Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Introduction ................................................................................................ 1
11-B.2
11-B.3
11-B.4
11-B.5
11-B.7
11-B.8
11-B.9
11-B.1 Introduction
11-B.1 Introduction
This chapter describes the checking and reinforcement design of reinforced concrete
beams in CivilFEM subjected to shear and torsion and combined shear and torsion.
11-B-1
Shear Checking
The checking for shear according to EHE-98 follows the following steps:
1) Obtaining material strength properties. These properties are obtained from the
material properties associated to each transverse cross section and for the active
time.
The required data are the following ones:
fck
characteristic compressive strength of concrete.
fyk
fct,m
As
bw d
0.02
cotg
2.0
11-B-3
5) Obtaining forces and moments acting on the section. The shear force that
acts on the section, as well as the concomitant axial force and bending moment,
are obtained from the CivilFEM results file (.RCV).
Force
Description
Vrd
Nd
Vrd
Vu1
K f1cd b w d
Vu1
cotg cotg
1 cotg 2
where:
f1cd
K
11-B-4
5
1
3
'cd
fcd
cd
'cd
For each element end, calculation results are written in the CivilFEM results file:
VU1
VU1 Vu1
CRTVU1
CRTVU1
7) Checking failure by tension in the web. It is checked if the design shear force
(Vrd) is less or equal to the shear force due to tension in the web (Vu2):
Vrd
Vu2
Vsu
Vcu
Vu2
Vsu
Vcu
Vsu
Vu2
Vcu
0.12
100
0
f
1 ck
1/ 3
0.15 'cd
bw d
where:
1
200
d in mm
d
Vsu
cotg )
As
fyd
s
where:
As/s
fyd
400 N/mm2)
11-B-5
0.10
100
1/ 3
0.15 'cd
1 ck
bw d
where:
2 cotg
2 cotg
cotg
cotg
2
if cotg
2
cotg
cotg
2.0
cotg
xd,
1
if 0.5 cotg
1
yd
Taking
2
fct,m
fct,m (
xd
fct,m
yd
xd
yd
0.5
2.0
yd
=0
cotg
xd
fct,m
In addition, the increment in tensile force due to shear force is calculated with the
following equation:
Vrd cotg
Vsu
(cotg cotg )
2
For each end, calculation results are written in the CivilFEM results file:
VSU
VSU Vsu
VCU
VCU Vcu
VU2
VU2
CRTVU2
Vu2
Vsu
Vcu
Vrd
Vu2
11-B-6
The tension increment due to shear force is stored in the CivilFEM results file as
INCTENS.
8) Obtaining shear criterion. The shear criterion indicates whether the section is
valid or not for the design forces (if it is less than 1, the section satisfies the code
prescriptions, whereas if it exceeds 1, the section will not be valid). Furthermore,
it includes information about how close is the design force from the ultimate
section strength. The shear criterion is defined as follows:
CRTSHR Max
Vrd Vrd
;
Vu1 Vu2
For each element end, this value is stored in the CivilFEM results file as
CRTSHR.
A value 2100 for this criterion would mean that shear strength by tension in the
web (Vu2) is equal to zero, as was indicated in the previous point.
11-B.2.2
Torsion Checking
=1
if there are closed stirrups only along the periphery of the member
(value by default for solid sections).
11-B-7
cotg
2.5
Longitudinal reinforcement
Asl
total area of the longitudinal reinforcement, (parameter ASL of
~RNFDEF or ~RNFMDF command).
The reinforcement ratio can also be obtained with the following data:
diameter of longitudinal bars, (parameter PHIL of ~RNFDEF or
~RNFMDF command).
N
number of longitudinal bars, (parameter N of ~RNFDEF or ~RNFMDF
command).
4) Obtaining section internal forces and moments. The torsional moment that
acts on the section is obtained from the CivilFEM results file (.RCV).
Moment
Description
Td
11-B-8
Td
Tu1
Tu1
f1cd A e he
cotg
1 cotg2
Where:
f1cd
1.20 if only there are stirrups along the periphery of the member;
1.50 if closed stirrups are placed at both faces of the wall of the
effective hollow section or real hollow section.
Calculation results are stored in the CivilFEM results file as:
TU1
TU1 Tu1
CRTTU1
Td
Tu1
Td
Tu2
Tu2
2 Ae At
fyd cotg
s
where:
At
CRTTU2
Tu2
11-B-9
Td
Tu2
CRTTU2
Td
Tu3
Tu3
2 Ae
A sl fyd tg
ue
TU3
CRTTU3
Tu3
Td
Tu3
CRTTRS Max
Td Td Td
;
;
Tu1 Tu2 Tu3
For each element end, this value is stored in the CivilFEM results file as.
A value 2100 for this criterion would indicate the non-definition of one of the
torsion reinforcements.
11-B.2.3
For checking sections subjected to shear force and concomitant torsional moment,
we follow the steps below:
11-B-10
VSd
Vu1
Where:
2 1
he
bw
Tu1
Vu1
For each element, this criterion value is stored in the CivilFEM results file as
CRTCST.
4) Obtaining the combined shear and torsion criterion. This criterion
comprehends pure shear, pure torsion and concrete ultimate strength condition
criteria. The criterion determines whether the section is valid or not, and it is
defined as follows:
CRTTST
Max
Vrd
V
T
T
T
; rd ; d ; d ; d ;
Vu1
Vu2
Tu1 Tu2
Tu3
Vrd
Vu1
Td
Tu1
For each element, this criterion value is stored in the CivilFEM results file as
CRTTST.
A value 2100 for this criterion would indicate that one of the denominators is null,
because one of the reinforcements is not defined.
11-B.2.4
Shear Design
11-B-11
As
bw d
0.02
cotg
2.0
Description
Vrd
Nd
11-B-12
Vrd
Vu1
K f1cd bw d
Vu1
cotg
cotg
1 cotg2
where:
f1cd
K
cd
'cd
5
1
3
fcd
Nd
Ac
For each element end, calculation results are written in the CivilFEM results file
as:
VU1
VU1 Vu1
CRTVU1
Vrd
Vu1
If design shear force is greater than shear force that causes the failure by
oblique compression of concrete in the web, the reinforcement design is not
feasible. Then, the parameter where the reinforcement is stored is marked as
2100.
ASSH
As
s
2100
In this case, the element is marked as not designed, advancing then to next
element.
In case there is no failure due to oblique compression, the calculation process
continues.
11-B-13
Vu2
Vcu
0.12
Vrd
Vu2
100
1 ck
1/ 3
0.15 'cd
bw d
where:
200
d in mm
d
If the section does not require shear reinforcement, the following parameters are
defined (for both element ends):
VCU Vcu
VU2
Vcu
VSU 0
As
s
ASSH
Vrd
Vu2
Vsu
Vcu
Vu2
Vsu
Vcu
0.10
100
1/ 3
0.15 'cd
1 ck
bw d
where:
2 cotg
2 cotg
cotg
cotg
11-B-14
1
if 0.5 cotg
1
2
if cotg
2
cotg
cotg
2.0
cotg
xd,
yd
2
fct,m
e
fct,m (
xd
fct,m
yd
xd
0.5
yd
2.0
yd
yd
= 0 cotg
xd
fct,m
Vsu
Vu2
Vcu
Vrd
Vcu
For each element end, the value of Vcu and Vsu is stored in the CivilFEM results
file:
VCU Vcu
VSU Vsu
9) Required reinforcement ratio. Once the shear force that must be carried by the
shear reinforcement has been obtained, this can be calculated from the equation
below:
As
s
Vsu
fyd 0,9 d (cotg cotg )
Where:
As s
As
s
In this case the element is marked as designed (provided that the design
process is correct for both element sections).
11-B-15
11-B.2.5
Torsion Design
ue
=1
if there are closed stirrups only along the periphery of the member
(value by default for solid sections).
angle of the concrete compressive struts with the longitudinal axis of
member, (parameter THETA of ~SECMDF command):
0.4
cotg
2.5
Description
Td
11-B-16
Td
Tu1
Tu1
f1cd A e he
cotg
1 cotg2
where:
f1cd
1.20 if there are stirrups only along the periphery of the member.
1.50 if closed stirrups are placed at both faces of the wall of the
effective hollow section or of the real hollow section.
Calculation results are stored in the CivilFEM results file:
TU1
TU1 Tu1
CRTTU1
Td
Tu1
If design torsional moment is greater than the one that causes the failure by
compression of concrete, the reinforcement design is not feasible. Therefore, the
parameters where these reinforcements are stored are marked as 2100.
AST / ST
Ast
s
AST / ST
Asl
In this case, the element is marked as not designed, advancing then to the next
element.
In case there is no failure due to oblique compression, the calculation process
continues.
5) Required transverse reinforcement. The ultimate strength condition of the
transverse reinforcement is:
Td
Tu2
2 Ae At
fyd cotg
s
where:
At
11-B-17
At
s
Td
tg
2 A e fyd
The area per unit of length of the designed transverse reinforcement is stored in
the CivilFEM results file for both element ends as:
ASTT
At
s
Tu3
2 Ae
A sl fyd tg
ue
A sl
ue
Td cotg
2 A e fyd
ASLT
Asl
If design for both element sections is done for both transverse and longitudinal
reinforcements, the element will be marked as designed.
11-B.2.6
11-B-18
TSd
Tu1
VSd
Vu1
where:
2 1
he
bw
Tu1
Vu1
For each element end, this criterion value is stored in the CivilFEM results file as
CRTCST.
4) Obtaining required shear and torsion reinforcement ratios. If the concrete
ultimate strength condition is satisfied (i.e. the concrete can resist the combined
shear and torsion action), the reinforcements calculated in points No. 1 and No.
2 are taken as the designed reinforcements. The element is marked as
designed.
If the concrete ultimate strength condition is not satisfied, the parameters
corresponding to each reinforcement group take the value 2100.
11-B-19
Shear Checking
The checking for shear according to EHE-08 follows the following steps:
1) Obtaining material strength properties. These properties are obtained from the
material properties associated to each transverse cross section and for the active
time.
The required data are the following ones:
fck
characteristic compressive strength of concrete.
fyk
fct,m
fct,k
As
bw d
0.02
cotg
2.0
11-B-20
5) Obtaining forces and moments acting on the section. The shear force that
acts on the section, as well as the concomitant axial force and bending moment,
are obtained from the CivilFEM results file (.RCV).
Force
Description
Vrd
Nd
Vrd
Vu1
K f1cd b w d
Vu1
cotg cotg
1 cotg 2
where:
f1cd
0.90-
fck MPa
200
fcd
0.5 fcd
fck
60 MPa
fck
60 MPa
11-B-21
1
'cd
1
K
'cd
0
fcd
1.25
0.25 fcd
'cd
2.5 1
'cd
0.50 fcd
fcd
0
0.25 fcd
'cd
0.50 fcd
'cd
fcd
cd
VU1 Vu1
CRTVU1
CRTVU1
7) Checking failure by tension in the web. It is checked if the design shear force
(Vrd) is less or equal to the shear force due to tension in the web (V u2):
Vrd
Vu2
Vsu
Vcu
Vu2
Vsu
Vcu
Vsu
Vu2
0.18
Vcu
100
0
f
1/ 3
1 ck
0.15 'cd
bw d
0.075
Vu2
3/2
fck
0.15 'cd
bw d
where:
'cd
11-B-22
Nd
Ac
0.30 fcd
200
d in mm
d
Vsu
cotg )
As
fyd
s
where:
As/s
fyd
400 N/mm2)
0.15
Vcu
100
1/ 3
0.15 'cd
1 ck
bw d
where:
2 cotg
2 cotg
cotg
cotg
2
if cotg
2
cotg
cotg
2.0
cotg
xd,
1
if 0.5 cotg
1
yd
Taking
2
fct,m
e
fct,m (
xd
fct,m
yd
xd
yd
yd
0.5
2.0
=0
cotg
xd
fct,m
In addition, the increment in tensile force due to shear force is calculated with the
following equation:
Vrd cotg
Vsu
(cotg cotg )
2
For each end, calculation results are written in the CivilFEM results file:
VSU
11-B-23
VSU Vsu
VCU
VCU Vcu
VU2
VU2
CRTVU2
Vu2
Vsu
Vcu
Vrd
Vu2
CRTSHR Max
Vrd Vrd
;
Vu1 Vu2
For each element end, this value is stored in the CivilFEM results file as
CRTSHR.
A value 2100 for this criterion would mean that shear strength by tension in the
web (Vu2) is equal to zero, as was indicated in the previous point.
11-B.3.2
Torsion Checking
11-B-24
he
Ae
=1
if there are closed stirrups only along the periphery of the member
(value by default for solid sections).
Angle of the compressive struts of concrete with the longitudinal axis of
member, (parameter THETA of ~SECMDF command):
0.50
cotg
2.00
Longitudinal reinforcement
Asl
total area of the longitudinal reinforcement, (parameter ASL of
~RNFDEF or ~RNFMDF command).
The reinforcement ratio can also be obtained with the following data:
11-B-25
Description
Td
Td
Tu1
Tu1
2K f1cd A e he
cotg
1 cotg2
Where:
f1cd
0.90-
fck MPa
200
fcd
0.5 fcd
fck
60 MPa
fck
60 MPa
1
'cd
1
K
'cd
fcd
1.25
2.5 1
'cd
0.25 fcd
'cd
fcd
0.50 fcd
0
0.25 fcd
'cd
0.50 fcd
'cd
fcd
0.60 if only there are stirrups along the periphery of the member;
0.75 if closed stirrups are placed at both faces of the wall of the
effective hollow section or real hollow section.
Calculation results are stored in the CivilFEM results file as:
TU1
TU1 Tu1
CRTTU1
11-B-26
Td
Tu1
CRTTU1
Td
Tu2
Tu2
2 Ae At
fyd cotg
s
where:
At
CRTTU2
Tu2
CRTTU2
Td
Tu3
Tu3
2 Ae
A sl fyd tg
ue
TU3
Tu3
11-B-27
CRTTU3
CRTTU3
Td Td Td
;
;
Tu1 Tu2 Tu3
CRTTRS Max
For each element end, this value is stored in the CivilFEM results file as.
A value 2100 for this criterion would indicate the non-definition of one of the
torsion reinforcements.
11-B.3.3
For checking sections subjected to shear force and concomitant torsional moment,
we follow the steps below:
5) Torsion checking considering a null shear force. This checking is
accomplished following the same steps as for the checking of elements subjected
to pure torsion according to EHE-08.
6) Shear checking assuming a null torsional moment. Follow the same
procedure as for the checking of elements subject only to shear according to
EHE-08.
7) Checking the concrete ultimate strength condition by compression. The
design torsional moment (Td) and the design shear force (Vrd) must satisfy the
following condition:
TSd
Tu1
VSd
Vu1
Where:
2 1
he
bw
Tu1
Vu1
11-B-28
For each element, this criterion value is stored in the CivilFEM results file as
CRTCST.
8) Obtaining the combined shear and torsion criterion. This criterion
comprehends pure shear, pure torsion and concrete ultimate strength condition
criteria. The criterion determines whether the section is valid or not, and it is
defined as follows:
CRTTST
Max
Vrd
V
T
T
T
; rd ; d ; d ; d ;
Vu1
Vu2
Tu1 Tu2
Tu3
Vrd
Vu1
Td
Tu1
For each element, this criterion value is stored in the CivilFEM results file as
CRTTST.
A value 2100 for this criterion would indicate that one of the denominators is null,
because one of the reinforcements is not defined.
11-B.3.4
Shear Design
11-B-29
As
bw d
0.02
cotg
2.0
Description
Vrd
Nd
Vrd
Vu1
K f1cd bw d
Vu1
cotg
cotg
1 cotg2
where:
f1cd
11-B-30
0.90-
fck MPa
200
fcd
0.5 fcd
fck
60 MPa
fck
60 MPa
1
'cd
1
K
'cd
0
fcd
1.25
0.25 fcd
'cd
2.5 1
'cd
0.50 fcd
fcd
0
0.25 fcd
'cd
0.50 fcd
'cd
fcd
cd
VU1 Vu1
CRTVU1
CRTVU1
If design shear force is greater than shear force that causes the failure by
oblique compression of concrete in the web, the reinforcement design is not
feasible. Then, the parameter where the reinforcement is stored is marked as
2100.
As
s
ASSH
2100
In this case, the element is marked as not designed, advancing then to next
element.
In case there is no failure due to oblique compression, the calculation process
continues.
7) Checking if section requires shear reinforcement. First, it is checked if design
shear force Vd is less than the strength provided by concrete in members without
shear reinforcement (Vcu):
Vu2
0.18
Vcu
Vrd
Vu2
100
1 ck
1/ 3
0.15 'cd
bw d
Vu2
0.075
3/2
fck
0.15 'cd
bw d
where:
11-B-31
'cd
Nd
Ac
0.30 fcd
200
d in mm
d
VCU Vcu
VU2
Vcu
VSU 0
As
s
ASSH
Vrd
Vu2
Vsu
Vcu
Vu2
Vsu
Vcu
Vcu
0.15
100
1/ 3
0.15 'cd
1 ck
bw d
where:
2 cotg
2 cotg
cotg
cotg
e
11-B-32
1
if 0.5 cotg
1
2
if cotg
2
cotg
cotg
2.0
cotg
xd,
yd
2
fct,m
fct,m (
xd
fct,m
yd
xd
0.5
yd
2.0
yd
yd
= 0 cotg
xd
fct,m
Vsu
Vu2
Vcu
Vrd
Vcu
For each element end, the value of Vcu and Vsu is stored in the CivilFEM results
file:
VCU Vcu
VSU Vsu
9) Required reinforcement ratio. Once the shear force that must be carried by the
shear reinforcement has been obtained, this can be calculated from the equation
below:
As
s
Vsu
fyd 0,9 d (cotg cotg )
Where:
As s
As
s
In this case the element is marked as designed (provided that the design
process is correct for both element sections).
11-B.3.5
Torsion Design
11-B-33
fck
fyk
ue
=1
if there are closed stirrups only along the periphery of the member
(value by default for solid sections).
angle of the concrete compressive struts with the longitudinal axis of
member, (parameter THETA of ~SECMDF command):
0.50
cotg
2.00
Description
Td
Td
Tu1
Tu1
2K f1cd A e he
cotg
1 cotg2
where:
f1cd
11-B-34
0.60 fcd
f1cd
0.90-
fck MPa
200
fcd
0.5 fcd
fck
60 MPa
fck
60 MPa
1
'cd
1
K
'cd
0
fcd
1.25
2.5 1
'cd
0.25 fcd
'cd
fcd
0.50 fcd
0
0.25 fcd
'cd
0.50 fcd
'cd
fcd
1.20 if there are stirrups only along the periphery of the member.
1.50 if closed stirrups are placed at both faces of the wall of the
effective hollow section or of the real hollow section.
Calculation results are stored in the CivilFEM results file:
TU1
TU1 Tu1
CRTTU1
Td
Tu1
If design torsional moment is greater than the one that causes the failure by
compression of concrete, the reinforcement design is not feasible. Therefore, the
parameters where these reinforcements are stored are marked as 2 100.
AST / ST
Ast
s
AST / ST
Asl
In this case, the element is marked as not designed, advancing then to the next
element.
In case there is no failure due to oblique compression, the calculation process
continues.
5) Required transverse reinforcement. The ultimate strength condition of the
transverse reinforcement is:
11-B-35
Td
2 Ae At
fyd cotg
s
Tu2
where:
At
s
At
s
Td
tg
2 A e fyd
The area per unit of length of the designed transverse reinforcement is stored in
the CivilFEM results file for both element ends as:
ASTT
At
s
Tu3
2 Ae
A sl fyd tg
ue
A sl
ue
Td cotg
2 A e fyd
ASLT
Asl
If design for both element sections is done for both transverse and longitudinal
reinforcements, the element will be marked as designed.
11-B.3.6
11-B-36
VSd
Vu1
where:
2 1
he
bw
Tu1
Vu1
For each element end, this criterion value is stored in the CivilFEM results file as
CRTCST.
4) Obtaining required shear and torsion reinforcement ratios. If the concrete
ultimate strength condition is satisfied (i.e. the concrete can resist the combined
shear and torsion action), the reinforcements calculated in points No. 1 and No.
2 are taken as the designed reinforcements. The element is marked as
designed.
If the concrete ultimate strength condition is not satisfied, the parameters
corresponding to each reinforcement group take the value 2100.
11-B-37
Shear Checking
11-B-39
5) Obtaining forces and moments acting on the section. The shear force that
acts on the section, as well as the concomitant axial force and bending moment,
are obtained from the CivilFEM results file (.RCV).
Force
Description
Vd
Nd
M
Vd
Vu1
VU1 Vu1
CRTVU1
Vd
Vu1
0.79
cs
A
100 sb
bw d
1/3
400
d
1/4
bw d
Where:
Asb
Area of the longitudinal tension reinforcement that extends at least a
distance d beyond the considered section.
11-B-40
A sb
=3
bw d
400
=1
d
f
If fcu > 25 N/mm , the results are multiplied by cu
25
1/ 3
If the section is subjected to an axial force, then the following expression will be
used:
Vc
Vc
0,6
NVh
bw d
A cM
Where:
h
Vc
Vs
As
0.95 fyv d
s
Where:
As/s
fyv
fyv
For each element end, calculation results are written in the CivilFEM results file in
the following parameters:
VS
11-B-41
9) Total shear resistance of section. The total shear resistance (VU2) is the sum of
the shear resistance provided by the concrete and the shear resistance provided
by the reinforcement:
Vu2
Vc
Vs
For each element end, calculation results are written in the CivilFEM results file
in the following parameters:
VU2
CRTVU2
Vd
VU2
CRT_TOT Max
Vd Vd
;
Vu1 Vu2
For each element end, calculation results are written in the CivilFEM results file
in the parameter CRT_TOT.
A value of 2100 in this criterion will indicate that shear resistance (Vu2) has not
been considered, as indicated in the previous point.
11-B.4.2
Torsion Checking
fy
11-B-42
y1
maximum distance of the rectangular stirrups.
In Previous Considerations section can be found detailed information about the
calculation by default of each one of the parameters for each valid code and
section.
3) Obtaining section reinforcement data. Data concerning reinforcements of the
section must be included within CivilFEM database, (see ~RNFDEF and
~RNFMDF commands). Required data are the following ones:
Transverse reinforcement
Ast/s
area of transverse reinforcement per unit of length, (parameter AST/S
of ~RNFDEF or ~RNFMDF command).
The reinforcement ratio can also be obtained with the following data:
Ast
Longitudinal reinforcement
Asl
total area of the longitudinal reinforcement, (parameter ASL of
~RNFDEF or ~RNFMDF command).
The reinforcement ratio can also be obtained with the following data:
diameter of longitudinal bars, (parameter PHIL of ~RNFDEF or
~RNFMDF command).
N
number of longitudinal bars, (parameter N of ~RNFDEF or ~RNFMDF
command).
4) Obtaining section internal forces and moments. The torsional moment that
acts on the section is obtained from the CivilFEM results file (.RCV).
Moment
Description
Td
Td
with Tmin
v t,min
0.0067
Tmin
v t,min w
fcu
0.4N mm2
11-B-43
Td
TU1
TU1
v tu w
v tu w
y1
550
where:
v tu
0.8
fcu
Xw
torsion modulus for torsion checking and dimensioning.
For each element end, calculation results are written in the CivilFEM results file
in the following parameters:
TU1
CRTTU1
CRTTR
Td
TU1
Td
TU2
TU2
A st
0.8 x1y1 0.87 fyv
s
where:
Ast/s
area of transverse reinforcement per unit of length
For each element end, calculation results are written in the CivilFEM results file
in the following parameters:
TU2
11-B-44
TU2 TU2
CRTTU2
CRTTU2
Td
TU2
(A sl )nec
A st
(x1 y1 )
s
Where:
Asl
defined longitudinal reinforcement
(Asl)nec necessary longitudinal reinforcement
As
area of transverse reinforcement
For each element end, calculation results are written in the CivilFEM results file in
the following parameters:
ALT
11-B.4.3
(A sl )nec
A sl
For checking sections subjected to shear force and concomitant torsional moment,
we follow the steps below:
1) Shear checking disregarding the torsional moment. This check will be carried
out following the same procedure as checking elements subjected to shear.
In this case the total shear criterion CRT_TOT is named as CRTSHR.
2) Torsion checking disregarding the shear force. This check will be carried out
following the same procedure as checking elements subjected to torsion, but
taking into account the torsional force due to shear in the calculation of concrete
failure.
11-B-45
Td
Tu1
v tu
Tu1
vd
bw d
Vd Vd Td Td (A sl )nec
;
; ;
;
Vu1 Vu2 Tu1 Tu2
A sl
For each element end, calculation results are written in the CivilFEM results file
in the parameter CRT_TOT.
11-B.4.4
Shear Design
11-B-46
Description
Vd
Design shear force
Nd
Concomitant axial force
M
Concomitant bending moment
6) Checking web crushing by compression. First, it is checked if the design shear
force (Vd) is less or equal to the oblique compression resistance of concrete
section (Vu1):
Vd
Vu1
VU1 Vu1
CRTVU1
Vd
Vu1
If the design shear force is greater than the shear that causes failure in the web,
the design will not be carried out. Therefore the parameter in which the
100
dimensioning is stored will appear as 2 .
ASSH
As
s
2100
0.79
cs
A
100 sb
bw d
1/3
400
d
1/4
bw d
Where:
11-B-47
Asb
A sb
=3
bw d
400
=1
d
f
If fcu > 25 N/mm , the results are multiplied by cu
25
1/ 3
If the section is subjected to an axial force, then the following expression will be
used:
Vc
Vc
0,6
NVh
bw d
A cM
Where:
h
Vc
Vd h
For each element end, calculation results are written in the CivilFEM results file in
the following parameters:
VC
Vd
Vu2
Vu2
Vc
Vs
Vc
Vs
Vs = Vu2 Vc = Vd - Vc
For each element end, calculation results are written in the CivilFEM results file in
the following parameter:
VS
11-B-48
VS
Vs
9) Required reinforcement ratio. Once the shear force that must be carried by the
shear reinforcement has been obtained, this can be calculated from the equation
below:
As
s
Vs
0.95 fyv d
where:
As/s
fyv
characteristic yield strength of shear reinforcement.
The area of designed reinforcement per unit of length is stored in the CivilFEM
results file for both ends:
ASSH
As
s
In this case the element is marked as designed (provided that the design
process is correct for both element sections).
11-B.4.5
Torsion Design
fy
Description
Td
11-B-49
Td
Tmin
v t,min w
with Tmin
v t,min
0.0067
fcu
0.4N mm2
Where:
v t,min minimum torsional stress
If the design torsional moment is less than this value, its effects can be
neglected and its default value taken as 0 for checking purposes.
5) Checking concrete failure. The design torsional moment Td has to be less than
or equal to the maximum torsional moment that concrete can resist (T u1), that is
to say:
Td
TU1
TU1
v tu w
v tu w
y1
550
Where:
v tu
0.8
fcu
Xw
torsion modulus for torsion checking and dimensioning.
For each element end, calculation results are written in the CivilFEM results file
in the following parameters:
TU1
CRTTU1
CRTTR
Td
TU1
In case the torsion transverse reinforcement is not defined, the criterion is taken
as 2100.
If design torsional moment is greater than the one that causes the failure by
compression of concrete, the reinforcement design is not feasible. Therefore, the
parameters where these reinforcements are stored are marked as 2 100.
AST / ST
11-B-50
Ast
s
AST / ST
Asl
In this case, the element is marked as not designed, advancing then to the next
element.
In case there is no failure due to oblique compression, the calculation process
continues.
6) Required transverse reinforcement. The design torsional reinforcement has to
be less than or equal to the resistance torsional reinforcement:
Td
TU2
A st
0.8 x1y1 0.87 fyv
s
TU2
Where:
Ast/s
area of transverse reinforcement per unit of length
fy
460N mm2
A st
s
Td
0.8 x1y1 0.87 fyv
The area per unit of length of the designed transverse reinforcement is stored in
the CivilFEM results file for both element ends as:
ASTT
At
s
(A sl )nec
A st
(x1 y1 )
s
Where:
(Asl)nec necessary longitudinal reinforcement.
Ast/s
area per unit of length of transverse reinforcement.
For each element end, calculation results are written in the CivilFEM results file
in the following parameters:
ASLT
ASLT
(Asl )nec
11-B-51
11-B.4.6
Td
Tu1
v tu
Tu1
vd
bw d
Where:
vtu
maximum combined shear stress (shear plus torsion).
Xw
torsion modulus for torsion checking and dimensioning.
11-B-52
11-B.5.1
Shear Checking
1) Obtaining the material strength properties. They are obtained from the
material associated to each cross-section and for the active time (see ~CFMP
command).
The necessary data are:
fc
concrete strength.
fyk
2) Obtaining the geometric data of the section. The geometric data of the section
will be included in the CivilFEMs database, (see ~CSECDMS commands). The
necessary data for the shear checking are:
Ag
do
The calculation of each one, for each standard and valid section is detailed in the
section of previous considerations.
4) Obtaining the section reinforcement data. The section reinforcement data
should be defined in the database of CivilFEM, (see ~RNFDEF and ~RNFMDF).
The necessary data are:
Angle formed by the reinforcement with the longitudinal axis of the
piece where they meet (ALPHA parameter of the ~RNFDEF or
~RNFMDF command).
11-B-53
As/s
5) Obtaining of the forces and moments that act on the section. The shear force
that acts on the section, as well as the concomitant axial force, is obtained from
the result file of CivilFEM (.RCV).
Force
Description
V*
Calculation shear
N*
V*
Vumax
Vumax
0.2 f 'c bw d0
For each element end, calculation results are written in the CivilFEM results file
in the following parameters:
VUMAX
VUMAX
Vu.max
CRTVUMAX
V*
Vu.max
11-B-54
Vuc
bw do
1 2 3
A st fc
bw do
1
3
where
1
N*
3.5A g
do
1.1 1.6
0 tensioned sections
N*
compressed sections
14A g
3
Ast
1.1
1000
The calculation results are stored in the result file of CivilFEM in the following
parameters:
VUC
VUC
BETA1
Vuc
BETA2
Vus
A sv fsy.f
do
sin
s
cot
cos
Where:
Asv
fsy.f
The calculation result is stored in the result file of CivilFEM in the following
parameter:
VUS
11-B-55
VUS
Vus
9) Nominal shear strength of the section. The nominal shear strength (Vu) is the
sum of the nominal strength provided by concrete and the strength provided by
the shear reinforcement:
Vu
Vuc
Vus
This nominal strength and the relation with the calculation shear are stored in the
result file of CivilFEM, as well as the following parameters:
VU
VU Vu
10) Shear Criterion. The shear force V* must be lower than Vu, being
Vu=Vuc+Vus
V*
Vu
Vuc
Vus
Vu.max
the reduction factor of the section strength, ( equal to 0.7 for shear).
Therefore, the possible criteria of shear validity are:
CRTVU
CRTVU
V*
Vu
In case that the strength provided by the concrete equals zero and
the shear reinforcement is not defined in the section V u=0, the
value 2100 will be assigned to the criterion.
CRTVUMAX Relation between the calculation shear (V*) and the strength Vu
CRTVUMAX
CRT_TOT
V*
Vu.max
CRT_TOT
MAX CRTVU,CRTVUMAX
This value is stored for each end in the result file of CivilFEM in the parameter
CRT_TOT.
If the strength provided by the concrete equals zero and the shear reinforcement
is not defined in the Vu = 0 section, the value 2100 will be applied to the criterion.
11-B-56
11-B.5.2
Torsion Checking
11-B-57
Asl
Force
Description
T*
Torsional moment
5) Checking the torsional effects limitation. The torsional effects are limited by
the web crushing:
T*
Tu.max
Where
T*
i)
T*
Tuc
ii)
0.25 Tuc
0.5
iii) The total depth does not exceed the maximum of {250 mm; 0.5* web width}
and also:
T*
Tuc
Where
Strength reduction factor.
Tuc
0.3Jt fc
If the i) ii) or iii) conditions are not fulfilled, they should be reinforced not only in a
transversal way but also longitudinally.
7) Transversal reinforcement calculation. It must fulfill the following condition:
T*
Tus
11-B-58
Where,
Tus
fsy.f
fsy.f
A sw
2A t cot
Asw
Torsional stirrup area
At
Polygonal area of the reinforcement
s
Distance between shear stirrup
8) Longitudinal reinforcement calculation. The following condition must be
fulfilled:
A tl
Where
Atl
Asw
ut
s
0.5
A sw
ut cot 2
s
9) Obtaining the torsional criterion. The calculation results are stored in the
result file of CivilFEM in the following parameters:
TUMAX
TUMAX Tu.max
CRTTUMAX
TUC
T*
Tu.max
TUS
CRTTUC
T*
if only torsional moment
Tuc
11-B-59
CRTTUS
ATL
T*
if only torsional moment
Tus
CRTATL
CRT_TOT
Atl
(Atl)of sec tion
- If CRTTUC
- If CRTTUC 1 and the total depth does not exceed the maximum of {250
mm; 0.5*web width}: CRT_TOT= max {CRTWCRUS, CRTTUC}
- Finally, CRT_TOT= max {CRTWCRUS, CRTTUS, CRTATL}
This value is stored for each element end in the result file of CivilFEM in the
parameter CRT_TOT.
If the strength provided by concrete equals zero and the torsional reinforcement
is not defined in the section, the value 2100 will be applied to the criterion.
11-B.5.3
In order to check the section which are subjected to a shear force and to a
concomitant torsional moment, the following process is followed:
1) Checking the web crushing due to compression. The combined shear and
torsional effects are limited by the web crushing:
T*
Tu.max
V*
Vu.max
11-B-60
The same results as those of the section correspondent to the torsional checking
are calculated.
4) Obtaining the combined shear and torsional criterion. The calculation results
are stores in a result file of CivilFEM in the following parameters:
CRTWCRUS Web crushing criterion
CRTWCRUS
CRTTUC
T*
Tu.max
V*
Vu.max
CRTTUS
T*
Tuc
V*
if both
Vuc
T*
Tus
V*
if both
Vus
- If CRTTUC 1 and the total depth does not exceed the maximum of {250
mm; 0.5*width web}:CRT_TOT= max {CRTWCRUS, CRTTUC}
- Finally, CRT_TOT= max {CRTWCRUS, CRTTUS, CRTATL}
The value of this criterion is stored for each extreme in the result file of CivilFEM
in the parameter CRT_TOT.
A 2100 value in this criterion indicates:
that the concrete shear strength is null and the shear reinforcement is
not defined.
that the concrete torsion strength is null and the transversal torsional
reinforcement is not defined.
that the longitudinal torsional reinforcement has not been defined
11-B.5.4
Shear Design
concrete strength.
11-B-61
fsy
2) Obtaining the geometric data of the section. The geometric data of the section
must be stored in the database of CivilFEM, (see ~CSECDMS commands). The
necessary data for the shear checking are:
Ag
do
The calculation for each one, each standard and valid section is detailed in the
previous consideration section.
4) Obtaining the section reinforcement data. In the shear reinforcement design is
possible to indicate the angle of this reinforcement with the longitudinal axis of
the piece. This angle should be stored in the reinforcement data correspondent to
each element, ALPHA parameter of the ~RNFDEF or ~RNFMDF commands. If it
equals zero or is not defined, =90 will be taken. The remaining data relative to
the reinforcements are ignored.
5) Obtaining the forces that act in the section. The shear force as well as the
concomitant axial force is obtained from the CivilFEM results file.
Force
Description
V*
Calculation shear
N*
6) Checking of web crushing. First of all the program checks if the design shear
(V*) is less than the web compression resistance:
V*
Vumax
VUMAX
Vu.max
11-B-62
V*
Vu.max
CRTVUMAX
Vuc
A st fc
bw do
bw do
1 2 3
1
3
Where
1
do
1.1 1.6
N*
3.5A g
1.1
0 tensioned sections
N*
compressed sections
14A g
3
Ast
1000
The calculation results are stored in the result file of CivilFEM in the following
parameters:
VUC
VUC
BETA1
BETA2
Vuc
A sv
S
Vus
fsy.f do sin v cot
cos
where,
11-B-63
Asv
fsy.f
Vus
The calculation results are stored in the result file of CivilFEM in the following
parameters:
ASSH
ASSH
VUS
A sv
s
DSG_CRT
Design criterion (Ok the element has been designed and Not OK
the element has not been designed).
DSG_CRT=DSG_CRT
11-B.5.5
Torsion Design
concrete strength
fsy
do
11-B-64
should not be lower than the distance from the extreme compression
fiber to the centroid of the tension reinforcement in the opposite half of
the piece,( DO_Y or DO_Z parameter of the ~SECMDF command).
Asw
Atl
The calculation of each one for each valid section, is detailed in the previous
consideration section.
3) Obtaining of the forces that act in the section. The torsional moment that
acts over the section is obtained in the result file of CivilFEM (.RCV).
Force
Description
T*
4) Checking the torsional effects limitation. The torsional effects are limited by
the web crushing:
T*
Tu.max
Where
T*
T*
Tuc
0.25 Tuc
0.5
iii) The total depth does not exceed the maximum of {250 mm; 0.5*web width}
and also:
T*
Tuc
where
Strength reduction factor.
Tuc
Jt
0.3Jt fc
Torsional modulus
If the i) ii) iii) conditions are not fulfilled, it should be transversally and longitudinally
reinforced.
11-B-65
ASTT
A sv
S
Tus
fsy.f 2A t cot
Tus
T*
where,
At
t
The area per unit of length of the transverse designed reinforcement is stored in
the result file of CivilFEM in the parameter:
A sw
s
ASTT
ASLT
where,
Asw
ut
t
0.5
A sw
ut cot 2
s
The area of the designed longitudinal reinforcement is stored in the result file of
CivilFEM in the parameter:
ASLT
Atl
11-B.5.6
In order to execute the design of the shear force sections and the concomitant
torsional moment, the following process is followed:
11-B-66
1) Obtaining of the acting forces in the section. The torsional moment that
actuates in the section is obtained from the result file of CivilFEM (.RCV).
Force
Description
T*
V*
Shear calculation
2) Checking torsional effects limitation. The torsional effects are only taken into
consideration if the following condition is fulfilled in the calculation of torsional
moment (T*):
T*
Tu.max
V*
Vu.max
If the calculation torsional moment is lower than this value, then its effects are
not considered, and the design equals zero.
3) Necessary torsional reinforcement. A reinforcement is not necessary in the
following cases:
i)
ii)
T*
0.25 Tuc
T*
Tuc
V*
Vuc
0.5
iii) The total depth does not exceed the maximum of {250 mm ; 0.5*web width}
and also:
T*
Tuc
V*
Vuc
where
Strength reduction factor.
Tuc
0.3Jt fc
Jt
Torsional modulus
Vuc
If the i) ii) iii) conditions are not fulfilled, it should be transversally and
longitudinally reinforced. If the previous relation is not fulfilled, the torsional
reinforcement cannot be designed and therefore, the parameters, where they are
stored, will be marked with 2100.
ASTT
Ast
s
ASLT
Asl
11-B-67
ASTT
A sw
Tus
fsy.f 2A t cot
T*
Tus
where,
At
t
A sw
s
ASTT
ASLT
0.5
A sw
ut cot 2
s
Where,
Asw
Area of torsional stirrups
ut
Perimeter of At
Angle of compression struts in torsion
t
s
Distance between torsion stirrups
The area of longitudinal reinforcement is stored in the results file of CivilFEM in
the parameter:
ASLT
Atl
If the design not only of the transverse reinforcement, but also of the longitudinal
reinforcement for both element sections is executed; this will be marked as
designed.
DSG_CRT
Design Criterion (Ok the element has been designed and Not Ok
the element has not been designed.)
DSG_CRT=DSG_CRT
11-B-68
Shear Checking
ft
fyv
11-B-69
Description
V
N
11-B.6.2
where
c is
VRd1
If hw/b
4 , VRd1
0.25 c fcbh0
If hw/b
6 , VRd1
0.2 c fcbh0
VRD1 VRd1
CRVRD1
CRVRD1
V
VRd1
11-B-70
If shear reinforcement has not been defined in the section, it is checked that design
shear force V is less than the maximum design shear force that can be carried by
plain concrete without reinforcements (VRd2):
VRd2
Where
VRd2
0.7 hftbh0
800 1/ 4
) is the section height factor,
h0
VRd2
0.7ftbh0
If N is compressive (N < 0)
VRd2
1.75
ftbh0
1
0.07N
VRd2
1.75
ftbh0
1
0.2N
If N is tensile (N > 0)
VRD2
CRVRD2
VRd2
CRVRD2
V
VRd2
VRd3
11-B-71
where
VRd3
VRd2
Vs
Vs
Vs
1.25
cf
As v
s
fyv
cf yv
A sv
s
h0
in case the shear force from concentrated load is more than 75% in an
independent beam or axial force exits, cf 1.0
is the cross-sectional area of the shear reinforcement.
is the spacing of the stirrups measured along the longitudinal axis.
is the design tensile strength of shear reinforcement.
Results obtained are written for each end in the CivilFEM results file as the following
parameters:
Vs
VRD3
VRD3
CRVRD3
VRd3
CRVRD3
V
VRd3
CRT_TOT
For each element end, calculation results are written in the CivilFEM results file
in the parameter CRT_TOT.
A value of 2100 in this criterion will indicate that shear resistance (Vrd2) has not
been considered, as indicated in the previous point.
11-B.6.3
11-B-72
VR RE
V
V Design shear force
VR/ RE Design shear resistance
VRd1
For beam:
VRd1
0.2 c fcbh0
RE
For column:
VRd1
0.20 c fcbh0
for
0.15 c fcbh0
for
RE
VRd1
1
RE
M (Vh0 )
VRD1
VRD1 VRd1
CRVRD1
CRVRD1
V
VRd1
11-B-73
VRd2
0.42ftbh0
RE
If the member is an independent beam and the shear force from concentrated load is
more than 75%,
1 1.05
ftbh0
1
RE
VRd2
VRd2
1
RE
1.05
ftbh0
1
0.056N
If N is tensile (N > 0)
VRd2
1
RE
VRd2
1.05
ftbh0
1
0.2N
VRD2
CRVRD2
VRd2
CRVRD2
V
VRd2
VRd3
where
VRd3
Vs
Vs
cf yv
RE
11-B-74
VRd2
A sv
h0
s
for beam (N=0) in case the shear force from concentrated load is
less than 75%.
for an independent beam in case the shear force from
1.0
cf
concentrated load is more than 75%, for column or the case axial
force exists.
As v
is the cross-sectional area of the shear reinforcement.
s
is the spacing of the stirrups measured along the longitudinal
axis.
fyv
is the design tensile strength of shear reinforcement.
Results obtained are written for each end in the CivilFEM results file as the following
parameters:
cf
1.25
Vs
VRD3
VRD3
CRVRD3
VRd3
CRVRD3
V
VRd3
CRT_TOT
For each element end, calculation results are written in the CivilFEM results file
in the parameter CRT_TOT.
A value of 2100 in this criterion will indicate that shear resistance (Vrd2) has not
been considered, as indicated in the previous point.
11-B.6.4
Torsion Checking
ft
11-B-75
fy
tw
h0
hw
Wt
Acor
Core area
Ucor
Core perimeter
W t1
Acor1
Ucor1
W t2
Acor2
Ucor2
11-B-76
Ast
Moment
Description
T
N
T TRd1
If hw / b
4 or hw / t w
4 then TRd1
0.2Wt c fc
If hw / b
6 or hw / t w
6 then TRd1
0.16Wt c fc
Results are written in the CivilFEM results file for both element ends as the
parameters:
TRD1
TRD1 TRd1
CRTRD1
CRTRD1
T
TRd1
11-B-77
TRd2
where
For rectangular and circular sections
TRd2
0.35ft Wt
0.07
N
Wt
Ac
TRd2
h
0.35 hft Wt
2.5t w / bh , if
=1.0.
For T and double T sections, they are divided into rectangle sections, and proceeds
according to rectangle sections.
Results are written in the CivilFEM results file for both element ends as the
parameters:
TRD2 Maximum design torsional moment that can be resisted by the section without
crushing of the concrete compressive struts.
TRD2 TRd2
CRTRD2
CRTRD2
T
TRd2
TRd3
TRd2
Ts
where
Ts
A stls
A st1ucor
11-B-78
1.2
fy
A st1Acor
s
1.7 ; if
1.7 , assume
1.7
Calculation results are written in the CivilFEM results file for both element ends
as the parameters:
Ts
TRD3
TRD3
CRTRD3
TRd3
CRTRD3
T
TRd3
11-B.6.5
VR1 VRRd1
TR1 TRRd1
Where
If hw / b
4 or hw / t w
4 then VTRd1
0.25 c fc
If hw / b
6 or hw / t w
6 then VTRd1
0.2 c fc
VR1 (VTRd1
T
)bh0
0.8Wt
TR1 (VTRd1
V
)0.8Wt
bh0
tw / b 6
Results are written in the CivilFEM results file for both element ends as the
parameters:
VTD1
11-B-79
VTD1 VTRd1
CRVRD1
CRVRD1
CRTRD1
VR1
VTRd1
CRTRD1
TR1
VTRd1
0.35ftbh0 or VRd2
0.875ftbh0 /(
1)
0.175ft Wt or TRd2
0.175 hft Wt ,
VRD2
CRVRD2
VRd2
V
VRd2
CRVRD2
TRD2 TRd2
CRTRD2
CRTRD2
T
TRd2
11-B-80
VRd3
TRd3
where
VRd3
Vc
0.7(1.5
Tc
TRd3
V c Vs
0.35
)ftbh0
f Wt
h t t
Vs
Ts
1.25fyv
A sv
h0
s
fy A st1A cor
1.2
T c Ts
1.5
VWt
1 0.5
Tbh0
= 1.0.
and torsion.
If
if
>1.0, assume
t
t
=0.5;
=1.0;
(1.5
)(
1.75
ftbh0
1
Tc
0.07N)
(0.35ft
0.07
Vs
fyv
A sv
h0
s
N
)Wt
A
Results obtained are written for each end in the CivilFEM results file as the following
parameters:
VTD2
VRD3
VRD3
CRVRD3
VRd3
Ratio of the design shear force (V) to the shear resistance V Rd3.
CRVRD3
V
VRd3
TRD3
11-B-81
TRD3
CRTRD3
TRd3
CRTRD3
T
TRd3
11-B.6.6
Shear Design
ft
fyv
hw
the web height (parameter HW_VY of ~SECMDF command).
4) Obtaining section reinforcement data. Data concerning reinforcements of the
element section must be included within CivilFEM database. (See ~RNFDEF and
~RNFMDF commands). Required data are the following ones:
11-B-82
As/s
Description
V
N
11-B.6.7
where
c is
VRd1
If hw/b
4 , VRd1
0.25 c fcbh0
If hw/b
6 , VRd1
0.2 c fcbh0
VRD1 VRd1
CRVRD1
CRVRD1
V
VRd1
VRd2
Where
11-B-83
VRd2
0.7 hftbh0
800 1/ 4
) is the section height factor,
h0
VRd2
0.7ftbh0
If N is compressive (N < 0)
VRd2
1.75
ftbh0
1
0.07N
VRd2
1.75
ftbh0
1
0.2N
If N is tensile (N > 0)
VRD2
CRVRD2
VRd2
CRVRD2
V
VRd2
Asv
s
2100
In this case, the element will be marked as not designed, advancing to the
following element.
If there is no crushing by oblique compression, the calculating process
continues.
11-B-84
V
Vs
VRd3
VRd2
Vs
Vs
VRd3
VRd2
V VRd2
For each element end, the Vs value is included in the CivilFEM results file as the
parameter:
VRD3
Vs
4) Required transverse reinforcement ratio. Once the shear force that must be
carried by the reinforcement has been obtained, the reinforcement can be
calculated from the equation below:
A sv
s
V VRd2
cf fyv h0
where:
cf
1.25
Asv
s
cf
1.0
The area of designed reinforcement per unit of length is stored in the CivilFEM
results file as the parameter:
ASSH
A sv
s
In this case, the element will be marked as designed (provided that design
process is correct for both element sections).
If it is not possible the design, the reinforcement will be marked as 2100 and the
element will not be designed.
11-B.6.8
11-B-85
VR RE
RE
Status
Bending
Column
0.75
N
fc A
0.15
N
fc A
0.15
0.75
0.8
Shear wall
Eccentric compression
0.85
Other
Shear
0.85
Eccentric tension
1) Checking whether the section dimensions meet the requirement under the
actions of seismic loads. First, we check whether the design shear (V) is less or
equal to sectional maximum possible resistance (VRd1) under the seismic loads:
VRd1
For beam:
VRd1
0.2 c fcbh0
RE
For column:
VRd1
0.20 c fcbh0
for
0.15 c fcbh0
for
RE
VRd1
1
RE
M (Vh0 )
11-B-86
VRD1
VRD1 VRd1
CRVRD1
CRVRD1
V
VRd1
VRd2
0.42ftbh0
RE
If the member is an independent beam and the shear force from concentrated load is
more than 75%,
VRd2
1 1.05
ftbh0
1
RE
VRd2
1
RE
1.05
ftbh0
1
0.056N
If N is tensile (N > 0)
VRd2
1
RE
VRd2
1.05
ftbh0
1
0.2N
VRD2
CRVRD2
VRd2
CRVRD2
V
VRd2
For sections subjected to an applied tensile axial force so that VRd2=0, CRVRD2 is
taken as 2100.
11-B-87
The design process stops if CRVRD2=1.0, because the reinforcement is not needed
for the resistance (minimum reinforcements are still needed).
3) Contribution of the required transverse reinforcement. The section validity
condition concerning shear force is:
V
Vs
VRd3
VRd2
Vs
Vs
VRd3
VRd2
V VRd2
For each element end, the Vs value is included in the CivilFEM results file as the
parameter:
VRD3
Vs
4) Required transverse reinforcement ratio. Once the shear force that must be
carried by the reinforcement has been obtained, the reinforcement can be
calculated from the equation below:
A sv
s
V VRd2
cf fyv h0
RE
where:
cf
cf
Asv
s
1.25 for beam (N=0) in case the shear force from concentrated load is less
than 75%.
1.0 for an independent beam in case the shear force from concentrated
load is more than 75%, for column or the case axial force exists.
cross-sectional area of the shear reinforcement.
spacing of the stirrups measured along the longitudinal axis.
The area of designed reinforcement per unit of length is stored in the CivilFEM
results file as the parameter:
ASSH
A sv
s
In this case, the element will be marked as designed (provided that design
process is correct for both element sections).
If it is not possible the design, the reinforcement will be marked as 2 100 and the
element will not be designed.
11-B.6.9
Torsion Design
11-B-88
ft
fy
tw
h0
hw
Wt
Acor
Core area
Ucor
Core perimeter
W t1
Acor1
Ucor1
W t2
Acor2
Ucor2
11-B-89
5) Obtaining section internal forces and moments. The torsional moment that
acts on the section is obtained from the CivilFEM results file (.RCV).
Moment
Description
T
N
T TRd1
If hw / b
If hw / b
4 (or hw / t w
4 ) then TRd1
0.2Wt c fc
6 (or hw / t w
6 ) then TRd1
0.16Wt c fc
Results are written in the CivilFEM results file for both element ends as the
parameters:
TRD1
TRD1 TRd1
CRTRD1
CRTRD1
T
TRd1
TRd2
where
For rectangular and circular sections
11-B-90
TRd2
N (< 0)
0.35ft Wt
0.07
N
Wt
Ac
TRd2
0.35 hft Wt
2.5t w / bh , if
=1.0
For T and double T sections, they are divided into rectangle sections, and proceeds
according to rectangle sections.
Results are written in the CivilFEM results file for both element ends as the
parameters:
TRD2
TRD2 TRd2
CRTRD2
CRTRD2
T
TRd2
TRd3
TRd2
Ts
where
Ts
1.2
fy
A st1Acor
s
A stls
is the ratio between longitudinal reinforcement and hoop reinforcement
A st1ucor
1.7 ; if
1.7 , assume
1.7
strength 0.6
The required transverse reinforcement is given by this expression:
A st1
s
T TRd2
1.2
f y A cor
The area of designed transverse reinforcement per unit of length is stored in the
CivilFEM results file as the parameter:
11-B-91
A st
s
ASTT
A stl
A st1ucor
s
where:
Astl
area of the designed longitudinal reinforcement.
fyv
hoop reinforcements
The area of the designed longitudinal reinforcement is stored in the CivilFEM
results file as the parameter:
ASLT
Astl
If both transverse and longitudinal reinforcements are designed for both element
sections, this element will be marked as designed.
ft
fy
fyv
h0
11-B-92
hw
W t1
Acor1
Ucor1
W t2
Acor2
Ucor2
Description
V
N
T
VR1 VRRd1
TR1 TRRd1
where
If hw / b
4 (or hw / t w
If hw / b
6 (or hw / t w
4 ) then VTRd1
6 ) then VTRd1
0.25 c fc
0.2 c fc
11-B-93
VR1 (VTRd1
T
)bh0
0.8Wt
TR1 (VTRd1
V
)0.8Wt
bh0
tw / b 6
Results are written in the CivilFEM results file for both element ends as the
parameters:
VTD1
VTD1 VTRd1
CRVRD1
CRVRD1
CRTRD1
VR1
VTRd1
CRTRD1
TR1
VTRd1
VRD2
CRVRD2
VRd2
CRVRD2
V
VRd2
11-B-94
TRD2 TRd2
CRTRD2
T
TRd2
CRTRD2
VRd3
TRd3
where
VRd3
V c Vs
TRd3
T c Ts
Vc
Vs
0.7(1.5
Tc
If
)ftbh0
A sv
h0 (No axial forces)
s
1.25fyv
Ts
0.35
f Wt
h t t
fy A st1A cor
1.2
2.5t w / bh , if
torsion.
t =0.5; if
>1.0, assume
=1.0;
(1.5
Vs
Tc
)(
1.75
ftbh0
1
fyv
0.07N)
A sv
h0
s
(0.35ft
0.07
N
)Wt
A
11-B-95
Results obtained are written for each end in the CivilFEM results file as the following
parameters:
VRD2
VRD2
VRD3
VRD3
CRVRD3
Vc
VRd3
Ratio of the design shear force (V) to the shear resistance V Rd3.
V
VRd3
CRVRD3
TRD3
TRD3
CRTRD3
TRd3
CRTRD3
T
TRd3
A sv
s
V VRd2
cf fyv h0
Torsion:
A st1
s
T TRd2
1.2
f y A cor
where
Asv
cf
11-B-96
Ast1
fyv
1.7 ; if
1.7 , assume
1.7
The area of designed reinforcement per unit of length is stored in the CivilFEM
results file as the parameter:
ASSH
A sv
s
ASTT
A st1
s
A stl
A st1ucor
s
ASLT
Astl
If both transverse and longitudinal reinforcements are designed for both element
sections, this element will be marked as designed.
11-B-97
Shear Checking
45
11-B-98
As
s
5) Obtaining forces and moments acting on the section. The shear force that
acts on the section is obtained from the CivilFEM results file (.RCV).
Force
Description
VSd
VSd
VRd2
Model I
VRd2
0.27
f b d
v2 cd w
Where
v2
fck
(fck in MPa).
250
Model II
VRd2
0.54
f b d sin2
v2 cd w
(cot an
cot an )
Where
v2
fck
(fck in MPa).
250
For each element end, calculation results are written in the CivilFEM results file:
VRD2
11-B-99
VRD2 = VRd2
CRTVRD2
VSd
VRd2
7) Checking failure by tension in the web. It is checked if the design shear force
(Vsd) is less or equal to the shear force due to tension in the web (V Rd3). VRd3 is
calculated with model I if = 45 and with model II if
45:
VSd
VRd3
Vsw
VRd3
Vc
Vsw
Vc
Model I
Vsw
A sw
0.9 d fywd (sin
s
cos )
Where
Asw/s
fywd
Vc
0
Vc0
Vc0
0.6 fctd bw d
Model II
Vsw
A sw
0.9 d fywd (cot an
s
cot an ) sin
Where
Asw/s
fywd
Vc
Vc1
11-B-100
Vc0
0
0
Only tension in the section
Vc1 Tension and compression in the section
VSd Vc0
Interpolating linearly in between these values.
VSd VRd2
Where
Vc0
0.6 fctd bw d
For each end, calculation results are written in the CivilFEM results file:
VSW
VC
VRD3
CRTVRD3
VSd
VRd3
CRTSHR Max
VSd VSd
;
VRd2 VRd3
For each element end, this value is stored in the CivilFEM results file as
CRTSHR.
A value 2100 for this criterion would mean that shear strength by tension in the
web (VRd3) is equal to zero, as was indicated in the previous point.
11-B.7.2
Torsion Checking
11-B-101
45
Longitudinal reinforcement
Asl
total area of the longitudinal reinforcement, (parameter ASL of
~RNFDEF or ~RNFMDF command).
The reinforcement ratio can also be obtained with the following data:
diameter of longitudinal bars, (parameter PHIL of ~RNFDEF or
~RNFMDF command).
N
number of longitudinal bars, (parameter N of ~RNFDEF or ~RNFMDF
command).
4) Obtaining section internal forces and moments. The torsional moment that
acts on the section is obtained from the CivilFEM results file (.RCV).
11-B-102
Moment
Description
TSd
TSd
TRd2
0.50
v2
TRd2
fcd Ae he sin2
Where:
v2
fck
(fck in MPa).
250
CRTTRD2
TSd
TRd2
TSd
TRd3
TRd3
(A st / s) fywd 2A e cot an
where:
Ast
CRTTRD3
11-B-103
CRTTRD3
TSd
TRd3
TSd
TRd4
TRd4
(A sl / ue ) fywd 2A e tan
where:
Asl
area of the longitudinal torsion reinforcement.
fywd
design strength of reinforcement limited to 435 MPa.
Calculation results are stored in the CivilFEM results file as:
TRD4
CRTTRD4
TSd
TRd4
CRTTRS Max
For each element end, this value is stored in the CivilFEM results file as.
A value 2100 for this criterion would indicate the non-definition of one of the
torsion reinforcements.
11-B.7.3
For checking sections subjected to shear force and concomitant torsional moment,
we follow the steps below:
11-B-104
VSd
VRd2
TSd
TRd2
where:
VRd2
TRd2
For each element, this criterion value is stored in the CivilFEM results file as
CRTCST.
4) Obtaining the combined shear and torsion criterion. This criterion
comprehends pure shear, pure torsion and concrete ultimate strength condition
criteria. The criterion determines whether the section is valid or not, and it is
defined as follows:
CRTTST
Max
TSd
TRd2
For each element, this criterion value is stored in the CivilFEM results file as
CRTTST.
A value 2100 for this criterion would indicate that one of the denominators is null,
because one of the reinforcements is not defined.
11-B.7.4
Shear Design
11-B-105
45
Description
VSd
VSd
VRd2
Model I
VRd2
0.27
f b d
v2 cd w
Where
v2
11-B-106
fck
(fck in MPa).
250
Model II
VRd2
0.54
f b d sin2
(cot an
v2 cd w
cot an )
Where
fck
(fck in MPa).
250
v2
For each element end, calculation results are written in the CivilFEM results file
as:
VRD2
CRTVRD2
CRTVRD2
If design shear force is greater than shear force that causes the failure by
oblique compression of concrete in the web, the reinforcement design is not
feasible. Then, the parameter where the reinforcement is stored is marked as
2100.
ASSH
A sw
s
2100
In this case, the element is marked as not designed, advancing then to next
element.
In case there is no failure due to oblique compression, the calculation process
continues.
7) Checking if section requires shear reinforcement. First, it is checked if design
shear force (Vsd) is less than the strength provided by concrete in members
without shear reinforcement (Vc). VRd3 is calculated with model I if = 45 and
with model II if
45:
VSd
VRd3
VRd3
Vc
Model I
Vc
0
Vc0
Vc0
0.6 fctd bw d
11-B-107
Model II
Vc
Vc1
Vc0
0
0
Only tension in the section
Vc1 Tension and compression in the section
VSd Vc0
Interpolating linearly in between these values.
VSd VRd2
Where
Vc0
0.6 fctd bw d
If the section does not require shear reinforcement, the following parameters are
defined (for both element ends):
VC = Vc
VRD3 = VRd3 = Vc
VSW = 0
ASSH
A sw
s
VSd
VRd3
Vsw
Vc
VRd3
Vc
Vsw
Model I
Vsw
A sw
0.9 d fywd (sin
s
cos )
Where
Asw/s
fywd
11-B-108
45:
Model II
Vsw
A sw
0.9 d fywd (cot an
s
cot an ) sin
Where
Asw/s
fywd
A sw
s
A sw
s
Vsw
0.9 d fywd (sin
cos )
for Model I
Vsw
0.9 d fywd (cot an
cot an ) sin
for Model II
Where:
Asw s
ASSH
A sw
s
In this case the element is marked as designed (provided that the design
process is correct for both element sections).
11-B-109
11-B.7.5
Torsion Design
45
Description
TSd
TSd
TRd2
0.50
v2
TRd2
fcd Ae he sin2
Where:
v2
11-B-110
fck
(fck in MPa).
250
CRTTRD2
TSd
TRd2
If design torsional moment is greater than the one that causes the failure by
compression of concrete, the reinforcement design is not feasible. Therefore, the
parameters where these reinforcements are stored are marked as 2 100.
ASTT
A st
s
ASLT
A sl
In this case, the element is marked as not designed, advancing then to the next
element.
In case there is no failure due to oblique compression, the calculation process
continues.
5) Required transverse reinforcement. The ultimate strength condition of the
transverse reinforcement is:
TSd
TRd3
(A st / s) fywd 2A e cot an
where:
Ast
s
fywd
A st
s
TSd
tan
fywd 2A e
The area per unit of length of the designed transverse reinforcement is stored in
the CivilFEM results file for both element ends as:
ASTT
A st
s
11-B-111
TSd
TRd4
(A sl / ue ) fywd 2A e tan
where:
Asl
area of the longitudinal torsion reinforcement.
fywd
design strength of reinforcement limited to 435 MPa.
Consequently, the longitudinal reinforcement required is:
A sl
ue
TSd cot an
fywd 2A e
11-B.7.6
VSd
VRd2
TSd
TRd2
where:
VRd2
TRd2
For each element end, this criterion value is stored in the CivilFEM results file as
CRTCST.
11-B-112
11-B-113
11-B.8 Shear and Torsion according to AASHTO Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges
Shear Checking
11-B-115
As/s
As
Description
Vu
2 f'c b w d
where:
f 'c
Vc
2 1
Nu
2000 A g
f'c bw d
Vc
2 1
Nu
500 A g
f'c bw d
If section is subjected to a tensile force so that the tensile stress exceeds 500
psi, it is assumed Vc=0.
11-B-116
11-B.8 Shear and Torsion according to AASHTO Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges
The calculation result for both element ends is stored in the CivilFEM results file
as the parameter VC:
VC
VC
Vc
Vs
Av
fy (sin cos) d
s
8 f'c bw d
where:
Av
area of the cross-section of shear reinforcement.
s
spacing of the stirrups measured along the longitudinal axis.
The calculation result for both element ends is stored in the CivilFEM results file
as the parameter VS:
VS
VS
Vs
8) Nominal shear strength of section. The nominal shear strength (Vn) is the sum
of the provided by concrete and by the shear reinforcement:
Vn
Vc
Vs
This nominal strength, as well as its ratio to the design shear, are stored in the
CivilFEM results file as the parameters:
VN
VN Vn
CRTVN
Vu
Vn
Vu
Vn
Vc
Vs
strength reduction factor of the section, (0.85 for shear and torsion).
11-B-117
Vu
Vn
For each element, this value is stored in the CivilFEM results file as the
parameter CRTSHR.
In case the strength provided by concrete is null and the shear reinforcement is
not defined in the section, then Vn=0, and the criterion is equal to 2100.
The Vn value is stored in CivilFEM results file as the parameter VFI.
11-B.8.2
Torsion Checking
11-B.8.3
For checking sections subjected to shear force and concomitant torsional moment,
the same procedure as for the ACI-318 code is followed, with =0.85.
11-B.8.4
Shear Design
The shear designing according to AASHTO Specific Standards for Highway Bridges
follows these steps:
1) Obtaining materials strength properties. These properties are obtained from
the material properties associated to each transverse cross section and for the
active time, (see ~CFMP command).
The required data are the following ones:
fc
specified compressive strength of concrete.
fyk
specified yield strength of reinforcement.
2) Obtaining section geometrical data. Section geometrical requirements must
be defined within CivilFEM database, (~CSECDMS command). Required data
for shear designing are the following ones:
Ag
area of concrete section.
3) Obtaining geometrical parameters depending on code. Geometrical
parameters used for shear designing must be defined within CivilFEM database,
(see ~SECMDF command). The required data are the following ones:
bw
d
11-B-118
11-B.8 Shear and Torsion according to AASHTO Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges
Description
Vu
2 f'c b w d
where:
f'c
Vc
2 1
Nu
2000 A g
f'c bw d
Vc
2 1
Nu
500 A g
f'c bw d
If section is subjected to a tensile force so that the tensile stress exceeds 500
psi, it is assumed Vc=0.
The calculation result is stored in the CivilFEM results file for both element ends
as the parameter:
VC
VC
Vc
11-B-119
Vu
Vn
Vc
Vs
Therefore, the shear force the reinforcement must support should be:
Vu
Vs
Vc
8 f'c bw d
If the shear force the reinforcement must support does not satisfy the expression
above, the section could not be designed, so the parameters where the
reinforcement is stored would be marked with 2100. Then:
As
s
AS/SSH
2100
In this case, the element will be marked as not designed, advancing then to the
following element.
Calculation results are stored in the CivilFEM results file for both element ends
as the parameter:
VS
Vs
8 f'c b w d
8) Required reinforcement ratio. Once the shear force that the shear
reinforcement must support has been obtained, the reinforcement can be
calculated with the following expression:
Av
s
Vs
fy (sen cos) d
Where:
Av
area of the cross-section of the shear reinforcement.
s
spacing of the stirrups measured along the longitudinal axis.
The area of the designed reinforcement per unit of length is stored in the
CivilFEM results file for both element ends:
ASSH
Av
s
In this case, the element will be marked as designed (providing the design
process is correct for both element sections).
11-B.8.5
Torsion Design
11-B-120
11-B.8 Shear and Torsion according to AASHTO Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges
11-B.8.6
11-B-121
Shear Checking
Rbt
Rs
Rsw
Asw/sw
Asw
11-B-122
11-B.9 Shear and Torsion according to Code of Rules 52-101-03 (Russian Code 52-101-03)
sw
sw
Description
Q
Design shear force
N
Design axial force
M
Design bending moment
6) Checking of a concrete band between inclined sections. The design shear
(Q) must be less or equal to the design shear resistance:
b1
Rb b h0
Results are written for each end in the CivilFEM results file as the following
parameters:
Q1
Q1
CRTQ1
b1
Rb b h0
CRTQ1
Q
Q1
Q Qb1 Qsw,1
Qb1
Qsw,1
Qb1
0.5 Rbt b h0
Qsw,1
Rsw A sw
h0
sw
11-B-123
Results obtained are written for each end in the CivilFEM results file as the
following parameters:
QB
QB Qb1
QSW
QSW
Q2
Qsw,1
Q2 Qb1 Qsw,1
CRTQ2
Ratio of the design shear force (Q) to the shear strength Q2.
CRTQ2
Q
Q2
CRT_TOT
Max
Q Q
;
Q1 Q2
For each end, this value is stored in the CivilFEM results file as the parameter
CRT_TOT.
11-B.9.2
Torsion Checking
Rs
Rsw
11-B-124
11-B.9 Shear and Torsion according to Code of Rules 52-101-03 (Russian Code 52-101-03)
The formulation uses Z1 and Z2 which refer to the lengths of the effective
torsional section. These lengths will be taken as the most unfavorable case
between:
Z1
Z2
ZA
ZB
or
Z1
Z2
ZB
ZA
Longitudinal reinforcement
Asl
total area of the longitudinal reinforcement, (parameter ASL of
~RNFDEF and ~RNFMDF commands).
The reinforcement ratio can also be obtained with the following data:
l
4) Obtaining section internal forces and moments. The torsional moment that
acts on the section is obtained from the CivilFEM results file (.RCV).
Moment
Description
Tsd
11-B-125
T
Tsw,1
Tsw,1 Ts,1
Rsw
Ts,1
Ast / s Z12 Z2
2
2 Z2 Z1
0.5 Rs A s,1 Z2
where:
As,1
Asl
Z1
2 Z1 2 Z2
Rsw Ast / s
Z1
Rs
A s,1
2.0
Rsw Ast / s
Z1
Rs
Results are written in the CivilFEM results file for both element ends as the
parameters:
TSW1
TS1
TR
CRT_TOT
11-B.9.3
T
Tsw,1 Ts,1
For checking sections subjected to shear force and concomitant torsional moment,
we follow the steps below:
1) Torsion checking considering a null shear force. This checking is
accomplished following the same steps as for the checking of elements subjected
to pure torsion.
2) Shear checking assuming a null torsional moment. Follows the same
procedure as for the checking of elements subject only to shear.
11-B-126
11-B.9 Shear and Torsion according to Code of Rules 52-101-03 (Russian Code 52-101-03)
b1
The design torsional moment (T) must verify the following condition:
T
(Tsw,1 Ts,1 ) 1
Qb1
Q
Qsw,1
Results obtained are written for each element end in the CivilFEM results file as
the following parameters:
QB
QB Qb1
QSW
QSW
Q2
Qsw,1
Q2 Qb1 Qsw,1
CRTQ2
Ratio of the design shear force (Q) to the shear strength Q2.
CRTQ2
Q
Q2
TS1
TR
CRTTOR
CRT_TOT
T
Tsw,1 Ts,1
Total criterion.
11-B-127
CRT_TOT
Tsw,1 Ts,1
Qb1
Q
Qsw,1
11-B.9.4
Shear Design
Rbt
Rs
Rsw
3) Obtaining code parameters and coefficients. Specific code used for shear
designing must be defined within CivilFEM database (see ~SECMDF command).
Required data are the following ones:
b1
4) Obtaining forces and moments acting on the section. The shear force that
acts on the section, as well as the concomitant axial force and bending moment,
are obtained from the CivilFEM results file (.RCV).
Force
Description
Q
Design shear force
5) Checking whether the section requires shear reinforcement or not. First, we
check whether the design shear (Q) is less or equal to the design shear
resistance of a concrete band between inclined sections (Q1):
Q Q1
Q1
11-B-128
b1
Rb b h0
11-B.9 Shear and Torsion according to Code of Rules 52-101-03 (Russian Code 52-101-03)
Results are written for each end in the CivilFEM results file as the following
parameters:
Q1
Q1
CRTQ1
b1
Rb b h0
CRTQ1
Q
Q1
If design shear force is greater than the design shear resistance on a concrete
band, the reinforcement design will not be feasible, so the parameter containing
this datum will be marked with 1. It will be:
ASSH
As
s
2100
In this case, the element will be marked as not designed, advancing to the
following element.
6) Maximum shear force that can be resisted by the concrete. The shear
strength of concrete is determined by the following formula:
Qb1
Qb1
0.5 Rbt b h0
Results obtained are written for each end in the CivilFEM results file as the
following parameters:
QB
QB Qb1
7) Contribution of the required transverse reinforcement. The section validity
condition concerning shear force is:
Q Qb1 Qsw,1
Qb1
Qsw,1
Qb1
0.5 Rbt b h0
Qsw,1
Rsw A sw
h0
sw
11-B-129
Qsw,1
Q Qb1
Results obtained are written for each end in the CivilFEM results file as the
following parameters:
QSW
QSW
Q2
Qsw,1
Q2 Qb1 Qsw,1
8) Required reinforcement ratio. Once the shear force that must be carried by the
reinforcement has been obtained, the reinforcement can be calculated from the
equation below:
A sw
sw
Qsw,1
R sw h0
where:
Asw/sw area of the shear reinforcement per unit of length.
The area of designed reinforcement per unit of length is stored in the CivilFEM
results file as the parameter:
ASSH
Asw
s
In this case, the element will be marked as designed (provided that design
process is correct for both element sections).
If it is not possible the design, the reinforcement will be marked as 2100 and the
element will not be designed.
DSG_CRT
11-B.9.5
Torsion Design
Rs
11-B-130
11-B.9 Shear and Torsion according to Code of Rules 52-101-03 (Russian Code 52-101-03)
Rsw
Z1
Z2
ZA
ZB
or
Z1
Z2
ZB
ZA
4) Obtaining forces and moments acting on the section. The torsional moment
that acts on the section is obtained from the CivilFEM results file.
Moment
Description
Tsd
Design torsional moment
5) Required transverse reinforcement ratio. The design torsional moment (T)
must be less or equal to the design torsional resistance:
Tsw,1 Ts,1
where:
Tsw,1
Ts,1
11-B-131
Ts,1
0.5 Rs A s,1 Z2
where:
As,1
Area of the longitudinal reinforcement that lays on the side of length Z1.
It is assumed that the longitudinal torsional reinforcement is distributed
uniformly, therefore:
A s,1
Asl
Z1
2 Z1 2 Z2
Tsw,1
T Ts,1
where:
Tsw,1
Ast / s Z12 Z2
2
2 Z2 Z1
Rsw
2 Tsw,1 2 Z 2 Z1
R sw
Z12 Z1
Rsw Ast / s
Z1
Rs
0.667
A s,1
2.0
A s,1 Rs
Rsw Ast / s Z1
Rsw Ast / s
Z1
Rs
2.0
Results are written in the CivilFEM results file for both element ends as the
parameters:
ASTTNEC
ASTT
RNFRAT
A sw
s
Reinforcements ratio:
RNFRAT
A s,1 Rs
Rsw Ast / s Z1
11-B-132
11-B.9 Shear and Torsion according to Code of Rules 52-101-03 (Russian Code 52-101-03)
T
Tsw,1
Tsw,1 Ts,1
Rsw
Ts,1
Ast / s Z12 Z2
2
2 Z2 Z1
0.5 Rs A s,1 Z2
where:
As,1
Asl
Z1
2 Z1 2 Z2
Rsw Ast / s
Z1
Rs
A s,1
2.0
Rsw Ast / s
Z1
Rs
1.0
Rsw Ast / s
Z1
Rs
These section reinforcements are calculated for the possible values of Z 1 and Z2:
Z1
Z2
ZA
ZB
or
Z1
Z2
ZB
ZA
The section reinforcements calculated on each case are checked for the
possible values of Z1 and Z2. So, CivilFEM obtains the neccessary
reinforcements for the most unfavorable case.
Results of the designed longitudinal and transverse reinforcements are stored in
the CivilFEM results file as the parameters:
TSW1
TS1
TR
11-B-133
CRTTOR
ASTT
Tsw,1 Ts,1
ASTT
ASLT
A sw
s
ASLT
Asl
If both transverse and longitudinal reinforcements are designed for both element
sections, this element will be marked as designed.
If it is not possible the design, the reinforcement will be marked as 2 100 and the
element will not be designed.
DSG_CRT
11-B-134
fy
A sl
bw d
11-B-135
Description
Vu
Pu
6) Calculation of the nominal shear stress. We calculate the nominal shear stress
with the following expression:
Vu
v
bw d
This stress is written for each end in the CivilFEM results file as:
TAOV
Shear strength
TAOV
7) Checking of the maximum shear stress. We check that the nominal shear
stress is less or equal than the maximum shear stress:
v
where
11-B-136
c max
c max
Results are stored for each end in the CivilFEM results file as the following
parameters:
TCMAX
c max
CRTCMAX Ratio of the nominal shear stress to the shear maximum stress.
v
CRTCMAX
c max
Vuc
Vus
Vuc
bw d
where c is given in Table 19 according to the concrete type and the amount of
the longitudinal tension reinforcement:
11-B-137
For members subjected to axial compression Pu, the design shear strength of
concrete, given in Table 19, shall be multiplied by the following factor:
1
3 Pu
A c fck
1.5
Vus
0.87 fy
A sw
d (sin
s
cos )
Asw
Results are stored for each end in the CivilFEM results file as the following
parameters:
TC
VUC
11-B-138
VUS
VUT
CRVUT
Ratio of the design shear force (Vu) to the shear resistance Vut.
CRVUT
Vu
Vut
9) Obtaining shear criterion. The shear criterion indicates whether the section is
valid or not for the design forces (if it is less than 1, the section satisfies the code
prescriptions, whereas if it exceeds 1, the section will not be valid). Furthermore,
it includes information about how close is the design force from the ultimate
section strength. The shear criterion is defined as follows:
CRT_TOT
Max
v
c max
Vu
Vut
For each end, this value is stored in the CivilFEM results file as the parameter
CRT_TOT.
A value of 2100 for this criterion would mean that Vut are equal to zero.
11-B-139
d
1
b1, d1
A sl
bw d
11-B-140
Ast/s
The reinforcement ratio can also be obtained with the following data:
As
Description
Vu
Tu
Pu
Mu
Vu 1.6
Tu
bw
TAOVE
ve
11-B-141
8) Checking of the maximum shear stress. We check that the equivalent nominal
shear stress is less or equal than the maximum shear stress:
v
where
c max
c max
Results are stored for each end in the CivilFEM results file as the following
parameters:
TCMAX
c max
CRTCMAX Ratio of the nominal shear stress to the shear maximum stress.
ve
CRTCMAX
c max
where c is given in Table 19 according to the concrete type and the amount of
the longitudinal tension reinforcement:
11-B-142
Results are stored for each end in the CivilFEM results file as the following
parameters:
ATT
ATT
CRTATT
A sv
sv
0
nec
CRTATT
A sv
sv nec
A ss A st
s
s
A sv
sv
ATT
Tu
b1 d1 (0.87fy )
Vu
2.5 d1 (0.87fy )
11-B-143
A sv
sv
ATT
CRTATT
nec
CRTATT
A sv
sv nec
A ss A st
s
s
Mt
Tu
bw
1.7
overall depth
This equivalent moment is used in the axial bending checking (in the direction
defined in the command argument). For further information about this calculation
procedure, see chapters about axial load and biaxial bending of the Theory
Manual.
The calculation results are stored in the CivilFEM results file for both element ends
as the parameters:
MT
MEL
CRTASL
11-B-144
Ratio of the forces and moments that acts on the section to the
ultimate forces and moments.
CRTASL
(Nu ,Mel )
(Nh ,Mh )
12) Obtaining total criterion. The criterion of the combined axial, bending, shear
and torsional checking is obtained from the enveloping of the partial criterions. if it
is less than 1, the section is valid, whereas if it exceeds 1, the section is not valid:
CRT_TOT = Max {CRTCMAX; CRTATT; CRTASL)
This value is stored in the CivilFEM results file for both element ends as the
parameter CRT_TOT.
A value 2100 for this criterion means the non-definition of the shear and torsion
transverse reinforcements.
fy
A sl
bw d
11-B-145
Description
Vu
Design shear force
Pu
Concomitant axial force
6) Calculation of the nominal shear stress. The nominal shear stress is
calculated from the following expression:
Vu
v
bw d
This stress is written for each end in the CivilFEM results file as:
TAOV
Shear strength
TAOV
7) Checking of the maximum shear stress. We check that the nominal shear
stress is less or equal than the maximum shear stress:
v
where
c max
c max
Results are stored for each end in the CivilFEM results file as the following
parameters:
TCMAX
11-B-146
c max
CRTCMAX Ratio of the nominal shear stress to the shear maximum stress.
v
CRTCMAX
c max
If the nominal shear stress is higher than the maximum shear stress the
reinforcement design will not be possible, therefore the parameter where this
value is stored is taken as 2100.
As
2100
s
In this case, the element will be marked as not designed, advancing then to the
following element end.
ASSH
Vu
Vut
Vuc
Vus
where:
Vu
Vut
Vuc
Vus
Vus
Vu
Vuc
Vuc
bw d
where c is given in Table 19 according to the concrete type and the amount of
the longitudinal tension reinforcement:
11-B-147
For members subjected to axial compression Pu, the design shear strength of
concrete, given in Table 19, shall be multiplied by the following factor:
3 Pu
A c fck
1.5
For each element end, the Vus value is included in the CivilFEM results file as the
parameter:
VUS
VUS
VUS
Vus
0.87 fy
A sw
d (sin
s
cos )
Asw
Therefore:
A sw
s
11-B-148
Vus
0.87 fy d (sin
cos )
The area of the designed reinforcement per unit of length is stored in the
CivilFEM results file for both element ends:
ASSH
Asw
s
In this case, the element will be marked as designed (providing the design
process is correct for both element sections).
If the reinforcement design is not possible, the reinforcement value is taken as
2100 and the element will be stored as not designed.
DSG_CRT
fy
11-B-149
A sl
bw d
Description
Vu
Tu
Pu
Mu
Vu 1.6
Tu
bw
TAOVE
ve
8) Checking of the maximum shear stress. We check that the equivalent nominal
shear stress is less or equal than the maximum shear stress:
11-B-150
ve
where
c max
c max
Results are stored for each end in the CivilFEM results file as the following
parameters:
TCMAX
c max
CRTCMAX Ratio of the nominal shear stress to the shear maximum stress.
ve
CRTCMAX
c max
If the nominal shear stress is higher than the maximum shear stress, the
reinforcement design will not be possible, therefore the parameter where this
value is stored is taken as 2100.
As
s
ASSH
2100
where c is given in Table 19 according to the concrete type and the amount of
the longitudinal tension reinforcement:
11-B-151
Results are stored for each end in the CivilFEM results file as the following
parameters:
ATT
A sv
sv
A sv
sv
ATT
Tu
bw d1 (0.87fy )
Vu
2.5 d1 (0.87fy )
ATT
A sv
sv
nec
11-B-152
Mel
Mt
Tu
bw
1.7
overall depth
This equivalent moment is used in the axial bending design (in the direction
defined in the command argument). For further information about this calculation
procedure, see chapters 11-A.3 and 11-A.4 of the Theory Manual.
The calculation results are stored in the CivilFEM results file for both element ends
as the parameters:
MT
MEL
11-B-153