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Motivation: Market research has shown the need for a low-cost turbojet
with a take-off thrust of 12,000N. Preliminary studies will show that a
single-spool all-axial flow machine is OK, using a low pressure ratio and
modest turbine inlet temperatures to keep cost down.
Problem: Design a suitable compressor operating at sea-level static
conditions with
compressor pressure ratio = 4.15
air mass flow
= 20 kg/s
turbine inlet temperature = 1100K
Assume:
Pamb = 1.01 bar, Tamb = 288 K
Inlet rhub / rtip = 0.5
Mean radius is constant
Polytropic efficiency = 0.90
Constant axial velocity design
No swirl at exit of compressor
kJ
kg 0 K
kJ
c p 1.005 0
kg K
R 0.287
1.4
PR
p0 , T0
T0in turbine
Cx constant
1 0
UT 350 mps
Steps
1) Choose Cx1 and rH/rT to satisfy m and keep Mtip low and define
rT
2) Select N from rT and UT
3) Compute T0 across compressor and all exit flow conditions
[keep rm same through engine]
4) Estimate T0 for first stage from inlet condtions [Euler and de
Haller]
5) Select number of stages T0comp / T0stage
6) ..
7) ..
3
r 2
m ACx rtip2 1 hub Cx
rtip
rtip2
m
r 2
Cx 1 hub
rtip
2 rtip
U tip
M tip
Wtip
RT
2
where Wtip U tip
Cx2
rhub
rhub
rtip 0.5 0 .2262 0.1131 m
rtip
and
rmean 0.1697 m
U1
2 r1 N
266.6 m / s
60
6
T1 1
p1 p01
T01
2
1x
C
T1 T01
2c p
p1
RT1
1/ 2
m
RT
2
R
H
1c1x 1 R
T
R
RH RT H
RT
Ctip
1
Rm RH RT
2
1/ 2
C12x U tip
M tip
U tip
2 RT
Ctip
RT1
1/ 2
p02 p01 Pr
Cx2
T2 T02
2c p
T2 1
p2
p2 p02
2
RT2
T01
m
A2
2C x
A2
blade height at exit h RT RH
2 Rm
P02
T02 T01
P01
( 1)
C2
1502
T2 T02
452.5
441.3
3
2c p
2 1.005 x10
T2 (
P2 P02
T02
1)
441.3
4.19
452.5
3.5
3.838 bar
kg
3.838bar 10200 2
P2
m bar
3.03 kg / m3
kJ
kg m
RT2
0
0.287
102
441.3
K
0
kg K
kJ
m
20
A2
0.044 m 2
2Cx 3.031150
r rtip rhub
A2
0.044
0.0413 m
2 rmean
2 0.1697
r
0.0413
rtip rmean
0.1697
0.1903 m
2
2
r
0.0413
rhub rmean
0.1697
0.1491 m
2
2
10
T0stage
U (CU 2 CU 1 )
UCx (tan 2 tan 1 )
cP
cp
WU Cx tan( )
CU Cx tan( )
U1
2 r1 N
266.6 m / s
60
U 266.6
1 60.640
Cx
150
Cx
150
305.9 m / s
cos( 1 ) cos(60.64)
11
W2
0.72
1.0
W1
This criteria can also take the form of max. pressure ratio with
correlations for relative total pressure loss across the blade row as a
function of Mach number, incidence, thickness/chord, etc. Taking the
maximum diffusion (de Haller), leads to:
T0stage
U (CU 2 CU 1 )
cP
C x 150
2 47.010
W2 220
28
K
3
12
1.005 x10
T0 stage
cp
tan 1 tan 2
0.98
0.93
0.88
0.83
0.83
0.83
0.83
14
tan 2
Um
cx
U m CU
cx
W2
C2
c p T0
U m
cx
Um
C1
Constant Cx
W1
U
15
T0stage
23.5
cP
cp
1 0
tan 2
c p T0 stage
UCx
tan( 1 )
U 266.6
1 60.640
Cx
150
W2
0.76 (acceptable according to de Haller criterion)
W1
16
C x 2 150 m / s
C x 150 m / s
CU 2 C x 2 tan 2 88.6 m / s
CU 1 0.0
C1 150 m / s
C 2 C x2 CU2 2 174.21 m / s
U 1 266.6 m / s
U 2 266.6 m / s
WU 1 U 1 266.6 m / s
WU 2 CU 2 U 2 178.0 m / s
W1 C x2 WU21 305.9 m / s
W2 C x2 WU22 232.77 m / s
Wu 2 Wu1
266.6 190.31
0.836
2U
2 (266.6)
(which is high for typical designs)
R
17
CU 1 CU 3 0
Cx 3 Cx 2
U 0 for stator, so WU 3 0
Cx1=150
W=C-U
1=60.64
W1=305.9
3=0
Cx3=150
3=60.64
C2=174.21
2=30.57
ROTOR
CU2=88.6
Cx2=150
2=49.89
W3=305.9
U=266.6
U=266.6
WU2=178.0
W2=232.77
19
T0stage 23.5
across each stage, we could reduce the stage temperature rise for
the first and last stages of the compressor and increase it for the
middle stages. This strategy is typically used to:
reduce the loading of the first stage to allow for a wide variation
in angle of attack due to various aircraft flight conditions
reduce the turning required in the last stage to provide for zero
swirl flow going into the combustor
With this in mind, lets change the work distribution in the
compressor to:
T0stage 20.0
1
T0stage
25.0
2, 3, 4, 5, 6
T0stage 20.0
7
21
1 0
tan 2
c p T0 stage
UCx
U 266.6
tan( 1 )
W2
0.79 (still acceptable, i.e. 0.72)
W1
(also note the reduced turning due to the reduced work requiremen t)
22
C x 150 m / s
CU 1 0.0
C1 150 m / s
U 1 266.6 m / s
C x 2 150 m / s
CU 2 C x 2 tan 2 75.38 m / s
C 2 C x2 CU2 2 167.87 m / s
U 2 266.6 m / s
WU 1 U 1 266.6 m / s
WU 2 CU 2 U 2 191.22 m / s
W1 C x2 WU21 305.9 m / s
W2 C x2 WU22 243.03 m / s
Wu 2 Wu1
266.6 190.31
R
0.859
2U
2 (266.6)
with the assumption that C 3 C1 . (note that the reaction increased)
23
P
( 1)
288 20
288
0.9 (1.4 )
.4
1.236
Rstage 2
Cx
(tan 1 tan 2 )
2U
T0 stage 2
UCx
(tan 1 tan 2 )
cp
1 stage2 57.310
2 stage2 42.92 0
25
So
1 stage2 12.36 0 3 stage1
2 stage2 40.27 0
Cx1=150
W=C-U
1=60.64
W1=305.9
C3=153.56
STATOR
3=12.36
Cx3=150
3=57.31
C2=167.87
2=26.68
U=266.6
CU2=75.38
Cx2=150
ROTOR
2=51.89
W2=242.03
CU3=32.87
W3=277.73
U=266.6
WU2=191.2
2
WU3=233.7
7
27
28
STAGE
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
STAGE
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Cx
Cu1
C1
W1
W u1
0
12.36
26.68
40.27
12.36
60.64
57.31
-51.89
-42.92
-57.31
150
150
0
32.87
150
153.56
305.9
277.73
-266.6
-233.77
M2
Mr2
Cu2
C2
W2
W u2
75.38
127.07
167.87
196.59
243.03
204.86
-191.22
-139.53
M3
Mr3
P01
P02
0.445072 0.804962
1.01
1.248
1.248
1.596
0.488438 0.707125
0.553668 0.576959
P03
1.248
1.596
T01
288
308
M1
Mr1
0.449778 0.917248
0.445072 0.804962
Cu3
C3
W3
W u3
T03/T01
153.56
277.73
-233.77
R
0.874
0.7
P03/P01
32.87
1.236
1.279
1.069
1.081
T02
T03
P1
P2
P3
T1
T2
308
333
T3
29
T02
P02
P01
T01
P
( 1)
308 25
308
0.9 (1.4 )
.4
1.279
30
Rstage 3
Cx
(tan 1 tan 2 )
2U
T0 stage 3
UCx
(tan 1 tan 2 )
cp
1 stage3 50.26 0
2 stage3 29.88 0
31
Cx
So
1 stage3 50.26 0
2 stage3 50.26 0
2 stage3 29.88 0
Note the symmetry in angles for 3rd stage due to the 50%
reaction !
Therefore, we have determined the velocity triangles of the 2nd
stage stator and the third stage rotor. Check the de Haller
number for the 3rd stage rotor:
W2
cos 1
.74 which is OK
W1 cos 2
32
W=C-U
Cx3=150
3=57.31
CU3=32.87
C3=172.99
U=266.6
3=29.88
W3=277.73
STATOR
WU3=233.7
7
3=50.26
U=266.6
C2=196.59
2=40.27
ROTOR
Cx3=150 CU3=86.18
W3=234.63
CU2=127.07
Cx2=150
2=42.92
W2=204.86
U=266.6
WU3=180.4
2
WU2=139.5
3
STAGE
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
STAGE
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Cx
Cu1
C1
W1
W u1
0
12.36
29.88
26.68
40.27
50.26
12.36
29.88
29.88
-60.64
-57.31
-50.26
-51.89
-42.92
-29.88
-57.31
-50.26
-50.26
150
150
150
0
32.87
86.18
150
153.56
172.99
305.9
277.73
234.63
-266.6
-233.77
180.42
Cu2
C2
W2
W u2
M2
Mr2
Cu3
C3
W3
W u3
P03/P01
T03/T01
75.38
127.07
180.42
167.87
196.59
234.63
243.03
204.86
172.99
-191.22
-139.53
-86.18
32.87
86.18
86.18
153.56
172.99
172.99
277.73
234.63
234.63
-233.77
-180.42
-180.42
R
0.874
0.7
0.5
1.236
1.279
1.256
1.069
1.081
1.075
M3
Mr3
P01
P02
T02
T03
P1
P2
P3
T1
T2
0.445072 0.804962
0.483867 0.656279
0.465906 0.631918
1.01
1.248
1.596
1.248
1.596
2.005
0.488438 0.707125
0.553668 0.576959
0.643754 0.474632
P03
1.248
1.596
2.005
T01
288
308
333
308
333
358
M1
Mr1
0.449778 0.917248
0.445072 0.804962
0.483867 0.656279
T3
34
W=C-U
Cx3=150 CU3=86.18
C3=172.99
3=50.26
3=29.88
U=266.6
Cx3=150 CU3=86.18
STATOR
3=50.26
W3=234.63
U=266.6
WU3=180.4
2
ROTOR
W3=234.63
C2=234.63
2=50.26
Cx2=150
2=29.88
W2=172.99
CU2=180.42
WU3=180.4
2
U=266.6
WU2=86.18
STAGE
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
STAGE
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Cx
Cu1
C1
W1
W u1
M1
Mr1
0
12.36
29.88
29.88
29.88
29.88
26.68
40.27
50.26
50.26
50.26
50.26
12.36
29.88
29.88
29.88
29.88
29.88
-60.64
-57.31
-50.26
-50.26
-50.26
-50.26
-51.89
-42.92
-29.88
-29.88
-29.88
-29.88
-57.31
-50.26
-50.26
-50.26
-50.26
-50.26
150
150
150
150
150
150
0
32.87
86.18
86.18
86.18
86.18
150
153.56
172.99
172.99
172.99
172.99
305.9
277.73
234.63
234.63
234.63
234.63
-266.6
-233.77
180.42
180.42
180.42
180.42
0.449778
0.445072
0.483867
0.465906
0.449807
0.435269
0.917248
0.804962
0.656279
0.631918
0.610083
0.590365
Cu2
C2
W2
W u2
M2
Mr2
Cu3
C3
W3
W u3
P03/P01
T03/T01
75.38
127.07
180.42
180.42
180.42
180.42
167.87
196.59
234.63
234.63
234.63
234.63
243.03
204.86
172.99
172.99
172.99
172.99
-191.22
-139.53
-86.18
-86.18
-86.18
-86.18
0.488438
0.553668
0.643754
0.620713
0.599981
0.581197
0.707125
0.576959
0.474632
0.457644
0.442359
0.42851
32.87
86.18
86.18
86.18
86.18
86.18
153.56
172.99
172.99
172.99
172.99
172.99
277.73
234.63
234.63
234.63
234.63
234.63
-233.77
-180.42
-180.42
-180.42
-180.42
-180.42
R
0.874
0.7
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
1.236
1.279
1.256
1.237
1.22
1.206
1.069
1.081
1.075
1.07
1.065
1.061
M3
Mr3
P01
P02
P03
T01
T02
T03
P1
P2
P3
T1
T2
T3
0.445072
0.483867
0.465906
0.449807
0.435269
0.422056
0.804962
0.656279
0.631918
0.610083
0.590365
0.572443
1.01
1.24836
1.596652
2.005395
2.480674
3.026423
1.24836
1.596652
2.005395
2.480674
3.026423
3.649866
1.24836
1.596652
2.005395
2.480674
3.026423
3.649866
0.879088
1.089637
1.360349
1.728233
2.159102
2.657034
1.060449
1.296472
1.517622
1.913086
2.372762
2.903398
1.08963684
1.36034905
1.72823259
2.15910202
2.65703431
3.22898653
276.806
296.2683
318.1117
343.1117
368.1117
393.1117
293.9799
313.7723
330.6113
355.6113
380.6113
405.6113
296.2683
318.1117
343.1117
368.1117
393.1117
418.1117
288
308
333
358
383
408
308
333
358
383
408
433
308
333
358
383
408
433
37
Stage 7 Design
So going into stage 7, we have P01= 3.65 and T01 = 433. The
requirements for our 7-stage compressor design we have
P0 exit = 4.15 * 1.01 = 4.19 bar
T0 exit = 288.0 (4.15)0.3175 = 452.5 0K
T02
452.5
0.9 1.4
0.4
1.149
38
Stage 7 Design
If we assume a Reaction = 0.5 for the 7th stage:
R stage7
T0 stage7
Cx
(tan 1 tan 2 ) 0.5
2U
U Cx
1stage 7 48.590
2 stage 7 32.770
39
Stage 7 Design
And from:
U
tan 1 tan 1 tan 2 tan 2
Cx
Cx
Cu1
C1
W1
W u1
M1
Mr1
0
12.36
29.88
29.88
29.88
29.88
32.77
26.68
40.27
50.26
50.26
50.26
50.26
48.59
12.36
29.88
29.88
29.88
29.88
29.88
32.77
-60.64
-57.31
-50.26
-50.26
-50.26
-50.26
-48.59
-51.89
-42.92
-29.88
-29.88
-29.88
-29.88
-32.77
-57.31
-50.26
-50.26
-50.26
-50.26
-50.26
-48.59
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
0
32.87
86.18
86.18
86.18
86.18
96.56
150
153.56
172.99
172.99
172.99
172.99
178.39
305.9
277.73
234.63
234.63
234.63
234.63
226.78
-266.6
-233.77
-180.42
-180.42
-180.42
-180.42
-170.08
0.449778
0.445072
0.483867
0.465906
0.449807
0.435269
0.435723
0.917248
0.804962
0.656279
0.631918
0.610083
0.590365
0.553917
STAGE
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Cu2
C2
W2
W u2
M2
Mr2
Cu3
C3
W3
W u3
T03/T01
167.87
196.59
234.63
234.63
234.63
234.63
226.78
243.03
204.86
172.99
172.99
172.99
172.99
178.39
-191.22
-139.53
-86.18
-86.18
-86.18
-86.18
-96.56
0.488438
0.553668
0.643754
0.620713
0.599981
0.581197
0.547558
0.707125
0.576959
0.474632
0.457644
0.442359
0.42851
0.430721
32.87
86.18
86.18
86.18
86.18
86.18
96.56
153.56
172.99
172.99
172.99
172.99
172.99
178.39
277.73
234.63
234.63
234.63
234.63
234.63
226.78
-233.77
-180.42
-180.42
-180.42
-180.42
-180.42
-170.08
R
0.874
0.7
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
P03/P01
75.38
127.07
180.42
180.42
180.42
180.42
170.08
1.236
1.279
1.256
1.237
1.22
1.206
1.149
1.069
1.081
1.075
1.07
1.065
1.061
1.045
STAGE
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
M3
Mr3
P01
P02
P03
T01
T02
T03
0.445072
0.483867
0.465906
0.449807
0.435269
0.422056
0.425883
0.804962
0.656279
0.631918
0.610083
0.590365
0.572443
0.541407
1.01
1.24836
1.596652
2.005395
2.480674
3.026423
3.649866
1.24836
1.596652
2.005395
2.480674
3.026423
3.649866
4.193696
1.24836
1.596652
2.005395
2.480674
3.026423
3.649866
4.193696
288
308
333
358
383
408
433
308
333
358
383
408
433
452.5
308
333
358
383
408
433
452.5
P1
P2
P3
T1
T2
T3
0.879088
1.089637
1.360349
1.728233
2.159102
2.657034
3.20353
1.060449
1.296472
1.517622
1.913086
2.372762
2.903398
3.42041
1.08963684
1.36034905
1.72823259
2.15910202
2.65703431
3.22898653
3.70197943
276.806
296.2683
318.1117
343.1117
368.1117
393.1117
417.1677
293.9799
313.7723
330.6113
355.6113
380.6113
405.6113
426.9133
296.2683
318.1117
343.1117
368.1117
393.1117
418.1117
436.6677
41
P1
P2
P3
T1
T2
T3
0.879088
1.089637
1.360349
1.728233
2.159102
2.657034
3.20353
1.060449
1.296472
1.517622
1.913086
2.372762
2.903398
3.42041
1.089637
1.360349
1.728233
2.159102
2.657034
3.228987
3.701979
276.806
296.2683
318.1117
343.1117
368.1117
393.1117
417.1677
293.9799
313.7723
330.6113
355.6113
380.6113
405.6113
426.9133
296.2683
318.1117
343.1117
368.1117
393.1117
418.1117
436.6677
1
1.10656
1.281488
1.490009
1.755031
2.043674
2.355046
2.675693
1.25687
1.439682
1.599425
1.874463
2.172154
2.494105
2.791621
1.281488
1.490009
1.755031
2.043674
2.355046
2.690866
2.953936
42
m
r 2
Cx 1 hub
rtip
m
.3394 r
tip
Cx 1
rtip
rtip
m
0.1697
Cx (.6788)
43
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
P0abs
0.879088
1.060449
1.089637
1.296472
1.360349
1.517622
1.728233
1.913086
2.159102
2.372762
2.657034
2.903398
3.20353
3.42041
3.701979
1.01
1.24836
1.24836
1.596652
1.596652
2.005395
2.005395
2.480674
2.480674
3.026423
3.026423
3.649866
3.649866
4.193696
4.193696
276.806
293.9799
296.2683
313.7723
318.1117
330.6113
343.1117
355.6113
368.1117
380.6113
393.1117
405.6113
417.1677
426.9133
436.6677
T0abs
288
308
308
333
333
358
358
383
383
408
408
433
433
452.5
452.5
rtip
rhub
0.226203
0.219446
0.21849
0.213129
0.211662
0.208792
0.205326
0.203056
0.200294
0.198484
0.196249
0.194769
0.193067
0.192097
0.190866
0.113197
0.119954
0.12091
0.126271
0.127738
0.130608
0.134074
0.136344
0.139106
0.140916
0.143151
0.144631
0.146333
0.147303
0.148534
44
Conditions in Compressor
Temperature vs. Blade Row #
500
450
400
T0
300
250
350
T
300
250
Blade Row #
15
13
11
Blade Row #
Blade Row #
15
13
11
15
13
11
0
7
0
5
Blade Row #
P0
2
Pressure
Stagnation Pressure
200
15
13
11
200
400
350
Tem perature
450
45
0.15
rtip
rhub
0.1
0.05
15
13
11
Radius
0.2
Blade Row #
46