MC LC

M u......................................................................................................

Phn I: Tng quan v vt liu composit ..........................................................1

I-Khi Nim.....................................................................................................1
II- Lch s pht trin
........
........
........
........

III-Xu hng pht trin................................................................................... 5

IV- c im v phn loi

V-Vt liu thnh phn ca composit................................................................9

VI-Cu trc v tnh cht ca vt liu composit
.................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................
12
.................................................................................................................
1-Cu trc....................................................................................................... 12
2-Mt s yu t nh hng n tnh cht ca composit.................................14
VII-Cc phng php ch to vt liu composit............................................ 22
PhnII-Nghin cu thc nghim v kt qu..................................................26
I-Nhim v nghin cu...................................................................................26
II-Nghin cu thc nghim v kt qu...........................................................27
II.1-Phng php nghin cu..........................................................................27
II.2-Nghin cu qu trnh nu thu tinh ....................................................... 30
II.3- o c tnh cht thu tinh...................................................................... 33
II.4- Nghin cu kh nng to vt liu composit ca thu tinh .....................39
III.4.1- S tng hp vt liu composit ......................................................39
II.4.2 Nghin cu kh nng to vt liu composit ca thu tinh v si CrNi.43
1

II.4.3 Nghin cu kh nng to vt liu composit ca thu tinh v si Inox 46

II.4.4 -Nghin cu kh nng to vt liu composit ca thu tinh v si SiC .48
II.4.5- Nghin cu kh nng to vt liu composit ca thu tinh v gm thu
tinh bn c cao................................................................................................49
II.4.6- Nghin cu kh nng to vt liu composit ca thu tinh v gm
corun. .............................................................................................................50
Phn III- Kt lun .........................................................................................51
Ti Liu Tham Kho......................................................................................52

M U
Vt liu l mt lnh vc quan trng i vi i sng v sn xut cng
nghip. Mi mt loi vt liu u c nhng u ,nhc im ring (v d:vt
liu hu c :nh , bn, r, d gia cng nhng khng s dng c nhit
cao; vt liu v c: chu lc tt, r, c th s dng c c khong nhit
rng nhng km bn, kt cu nng n , kh gia cng). S pht trin
mnh m ca cng ngh hin i dn ti nhu cu to ln v nhng vt liu
ng thi c nhiu tnh cht cn thit m cc vt liu truyn thng khi ng
ring r khng th c c.Vt liu kt hp hay composit ra i va p ng
nhu cu cp bch , va l sn phm ca nhng cng trnh nghin cu trong
na sau th k XX nhm khai thc, pht trin quy lut kt hp mt quy lut
ph bin trong t nhin. Ngy nay, vt liu composit v ang thay th dn
cc vt liu truyn thng nh: vt liu v c,hu c, kim loi ch to ra
cc chi tit my v kt cu k c cc kt cu chu ti trng ln cng nh cc
sn phm dn dng khc, trong c c lnh vc y t mt lnh vc cn mi
m - l vt liu composit y sinh.
Vt iu composit y sinh l mt loi vt liu khng nhng c kh nng
dung np tt trong c th con ngi m cn c kh nng to ra mi lin kt
trc tip kiu sinh ha gia n v t bo xng c th sng. V vy n l loi

vt liu l tng sa cha , thay th cc b phn xng rng c th con

ngi trong phu thut chnh hnh.
Lun vn ny c nhim v nghin cu tng hp vt liu , kho st tnh
cht v kh nng lin kt to vt liu composit ca thu tinh c tnh cht sinh
hc tt vi mt s vt liu khc nhau.cc loi ct khc nhau.

PHN I : TNG QUAN V VT LIU COMPOSIT

I. KHI NIM
Vt liu composit (composit ) l vt liu t hp t hai (hoc nhiu) vt
liu c bn cht khc nhau . Vt liu to thnh c c tnh tri hn c tnh
ca tng vt liu thnh phn khi ng ring r.[1]
II. LCH S PHT TRIN
Vt liu composit u tin xut hin cch y hng nghn nm . 5000
nm trc cng nguyn ngi c i thm nghin nh hoc nhng vt
liu ngun gc hu c vo t st gim co , ct khi nung gch hoc
gm. Ai cp khong 3000 nm TCN ngi ta lm v thuyn bng lau sy
an tm bitum, nu b qua mt s khi nim th k thut cng ging nh
k thut lm tu hin i t cht do ct thu tinh hin nay. Vit Nam ,
thuyn tre an trt sn trn mn ca l mt v d v vt liu composit .[2]
Nm 1851, Nelson Goodyear dng oxyt km lm cht n cho elonit. Nm
1920 , Bakeland dng bt g n vo nha bakelit v John s dng
xenlulo lm cht n cho cc loi nha .[8]
Mc d c hnh thnh t rt sm , nhng vic ch to vt liu composit
mi thc s c ch khong 60 nm tr li y. Vo nhng nm 1930
3

Slayter c Ellis v Foster dng gia cng cho polyeste khng no.
Polyeste tng cng bng si si thy tinh c s dng trong ngnh hng
khng nm 1938.[8] Nm 1944 sn xut hng nghn chi tit bng cht do
composit cho my bay v tu chin phc v a chin th gii ln th II.Nm
1950 cht lng ca vt liu polyme composit c nng cao nh s ra i
ca nha epoxy v hng lot si tng cng nh si cabon, si polyeste,
nylon, aramit (kelva), si silic
T nm 1970 n nay , cc chi tit ch to t composit ct si c
ng dng rng ri trong cng nghip , lm vt liu xy dng v nhng ngnh
k thut cao .[5]
Mc d vy , vic nghin cu nng cao cht lng , ci thin tnh cht c l ,
tnh cht nhit , in v.v, m rng lnh vc ng dng ca vt liu ny vn
lun c c t ra.
III- XU HNG PHT TRIN CA VT LIU COMPOSIT TRONG

THI GIAN TI. [2]

- Thay th thp bng vt liu composit: S thay th thp bng cc vt liu mi
c lin quan n cc tnh cht c bit v bn cht vt l ca chng . Trong
cc vt rn tinh th , thp v cc kim loi khc lun tn ti nhng sai lch
ng . S lng ca chng ln ti nhiu t trn 1cm 3 , lm yu kim loi v
khng cho php tng bn ca chng ln mt cch ng k, Nh nhng
tnh cht u vit , vt liu polyme composit cho php t c bn nn
ln hn nhiu so vi thp .
- Chuyn vt liu sang dng si tng cng bn : kt qu nghin cu
trong nhiu nm chng t khi chuyn vt liu dng khi sang dng si
th bn ca chng tng ln . Trong nhng si mnh , bn t ti gi tr
gn vi l thuyt v khi trong cu trc khng quan st thy khuyt tt.
-a dng ho nn polyme v cht tng cng : Trong nhng nm gn y
trn th gii , cng vi nhng loi nha nhit rn c s dng rng ri
4

nh nha epoxy , polyeste khng no , phenolfomandehyt ngi ta s

dng rt c hiu qu cc loi nha nhit do nh PE, PP, polyamit,
polycacbonat .
-Phi hp gia cc vt liu polyme , nn kim loi v gm.[2]
IV. C IM V PHN LOI VT LIU COMPOSIT
1. Cc c im chung.
- L vt liu nhiu pha. Cc pha to nn composit thng rt khc nhau v
mt bn cht , khng ho tan ln nhau , phn tch nhau bng b mt phn chia
pha. Pha lin tc trong ton khi composit c gi l nn (matrix), pha phn
b gin on , c nn bao bc , quy nh gi l ct .(Hnh 1.1)
l
N
n
Ct
Hnh 1.1: Vt liu Composit
- Trong composit th t l , hnh dng , kch thc , cng nh s phn b ca
nn v ct tun theo cc quy nh thit k trc.
- Tnh cht ca cc pha thnh phn c kt hp to nn tnh cht chung
ca composit. Tuy vy tnh cht ca composit khng bao hm tt c cc tnh
cht ca cc pha thnh phn khi chng ng ring r m ch la chn trong
nhng tnh cht tt v pht huy thm. [1]
* C tnh ca vt liu composit ph thuc vo :
+ C tnh ca vt liu thnh phn
+ Lut phn b hnh hc ca vt liu ct
+ Tc dng tng h gia cc vt liu thnh phn [3]
2. Phn loi :
phn loi vt liu composit ngi ta da vo cc c im chung ca
chng :
5

- Theo bn cht ca vt liu nn : Composit nn polyme, gm , graphit, kim

loi ,hn hp nhiu pha.
- Theo hnh hc ct : Composit ct ht ( th , mn ) , composit ct si ( di,
ngn ).
- Theo cu trc vt liu : Composit tm,lp, tm 3 lp, khi , t ong
- Theo phng php ch to : c,p ,c phun, ln t
- Theo phm vi ng dng : Composit cao cp, composit k thut.
2.1. Phn loi theo bn cht ca vt liu nn .
* Nn kim loi :
Kim loi c bn, cng, do kh cao, c th chu c nhit cao
hn polyme trong mi trng c oxy. Vt liu composit nn kim loi c
modun rt cao (~ 110 GPa ) ,nn i hi si tng cng phi c modun cao.
Al, Mg, Ti, Cu c nghin cu ng dng lm nn composit hn c, c bit
cc kim loi nh rt c a chung trong ngnh hng khng.
- Nn kim loi c mt s u im so vi nn polyme :
+ Kim loi ni chung do , kh bn nn ci thin ch tiu c l ca polyme
nh modun n hi.
+ C dn in, nhit cao hn
+ Khng bc chy, t b nh hng ca mi trng m.
+C tnh n hi nn trong mt s trng hp d gia cng,
lp rp.
- Nhc im chnh ca nn kim loi l khi lng ring ln. Cng ngh ch
to composit nn kim loi phc tp hn rt nhiu so vi nn polyme v do
vy gi thnh sn phm s cao hn . Chnh iu ny hn ch vic la chn v
trin khai ng dng chng trong cng nghip
* Nn polyme:
Composit nn polyme chim khong 90 % trong tng s cc loi
composit . Nn polyme rt c a chung do c t trng thp, cch in,

nhit tt, d gia cng. Polyme dng lm nn c 2 loi:Nha nhit rn v nha

nhit do[1].
Cc loi nha nhit do thng dng : Polyetylen (PE) , Polypropen (PP),
Polystylen , Polyamit[3]
Nha nhit rn ph bin nht l : Epoxy, polyeste khng no, phenolic,
polyuretan[3]
*Nn gm v thu tinh:
T chc in hnh ca gm l a pha v a tinh th. Hai pha chnh to
nn t chc ca gm : Pha thu tinh phn b xen k gia cc vng pha tinh
th v gn kt chng li vi nhau. Gm l loi vt liu c bn cao, duy tr
c bn nhit cao (~ 1600o C ), kh nng chu oxy ho cao. Tuy
nhin c bn ko thp , chu va p km. [1]
Thu tinh v c l vt liu nhn c bng cch lm ngui nhanh mt hp
cht v c t trng thi nng chy nhit cao n trng thi rn khng kt
tinh. Qu trnh ny ging nh i vi nha nhit do nn c th p dng cc
phng php gia cng ca nh nhit do. Thu tinh c bn v modun
n hi cao (~69GPa), dn n nhit thp. Nh tnh chy tt nn khi tng
nhit v p lc p th hm lng si tng cng c th tng nhng khng
lm gim bn vt liu.[1]
*Nn cacbon/graphit:
Grafit l vt liu chu nhit rt tt, cng, bn nhit(>2000 oC ), in hnh
l composit cacbon-cacbon. Vt liu ny c s dng nhiu trong ngnh
hng khng, ho dc , y t[1]
2.2. Phn loi theo hnh hc ct:
*Composit ct ht:
C cu to gm cc phn t ct dng ht ng trc phn b u trong
nn. Cc phn t ct rt a dng : Cc loi khong t nhin , oxyt, cacbit,
nitrit.

- Composit ct ht mn : thng c nn l kim loi hoc hp kim, ct c kch

thc nh ( < 0.1 m) thng l cc vt liu bn cng , c tnh n nh nhit
cao nh cacbit, nitrit. Tng tc nn ct xy ra mc vi m vi kch thc
nguyn t , phn t.
- Composit ht th : Nn c th l polyme , kim loi hoc gm. Ct thng
c a vo ci thin bn nn , ko , un, chng mi mn , n
nh kch thc , chu nhit hoc to ra mt tnh cht mi theo yu cu.
Tng tc nn ct khng xy ra mc nguyn t , phn t.[1]
*Composit ct si ngn:
di ct si nh hn 5 cm . Composit ct si ngn c gia cng bng
cc phng php gia cng nha thng thng nh c , n , uc phun. Khi
n hoc c phun vo khun , si phi c kh nng i qua c khe h trong
thn thit b. Si ngn thng c dng tng cng cho nha nhit do.
Nha nhit rn do c khi lng phn t ln khi ng rn s khng c li
nu dng si ngn.Tt c composit ct si ngn u thuc composit k thut.
[4]
*Composit ct si c chiu di trung bnh:
di ct si t 10 n 100 mm, thng dng cho nha nhit rn c
thm bt n vi hm lng kh ln. Phng php gia cng thng c s
dng l phng php t . Si phi c thm t hon ton composit t
c cc tnh cht cao nht. Composit ny cng thuc composit k thut.[4]
*Coposit ct si di:
Si ny hay cn gi l si lin tc thng c dng tng cng cho nha
nhit rn, ch to composit cht lng cao. Loi composit ny c th c
ch to vi nn l v c , gm , kim loi.[4]
3. Phn loi theo phm vi ng dng:
Theo phm vi ng dng th composit c chia thnh 2 nhm . Hai
nhm ny khc nhau ch yu loi si , chiu di si tng cng v loi
nha c s dng lm nn.
8

Nhm th nht c gi l composit tin tin (advanced composit ),

c ch to t cc loi si di v c bn cao. Nha nn cng l cc loi
nha c c tnh tt , chu nhit , bn ho hc . Composit cht lng cao
thng c ng dng trong ngnh hng khng , v tr (nh tn la , cc b
phn my bay), cng nh cc dng c th thao cao cp (nh vt tennis, gy
chi gol), vt liu y sinh ( sa cha, thay th cc b phn rng, xng c
th ) .
Nhm th hai c gi l composit k thut ( engineering composit )
gm cc composit ct si ngn , c tnh cht c l thp hn. Nha nn cng
c tnh cht thp hn. Cc sn phm lm t composit k thut bao gm : v
tu , ca n , ot bn tm , b cha

V- CC VT LIU THNH PHN CA COMPOSIT

Thnh phn chnh ca composit l nn v vt liu tng cng(ct).

Ngoi ra cn c cht ng rn , cht n v mt s cht mu (nu cn).Vt
liu ct gip cho composit c kh nng chu lc cao hn .Vt liu nn ng
vai tr lin kt vt liu ct vi nhau v truyn lc c hc ti chng , cng
nh bo v ct chng chi vi mi trng xung quanh.[3]
1. Ct
Trong ton khi composit xt v mt sp xp th ct phn b khng lin
tc. V mt bn cht ct c th rt a dng tu thuc vo tnh cht ca
composit cn ch to. Trong thc t ct c th bng kim loi ( thp khng r,
vofram, molipden) , bng cht v c ( bo , cacbon , thu tinh , gm) v
bng cht hu c ( polyamit thm, nha epoxy). [1]
Hnh dng, kch thc, hm lng v s phn b ct l nhng yu t nh
hng mnh n tnh cht ca composit .

Mt s dng thc phn b ct trong khng gian : ct ho mt chiu (tuyn

tnh ), ct ho hai chiu ( mt), ct ho ba chiu ( khi).
V c tnh ca tng loi ct xem phn 2.2.
2. Nn [1]
Trong composit nn ng vai tr ch yu sau y:
- Lin kt ton b cc phn t ct thnh mt khi thng nht .
- To kh nng tin hnh cc phng php gia cng vt liu composit
thnh cc chi tit theo thit k.
- Che ph , bo v ct trnh cc h hng c hc v ho hc do tc dng ca
mi trng ngoi.
Nn c th l cc vt liu rt khc nhau . V c bn ngi ta c th phn loi
nn thnh 4 nhm :polyme , kim koi , gm v hn hp. c tnh ca tng
loi nn xem phn 2.1.
3. Tng tc gia nn v ct
Nn v ct c kt hp thnh khi composit thng nht thng qua lin
kt ti vng ranh gii pha.V nguyn tc gia nn v ct trong khi composit
iu kin lm vic bnh thng khng xy ra hin tng khuch tn ho tan
ln nhau.Tuy vy tu thuc vo qui trnh cng ngh ch to ,h thng c th
tri qua cc trng thi nhit , p sut cao thun li v mt nhit ng hc
cho cc tng tc khc nhau gia nn v ct xy ra.[1]
3.1. Cc dng tng tc gia nn v ct .[1]
Theo c im ngi ta phn loi tng tc nn ct thnh 3 dng c
bn sau:
- Nn v ct khng ho tan ln nhau v khng to thnh hp cht ho hc.
VD : Cc composit Al-B, SiC-Al
- Nn v ct tng tc to dung dch rn vi ho tan rt nh v khng to
hp cht ho hc.
VD: Cc composit :Nb-W, Ni- W
- Nn v ct tng tc vi nhau to hp cht ho hc .
10

VD: Cc composit :Al-SiO2 , Ti-Al2O3, Ti-SiC

Tu thuc vo dng tng tc , gia nn v ct s hnh thnh mi lin
kt nht nh . bn ca composit chu nh hng rt mnh vo bn lin
kt ct- nn.
3.2. Cc kiu kin kt gia ct nn .[1]
Trong vt liu composit , tn ti 6 kiu lin kt c bn sau:
*Lin kt c hc (hnh v 1.2a ):
Lin kt ny thc hin nh khp ni thun tu c hc gia nn v ct
thng qua mp m b mt hpc do lc ma st.
*Lin kt nh thm t (hnh v 1.2b):
Lin kt ny thc hin nh nng lng sc cng b mt . i vi cc
composit to ra kiu lin kt c hc , khi tin hnh quy trnh ch to , nu
pha nn dc nung chy v thm t vi ct th bao gi cng xy ra qu trnh
khuch tn ho tan ln nhau gia chng d l rt nh.Sc cng b mt trn
ranh gii nn- ct sau khi pha nn ng c chnh l yu t quyt nh ca
kiu lin kt sau ny .
*Lin kt phn ng (hnh v 1.2c)
Lin kt phn ng xut hin khi trn ranh gii nn- ct xy ra to phn
ng to hp cht ho hc dng mfx. c tnh ca hp cht mi to thnh ny
nh hng quyt nh n bn lin kt gia ct v nn .
*Lin kt phn ng phn on (hnh v1.2d)
c im ca kin kt ny l phn ng tng th xy ra theo nhiu giai
on , trong c mt giai on khng ch tc to ra lin kt.
*Lin kt oxyt (hnh v 1.2e)
Lin kt trong composit dng ny thc hin do to ra cc sn phm phn
ng dng mng oxyt (Mox).
*Lin kt hn hp

11

Lin kt ny l hn hp ca cc kiu lin kt xut hin trong composit

m tng tc gia nn v ct ph thuc mnh vo qu trnh ch to hoc s
dng.

Hnh 1.2: Cc kiu lin kt gia

nn v ct
VI- CU TRCV TNH CHT CA COMPOSIT .

1. Cu trc vt liu composit .

Xt v mt cu trc , vt liu composit c chia thnh mt s loi nh
sau:composit nhiu lp , composit ba lp.
1.1. Composit nhiu lp .
Vt liu c t hp t cc lp si hay vi ng phng ; phng ca
si hoc vi trong mi lp khng nht thit phi ging nhau ( hnh v 1.3 )

0
90
45
-45
0
-45
45
90
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

12

Vt liu ct ca mi lp vt liu c bn cht rt khc nhau : c th l x ,

vi thu tinh , cacbonVic la chn vt liu ct ca cc lp vt liu ph
thuc vo ngi s dng sao cho tho mn cao nht tnh cht bn , cng
khi chu ti trng .
Nu so snh cc kiu sp xp ca vt liu ct , ta thy:
-Cc lp ng phng cho c tnh cao theo phng ca si.
-Cc lp mat(si ri) chu ko km, do nn b tr ti vng chu nn.
-Vt liu composit lp vung d b tch lp.
-Khi tng cng theo c 3 phng, ta s c vt liu - ng hng.
[3]

1.2. Vt liu composit ba lp(hnh 1.4) .[3]

L p mt
L p li

Vt liu composit ba lp gm c:
-Li ( vt liu hoc kt cu nh nhng chu nn tt)
-2 lp v ( c kh nng chu nn cao).
Vic la chn vt liu ph thuc vo mc ch ca ngi s dng v
iu kin ca ngi lm vic( ch nhit, mi trng, gi thnh..).
13

Ngi ta hay s dng cc loi vt liu sau:

+Li c bng: g hoc bng tc, mt, cht do tng cng bi cc vibi
bng thu tinh.
+Li rng hoc t ong bng: hp kim nh, giy tm nha, giy
polyamit
+ V l vt liu nhiu lp ( thu tinh, cacbon) hoc tm hp kim nh.
2. Mt s yu t nh hng ti tnh cht ca composit ct si:
Tnh cht ca composit ph thuc vo nhiu yu t: bn cht ca vt
liu ct v nn, bn lin kt nn-ct trn ranh gii, s phn b v nh
hng si, kch thc- hnh dng ca ct, t l nn-ct ( t l th tch v t l
khi lng).. [1]
2.1. T l nn-ct. [3]
T l tng i ca vt liu ct v vt liu nn l mt yu t quan trng
bc nht, n quyt nh c tnh ca vt liu composit . T l ny c th biu
din qua t l th tch hoc t l khi lng.
* T l th tch (Vi):
Ta kho st mtkhi vt liu composit (vc) cha mt khi si (vs) v khi
vt liu nn (vn) . Khi t l th tch ca si s l:
Vs

vs
vc ,

V t l th tch ca vt liu nn s l :
Vn

vn
vc . Vi V = 1- V , do v = v + v
n
s
c
s
n

* T l khi lng (Mi):

T khi lng ca composit (mc), khi lng si (ms) v khi lng vt
liu nn (mn), ngi ta cng nh ngha t l khi lng tng t nh trn.
Gia khi lng v th tch c quan h:
mc = vc.c; ms = vs.s; mn = vn.n;
14

( trong i l khi lng ring).

Khi lng tng cng ca vt liu composit l:

mc = ms + mn hay vc.c = vs.s + vn.n
suy ra : c = Vs. s + Vn.n hoc c = Vs.s + ( 1-Vs).n.
T quan h : vc = vs + vn ta c:
mc ms mn

c
s n .

T ta biu din t trng qua khi lng ring:

c

T nh ngha:

1
Ms M n

s
n

ms s.vs s
.Vs
m

.
v
c
c
c
c
Ms =
=
n
.Vn

c
Mn =

ta tm c quan h ngc:

c
c
.M s
.M n

s
n
Vs =
; Vn =

i vi mt composit ct si xc nh, nu coi lin kt nn-ct l hon

ho th c tnh ca vt kiu chu nh hng trc tip ca cc yu t nh :
s phn b, kch thc, hnh dng v hm lng ca ct si.
2.2 nh hng ca yu t hnh hc si n tnh tnh cht ca composit [1]
Ct si c th c phn b v nh hng theo cc phng n khc
nhau tu thuc yu cu ra i vi composit. kho st ngi ta phn bit
2 kiu phn b sau:
- Phn b mt phng, trong tt c cc si u nh hng song song
thng nht theo mt phng ( hnh v1.5a).
- Phn b nhiu phng: Theo cch ny si c th c phn b di
dng mat tc l phn b ri, hon ton ngu nhin trn mt mt, tng t
nh tm d pht (hnh v1.5b).

15

Cng c th si c dt qun theo 2 chiu ( hnh v1.5c) v 3 chiu

tng ng vung gc ( hnh v1.5d).
Hnh 1.5 : S phn b ct si
a) Mt chiu song song
b) Ngu nhin, ri trong mt mt
c) Dt hai chiu vung gc trong mt mt
d) an , qun ba chiu vung gc

bn ca composit ct si mt phng theo phng vung gc vi

trc ct rt nh. Trng hp phn b theo kiu nhiu phng (dng mat
hoc dt 2 chiu) th bn ko s nh nht theo chiu vung gc vi mt
phn b si. Nu si c qun theo 3 chiu vung gc th composit s c
bn ng thi ln nht theo c 3 chiu tng ng .
Yu t hnh hc ca si bao gm hnh dng, kch thc chiu di v
ng knh c nh hng rt ln n tnh cht ca composit .
Di y ta s phn tch tnh cht ca cc composit ct si mt phng
khi thay i yu t hnh hc ca si.
2.2.1 Ct si lin tc ( di ct si v tn). [1]
tin hnh phn tch, gi thit composit kho st tho mn mt s iu
kin sau:
-Ct si di v tn, phn b u v nh hng theo mt chiu song song
-Thnh phn v t chc vt liu nn, ct phi hon ton ng nht.
-Lin kt nn- ct c thc hin 1 cch hon ho, m bo s bin
dng ca ct v nn xy ra ng thi, tng hp cho n khi ph hu, tc l:
composit = nn = si.

16

Khi t ti trng theo chiu song

song vi trc si, t iu kin lin kt hon ho gia nn v ct ta c: (hnh
v 1.6)
Pc = P n + P s

(1)

Hoc (b)c.Fc = b.Fn + b.Fs (2)

bin i tip ta c: (b)c = Vs. (b)s + (1- Vs). (b)n

(3)

Trong :
Fc,Fn, Fs: din tch tit din ngang tng cng tng ng ca composit,
nn, si.
b: ng sut tc dng ti thi im ct si b t, vi = .E.
dn
Vy (3) tng ng: Ec = Vs. Es + (1- Vs). d n

(4)

d n
Trong : d n l nghing ca ng cong bin dng ko nn xc nh ti

gi tr n .
d n
Khi gi tr n nm trong vng n hi ca ng cong ko, d n c gi

tr bng modun n hi ca nn En.

Vy trong vng n hi, biu thc (4) c dng:
Ec = Vs.Es + Vn.En

(5)

Kt hp (1) vi (5) ta c:

ps Vs.Es

pn V n.E n

17

(6)

min
i vi composit c nn do tt hn bao gi cng tn ti mt gi tr Vs
min
ng vi cc gi tr Vs < Vs s ph hu cc si ct khng dn ti s ph hu

tc khc vt liu composit. Trong trng hp ny, hm lng qu nh ca ct

khng gy ra hiu ng ho bn. Nu t ti trng vo mu composit
th ton b ti s tc dng ln nn v lm mu bin dng. Qu trnh bin dng
ng thi ca ct si v nn xy ra cho tn n khi dn di ca mu bng
dn di ph hu ca si (si). Lc ny, nu lc vn tip tc tc dng th
ton b s si t i s b ph hu ( t). Tuy vy, mu vn tip tc bin dng
v s ph hu cui cng ch xy ra khi bin dng mu t ti gi tr
bin dng ph hu ca nn (n).
min
Nh vy, bn ko ca composit ng vi Vs < Vs bng bn ko ca

nn nhn vi phn trm th tch ca n chim, tc l:

(b)c = (1- Vs). (b)n

(7)

cc ct si pht huy vai tr ho bn ca chng, hm lng ct t

*
nht cn phi t gi tr ti hn Vs . Bt u t hm lng ct ti hn ny gii

hn bn ko ca composit s bng v vt qu gii hn bn ko ca nn, tc

l
(b)c >(b)n

(8)

*
Kt hp (3) v (8) ta xc nh c hm lng th tch ca si Vs :

b n n
b s n

Ta c th biu din
bng hnh v 1.7:

(9).
ng sut

Vs*

bn

in
m
*s
s

18

% Th tch

S ph thuc vo hm lng ct ca bn composit ct si mt phng nn

bs

bs

bc

ng sut

ng sut

do

b
c

bn
n

bn
n
E =E s

E =E s

c
Bin d ng

c
Bin d ng

a)

b)

19

ng cong bin dng ko

ng cong bin dng ko

ca composit ct si nn do

ca composit ct si nn

Nhn xt:

gin vi Vs>Vs

Trong c 2 trng hp, nn do cng nh nn gin, di ph hu ca

composit hon ton ph thuc vo dn di ph hu ca si.
2.2.2 di ct si c hn. [1]
Trong thc t cc si ct thng c chiu di gii hn, do vy cn phi
tnh n hiu ng u mt. l hiu ng ph thuc vo yu t hnh hc
si ct, gy nh hng rt mnh n bn ca composit ( hnh v 1.8)

Nn

Hnh

S i

1.8:

b)

a)

bin

dng nn

c)
2l

B
d)

q.l

khi t

C
D

ti trng
vo

T hnh v trn ta thy, di tc dng ca ng sut t vo, s bin dng

ca nn dng li u mt si. iu ny cng c ngha l ti vng u mt
si, hin tng truyn ti t nn sang ct khng xy ra. Nu si ngn qu
20

( nh hn di ti hn Lth) th d cng ca lc tc dng ln mu

composit c tng ln bao nhiu i chng na ng sut truyn sang ct cng
khng th vt qu gii hn bn ca si ph t n. Lc ny ch c th xy
ra kh nng l khi cng lc tc dng ln, vt qu gii hn cho php,
n s ko nguyn vn si ct tut ra khi nn. Nh vy bn cc si ct
khng c tn ng v kt qu l composit rt km bn. Ch trong trng
hp chiu di si vt qu di ti hn th n mi b ph hu trong mu
composit khi lc tc dng vt qu gii hn cho php v lc ny vai tr ho
bn ca si ct mi c pht huy.
2.3. nh hng ca nh hng ct si. [1]
Do c im phn b ca si trong nn, tnh d hng ca composit ct
si th hin rt r rt. V vy, c tnh ca composit loi ny ph thuc rt
mnh vo s nh hng ca si so vi chiu ng sut t vo.
Di y ta ch kho st mt s trng hp c trng.
2.3.1. composit ct si lin tc.
Kho st trng hp mu composit c hm lng ct bng V s, chu tc
dng ca ng sut theo chiu vung gc vi ct nh hnh v sau:
z
Z
lo
y

y
x

Y
y
(1-Vs).lo

21

Vs.lo

S dng phng php m hnh tng t ta kho st composit ny thng

qua mu hnh khi chiu rng lo. Khi ny gm 2 lp: lp nn c chiu dy
(1-Vs).lo v lp si c chiu dy Vs.lo.
ng sut y tc dng ln composit cng l ng sut tc dng ln nn v ln
si. Di tc dng ca ng sut ny, mu composit b bin dng mt on
bng l. Ta c:
l = s.Vslo + (1-Vs).nlo

(1)

l
o
hoc y =
s.Vs + (1-Vs).n

(2)

Mt khc: s = Es ; n = E n ; y = (E c )y ;

(3)

Kt hp (2), (3) ta c
V 1 Vs
1

(Ec )y Es
En

hoc:

(E c )y

(4)
Es.E n
Vs.E n Vn.Es

(5)

Biu thc (5) chnh l gii hn di ca modun n hi ca composit ht th.

2.3.2 Composit ct si ngn. [1]
Ta kho st trng hp si ngn phn b hon ton ngu nhin v trt t nh
hnh v:

Biu thc quy tc hn hp i vi mudun n hi c biu th nh sau:

Ec = k.Es.Vs + En.Vn

(1)

22

Trong :
k: l tham s hiu qu ho bn, gi tr ca n ph thuc vo V s, v t l
E
E n , dao ng trong khong 0,1-0,6.

Bng sau trnh by tham s hiu qu ho bn ca mt s composit si

ngn ng vi cc trng hp nh hng khc nhau gia si v ng sut:
nh hng si
Tt c cc si song song

Chiu ng sut
Song song vi si

K
1

Vung gc vi si
0
Phn b ngu nhin, ng Theo phng bt k trong mt 3/8
nht trong mt mt
cha si
Phn b ngu nhin v ng Theo phng bt k

0,2

nht theo 3 chiu khng gian

Nh nhng u im ln nh to hnh d dng cc chi tit phc tp, gi
thnh sn phm thp, quy trnh cng ngh ch to va phi d cp nht, ngy
nay composit ct si ngn (c nh hng hoc ngu nhin) tr thnh mt
trong nhng vt liu mi c c bit ch nghin cu ch to v ng dng

23

VI. CC PHNG PHP CH TO VT LIU COMPOSIT

VI.1. Mt s phng php ch to vt liu composit v c
1. Nu chy kim loi nn sau rt vo khun cha ct.
Ni dung phng php:
-a cc si ct composit vo khun.
-Nu chy kim loi nn ri rt vo khun.
Nhc im ca phng php ny l kh nng bm dnh ca kim loi nn vo
si ct b hn ch.
2. Phng php bt.
Kim loi nn c chun b dng bt. Si ct c trn ln vi kim
loi dng bt thnh hn hp. Hn hp ny c p v thiu kt to ra
composit.
Nhc im ca phng php ny l qu trnh p c th nh hng xu
ti tnh cht ca si ct.
3. Phng php p nng vi si ct c lp ph.
Phng php ny v c bn ging phng php luyn kim bt.
im khc bit l s dng si ct c ph mt lp kim loi khc trn b
mt. Kim loi ph si ct s c tc dng bo v ct trong qu trnh p
cng nh ng vai tr lin kt gia ct v nn.
4. Phng php trn nng.
Trc khi trn si ct v bt kim loi nn c nung nng trc.
u im ca phng php ny l khc phc c lp phn cch gia ct v
nn.
5. Phng php phun ph.

24

Si ct trc khi em trn c tin hnh phun ph mt lp kim loi

mng bn ngoi. Lp ph c tc dng lm thay i tnh cht b mt ca si
ct.

VI.2. Mt s phng php ch to vt liu composit hu c.[3]

1.c khng p lc
c ngui, khng cn p l k thut n gin cho php ch to cc chi
tit bng vt liu composit si thu tinh.
1.1.c tip xc
y l phng php c v n gin nht. Khun c th li lm.
Ni dung phng php:
Vt liu nn v ct c con ln dt thnh tm theo hnh dng ca thnh
khun di tc dng ca lc p gia con ln v b mt ca khun
1.2.c bn ng thi.
Phng php ny cho php ch to hang lot cc chi tit, gi thnh h.
phng php ny ch dng si vn, ngn m khng dng ct vi. Do c
tnh ca vt liu composit to thnh khng cao. Si vn v nha c bn
ng thi thng gc xung khung nh cc sung chuyn dng
1.3.c chn khng.
Gm c:
- c chn khng dng ti: khun c lm bng vt liu cng, trc
tin to lp lt, sau t ct vi v cp nha. Bm chn khng lm gim p
sut gip cho nha c tri u v y bt kh ra khi nha.
- c ht: Vt liu ct v nn c ht vo trong khong trng gia 2
chi tit khun c: khun trn v khun di.
Phng php ny cho php to nhng chi tit trn xoay v dng cn.
2. c p lc( c p)
25

2.1.c phun nha

Vi c t gia 2 chi tit khun c, phun nha nh p lc, nha thm
vo ct.
2.2. c ngui nh p lc.
p lc c nh hn 5 atm, khng cn sy nng khun c. Vt liu ct
v nha c t vo khun c c lp lt v ph gia gip cho vic d
khun d dng. ng khun trn v khun di ri p.
2.3. c c nhit .
Vt liu ct( si ri, si ngn hoc di, vi..) c t vo khun nng. Ngi
ta cng c th p ngui sau p nng di ti trng v nhit xc nh.
Gii php ny cho php s dng mt t l khi lng vt liu ct kh cao, do
vt liu to ra c c tnh cao.
3. c lin tc
Phng php ny thng c s dng ch to cc tm phng, tm
ln sng, tm c gn
S : Vt liu ct (si, mat,vi) c tm thm bng vt liu nn
to hnh (cn) gia nhit (nhit tu thuc tng loi vt liu lm nn)
lm ngui ct.
4. Ko nh hnh
Phng php ny c s dng ch to cc tm dng phng hoc
cong, tit din khng thay i v c bn cao.
Vt liu ct c i qua b cha nha v c tm thm y. Sau vt
liu ct i qua khun chut sy nng trong l. Qu trnh to hnh xy ra
ng thi vi qu trnh polyme ha ca nha.
5. c ly tm
Phng php ny thng ch to cc chi tit trn xoay: ng, thng
Ngi ta a vt liu ct ( mat, si ngn) v nha vo khun c bng thp
26

cng sau cho khun c quay (~2000 vng/pht). Cc chi tit ch to bng
c ly tm c mt ngoi bng v u.
6. Phng php qun ng.
Vt liu ct( si di, bng ti) c tm nha c xc tc c qun vi
lc cng nh trn mt tang hnh tr hoc trn xoay.
Phng php ny rt ph hp vi cc chi tit , kt cu mt tr v cu vt
liu thu c c c tnh cao v n c th cha 80 % khi lng l cht tng
cng (ct).
Phn II-NGHIN CU THC NGHIM V KT QU
I-Nhim v nghin cu
Trong khun kh ca mt bn lun n tt nghip i hc , bn lun n ny
c nhim v nghin cu tng hp vt liu, kho st tnh cht v kh nng lin
kt to vt liu composit ca mt loi thu tinh c tnh cht sinh hc tt vi
mt s vt liu khc nhau.
Thu tinh c la chn nghin cu thuc h :
Na2O-CaO-P2O5-SiO2
Trn c s thnh phn ho hc thch hp v c cha P2O5 , thu tinh ny c
kh nng tng tc sinh hc cao khi c cy ghp vo c th sng. Tuy
nhin h thu tinh ny c nhc im l bn c thp .V vy n t khi
c s dng c lp lm vt liu y sinh , m thng c s dng kt hp
vi cc vt liu khc to ra cc h vt liu composit y sinh.[5]
Bn lun n ny tp trung nghin cu cc ni dung chnh sau y:
-Nghin cu xc nh iu kin cng ngh nu thu tinh .
-Nghin cu xc nh tnh cht ca thu tinh .
-Nghin cu kh nng lin kt ca thu tinh vi mt s ct liu khc nhau.
ch to vt liu composit , cc vt liu c dng lm ct gm:
+ Ct si kim loi : si ri ( si Cr-Ni) , dng li (Inox).
+ Ct si c dt thnh vi t si SiC .
27

+Ct l gm thu tinh bn c cao.

+Ct l vt liu gm c kh nng chu c nhit cao.
II-Nghin cu thc nghim v kt qu
II.1-Cc phng php nghin cu
1. Phng php nhiu x Rnghen[7]
Phng php ny c s dng xc nh cc pha tinh th trong gm
thu tinh .
Nguyn tc :
Khi chiu mt chm in t cng sut ln vo tinh th th ph ln cc
in t i qua v c mt s t cc in t b phn x quay tr li do gp cc
nguyn t ca tinh th . Cc tia phn x s giao thoa to cc vn giao thoa.Tai
cc v tr giao thoa t cc i th cc i lng : gc ti ca tia Rnghen
(),bc sng ca chm tia Rnghen(), thng s mng(d) tho mn phng
trnh Wulf-Bragge:
n.
2d.sin =n. d= 2. sin

Mi loi tinh th c mt thng s mng c th tng ng vi cc gi tr

( n, , ) duy nht c xc nh khi c gi tri ca d. Khi phn tch Rnghen
ta s bit c cc gi tr ca d i vi cc loi tinh th c trong hp cht
nghin cu .Lun c cc gi tr d ca cc tinh th chun c th so snh gi
tr d va tm c.Da vo cng ca cc cc i giao thoa I so vi cc
biu chun ca ring tng loi tinh th ta nh gi c hm lng ca
cc tinh th c trong hp cht nghin cu.
Thit b s dng l my phn tch Rnghen, khi chiu chm tia Rnghen
c bc sng xc nh vo mu hp cht nghin cu ngi ta thu c
cng chm tia phn x I. Sau biu din s thay i ca chm tia phn
x thay i theo s thay i ca gc 2, biu ny gi l biu Rnghen
28

Thng qua cc peak nhiu x thu c, ngi ta c th xc nh:

- C cc loi tinh th no c hnh thnh h gm thu tinh nghin cu.
- Din bin kt tinh ca cc pha tinh th trn theo nhit .
Kt qu phn tch nhiu x Rnghen mu gm thu tinh 900 oC , lu 1 gi,
c th hin trong hnh trang sau:
T biu trn ta thy : h thu tinh nghin cu khi kt tinh s to ra
cc tinh th SilicatCaxi, PhtphatCanxi, phlogopit, SiO 2.Trong cc tinh
th PhotphatCaxi, Phlogopit c tc dng sinh hc rt tt.y l iu m ta
mong mun. Tuy nhin , s pht trin ca cc tinh th ny cha c tt, th
hin gi tri d cn nh.Nguyn nhn c th l do ch kt tinh cha hp
l.
2. Phng php hin vi in t[7]
Hin vi in t l phng php cho phng i v phn gii cao
phn tch cu trc sn phm.
Nguyn tc: Mu trc khi chp c a vo my gia cng mu. y mu
c lm sch b mt v ph mt lp AgNO 3 ln tng cng phn x
trong 15 pht. Sau mu c a vo thit b chp vi phng i khc
nhau.
3. Xc nh tnh cht ca thu tinh[6]
3.1. Mt thu tinh:
Xc nh bng phng php cn thu tnh ti b mn Silicat- HBKHN.
i vi thu tinh nghin cu, khi lng mu sau khi luc si 3 gi v lm
ngui 1 gi xp x vi khi lng mu kh. S chnh lch rt nh do cc
ht nc li ti bm trn b mt mu.
Da vo cng thc xc nh xp, ht nc:
X bk

G 2 G1
G G1
.100(%) W 2
.100(%)
G2 G3
G
1
,

29

G1
.(g / cm3 )
G 2 G3

Trong :
Xbk, W,v l xp biu kin, ht nc, khi lng th tch
G1: khi lng mu kh cn trong khng kh ( g)
G2: khi lng mu ngm y nc cn trong khng kh (g)
G3; khi lng mu ngm y nc cn trong nc (g)
Da vo cng thc trn ta c th kt lun rng thu tinh c xp,
ht nc bng 0. Vy theo phng php ny ta c th xc nh c khi
lng th tch ca thu tinh ( k c bt kn trong thu tinh). Cng thc xc

nh mt thu tinh:

tt

G1
. n (g / cm3 )
G2 G3

Trong :
n l khi lng ring ca nc 25 oC (0,998 g/cm3)
3.2. Phng php xc nh bn un :
Cng un c xc nh:
u

3.P.l
2bh2 (KG/cm2)

Trong :
P: p lc p (KG)
l: khong cch gia 2 trc t (cm)
b: Chiu rng ca mu (cm)
h: chiu cao ca mu (cm)
3.3. Phng php xc nh bn nn:
bn nn l kh nng nn khng ca vt liu.
Cng thc xc nh
n

P
(KG / cm2 )
f
30

Trong :
P: p lc p (KG)
f: din tch mt mu th (cm2)
3.4.Phng php xc nh h s dn n nhit:
Cng thc xc nh:

l
1
.
TA
l (T 20)

1/0C

[6]

Trong :
: h s dn n nhit, 1/0C
l: dn di ca mu c ch th trn ng h o, mm
l: chiu di ban u ca mu, mm
T: nhit t nng, 0C
TA: h s hiu chnh tnh n s dn di ca thch anh, 1/0C

3.5. Phng php xc nh bn ho :

bn ho ca thu tinh l kh nng chu c tc dng ph hoi ca
cc tc nhn ho hc nh : axit, kim, nc.
Trong bn lun n ny ch xc nh bn nc ca thu tinh nghin
cu. bn nc c xc nh bng cch xc nh lng kim thi ra t
thu tinh theo phng php chun .

Cc nguyn liu u

II.2-Nghin cu nu thu tinh

1. S tng hp thu tinh :

nh lng
Trn m

ng bnh phi liu

L nu thu tinh
c khi
L 31
thu tinh
Ca ct mu

2. La chn thnh phn ho hc ca thu tinh:

Thnh phn ho hc ca thu tinh cn c la chn sao cho c kh
nng to thu tinh tt, d nu, d ng nht, ng thi li d kt tinh to
thnh gm thu tinh c tc dng sinh hc kh gia cng nhit v cng thun li
cho qu trnh ch to vt liu composit sau ny.
Khi nghin cu c s l thuyt v tham kho ti liu ta chn h thu tinh
nghin cu c thnh phn ho hc nh sau:
Cc oxyt thnh phn
% khi lng

SiO2
45,0

P2O5
6,0

CaO
24,5

Na2O
24,5

3. Nguyn liu v tnh ton phi liu nu thu tinh

* Vic la chn nguyn liu nu thu tinh l rt quan trng; n c nh
hng n kh nng to thu tinh v quyt nh n cht lng thu tinh thu
c. Cc nguyn liu ny phi t cc yu cu v sch, thch hp cho qu
trnh nu, d dng tham gia qu trnh to thu tinh. Qua sng lc la chn, ta
c th s dng cc nguyn liu sau:
-Ct: cung cp SiO2. Yu cu: SiO2>98%
-Sa: cung cp Na2O. Yu cu: Na2O >58,49%
-Bt nh: cung cp CaO. Yu cu: CaO>54,9%
-Ca3(PO4)2: cung cp CaO, P2O5. Yu cu: CaO>45,9 %; P2O5>38,8%
*Tnh khi lng nu 100 phn trng lng(PTL) thu tinh:
32

+Gi x l khi lng ct nu 100 phn trng lng thu tinh.

+Gi y l khi lng ct nu 100 phn trng lng thu tinh.
+Gi z l khi lng ct nu 100 phn trng lng thu tinh.
+Gi t l khi lng ct nu 100 phn trng lng thu tinh.
-Trong qu trnh nu c tnh n s bay hi ca: P 2O5 l 18%; Na2O
l3%; CaO l 1%.
Vy ta c:
Lng P2O5 cn thit nu 100 PTL thu tinh:

6,0
7,32
1 0,18

24,5
25,26
1

0
,
03
Lng Na2O cn thit nu 100 PTL thu tinh:

Lng CaO cn thit nu 100 PTL thu tinh:

24,5
24,75
1 0,01

Ta c h phng trnh:
0,98x 45,0
0,5849
y 25,26

0,549z 0,459t 24,75

0,388t 7.32
x 45,9
y 43,2

z 29,3

Gii h phng trnh trn ta c t 18,9

Vy thnh phn phi lng nu 100 PTL thu tinh:
Ct

: 45,9 PTL

Sa

: 43,2 PTL

Bt nh : 18,9 PTL
Ca3(PO4)2 : 29,3 PTL
-Hiu sut nu thu tinh:
33

100x100
73,2%
137,3

-Hao ht khi nu: 100-73,2=26,8%

4- L v chn nu thu tinh:
* L nu thu tinh l l gas t nhit ti a 1500oC.
- Nhit nu thu tinh l 1350oC.
- Khi nhit l t 1350oC 1400oC, phi liu sau khi c ng bnh (
m khong 3%) c tip liu ln 1 , lu 1 gi . Sau ta tip liu ln th 2,
lu 1 gi .Khi thu tinh nu t yu cu ta rt thu tinh lng vo khun kim
loi ri a ngay vo l ( nhit 650 oC), sau tt l v ngui n
nhit thng . Khi thu tinh em ca ct thnh cc mu nh thc hin
cc bc tip theo.
- Ch nhit ca qu trnh nu thu tinh c m t trn hnh v sau:
1- Giai on tng nhit

2- Giai on n nh 145
135
nhit
cao nht kt khi

4
5
6

1
65

chn .

3- Giai on np liu.
4- Giai on lu nhit
nu
10

11

12 13 13,2

Thi gian,h

* Chn nu:
Chn nu thu tinh nghin cu c thnh phn nh sau: 80% Al 2O3
+15%ZrO2.Chn c to hnh bng phng php rt vi khun thch cao
sau c sy v thiu kt s b 1200 o C.V vy khi nng nhit ca l
nu phi c khong thi gian lu nhit cao (khong 1400 oC) chn kt
34

khi . Sau khi nu thu tinh ta thy thu tinh c cht lng tt , chn b n
mn t , khng bin dng.
* Nhn xt chung v qu trnh nu thu tinh :
- Vi thnh phn nguyn liu nh chn la tnh bi phi liu, thu tinh
nu thu c c ng nht tng i vao, nht thp , rt ra khi chn
d dng; tuy nhin thu tinh thu c vn c mu ca Fe 2+ do trong phi
liu(ct) c ln tp st . Thu tinh sau khi c xut hin mt s vt nt chng
t nhit thu tinh l cha hp l.
-Nhit nu thu tinh thch hp cho loi thy tinh ny l 1350oC.
-S dng chn nu cao nhm thiu kt trc thch hp cho qu trnh nu
thu tinh v l nu.
II.3-o cc tnh cht ca thu tinh
1- Xc nh nhit chuyn (Tg) ca thu tinh :
Ly mt vi mu thu tinh nh , c gc cnh ,a vo l ti mt s
nhit khc nhau.Kt qu cho thy ti nhit 800oC 850oC, mu thu
tinh b mt gc cnh v c xu hng co trn li. Vy nhit chuyn ca loi
thu tinh nghin cu nm trong khong 800oC 850oC .Ngoi ra , trong qu
trnh lm th nghimny ta thy thu tinh c hin tng b kt tinh mnh.
Vic xc nh c nhit chuyn ca thu tinh gip ta c nh hng
cho cng vic tip theo: xc nh c ch nhit kt tinh to thnh
gm thy tinh , xc nh c khong nhit ch to vt liu composit sau
ny.
2- o bn un ca mu:
Xc nh bng my o cng un ti b mn Silicat-HBK HN.
Cng thc xc nh bn un:
u

3.P.l
2bh2 (KG/cm2)

Trong :
P: p lc p (KG)
35

l: khong cch gia 2 trc t (cm)

b: Chiu rng ca mu (cm)
h: chiu cao ca mu (cm)
Kt qu nh sau:
Kch

thc

Mu

mu

bxh,

1
2

[cm]
1,13x0.788
1,14 x 0,79

l
[cm]
3,48
3,48

[KG]

[KG/cm2]

24
22

178,5
161,4

utt=170 (KG/cm2)

3. o bn nn ca thu tinh :
Xc nh bng my cng nn ti b mn Silicat HBK HN.
Cng thc xc nh :

P
(KG / cm2 )
f

Trong :
P: p lc p (KG)
f: din tch mt mu th (cm2)
Kt qu nh sau:
Mu

Kch thc ,

1
2

a x b ,cm
1.72 x 0,612
2,03 x0,63

KG
254
240

KG/cm2
241,3
187,7

n tt =241,5 (KG/cm2).

Nhn xt:
- bn un , nn ca thu tinh nghin cu kh nh. iu ny ph hp so
vi d on ban u v tnh cht c ca h gm thu tinh c tnh cht sinh
hc tt nhng cng thp , thp hn so vi loi thu tinh thng thng .
- bn c thp do mt s nguyn nhn sau:
36

+ Ch thu tinh cha hp l , biu hin bn trong mu thu tinh vn

quan st c nhng vt nt t vi ; trong qu trnh ca ct mu cng to ra
nhiu vt nt trn b mt ca mu.
+ Do thit b o cha hp : qu ln so vi kch thc ca mu o.
4-o mt ca thu tinh :
Xc nh bng phng php cn thu tnh ti b mn Silicat HBK HN.
Cng thc xc nh mt thu tinh:
tt

G1
. n (g / cm3 )
G2 G3

Trong :
n l khi lng ring ca nc 25 oC (0,998 g/cm3)
G1: khi lng mu kh cn trong khng kh ( g)
G2: khi lng mu ngm y nc cn trong khng kh (g)
G3: khi lng mu ngm y nc cn trong nc (g)
Kt qu nh sau:
G1=3,280 (g)
G2= 2,040 (g)
n =0,998 (g/cm3)
Vy : tt=2,70 (g/cm3)
5-o h s dn n nhit ca thu tinh
Xc nh ti B mn Silicat HBK HN.
Kt qu o h s dn n nhit :
Thi gian,

Nhit ,

pht
0
4
8
12
16
20
24

S vch

C
20
40
60
80
100
120
140

0
0,5
1,1
2,2
3,2
4,2
5,2
37

l,

mm
0
0,005
0,011
0,022
0,032
0,042
0,052

28
32
36
40
44
48
52
56

160
180
200
220
240
260
280
300

6,2
7,0
8,1
9,0
10,0
11,1
12,1
13,0

0,062
0,070
0,081
0,090
0,100
0,111
0,121
0,130

Da vo bng kt qu trn ta tnh c h s dn n nhit ca thu tinh

trong cc khong nhit khc nhau theo cng thc sau:

l
1
.
TA
l (T 20)

1/0C

Trong :
: h s dn n nhit, 1/0C
l: dn di ca mu oc ch th trn ng h o, mm
l: chiu di ban u ca mu, mm
T: nhit t nng, 0C
TA: h s hiu chnh tnh n s dn di ca thch anh, 1/0C
- T 20-100oC :

0,032l
1
.
5,10.10
-7
37,80 (100 20)
=110,92.10-7 1/oC.

- T 20-200oC :

0,081
1
.
5,85.10
-7
37,80 (200 20)
=124,89.10-7 1/oC

- T 20-300oC :

0,13
1
.
6,27.10
-7
37,80 (300 20)
=129,09.10-7 1/oC

Nhn xt:

38

H s dn n nhit ca thu tinh tng i ln . y l kt qu ph

hp v nm trong khong d on ca ti liu.
6- o bn ho ca thu tinh
Xc nh bn nc ca thu tinh ti b mn Silicat HBK HN.
Kt qu nh sau:
Lng HCl 0,01N tan ra

Lng Na2O tan ra

Ml
Mu1 Mu2 Mu3 Mu

Mg
Mu1 Mu2 Mu3 Trung Sai s

nc
4,0

4,1

4,0

trng
0,3

Cp

bnh

cng
1,147 1,178 1,147 1,157 8

Nhn xt:
H thu tinh nghin cu thuc h thu tinh kim , hm lng pha thu
tinh ln , do vic n mn ca cc tc nhn n mn nh axit, kim , nc l
d dng . V vy bn ho ca thu tinh khng cao.Thu tinh nghin cu c
bn nc cp 5. Kt qu ny ph hp vi d on ca ti liu.
II.4-Nghin cu kh nng to vt liu composit ca thu tinh
II.4.1- S tng hp vt liu:
Cht kt
dnh

Thu tinh

Vt liu ct

Nghin
mn
nh lng

nh lng
Trn
p ngui
39

nh lng

Sy
p nng
Lm
ngui
Ca ct
mu
1- Vt liu nn :
Nn c dng ch

o c tnh
cht

to vt liu composit l

thu tinh c tc dng sinh hc tt ,nhng do n c nhc im l bn c

thp nn t khi c s dng c lp lm vt liu y sinh m thng c kt
hp vi cc vt liu khc to ra cc h vt liu composit y sinh.
Thu tinh c nghin mn qua my nghin hnh tinh , kch thc ht quan
st qua my hin vi quang hc dh= 5-20 m.
2 - Vt liu tng cng ( ct)
Ct c s dng nghin cu gm:
* Si Cr-Ni :
- Mt s thng s k thut :
+ Thnh phn hp kim : 80%Cr-20% Ni
+ ng knh si : d=0,3 mm
+ Chiu di si : l= 3-6 mm
+ Nhit ph hu si: >900oC
+ Khi lng ring ca si 7,35 (g/cm3)
Si c phn b di dng ri. Ta s kho st mt vi t l si/ thu
tinh v thiu kt mt s nhit khc nhau.
* Si SiC :
T nhng nm 1960 , ngi ta quan tm ng k n si cacbua, nit,
bo lin tcv si t nh nhng si gia c cho cc vt liu cu trc nhit
40

cao. Si SiC c nhiu trin vng c pht trin hon ton. Si SiC c
quan tm v tnh n nh nhit , chng li s oxy ha, cc tnh cht tt hn
nhit cao, thch hp vi hu ht cc kim loi nng chy cng nh vt liu
gm.

- Tnh cht tiu biu ca si SiC :

Qu trnh sn xut
Tn thng mi
Hng cung cp

CVD
Avco
3

Khi lng ring g/cm

ng knh si , m
Gi thnh, $/kg
Modun ko.GPa
bn ko,GPa
dn di ko,%
cng,Mpa
in tr, /m
Dn n nhit theo
chiu di , 10-6

Nhit phn
Si FP
Nippon

cbon

Co.Dow -Corning
2,55
10-20
500
190
2
1,1
11
0,1
3,1

3
140
1100
430
2,4
156
13

.mm-

.K-1
Nhit chy ,oC
2700
Nhit s dng 1150

2700

max,oC
Nhit duy tr 90% 800

300

bn ko , oC

41

Si c dt thnh vi , mi si vi c dt t 500 si nh , ng
knh si nh d=14 m. Vi SiC c phn b di dng li to vt liu
composit ba lp: thu tinh vi SiC thu tinh.
-Si Inox
Si c dt thnh li.Ta s kho st 2 loi: dng 1 li v dng 2 li.
Dng 1 li :Thu tinh- li- thu tinh .
Dng 2 li :thu tinh- li thu tinh-li- thu tinh.
- Mt s thng s k thut ca li Inox:
+ ng knh si :0,3 mm
+ Kch thc li :64 l/cm2.
+ Khi lng ring ca si :13,5 g/cm3.
+ Nhit ph hu si : ~1000oC
+ Thnh phn hp kim Inox :
. Cr:18%

khi lng

. Ni :8-10 % khi lng

. Cu :1-2% khi lng
. C :0,8 % khi lng
. Fe : 69-70% khi lng.
* Gm thu tinh bn c cao v d gia cng c kh :
Gm thu tinh s dng thuc h : SiO2-Al2O3-B2O3-MgO-Na2O-F.
Gm thu tinh to thnh c kt tinh t

tinh th

F- Flogopit

NaMg3[AlSi3O10] .y l h gm thu tinh c bn c cao v c kh nng

gia cng c kh d dng. N to vi thu tinh thnh vt liu composit c tnh
cht ni bt l va c tc dng sinh hc tt va d gia cng thnh cc chi tit
thay th , lp ghp ,sa cha cc b phn trong c th con ngi.
ng thanh ln ca l thanh ln s dng trong l nung gch p lt.
u im ca loi gm ny l c th lm vic nhit cao (~1500 oC),
bn nhit cao , h s dn n nhit thp .
Nhc im : bn c thp(gin) , kh nng chu va p km.
42

* Cht kt dnh
Cht kt dinh c s dngl dung dch P.V.A(polyvinylaxetat)C nhim
v lin kt cc ht thu tinh v vt liu ct to cho mc c cng c hc
nht nh .Khi thiu kt n s chy ht nhit khong 500 oC. Dung dch
P.V.A c to thnh t bt P.V.A ,ho tan vi nc theo t l : P.V.A/H 2O =
1/5 . Dung dch thu c c t trng :1,1 g/cm 3 .T l cht kt dnh c s
dng : cht kt dnh /thu tinh =10% .
1.Tnh cht vt l ca P.V.A :
P.V.A thng thng c mu trng hoc hi vng ,c cung cp dng
bt v ht .Cc nhn t chnh nh hng n tnh cht vt l ca P.V.A l mc
thu phn v polyme ho . P.V.A c chia lm 2 nhm chnh c mc
thu phn l 98% v 8789% vi cc mc polyme ho khc nhau.
im chy v im mm khng ch ph thuc vo hm lng v s phn b
ca cc nhm axetyl m cn ph thuc vo hm lng nc .Vi P.V.A c
x phng ho hon ton c im chy 228oC,im bin mm 85oC, trn
110oC c s phn gii kh .
Dung dch P.V.A thu c bng s khuy trn P.V.A trong nc. nht
ca dung dch ph thuc vo polyme ho v mc thu phn ca P.V.A
cng nh nng v nhit . dn in ca dung dch P.V.A ph thuc
vo hm lng cht in phn ,vi dung dch 10% th dn in l 0,1 0,7
ms/cm.
2.Tnh cht ho hc :
Tnh cht quan trng nht l s to thnh este .Cc sn phm phn ng
ca P.V.A v andehyt ,plyvinylbutyral l nguyn liu u quan trng trong
sn sut thu tinh an ton .
P.V.A c s dng trong kh nhiu lnh vc , y l tc nhn lin kt cho
vt liu composit .
II.4.2- Nghin cu kh nng to composit t thu tinh v si Cr-Ni:
43

Si Cr-Ni c ct thnh tng si nh (l=3-5 mm),c ra sch bn cn

v sy kh 200oC nhm loi b tp cht , du m bm trn n. Sau n
c trn vi bt thu tinh v cht kt dnh.Mu mc c p bng my p 5
tn ti b mn Silicat HBK HN.Lc p khi to hnh t 400KG/cm 2. Mu
sau ki p c a vo t sy in , nhit sy 200 oC. Sau chng c
chuyn vo l nung Chng c p nng di ti trng 0,32 KG/cm2.
Ta s kho st nh hng ca t l ct si v nhit kt khi n kh
nng to vt liu composit .
* nh hng ca t l ct si: ta kho st 3 t l sau:
Vs
Vs
5%
8%
Vc
; Vc

Vs
12%
; Vc

* nh hng ca nhit kt khi:

Tng ng vi 3 t l trn , ta s nung kt khi mu 3 nhit khc
nhau: 750oC, 800oC, 850oC, lu 1 gi ti nhit kho st;sau lm
ngui , ca ct mu v o c cc tnh cht ca composit to thnh. (Bng
km theo xem trang sau)
P
Cng thc xc nh bn nn: n= f (KG/cm2) [5]

Trong : P l p lc ph hu mu ,KG
f l din tch chu p lc , f= a xb ,cm
un c xc nh ti bng my t to (vn s dng xc nh cng
ca mu mc gm s).
3.d 1 .P0 .l
2
Cng thc xc inh bn un : un= 2.d 2 .b.h (KG/cm2) [5]

Trong :
+ d1 : khong cch t trc cnh tay n n v tr mu b gy, cm
+d2 =10 cm
+Po : Khi lnh ti trng ,KG
+l: khong cch 2 gi t mu , l = 3,07 cm
+ b: chiu rng mu ,cm
44

+ h: chiu cao mu ,cm

Kt qu phn tch knh hin vi in t mu I.2 , kt khi nhit 800 oC
c th hin trong hnh v sau:

Hnh 1: nh chp hin vi in t,

phng i 50 ln

Hnh 2: nh chp hin vi in t,

phng i 150 ln
* Nhn xt chung v kh nng to composit ca thu tinh vi si Cr-Ni:
- Tng tc gia thu tinh v si trn ranh gii pha l kh tt.

45

- Qua bng trn ta thy mu composit kho sat vi t l Vs/Vc = 5% , thiu

kt 800oC cho cng c hc cao hn c. Tuy nhin gi tr ny cn thp
so vi yu cu t ra . Nguyn nhn chnh l do lc p to hnh mu cn nh,
trong iu kin th nghim khng cho php tng lc p ln hn; qu trnh
ca ct mu to nhiu vt nt t vi bn trong mu.C th d on nu tng
lc p khi nung th composit thu c s cho bn c cao hn rt nhiu.
II.4.3- Nghin cu kh nng to vt liu composit ca thu tinh vi si
Inox
Li Inox c mt s ch tiu k thut nh cp mc trn, c ra
sch bng cn v sy 200oC.
Ta s nghin cu kh nng to composit dng 1 li v dng 2 li.
Dng 1 li : thu tinh li thu tinh .
Dng 2 li : thu tinh li-thu tinh li- thu tinh .
p lc p ngui: 400 KG/cm2.
p lc p khi kt khi : 0,32 KG/cm2.
Nhit kt khi : 850oC , lu 1 gi.
*Kt qu o bn c ( bn un) ca composit to thnh c th hin trong
bng II.3.2
[ Xem bng trang bn]
Bng II.3.2:
Mu
composit
Dng 1 li
Dng 2 li

Chiu rng
b, mm
2,988
2,964

Chiu cao
h,cm
6,0
6,20

P
KG/cm2
100
164

un,
KG/cm2
485,3
751,3

*Kt qu phn tch knh hin vi in t mu dng 1 li cho thy (hnhv):

46

Hnh 1: nh chp hin vi in t,

phng i 150 ln

Hnh 2 : nh chp hin vi in t

phng i 50 ln
Tng tc gia nn(inox)v thu tinh trn ranh gii pha cha tht s tt.
*Nhn xt : Kh nng to composit ca thu tinh vi inox cha c tt.
Composit dng 2 li cho bn c cao hn nhiu so vi composit dng 1
li.Nhit kt khi cha hp l, lc p khi nung cn nh.

47

II.4.4- Nghin cu kh nng tocom ca thu tinh vi si SiC

Si SiC c mt s ch tiu k thut nh trnh by trn.
Si SiC c dt thnh vi .Vi c nung s b 500 oC t chy ht du
m v tp cht khc.
Composit to thnh c dng : thu tinh li(vi)-thu tinh .
Lc p to hnh: 400KG/cm2.
Nhit kt khi:850oC
p lc khi p nng:0,32 Kg/cm2.
* Kt qu phn tch bng knh hin vi in t (hnh v 5,6) cho thy tng tc
gia thu tinh v si trn ranh gii pha l rt tt.Chng t kh nng to
composit ca thu tinh nghin cu vi si SiC rt tt.

Hnh 5: nh chp hin vi in t

phng i 150 ln

48

Hnh 6: nh chp hin vi in t,

phng i 50 ln

II.4.5- Nghin cu kh nng to composit ca thu tinh vi gm thu

tinh d gia cng c kh
Bt thu tinh c trn vi cht kt dnh theo t l CKD/thu tinh
=10%.
Hn hp ny c lng thnh lp mng dy 1-2mm trn b mt ca gm thu
tinh ri a vo l nung .
Nhit nung :1100oC, lu1 gi.
Kt qu quan st quan st bng knh hin vi quang hc cho thy tng
tc gia nn (thu tinh ) v ct (gm thu tinh ) l rt tt.
Composit to thnh s c u im ni bt : va c tnh cht sinh hc tt , va
d gia cng to thnh cc chi tit phc tp m vn c bn c hc cao.iu
ny rt c li khi ta s dng composit ny ch to cc chi tit sa cha ,
thay th cc b phn xng rng c th ngi.
49

II.4.6- Nghin cu kh nng to composit ca thu tinh vi gm Corun

Ta tn dng vt liu l mnh gm ca l thanh ln trong cng ngh gm
s.
Bt thu tinh c trn vi cht kt dnh theo t l CKD/thu tinh =10%.
Hn hp c lng thnh lp mng (1-2mm),ri a vo l nung , kt khi
1100oC., lu 1 gi.
Kt qu quan st bng knh hin vi quang hc cho thy nn v ct tng tc
vi nhau rt tt trn ranh gii pha.

50

KT LUN
Qua qu trnh nghin cu ta i n mt s kt lun nh sau:
1. Qu trnh nu thu tinh :
Nu thu tinh nghin cu bng l gas t to, nhit nu thu tinh
1350o-C l hp l.
2. Qua kho st nghin cu kh nng to composit t thu tinh v mt s ct
liu khc nhau ta thy : thu tinh nghin cu c kh nng to composit vi
cc ct liu khc nhau. i vi loi composit ct si Cr-Ni th t l
Vs/Vc=5% , nung 800oC cho cng c hc cao hn so vi 2 loi cn li.
3. Nhit kt khi c nh hng ln ti kh nng to composit .
Mi loi composit c mt nhit kt khi ph hp:
- composit ct si Cr-Ni : 800oC
- composit ct si inox :850oC
- composit ct si SiC :1000oC
- composit ct l gm thu tinh bn c cao, gm corun:1100oC
4. Lc p khi to hnh c nh hng ln ti kh nng kt khi ca vt liu
to composit .Vic s dng lc p khi nung kt khi cho php ta gim c
nhit nung , bo v vt liu ct khng b oxy ha nhit cao m vn c
kh nng to composit theo yu cu.Trong iu kin th nghim khng cho
php tng lc p khi nung cho nn composit to thnh cha t c cc ch
tiu yu cu. D on nu ta tng lc p khi nung th mu s kt khi tt hn
nhiu.
5. Kch thc ht ca bt thu tinh dh<20 m

thun li cho qu trnh kt

khi.
6. Cht kt dnh tm thi PVA cho qu trnh to hnh mc d dng v
cng c hc ban u cao. S dng t l CKD/thu tinh =10% th to
51

hnh thun li nhng sn phm c khi lng th tch nh , mt phn l do

cht kt dnh phn hu li l xp.V vy c th gim hm lng cht kt
dnh tm thi tng bn ca vt liu composit .
TI LIU THAM KHO
1-Ch bin :L Cng Dng.
Vt Liu Hc. NXB KHKT ,1997. Chng 12, trang 531- 554.
2-Trn Vnh Diu L Th Phi.
Vt Liu Composit.Cc vn khoa hc, hng pht trin v ng dng.
Trung tm KHTN v CNQG : Trung tm thng tin d liu, 1998.
3-TRn ch Thnh .
Vt liu composit .C hc v tnh ton kt cu.
NXB GD ,1994. Chng 1,2,3, trang 9-49.
4-Nguyn Anh Dng. Chuyn thu tinh v gm thu tinh, 1999
5- Minh Nht, Trn Th Doan,Li Th Mi.TH nghim chuyen ngnh
Silicat.Trng HBK HN.
6-Lun n thc s Nguyn Chu Giang.H Ni , 1999.
7-Composite Material , vol . 3
Engineering Applicattion of composit Acedemic.
Press .New york n London , 1974.
8-Composit

Materials

.Ullmanns

encyckopedia

chesmistry,vol.A7,1986, p. 369-409.
9-Lun n thc s Nguyn Thanh Lim.H Ni.1997.tr.69
10-Reymond B . Seymos. Polyme Composites.
utrecht , the Netherlands ,1990,p.1-9, 43-59.

52

of

industrials