
M7
Vss
388
Sallen-Key Active RC Lowpass Filter

O
Topology
Lowpass Structure
Bandpass And Highpass
V
Structures Can Be Realized
Lowpass Version Common In
Baseband Communication
System Applications
C1
R1
R2
Vi
in
C2
+
K
Vout
Amplifier
Simple Local Feedback Amplifier With Closed Loop Gain Of K
Desirable To Design Amplifier For Unity Gain
Maximizes Bandwidth And Unity Gain Frequency

Maximizes Linearity Because Of Reduced Output Swing
Avoids Network Instability Issues
Note Positive Feedback Through Capacitance C1

Network Can Oscillate For Large Open Loop Voltage Gain
Amplifier Has Parasitic Output Resistance (Ro ) And Parasitic Output

Capacitance (Co )
389
Sallen-Key Lowpass Equivalent Circuit

C1
Model
Parameters
Resistances: R2 = NR1 NR
R = k R
o
R1
R2
Vin
Vi
+
K
C2
Vout
C = MC MC
Capacitances: C = k C
o
c
Amplifier: Assume K = 1
Normalized Frequency:
p = sRC = sR1C1
C1
R1
Vin
R2
Ro
Vi
Vout
+
C2
KVi
Co
Transfer Function, H(p) = Vout /Vin
H (p) =
2
1 + pk + p k MN
1 + p M ( N + 1) + k
( kc + 1) + p
MN + kr M ( N + 1) + k r kc ( 1 + M + MN ) + p k r kc MN
390
Transfer Characteristic
O
Transfer Relationship
H (p) =
2
1 + pk + p k MN
r
1 + p M ( N + 1) + k
(r kc + 1) + p 2 MN + kr M ( N + 1) + kr kc (1 + M + MN ) + p3kr kc MN
Idealized
Ro = 0 kr = 0
1
Co = 0 kc = 0 H (p) =
I
Function
1 + pM ( N + 1) + p 2 MN
Comparisons
Ideal Response Is Second Order With No Finite Frequency Zeros
Actual Response Is Third Order With Two, Likely Complex, Zeros
Zeros Precipitated By Finite Amplifier Output Resistance
Zeros Generate Partial Notch At High Frequencies
Output Amplifier Capacitance Does Not Affect Zeros
Output Capacitance Impacts Self-Resonant Frequency, Bandwidth, And
Quality Factor
391
Design-Oriented Analysis
O
Idealized Function
First Order Analysis
Pre-CAD Optimization
Bandwidth
in R ,C = 0
H (p)
I
N +1
b = RC
b
y
o
1
2
1 + pM ( N + 1) + p MN
out
in R ,C = 0
o
2
2Q
MN =
1
p
p
+
1+
y
Qy
o o
1+ 1
2
2Q
fQ
1
RC MN
General Bandwidth
Relationship
MN
Q=1 2
fQ = 1
Resultant b =
=
o
Filter Quality Factor Q =
3-dB Bandwidth
Butterworth
out
Alternative Form
Normalized Self Resonance
y = RC = 1
H (p)
RC =
b
MN
+
1
2
2Q
1+ 1
2
2Q
MN
392
Bandwidth Function
O
Bandwidth Factor Plot

fQ Is Bandwidth Function
Maximizes At About 1.5
For Large Quality Factor
Equals Unity For MFM
Second Order Response
Sensitive To Q For Low
Values Of Q
Minimum R/R o
250
Bandwidth Function, f Q
1.60
200
150
1.28
fQ
100
0.96
0.64
R/R o
50
0.32
Resistor Ratio Plot
R/Ro Defines Minimum
0
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
Circuit -To- Amplifier
Filter Quality Factor, Q
Output Resistance Ratio
For Partial Notch Frequency 10-Times Larger Than 3-dB Bandwidth
Sensitive to Small Q
Requires Large Ratio For Large Q
393
Frequency Response
O
MFM Case Considered
Parasitic Effects
Reduction In Bandwidth By
About 17%
Response Shape
Gain Magnitude (Volts/Volt)

1.00
Ideal:
kr = kc = 0
0.80
0.60
Non-Monotonic At High
Signal Frequencies
Partial Notching Is
Observed
Parasitic Example Values

Are Reasonable In
Practical Electronics
0.40
Nonideal:
k r = 0.12
0.20
0.00
0.01
k c = 0.10
0.10
1.00
10.00
100.00
Normalized Frequency
394
Optimal Element Ratio

O
Quality Factor
Design Constraint
Avoid Large Ratio Of
Resistances And
Capacitances
Difficult To Realize
Accurately On Chip
Q=
Observations
M Is Maximized At About
One For N = 1
M Is Very Sensitive To N
For N < 1
Select N Slightly Larger
Than M
N +1
N
Q
(N
+ 1)
Capacitance Ratio, M
1
Q = 0.5
0.8
0.6
Q = 0.7
0.4
Q = 1.0
0.2
Q = 1.5
Small N Implies Sensitivity

Large N Implies Small M
M =
0
0.1
1.9
2.8
3.7
4.6
5.5
Resistance Ratio, N
395
Multi-Pole Sallen-Key Lowpass Filter

O
Normalized Transfer Function Of

Sallen-Key Kernel
De-Normalized
Transfer Function
Four-Pole
Function
Realization
R2a
H (s) =
R1b
p
p
1+
+
y
Qy
o o
C1b
R2b
Via
C2a
+
K=1
Vib
C2b
Vin
1 fQ s fQ s
+
1+
Q
b b
1
H (s) =
2
2
f
s
f
s
f
s
f
s
1
1
Qa + Qa 1 +
Qb + Qb
1
+

Q
Q
a ba ba
b bb bb
C1a
R1a
H (p) =
+
K=1
Vout
396
Butterworth 4-Pole Filter

1
2
2
s s
s s
+
1 + 0.765
+

1
1.848
+
b b
b b
1
O Four-Pole
H (s) =
2
2
Sallen-Key
f
s
f
s
f
s
f
s
1
1
Qa + Qa 1 +
Qb + Qb
1
+

Q
Q
a ba ba
b bb bb
O Design Requirements
O
Butterworth
Transfer Function
Bandwidth = b
H (s) =
First Stage Quality Factor:

Qa = 1/1.848 = 0.541
Second Stage Quality Factor: Qb = 1/0.765 = 1.307
ba
bb
=
=
First And Second Stage Bandwidths
b
f
f
Qa
Qb
Why Are First And Second Stage Bandwidths
Identical And Equal To The Overall Filter Bandwidth?
397
Butterworth 4-Pole Design Example

O
Specifications
3-dB Bandwidth: b = 2(300 MHz)
Amplifier Output Resistance: Ro = 50
Filter Output Port Capacitance: Co = 30 fF
Design For kr = Ro /R = 0.04
STEP #1: Calculate fQa And fQb

fQa = 0.7195 For Qa = 0.541
fQb = 1.390 For Qb = 1.307
2
2Q
1+ 1
2
2Q
Step #2: Calculate Resistance Values

R = R1a = R1b = Ro /kr = 1.25 K
Choose N1a = N1b = 1.15 (Slightly Larger Than Sensitivity Peak)
R2a = NaR1a = 1.438 K
R2b = NbR1b = 1.438 K
398
Design Example, Contd

O
Step #3: Calculate Capacitance Ratios

Ma = 0.8494 For Qa = 0.541 And Na = 1.15
Mb = 0.1457 For Qb = 1.307 And Nb = 1.15
M =
N
Q
(N
+ 1)
Step #4: Bandwidth Correction For Output Capacitance

Design For a Bandwidth That Is 15% Larger Than Specification
Design For b = 2(340 MHz)
Determine Frequency Parameters, ba And bb
ba = fQab = 2(244.6 MHz)
bb = fQbb = 2(472.6 MHz)
Observation: One Of The Two Stages Must Operate At A Frequency
That Is Considerably Larger Than The Overall Filter Bandwidth
Step #5: Calculate Filter Capacitances b RC MN = fQ
C1a = 378.9 fF For Ma = 0.8494, Na = 1.15, R = 1.25 K, fQa = 0.7195
C1b = 914.7 fF For Mb = 0.1457, Nb = 1.15, R = 1.25 K, fQb = 1.390
C2a = MaC1a = 321.8 fF
C2b = MbC1b = 133.3 fF
399
Finalized Design
O
Schematic Diagram
378.9
1250
1438 V
ia
321.8
Vin
1250
914.7
1438 V
ib
+
K=1
133.3
Vab
Element Values
Resistances Are In Ohms
Capacitances Are In Femtofarads
Simulation
Accounts For Amplifier Output Port Resistance
Accounts For Output Port Capacitance
+
K=1
Vout
400
Frequency Response Simulation

10
Second-Stage
Filter
I/O Gain (decibels)
-10
-20
-30
-40
First-Stage
Filter
-50
Two-Stage
Filter
-60
-70
-80
0.01
0.1
10
Signal Frequency (GHz)

401
Frequency Response Comments
Simulated Bandwidth Is 301.9 MHz
Simulated Low Frequency Gain Is 1 (0 dB)
Observations
Partial Notching In Each Stage And In Overall Filter
Overall Filter Response Is Flat In Passband
First Stage Has Anticipated Inferior 3-dB Bandwidth

Second Stage Has Anticipated Large Bandwidth
Second Stage Peaking Compensates For First Stage Roll Off
First Stage Displays No Peaking Because Of Low Q (0.541)
Second Stage Projects Peaking Because Of High Q (1.307)
402
Pulse Response Simulation
HSPICE Simulation
Dashed Is Input
Red Is Output
Input Pulse Train
1 Volt Amplitude
10 pSEC Rise Time
10 pSEC Fall Time
1 nSEC Initial Delay
20 nSEC Pulse Width
40 nSEC Period
1.0
I/O Responses (volts)
1.2
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
-0.2
0
20
40
60
80
100
Observation
Time (nSEC)
Overshoot/Undershoot
Is About 10%--Not Surprising For Butterworth Filter
Settling Time To 0.5% Of Steady State Is 6.4 nSEC (Not Bad For a
300 MHz Lowpass Filter)
120
403
Sallen-Key Bandpass Filter

O
R3
Schematic Diagram
Amplifier Presumed Ideal
R1
Vx
C2
V /K
Zero Output Resistance
V
+
V
K
Zero Output Capacitance
C
R
Zero Input Capacitance
Infinitely Large Input Resistance
Frequency-Invariant Gain (K)
I/O Transfer Function Is H(s) = Vout /Vin
V
V
Equilibrium Equations
out + sC out V = 0
2
x
KR
K
Eliminate Node Voltage
2
Variable Vx
V V
V V V
x
in
out = 0
+ sC V out + x
sC V +
Solve For Transfer
1 x
2 x
R
K
R
Function H(s) = Vout /Vin

1
2
Cast Transfer Function Into
H ( j )
o
o
H
j
Canonic Bandpass Form
( o)
Q
Q
o
Center Frequency Is o H(s) =
=
2
Bandwidth B Is o /Q
2 o
2
s
s
s +
s + o
Gain At Center Frequency

1
+
+
Q
out
in
out
Is H(j o )
404
Bandpass Filter Transfer Function

O
H(s) =
out =
in
sKR R C
2 3 2
( R1 + R3 )
R R C + C + R ( K 1) R R C
2
1 2 2 + s2 R R R C C
3
1 + s 1 3 1
1 3 2 1 2
R +R
1
3
Network Stability
Resistance R3 Establishes Positive
Feedback
Denominator s-Term Coefficient
Can Be Negative For Large Gain K
R3
R1
Vin
Vx
C2
C1
Vout /K
R2
+
K
Vout
Network Instability Is Precluded If
Denominator s-Term Coefficient Is Greater Than Zero

Stability Requirement
R C + C
R
3
1
2
Easier To Satisfy For Large Resistance R3 K < 1 +

+ 2
R C
R
Larger R3 Implements Smaller Amount Of
2
2
1
Closed Loop Feedback
K =1 Desirable
Assures Network Stability

Supportive Of Broadband Amplifier Response Capability
405
Sallen-Key Bandpass Filter Metrics

O
Tuned Center Frequency =

o
( R1 R3 ) R2C1C2
R + R )R R R C C
(
1
3 1 2 3 1 2
Q =
R R ( C + C ) + R ( K 1) R R C
1 3 1
2
1 2 2
3
K
H ( j ) =
o
R C + C
R
Filter Quality Factor
Center Frequency Gain
3
Comments
Quality Factor And Center Frequency Gain Adjustable Through K
Without Altering Bandpass Center Frequency
High Q Can Be Implemented Through K Within Stability Constraint
K=1 Ensures Network Stability But No Metric Adjustability Is
Conveniently Possible And Center Frequency Gain Is Smaller Than
One
Circuit Can Be Operated With Phase Inversion (K < 1)
1+
1 1
R
2
2 ( K 1) 1
Smaller Network Quality Factor

Small Center Frequency Gain Magnitude
406
Q-Enhancement In Sallen-Key Bandpass

O
R C + C
R C + C
R
R
Stability
3 1
2 + 2 = 1+ K ; K
2 + 2
K < 1+ 3 1
c
c
Requirement
R C
R
R C
R
2
2
1
2
2
1
Quality Factor
Q =
( R1 + R3 ) R1R2 R3C1C2
R R ( C + C ) + R ( K 1) R R C
1 3 1
2
1 2 2
3
=
1 + K K
c
( R1 + R3 ) R3C1
RR C
Realization Of
Q-Enhancement
Op-Amp Realization
Ideal Op-Amp Presumed
Infinite Input Resistance

Zero Output Resistance
Infinite Open Loop Voltage Gain
+
K
1+
1 2 2
Q1
1

Q
Q
=
Infinite Q (Instability) For K = 1+Kc
K =1
1
K
c
Q-Enhancement Is Certainly
Possible (Q = 10Q1 For K = 1+0.9Kc )
Vout /K
Q
1
1 K
K
( R1 + R3 ) R3C1
RR C
1 2 2
Vout /K
Vout
Op
-Am
p
+
Vout
(K1)R
407
Negative Feedback Sallen-Key Bandpass

O
Schematic Diagram
C2
R2
sC V + out = 0
1 x
R
2
V V
x
in + sC V + sC V V
1 x
2 x
out
R
1
Filter Transfer Function
)=
Vin
H(s) =
Filter Performance Metrics

o =
Center Frequency
Vx
Ide
al
mp
A
Op
out =
in
C1
R1
Vout
sR C
1(
2 1
1 + sR C + C
1
+ s2R R C C
)
2
1 2 1 2
1
RR CC
1 2 1 2
R C
2
1
H j =
o
R C + C
1 1
2
R C1C2
2
Filter Quality Factor Q =

R C + C
1 1
2
Center Frequency Gain
( )
408
Delyiannis-Friend Bandpass Filter

Schematic Diagram
Positive Feedback Around Op-Amp
KR (1K)R Resistive Path
V
Requires Constraint On K
K=0 Implies No Op-Amp Feedback
Indicated Node Voltages Presume
out
V V
in
+
x)
Vx
KVout
Ide
al
p
m
A
Op
(1K)R
KR
( K 1)V
out = 0
R2
Vout
KVout
sC KV
x
R1
Network Stability
Positive
Feedback
in + sC V KV
+ sC V V
x
out
x
out
R
1
)=
Transfer Function
V
sR C
1
out
2
H(s) =
=
V
1 K
R K
in
1 + 2sR C 1 2
1
2R 1 K
1

2
2
+
s
R
R
C
1 2

409
Delyiannis-Friend Bandpass Metrics

O
1
Transfer
H(s) = out =
V
1 K
Relationship
in
Center
Frequency
o =
R K
2
2
1 + 2sR C 1 2
s
R
R
C
+
1
1 2
2R 1 K
1
1 2
1
1 + 2Q 2
o
Q =
= Q K =0 =
o
2
Q-Enhancement Possible
Stability Constraint Requires
K <
C RR
Quality Factor
With No Feedback (K=0)
With Feedback (K>0)
Q>0
sR C
K
1 2Q 2
o 1 K
< 1
R C
2
2QQ
o
1
K
=
=
O Center Frequency Gain H j
o
1 K
R K
2
2R C 1
1
2R 1 K
1
( )
410
Miller Integrator
C
Basic Schematic Diagram
Amplifier
Need Not Necessarily Be Op-Amp
Amplifier Requirements
R
V1
A(s)
+
V2 /A(s)
Very Large Input Impedance

Very Small Output Impedance
Dominant Pole Voltage Gain Response
A(s) =
V2
o = Ao Bo
1+
Ao Low Frequency Open Loop Amplifier Gain
B
o
Bo Open Loop 3-dB Bandwidth
o Gain-Bandwidth Product; Also Approximate
AB
o
o
o
A(s) > B
=
Unity Gain Frequency Of Amplifier
s
s
V2
1
=
+
sCV 1 +
V
2
1
A(s)
A(s)
o s
V
A(s)
2 =

V
1 + sRC [1 + A(s)]
1 + RC + sRC
o
Fundamental Gain Expression

Equilibrium Equation
Transfer Function
Choose RC Such That

oRC >> 1
Approximate Transfer
Function
1 sRC
1+ s
2
1
)
411
Non-Ideal Nature Of Miller Integrator

O
O
V
R
Ideal I/O Integration
2 1
V
V /A(s)
V
V
sRC
A(s)
Ideal Transfer Function
1
+
Achievable With Ideal Op-Amp
Ao
A
o
o
=
A(s)
s
o = Ao Bo
V
1 sRC
s
o
2
Actual

1+
V
1
+
RC
+
sRC
1
+
s
B
Integrator
1
o
o
o
Extra LHP Pole Established At s = o,
o
AB
o
o
=
A(s) > B
Assuming oRC >> 1
o
s
s
Known As Lossy Integrator
1
Loss Is Negligible For Progressively Larger
Unity Gain Frequency

Integration Is More Impaired At Progressively Higher Signal Frequencies
High Frequency Compensation Is Recommended For High

Performance Active Filter Applications
Passive Compensation Is Straight-Forward And Nominally Effective

Active Compensation Is Effective But Requires Additional Amplifier
412
Passive Compensation Of Miller Integrator

Rc
R
V
V
V
Equilibrium
V /A(s)
2 +V
V + 2
2
1
Equation
A(s)
A(s)
=
1
Transfer
R
R +
o RC >> 1
c
Function
sC
A(s)
+
A(s)
2 =
1+
sRC
1 + sR C
Compensation Criterion
Pole-Zero Cancellation
sA(s)RC

1+
1 + sR C
c
o s
RC s +
1 + sR C )
(
c
sRC
V2
1 + sR C )
(
c
sRC
1
1 + sR C
R
s
c
1+
1 +
R
o
R
s
c
1+
1 +
R
o
1
sRC
R
1
R
1
c R =
+
RC =
1
c
c
R
o
o RC 1
oC
413
Active Compensation Of Miller Integrator

O
Schematic Diagram
Buffer In Feedback Loop
Allows For Unidirectional
Vx
Ac(s)
+
Vx /Ac(s)
+
(Left -To- Right) Current Flow V1

V /A(s)
A(s)
+
Through Capacitance C
Indicated Feedback Makes
Amplifier Behave As TwoTerminal Linear Resistance
Topology Therefore Mimics Passive Compensation Topology
2
V2
Amplifiers
Dominant Pole Structures

High Frequency Gain Approximations: A(s) o s Ac (s) c s
V
V
A (s)
x
x
c
V =
+V
=
x
2
Vx /V2 Is Classical Buffer
A (s)
V
A (s) + 1
c
2
c
V + V A(s)
V2
1
2
Eliminate Variable Vx And
= sC
+V
x
R
A(s)
Solve For Transfer Function

V2 /V1
414
Active Compensation Analysis

O
A (s)
2 =
A (s)A (s)
c sRC
1 + sRC + c
A (s) + 1
c
1 sRC
=
1
s
1
+
+
s
o o RC
1+
Vx
R
V1
V2 /A(s)
Vx /Ac(s)
+
A(s)
+
V2
A(s)
Ac(s)
+
A (s)
c
o RC >> 1
Design Guidelines
Very Large c and o Produce Ideal Integration I/O Characteristics
1
s
Large c
1
s
Approximation
c
1+
c
Matched Amplifiers (c = o ) Produce Ideal Integrator
V
2 =
1
1+
1 sRC
s
+
+
o RC
1 sRC
1

1
sRC
1
1 + s
c
o
415
ckerberg-Mossberg Biquadratic Filter

O
Schematic
Diagram
QR
Rx
Discussion
R
l
a
e
C
C
Amplifier 3
Id
0
3
Subcircuit
V Op
-Am +
R/k
I
dea
p
Acts As
R
l
I
V
d
eal
0
Phase1
+
0
+
p
2
m
A
Inverted,
mp
Op
A
Op
Unity Gain
Amplifier
V
V
Amplifier 2-3
Subcircuit Acts As Integrator Without Phase Inversion
All Amplifiers Presumed Matched With Very High Open Loop Gains
And/Or Very Large Unity Gain Frequencies
Signal Flow Path From Vin To Vo2 Delivers Lowpass Frequency
Response
Signal Flow Path From Vin To Vo1 Delivers Bandpass Frequency
Response
x
in
o2
o1
416
ckerberg-Mossberg Circuit Analysis

O
0 V
R
x +
0 V
o1 = 0
QR
x = 1
R/k
sCV + o2 = 0 V = sRCV
x
o2
o1
R
V
V
in +
o1 + 1 + sC V
= 0
o2
Rk
R
QR
o1
Rx
Vin
Vx Op
Ide
al
al
Ide
C
R
Ide
a
p
-Am
Op
-Am +
p
l
+
2
p
-Am
Op
Vo2
Vo1
o1 =
Lowpass Transfer Characteristic V

in
Rx
1+
sRC
Q
+ ( sRC )
skRC
Bandpass Transfer Characteristic o2 =
sRC
2
Center Frequency Determined Vin
+ ( sRC )
1+
Q
By Inverse RC Product
Center Frequency Gain Determined By Relative Resistance Ratios
Quality Factor Determined By Ratio of Local To Global Feedback
Resistance Of Amplifier 1 Subcircuit
417

Introduction To Active Filter Networks PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Introduction To Active Filter Networks PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

EE 541

Introduction To Active Filter

Operational Transconductor Topologies For Filter Networks

EE 541 Lecture Aid #7

Active Filter Introduction

NMOS Floating Voltage Cell

EE 541 Lecture Aid #7

Active Filter Introduction

Floating Voltage Realization

M3 And M4 Behave As Nominally Constant Floating Voltage Sources

id1, id2 Are Signal Currents

EE 541 Lecture Aid #7

Active Filter Introduction

COMFET Floating Voltage Cell

Differential Output Current

EE 541 Lecture Aid #7

Active Filter Introduction

COMFET Linear Transconductor

EE 541 Lecture Aid #7

Active Filter Introduction

Comments On COMFET Linear OTA

All COMFET Pairs Must Be Matched

EE 541 Lecture Aid #7

Active Filter Introduction

NMOS Linear Transconductor

M1, M2, M5, M6

No Signal Currents In Transistors M3-M4 And M7-M8

EE 541 Lecture Aid #7

Active Filter Introduction

NMOS Transconductor Analysis

Active Filter Introduction

Sallen-Key Active RC Lowpass Filter

Maximizes Bandwidth And Unity Gain Frequency

Note Positive Feedback Through Capacitance C1

Amplifier Has Parasitic Output Resistance (Ro ) And Parasitic Output

Active Filter Introduction

Sallen-Key Lowpass Equivalent Circuit

Transfer Function, H(p) = Vout /Vin

EE 541 Lecture Aid #7

EE 541 Lecture Aid #7

Active Filter Introduction

EE 541 Lecture Aid #7

Filter Quality Factor Q =

Active Filter Introduction

Bandwidth Factor Plot

EE 541 Lecture Aid #7

Active Filter Introduction

MFM Case Considered

Gain Magnitude (Volts/Volt)

Parasitic Example Values

EE 541 Lecture Aid #7

Active Filter Introduction

Optimal Element Ratio

Small N Implies Sensitivity

EE 541 Lecture Aid #7

Active Filter Introduction

Multi-Pole Sallen-Key Lowpass Filter

Normalized Transfer Function Of

EE 541 Lecture Aid #7

Active Filter Introduction

Butterworth 4-Pole Filter

First Stage Quality Factor:

EE 541 Lecture Aid #7