Mẫu Câu Toán Học Anh Việt (Nguyễn Hữu Điển)

Nguyn Hu in
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Li ni u
y l bn nhp cc thut ng ton hc. Mc ch khi u cho cc bn mi vit bi cho

cc bo. Tp sch gm cc phn
1. Phn cc thut ng
2. Phn mt s ch ng php
3. Mt s cc c k hiu v cng thc
4. Cc k hiu ton chun son bng LaTeX
5. Nhng kin hay v vit bo ting anh v cch trnh by chng.
y ch l bn nhp, cn rt nhiu ni dung cha a vo y v cng cha c chn
lc, mong cc bn cho kin.
H Ni, ngy 5 thng 8 nm 2009
Nguyn Hu in
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Mc lc
Li ni u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mc lc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chng 1. Introduction - Gii thiu
Chng 2. Acknowlegments - Bit n
13
Chng 3. Notations - K hiu
15
Chng 4. Assumptions - Gi thit
17
Chng 5. Definition - nh ngha
20
Chng 6. Proof steps - Cc bc chng minh
26
Chng 7. Mt s quy tc c k hiu
31
Chng 8. Mt s quy tc ng php
32
8.1. Note definite article
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
8.2. Note infinite article . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

8.3. Note article omission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Chng 1
Introduction - Gii thiu
1.
We prove that in some families of compact there are no universal elements.
1.
3.
Ta chng minh rng trong mt s h

compact khng tn ti cc phn t ton
th.
N cng ch ra rng
Mt s th d c lin quan c ch ra.
2.
2.
4.
It is also shown that...

Some relevant counterexamples are indicated.
We wish to investigate ...
4.
Ta mun kho st ....
5.
Our purpose is to ...
5.
Mc ch ca chng ta l ...
6.
It is of interest to know whether...
6.
iu quan tm c bit khi m...
7.
We are interested in finding ...
7.
Ta quan tm ti vic tm kim ...
8.
It is natural to try to relate to ...

This work was intended as an attempt
to motivate (at motivating) ...
The aim of this paper is to bring together two areas in which ...
we review some of the standard facts
on ...
we have compiled some basic facts ...
we summarize without proofs the relevant material on ...
we give a brief exposition of ...
8.
iu t nhin l th quan h vi ...

Cng trnh ny c ch nh s c
gng thc y ...
Mc ch ca bi bo ny l kt hp hai
lnhx vc trong m ....
Ta tng quan li mt s d kin c bn
trn ....
Ta kt hp mt s yu t c bn
Ta tm tt khng chng minh vt cht
c lin quan trn ...
Ta a ra gii thch ngn v ...
3.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15. we briefly sketch .....
15. Ta tm tt ...
16. we set up notation and terminology.

17. we discuss (study/treat/examine) the
16. Ta a ra k hiu v nh ngha.

17. Ta tho lun trng hp ....
case...
18. we introduce the notion of
18. Ta gii thiu k hiu ca
19. we develop the theory of ...
19. Ta pht trin nh l ca ....
20. we will look more closely at ...
20. Ta xem xt vn gn vi ....
21. we will be concerned with ...
21. Ta s thc hin lin quan vi ...
22. it is shown that some of the recent re-
22. iu ny ch ra rng mt s kt qu
sults are ...

23. it is shown that reviewed in a more general setting,
24. it is shown that some applications are
indicated,
hin thi l ...

23. iu ny ch ra s tng quan trong vic
thit lp tng quan hn,
24. iu ny cho thy mt s ng dng
c ch ra,
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25. it is shown that our main results are
26.
27.
28.
29.
stated and proved.

Section 4 contains a brief summary (a
discussion) of ...
Section 4 deals with (discusses) the
case
Section 4 is intended to motivate our
investigation of ...
Section 4 is devoted to the study of ...
30. Section 4 provides a detailed exposition
of ...
31. Section 4 establishes the relation between ...
32. Section 4 presents some preliminaries.
25. iu ny ch ra kt qu chnh ca chng
ta c pht biu v chng minh.

26. on 4 c tng quan ngn (mt tho
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
lun) ca ...
on 4 cp ti trng hp ny (tho
lun)
on 4 l do thc y nghin cu ca
chng ti theo ...
on 4 dnh cho vic nghin cu ca
...
on 4 Cung cp s m t chi tit ca
...
on 4 thit lp quan h gia ...
32. on 4 trnh by mt s vn khi
u.
33. We will touch only a few aspects of the
33. Ta s cp n mt vi kha cnh ca
theory.
34. We will restrict our attention (the discussion/ourselves) to ...
35. It is not our purpose to study
nh l.
34. Ta s gii hn ch ca chng ta (tho
lun ca chng ta) ti ...
35. y khng phi l mc ch ca chng
ta nghin cu.
36. Ta khng n lc pht trin y.
36. No attempt has been made here to de37.

38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
velop
It is possible that but we will not develop this point here.
A more complete theory may be obtained by...
However, this topic exceeds the scope
of this paper,
However, we will not use this fact in
any essential way.
The basic (main) idea is to apply ...
The basic (main) geometric ingredient
is...
The crucial fact is that the norm satisfies
Our proof involves looking at
37. l iu c kh nng, nhng ta khng
pht trin im y.
38. nh l y hn c th nhn c t
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
...
Tuy nhin, ch ny vt qu lnh vc
ca bi bo ny,
Tuy nhin, ta s khng dng d kin
ny trong mi cch cn thit.
tng c s (chnh) l p dng ...
tng c s (chnh) hnh hc hp
thnh l ...
Yu t ch yu l chun tha mn ...
44. Chng minh ca chng ta bao hm xem
xt ...
45. The proof is based on the concept of
45. Chng minh da trn c s khi nim
similar in spirit to
46. The proof is adapted from
tng t trong tinh thn

46. CHng minh c b sung thm t
47. The aim of this paper is ...
47. Mc tiu ca bi ny l ...
48. The purpose of this paper is ...
48. Mc ch ca bi ny l ...
49. In this paper we shall be concerned
49. Trong bi ny ta s cp ti ...
with ...
50. The paper addresses one of these ques-
50. Bi ny bn v mt trong nhng vn
tions.
51. we shall deal with ...
52. We propose in this paper to desirable ...
51. Chng ta s bn v ...
53. The paper deals with this and some
53. Bi ny xt ti vn v mt s vn
closely rolated problems.

The present section will be devoted to
developing a method ...
This paper presents some results concerning ...
The problem to be considered in this
paper is that of designing ...
The paper is intended to emphasize ...
khc c lin quan cht ch vi n.

54. Mc ny c dnh xy dng
phng php ...
55. Bi ny trnh by mt s kt qu v
y.
52. Trong bi ny ta cp n vic m t
....
54.
55.
56.
57.
56. Vn s c cp trong bi ny l
vic thit k ...

57. Bi bo nhm nhn mnh ...
58. The problem of concern is ...
58. Vn ta quan tm l ...
59. Specifically, the paper is concerned
59. C th, bi bo cp n vic m t
60.
61.
62.
63.
with the description of ...

Such questions are worth careful attention.
The problem has received much (little)
attention from ...
This problem has attracted much (a
great deal of) attention.
Up to now ...
...
60. Nhng vn nh th ng c ch
cn thn.
61. Vn nhn c nhiu (t) s quan
tm ca ...
62. Vn ny thu ht c nhiu s
ch .
63. Cho n nay ...
64. Up to the present ...
64. Cho n nay ...
65. In recent years ...
65. Trong my nm gn y ...
66. Since the appearance of the paper, ...
66. T khi xut hin bi bo y ...
67. Since the publication of these results, ...
67. T khi cng b nhng kt qu y, ...
68. It is well known that ...
68. Mi ngi u bit r rng ...
69. It has long been known that ...
69. Ngi ta bit t lu l ...
70. To our knowledge ...
70. Theo ch hiu bit ca chng ti ...
71. as far as we know ...
71. nh chng ti bit ...
72. The best known method ...
72. Phng php c bit nhiu nht...
73. ... a long known theorem
73. ... mt nh l bit t lu
74. ... a little known result of ...
74. ... mt kt qu t c bit ca ...
75. ... a long standing problem
75. ... mt vn tn ti t lu
76. In order to study ...
76. nghin cu ...
77. The present paper is a contnuation of
77. Bi ny l tip tc ca mt bi trc.
an earlier one.
78. We shall restrict ourselves to the case ...
78. Ta s t gii hn trong trng hp ...
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79. For convenience, we shall restrict our-
79. thun tin, ta ch hn ch trn vn
selves to problem with ... only, the inclusion of ... causes no difficulties, and
all of the results go through with minor
modifications.
80. For brevity of presentation we shall ...
vi ..., vic a thm ... vo khng

gy thm kh khn g, v tt c kt qu
cn ng vi vi thay i nh.
80. vic trnh by c ngn gn, ta s
not no much with ... as with ...

83. To improve upon these shortcomings ...
...
81. n gin vic trnh by ...
82. Di y chng ta s khng cp ti
... nhiu nh l ti ...
83. sa cha nhng thiu st ny ...
84. To overcome this difficulty
84. khc phc kh khn
85. To circumvent this difficulty
85. vt qu kh khn
86. For emphasis and clarity, we note that
86. nhn mnh v lm sng sa, ta lu
throughout this paper C is not assumed

to be ...
87. It should be noted that ...
rng trong sut bi ny C khng cn

phi gi thit l ...
87. Nn ch rng ...
88. It makes sense to consider ...
88. C ngha xt ...
89. The problem will be considered in more
89. Vn s c xem xt t m hn trong
81. For simplicity of exposition ...

82. In what follows we shall be concerned
detail (in greater detail) in ... specifically ... More specifically, ...
90. The interested reader is refered to [.]
for more details.
91. We shall study this phenomenon in
some detail (in great detail, in greater
detail).
92. We refer to Auman [.] for a complete
treatment of the problem.
93. Results of this nature may be found in
...
94. Our approach includes as special cases
all previously published approaches to
generalized inverses of linear operators.
95. In addition, it provides new results
for generalized inverses in the case of

normed spaces.
96. These results are included here for the
sake of completeness.
97. As one might expect, ...
98. Next 3.7 we shall be proving still
more, viz. that (3.2) is necessary for the
truth of (3.1) for all sets of two variables.
... c th l ... C th hn ...

90. c gi no mun c th tham kho chi
tit hn trong [.]

91. Ta s nghin cu hin tng ny vi t
92.
93.
94.
95.
96.
97.
98.
nhiu chi tit (mt cch tht chi tit,

mt cch chi tit hn).
Xin xem mt cng trnh nghin cu y
v vn ny trong tc phm [.] ca
Auman.
Nhng kt qu v loi c th tm
thy trong ...
Cch tip cn ca chng ti bao hm,
nh l nhng trng hp ring, tt c
cc cch tip cn c trc y v
nghch o suy rng ca cc ton t
tuyn tnh.
Thm vo , n cn cho nhng kt
qu mi v nghch o suy rng trong
trng hp khng gian nh chun.
cho y , cc kt qu cng
c k ra y.
Nh c th ch i, ...
3.7 di y chng ta s chng
minh cn nhiu hn l (3.2) l cn
cho (3.1) ng vi mi tp hai bin.
99. Such theorems can be proved without
99. Nhng nh l nh th c th chng
appeal to any concretely defined homology theory.
minh m khng cn dng ti mt l

thuyt ng u no xy dng mt cch
c th.
100. Nhim v chng ta l kho st xem l
thuts ny c th m rng cho mt s
hu hn bt k nhn t c khng.
101. Chng ta nhn mnh rng ...
102. i khi ta cn bit liu c th tm c
mt hm trit tiu trn C chng.
100. Our task is to investigate how this the-
ory may be extended to any finite number of factors.

101. We emphasize that ...
102. It is sometimes relevant to know
whether or not a function can be found
which vanishes on C.
103. We propose now to examine a more
general framework in which the discussion of absolute continuity still makes
sense.
104. The situation is different if we allow
negative coefficients.
105. It can happen that ...
106. What sense, in this case, can we make
of the expression for (E) ?
107. Loosely speaking, a measurable kernel
of a set is ...
108. Our procedure can be outlined as follows.
109. We shall occasionnally make use of ...
110. So far we have concerned ourselves
only with ... We return now to its variation under changes of y.
111. When speaking of kernels we will always be implying tacitly that the category in question has a zero, for otherwise the terms make no sense.
112. The author claims as new only theorems ...
113. For wider applicability of the results, local convexity is not assumed.
114. We give two examples to show the mo-
tivation for the definition of ...

115. At this point we remark that ...
116. In a sense quadratic methods are the
most natural.
117. The problems arising here are similar
mathematically to those encountered
(met) in the calculus of variations.
103. By gi ta ngh xt mt khun kh
tng qut hn, trong cn c ngha

bn ti s lin tc tuyt i.
104. Tnh hnh khc i nu cho php cc h
s m.
105. C th xy ra l ...
106. Trong trng hp c th gn cho
biu thc (E) ngha g ?

107. Ni i khi, mt ht nhn o c ca
mt tp l ...
108. Th tc ca chng ti c th m t i
th nh sau.
109. Thnh thong c khi ta dng ...
110. CHo n y ta ch mi quan tm n
... By gi ta chuyn qua s bin thin
ca n khi y thay i.
111. Khi ni v ht nhn ta s lun lun hiu
ngm rng phm tr c xt ti c
mt vt khng, v nu tri li th cc
thut ng khng cn ngha na.
112. Tc gi ch khng nh l mi cc nh
l ...
113. cc kt qu c kh nng ng dng
rng ri hn, ta khng gi thiaats tnh
li a phng.
114. Ta a ra hai v d nu r l do dn
n nh ngha ...
115. Ti y ta rng ...
116. Theo mt ngha no cc phng
php bc hai l t nhin nht.
117. Cc bi ton ny ra y cng tng
t v mt ton hc nh nhng bi ton
gp trong php bin phn.
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118. Bary and Menchoff succeeded in char-
118. Bary v Menchoff thnh cng trong
acterizing completely the class of functions expressible as superpositions of ...

119. In the rest of this paper ....
vic c trng hon ton lp cc hm

c th biu din thnh hm hp ca ...
119. Trong phn cn li ca bi ...
120. In the remaining part of this paper ...
120. Trong phn cn li ca bi ...
121. Both conditions suffer from the serious
121. C hai u kin u c mt nhc im
defect, with regard to numerical application that they are not generally possible to verify computationally.
122. Convexity has been dealt with in detail
in many places, and the reader is refered to [.] for fuller development.
123. ... In a sense which will be made precise.
124. This theorem is more of theorical value
than practical use.
125. The rationale for modifying H is ...
quan trng, ng v phng din ng

dng s tr l ni chung khng th kim
tra chng bng tnh ton.
122. V tnh li c nhiu ti liu trnh by
chi tit, v c gi no mun hiu y
hn xin tham kho [.].
123. ... theo mt ngha m sau y s c
chnh xc ha.
124. nh l ny c gi tr l thuyt nhiu
hn l tc dng thc tin.
125. L do sa i H l ...
126. There is reason to believe ...
126. Ta c l do tin rng ...
127. There are weighty reasons, soon appar-
127. C nhiu l do xc ng m lt na s
ent, why one does not want to consdere

merely the class of all convex functions
having ...
128. This is the reason for using the
quadratic function.
129. In addition to giving many new and
more general results, we hope that ...
r, gii thch ti sao ta khng mun ch

xt n gin lp cc hm li c ...
130. As an application, let A be linear ....

131. The notation of a ring-module has, in
recent years, come to be regarded as

one of the most important in modern
algebra
132. These our results will apply after any
necessary minor modifications have
been made.
133. To bridge the gap between ...
134. This theory sheds a considerable light
on the sources of ...
135. The analogy is deeper than it seems.
136. On first glance it might appear that ...
137. Such considerationss apart, the reasons
for prefering one method over the other

seem to be a matter of taste.
128. l l do v sao ta dng hm hon
phng.
129. Ngoi vic a ra nhiu kt qu mi v
tng qut hn, chng ti hy vng rng

...
130. ng dng, gi s A tuyn tnh ...
131. Khi nim modul vnh nhng nm gn
y dn dn c xem nh l mt
trong nhng khi nim quan trng nht
ca i s hin i.
132. Nhng kt qu ca chng ti s p
dng c sau khi lm mt s sa
i nh cn thit.
133. bc cu qua h ngn cch gia ...
134. L thuyt d nhiu nh sng vo
ngun gc ca ...
135. S tng t cn su sc hn v b
ngoi.
136. Mi nhn qua c th tng nh.
137. Tr nhng s suy xt , cc l do
chn phng php ny hay phng
php kia c v ch l vn s thch
tng ngi.

138. There is little difference between the
two ...
139. In general, the space B(X, Y ), although
of interest by its own right, does not
play nearly as dominant a role in cur
theory as that of the normed dual of X.
140. It is still an open question whether A is
empty or not.
141. The question arises as to whether this
local solution ccan be extended to the
entire interval.
142. The question arises as to what happen
if ...
143. It is natural to ask whether ...
144. One can raise two questions about potential functions.
145. The answer is in the affirmative.
146. During the last several decades mathematical programming has risen to become one of the most important tools
available for dealing with certain types
of large scale problems.
147. ... a notion which will be of atmost
importance when we later turn to the
specification of what are called "theorems of the alternatives"
148. A very simple, but in no way trivial fact
149. A second reason for interest in closed-
ness criteria is the bearing they have on

the existence of solutions to extremum
problems.
150. Before embaking on the general resolution of the problem, let us briefly consider the geometry of the problem.
151. A general attack on problem (1) would
be at least as difficult to carry through
as the corresponding attack on problems having only equality constraints ...
152. Generally, things are arranged so that
....
153. We restate the problem in an alternative form that is essentially equivalent
yet hopefully more amenable to solution.
11
138. Khng c my khc bit gia hai ci ...

139. Ni chung, Khng gian B(X, Y ) tuy
t n c tm quan trng ring, khng

ng mt vai tr gn nh ch o trong
l thuyt ca chng ta nh l i ngu
nh chun ca X.
140. Vn cn m l liu A c rng hay
khng.
141. Ny ra cu hi l liu nghim a
phng ny c th khuych ra ton
khong hay khng.
142. Ny ra cu hi l ci g xy ra nu ...
143. Cu hi t nhin l liu ...
144. C th t ra hai cu hi v cc hm th
145. Cu tr li l khng nh.
146. Trong my thp nin gn y, quy hoc
ton hc ni ln thnh mt trong s

cc cng c quan trng nht c th s
dng nghin cu mt s bi ton c
ln.
147. ... Mt khi nim sau ny s c
ngha quan trng bc nht khi chng ta
chuyn sang pht biu nhng mnh
gi l "nh l v cc kh nng".
148. Mt s kin rt n gin nhng khng
tm thng cht no.
149. Mt l do th hai khin ngi ta ch
n cc tiu chun ng l mi lin h
ca chng i vi s tn ti nghim ca
cc bi ton cc tr.
150. Trc khi bt tay vo gii bi ton mt
cch tng qut, ta hy xt s lc hnh
hc ca bi ton.
151. Mt vic tn cng tng qut vo bi
ton (1) t ra cng s kh khn ngang
nh l tn cng vo cc bi ton ch c
rng buc ng thc.
152. Ni chung, s vic c thu xp sao cho
...
153. Ta pht biu li bi ton di mt dng
khc, tuy cn bn cng tng ng,
nhng c hy vng d tm ra li gii hn.
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154. Benders was one of the first to appreci-
ate the importance of ...

155. A space may be locally metrisable and
still fail to be paracompact.

156. We may inquire into whether or not
these two categories are mutually exclusive.

157. ... and investigate to what extent the
linear theory is carried over to the nonlinear case.
158. It is therefore of interest to know under
what conditions ...
159. In answer to this question, consider the
following ...
160. We shall take this up in the next chapter.
161. This will be taken up in the next chapter.
162. For making the purpose and usefulness
of ... more apparent, illustrative examples will be used.
163. Section 1 is devoted to the discussion of
...
164. The first section deals with ..., section 2
gives some results on ..., and section 3
studies ...
12
154. Benters l mt trong nhng ngi u
tin nhn thc tm quan trng ca

...
155. Mt khng gian ca th metric ha a
phng c nhng vn khng paracompac.
156. Ta c th kho st xem liu hai phm
tr y c loi tr ln nhau khng.
157. ... v kho st xem l thuyt tuyn
tnh c th chuyn sang trng hp phi

tuyn n mc no.
158. V th cng l th v khi bit vi iu
kin no ...
159. tr li cu hi ta xt ...
160. Ta s bn n iu ny trong chng
sau.
161. Ci ny s c xt ti trong chng
sau.
162. lm r hn mc ch v ch li ca
..., nhng v d minh ha s c a

ra.
163. on 1 dnh cho vic tho lun ...
164. on u bn v ..., on th hai cho
mt s kt qu v ... v on th 3
nghin cu ...
Chng 2
Acknowlegments - Bit n
165. The author wishes to express his thanks
165. Tc gi mun t lng cm n (lng bit
(gratitude) to ...
166. The author is greatly indebted to ....
167. for his active interest in the publication
of this paper.
168. for suggesting the problem and for
many stimulating conversations.
169. for several helpful comments concerning ...
170. for drawing the authors attention to ....
n) ti ...
166. Tc gi t lng bit n su sc ...
167. cho s ng gp tch cc trong cng b
ca bi bo ny.
168. cho nhng li khuyn bi bo v cho rt
nhiu tho lun c ch.
169. cho mt s bnh lun c ch c lin quan
ti ...
170. cho vic v ln nhng ch ca tc gi
ti ....
171. cho nhng li c ch ra trong ...
172. cho s cng tc ca anh y trong chng
minh B 4.
173. Tc gi bit n v rt nhiu li khuyn
ca .... trong thi gian chun b bi bo
ny.
174. y l mt phn ca lun n tin s ca
tc gi, n c ti tr ca .... ti i
hc ca ...
175. Tc gi mun cm n i hc ..., bi bo
c vit nh ti tr ti chnh.
171. for pointing out a mistake in ...

172. for his collaboration in proving Lemma
4.
173. The author gratefully acknowledges the
many helpful suggestions of ... during
the preparation of the paper.
174. This is part of the authors Ph.D. thesis,
written under the supervision of .... at
the University of ...
175. The author wishes to thank the University of .... , where the paper was written, for financial support (for the invitation and hospitality).
176. I would like to take this opportunity to
thank my adviser, Prof. ..., for his excellent advice and support.
177. The author wishes to thank Prof. .... for
the benefit of his advices.
178. We would like to express our sincere
thanks to Prof. ... for ...
179. Finally, I express my deepest gratitute
to Prof. ... for his help and encouragement.
180. Thanks are due also to my colleagues,
Dr. ...., for ...
176. Ti mun nhn dp ny cm n ngi
hng dn ti, Gio s ... v s khuyn

bo v khuyn khch n cn.
177. Tc gi xin cm n Gio s ... v nhng
li khuyn ca ng.
178. Chng ti mun by t lng cm n
chn thnh i vi Gio s ... v ...
179. Cui cng, ti xin by t lng bit n
su sc nht i vi Gio s ... v s
gip v khuyn khch ca Gio s
i vi ti.
180. Cng xin cm n ng nghip ca ti,
Tin s ... v ....
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14
181. It is a particular pleasure to acknowl-
181. Ti ly lm sung sng c by t lng
edge the many valuable comments fo

Prof. ...
182. The author is indebted to ... for his valuable comments and suggestions.
183. Special thanks are due to Dr. .... whose
remarks substantially improved the paper.
184. The author would like be express his
gratitude to one of the referees for several constructive suggestions.
185. The author would like to thank ... for
helpful suggestions.
bit n i vi nhng li nhn xt rt

xc ng ca Gio s ...
182. Tc gi chu n ... v nhng kin v
nhn xt qu bu.
183. Xin cm n c bit Tin s ... m cc
nhn xt gip ci tin ng k bi
ny.
184. Tc gi xin t lng cm n mt trong
nhng ngi nhn xt cho nhiu gi
xy dng.
185. Tc gi xin c cm n ... cho
nhng gi hu ch.
Chng 3
Notations - K hiu
186. Let X denote ...
186. Cho X k hiu ...
187. Let X be ....
187. Cho X l ...
188. Denote by X a locally convex space
188. K hiu X l mt khng gian li a
189. X will denote ...
189. X s k hiu ...
190. By X we alway mean a separated lo-
190. Ta lun hiu X l mt khng gian li
cally convex space.

191. Define X to be ...
phng.
a phng tch.
191. nh ngha X l ...
192. Throughout this paper ...
192. Trong sut bi ny ...
193. Throughout the forthcoming, unless
193. T y tr i nu khng ni li mt cch
otherwise specified, we shall denote by

X a locally convex space.
194. Unless otherwise stated, throughout
this section, A will denote ...
195. From now on ...
khc, ta s hiu X l mt khng gian li

a phng.
194. Tr khi nh ngha li mt cch khc,
cn trong sut mc ny A s k hiu ...
195. T y tr i ...
196. The notation ... will mean ...
196. K hiu ... s c ngha l ...
197. We write f g to mean that the func-
197. Ta vit f g ch rng cc hm f v
tions f and g are equivalent.

P
198. e [...], where the sum extends over all
combinations (e) of n zeros and ones.
199. f (x) = xT Qx, where the super-script T
denotes transposition.
200. Two vertices are said to be adjacent if
...
201. We shall adopt the following notation
...
202. Our terminology and notation are as in
[.]
203. In the tranditional terminology, ....
204. We shall continue using the notation of
section 4.
205. Before coming to the definition we
should clarify some of our notation.
206. For simplicity of notation ...
g l tng ng.
P
198. e [...], trong tng ly theo tt c cc t
hp (e) gm n s 0 v s 1.
199. ..., trong ch T pha trn dng ch
s chuyn v.
200. Hai nh c gi l k nu ...
207. For the sake of simplicity ...
207. n gin ...
208. For the sake of convenience ...
208. thun tin ...
201. Chng ta s dng cch k hiu sau ...

202. Thut ng v k hiu ca chng ta s
ging nh trong [.]

203. Trong thut ng truyn thng, ...
204. Ta s tp tc s dng cch k hiu ca
mc 4.
205. Trc khi i vo nh ngha ta s lm r
mt s k hiu ca chng ta.
206. vic k hiu c n gin ...
VNMATHS.TK
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209. We shall find it convenient to employ ...
209. Ta s thy thun tin khi s dng ...
210. We shall write f
210. Ta s vit f n thay cho f N nu tin.
for f if convenient.
211. We abbreviate dx1 dx2 ....dxn by dx, and
similarly for dy
212. We also write (E, d) for the complex
(Ei , di ), or even more briefy, we write
simply E.
213. In the sequel we shall identify with
the triple [x0 , r, M ].
214. We shall understand by a Lambdamodule.
215. A vector u U will be written as u =
(u1 , ..., un ).
216. We shall denote by ||.||X the norm of
space X (the subscript will be deleted
if no confusion is possible).
217. When no confusion can arise, we write
...
218. Without fear of confusion we can omit
the index i on di and write just d.
219. barM = ..., where the bar indicates the
topological closure.
220. = ..., where the title indicates ....
n
16
211. Ta vit tt dx1 dx2 ....dxn l dx v tng
t nh th i vi dy.
212. Ta cng vit (E, d) thay cho b (Ei , di ),
hoc thmk ch ngn gn hn ta vit

n gin l E.
213. Di y ta s ng nht vi b ba
[x0 , r, M ].
214. Ta s hiu -modun l mt -modun
tri.
215. Vc tu U s c vit l u =
(u1 , ..., un ).
216. Ta s k hiu ||.||X l chun ca khng
gian X (ch X ch s c b i nu
khng th nhm ln).
217. Khi khng th nhm ln, ta vit ...
218. Khng s nhm ln ta c th b ch s i
trong di v vit gn l d.
219. barM = ..., y du gch trn dng
ch bao ng t p.
220. y du ng dng ch ...
221. ... where B stands for the unit ball

222. A map F from X into Y , in symbols,
221. ... B l hnh cu n v.

222. Mt nh x F t X vo Y , vi k hiu
224. Notation being as before, we have ...
224. K hiu vn nh trn ta c ...
225. We assume that the reader is famil-
225. Ta gi thit c gi quen thuc vi
F : X Y , is ...
223. The last written symbol
iar with the terminology of elementary

topology.
F : X Y , l ...
223. K hiu vit sau cng
thut ng ca t p s cp.
Chng 4
Assumptions - Gi thit
226. We will make (need) the following as-
226. Ta s t (cn) nhng gi thit sau
sumptions: ...
227. From now on we make the assumption:
...
228. The following assumption will be
needed throughout the paper.
229. Our basic assumption is the following.
230. Unless otherwise stated (Until further
notice) we assume that ...
231. In the remainder of this section we assume (require) g to be ...
232. In order to get asymptotic results, it is
necessary to put some restrictions on f
233. We shall make two standing assumptions on the maps under consideration.
234. It is required (assumed) that ...
y:....
227. T by gi ta lm gi thit sau y:.....
bo ny.
229. Gi thit c s ca chng ta l sau y.
230. Khng iu g tri li (Cho ti khi ni
g) ta gi tit rng ...
231. Phn cn li ca on ny ta gi thit
(i hi) g l .....
232. nhn cc kt qu tim cn, cn thit
t mt s hn ch trn f .
233. Ta s lm hai gi thit c bn trn vn
ta xem xt.
234. i hi rng ....
235. The requirement on g is that ...
235. i hi trn g l ...
236. ..., where g is subject to the condition
236. ..., y g l i tng iu kin Lg =
Lg = 0.
237. ..., where g satisfies the condition Lg =
0.
238. ..., where g is merely required to be positive.
239. Let us orient M by the requirement that
g be positive. [Note the infinitive.]
240. Let us orient M by requiring g to be ...
241. Let us orient M by imposing the condition: ...
242. (4) holds for (provided/whenever/only
in case) p 6= 1.
243. (4) holds unless p = 1.
244. (4) holds under the condition (hypothesis) that ...
245. (4) holds under the more general assumption that ...
246. (4) holds under some further restrictions on ...
228. Nhng gii thit sau cn cho sut bi
0.
237. ..., y g tha mn iu kin Lg = 0.
238. ..., y g c i hi l dng.
239. Ta nh hng M i hi rng g l
dng.
240. Ta nh hng M i hi g l ...

241. Ta hng M bi iu kin ...
242. (4) ng cho (min l/khi m/ch trong
trng hp) p 6= 1.
243. (4) ng tr khi p = 1.
244. (4) ng vi iu kin (gi thit) l ....
245. (4) ng vi gi thit tng qut hn l
....
246. (4) ng vi mt s iu kin hn ch
trn ....
VNMATHS.TK
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247. (4) holds under additional (weaker) as-
sumptions.
248. F satisfies (fails to satisfy) the assumptions of ...
249. F has the desired (asserted) properties,
250. F provides the desired dirfeomorphism.
251. F still satisfies (need not satisfy) the requirement that ...
252. F meets this condition,
253. F does not necessarily have this property,
254. F satisfies all the other conditions for
membership of X.
255. There is no loss of generality in assuming ...
256. Without loss (restriction) of generality
we can assume ...
257. This involves no loss of generality.
258. We can certainly assume that, since oth-
erwise ...
259. We can certainly assume that, for .... [=
because]
260. We can certainly assume that, for if not,
we replace ...
261. We can certainly assume that. Indeed,
....
262. Neither the hypothesis nor the conclusion is affected if we replace ...
263. By choosing b = a we may actually assume that ...
264. If f = 1, which we may assume, then ...
265. For simplicity (convenience) we ignore
the dependence of F on g. [E.g. in notation]
266. It is convenient to choose ...
267. We can assume, by decreasing k if necessary, that ...
268. F meets S transversally, say at F (0).
269. There exists a minimal element, say n,
of F .
270. G acts on H as a multiple (say n) of V .
271. For definiteness (To be specific), con-
sider ...
18
247. (4) ng vi gi thit thm (yu hn).

248. F tha mn (khng tha mn) cc gi
thit ca ...
249. F ngh (a vo) tnh cht,
250. F c cho l ht.
251. F vn tha mn (khng cn kha mn)
i hi l ...
252. F c iu kin ny,

253. F khng cn c tnh cht ny,
254. F tha mn tt c nhng iu kin khc
cho thnh vin ca X.

255. Khng mt tnh tng qut ta gi thit....
256. Khng mt tnh tng qut ta c th gi
thit ...
257. iu ny khng lm mt tnh tng qut.
258. Ta c th gi thit chc chn iu , v
ngc li ...
259. Ta c th gi thit chc chn iu ,
vi ....
nu khng ta i ....
tht vy, ...
262. Hoc gi thit hoc kt lun khng cn
t nhin na nu ta thay ....
263. Bng cch chn b = a ta c th t nhin
gi thit l ...
264. Nu f = 1 m ta c th gi thit th...
265. n gin (thun tin) ta b qua ph
thuc ca F vo g.
266. Thun tin ta chn ...
267. Ta c th gi thit bng gim k nu cn,
l ...
268. F i qua S, c th ti F (0).
269. Tn ti phn t nh nht, cho l n,
ca F .
270. G tc ng ln H nh bi (gi l n) ca
V.
271. Vi xc nh ( ch ra), ta xt ...

272. This condition is not particularly re-
strictive,
273. This condition is surprisingly mild.
274. This
condition
admits
(rules
out/excludes) elements of ...
275. This condition is essential to the proof.
276. This condition cannot be weakened (re-
19
272. iu kin ny khng c kha cnh thc
t
273. iu kin ny l ng ngc nhin.
274. iu kin ny thu vo cc phn t ca
....
275. iu kin ny l cn thit cho chng
minh.
276. iu kin ny khng th yu hn.
laxed/improved/omitted/dropped).
277. The theorem is true if "open" is deleted
277. nh l cn ng nu "m" c b i
from the hypotheses.

278. The assumption is superfluous (redundant/unnecessarily restrictive).
279. The map f will be viewed (regarded/thought of) as a functor ... (as
realizing ...)
280. From now on we think of L as being
constant.
281. From now on we regard f as a map
from ...
282. From now on we tacitly assume that ...
t gi thit.
278. Gi thit l qu cn thit (rm r).
283. It is understood that r 6= 1.

284. We adopt (adhere to) the convention
that 0/0 = 0.
279. nh x f s c nhn nhn (xem xt/
suy ra) nh hm s ...
280. T by gi ta cho l L l hng s.

281. T by gi ta ta xem f nh nh x t ....
282. T by gi ta ngm hiu rng ...
283. c hiu l r 6= 1.
284. Ta b qua (thm vo) quy nh l 0/0 =
VNMATHS.TK
Chng 5
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Definition - nh ngha
285. A set S is dense if ...
285. Tp S l tr mt nu ...
286. A set S is called (said to be) dense if ...
286. Tp S c gi l tr mt nu ...
287. We call a set dense if ...

288. We call m the product measure. [Note:
287. Ta gi mt tp tr mt nu ...
288. Ta gi m l o tch.
289. The function f is given (defined) by
289. Hm s f c cho bi f =
f=
290. Let f be given (defined) by f =
290. Cho f bi f =
291. We define T to be AB + CD.
291. Ta nh ngha T l AB + CD.
292. This map is defined by requiring f to be
292. nh x ny c nh ngha i hi f
The term defined appears last]
constant on ...
293. This map is defined by the requirement
that f be constant on .... [Note the infinitive.]
294. This map is defined by I imposing the
following condition:
295. The length of a sequence is, by definition, the number of ...
296. The length of T , denoted by l(T ), is defined to be ...
297. By the length of T we mean ...
298. Before stating the main theorem we
first define ...
299. A function F is said to be ... if ...
300. Recall that a directional derivative is
defined as follows ...
301. With this in mind, define the ... as follows ...
302. Modifying the well-known definition of
...
303. Basing on the the fact that ... one can
define ...
304. ..., where Fn is the operator defined inductively by ...
305. For the purpose of the present paper, a
more limited definition of ... is used.
l hng s trn ...
293. nh x ny c nh ngha bi i hi
f hng s trn ...

294. nh x ny c xc nh bi ti gn
thm iu kin sau y.

295. di ca mt dy theo nh ngha l
s ca ...
296. di ca T , k hiu bi l(T ), c xc
nh bng ....
297. Bng di ca T , ta theo ngha ...
298. Trc khi pht biu nh l chnh ta s
nh ngha ...
299. Hm s F c gi l ... nu ...
300. Nhc li rng o hm theo hng
c nh ngha nh sau ...
301. Nh iu , nh ngha ... nh sau ...
302. Sa i nh ngha quen bit ca ...
303. Da trn s kin l ... ta c th nh
ngha ...
304. ..., Fn l ton t c nh ngha
theo qui np bng ...
305. Do mc ch ca bi ny, mt nh
ngha hn ch hn ca ... c s dng.

306. Motivated by this fact, we introduce the
following notion.
307. These notions wll be needed in subsequent chapters.
308. ... are called the lower and the upper
base of respectively.
309. Consequently, writing g(x) = g(x)
whenever x
= (x) unabigously defines a function g.
310. Corresponding to each point x there is
a Baire open set V (x)...
311. To say that H A in coproduct preserving
is equivalent to saying that ...
312. By a complex is meant a sequence ...
21
306. Do c s kin , chng ta a vo khi
nim sau.
307. Ta s cn nhng khi nim trong cc
chng sau.
308. ... c gi, theo th t l c s di v
c s trn ca P .
309. V vy, vit g
(x) = g(x) mi khi x
=
(x), ta s xc nh khng nhp nhng
hm g.
310. Tng ng vi mi im x c mt tp
m Baire V (x) ...
311. Bo rng H A bo ton i tch l tng
ng vi bo rng ...
312. Mt phc c hiu l l mt dy ....
313. By a simplex we mean ...
313. Mt n hnh c hiu l ....
314. The translation is uniquely determined
314. Php tnh tin c xc nh duy nht,
to within a homotopy
315. We shall refer to this as the canonical
transformation.
316. The function s that assigns to x the image s(x) of ...
317. Instead of saying that a translation is
inessential we can equally wel say that
it is null homotopic.
318. This important definition require a bit
of explanation and justification.
319. This notion requires some extra background material for its definition.
320. ... will often be used
ch sai khc mt php ng lun.
...
317. Thay v ni rng mt php tnh tin l
khng ct yu ta c th ni n l ng
lun khng.
318. nh ngha quan trng ny cn c i
cht gii thch v bin minh.
319. Khi nim ny i hi mt s iu
chun b thm trc khi nh ngha.
320. ... s thng c dng.
321. We are now going to defined
321. Ta sp sa nh ngha
322. We now turn to the definition of ...
322. By gi ta chuyn sang nh ngha ...
323. We shall need in the sequel ...
323. Trong phn sau ta s cn n ...
324. Each one of its vertices ...
324. Mi nh ca n ...
325. Every one of its faces ...
325. Mi din ca n ...
326. Let there now be given a complex ....
326. By gi cho mt phc hnh ...
327. ... a complex without a boundary
327. ... mt phc hnh khng c bin.
328. ... a space without a topology
328. ... mt khng gian khng c t p.
329. The following lemma states one of the
329. B sau pht biu mt trong nhng
most important properties of ...

330. The main tool for our proofs will be the
following Lemma.
331. The next theorem will be fundamental
in this paper.
tnh cht quan trng nht ca ...

330. Cng c chnh trong chng minh ca ta
s l b sau.
331. nh l sau s l c bn trong bi ny.
315. Ta s gi php bin i l php bin
i chnh tc.
316. Hm s t tng ng vi x nh s(x) ca
VNMATHS.TK
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332. This lemma will play a crucial role in
the following development.

333. The results can be summarized as follows.
334. The following theorem is a sharpening
of the results in ...
335. The following theorem generalizes (extends) a result of ...
336. The theorem reads as follows.
337. The theorem can be stated (formulated) as follows.
338. Under suitable hypotheses ...
332. B ny s ng vai tr then cht
trong phn sau y.

333. Kt qu c th c tm tt nh sau.
334. nh l sau y l s mi sc cc kt
qu trong ...
335. nh l sau y tng qut (m rng) kt
qu ca ...
336. nh l ny pht biu nh sau.
337. nh l ny c th pht biu nh sau.
338. Vi nhng gi thit thch hp ...
339. Under these conditions, ...
339. Trong iu kin , ...
340. In order that ..., a sufficient and neces-
340. ..., iu kin cn v l ...
sary condition is that ...

341. In order that ..., it is necessary and sufficient that ...
342. If F is chosen so that ..., then all the
following assertions hold.
343. There exists a function f satisfying ...
iu khng nh sau y l ng.

343. Tn ti hm f tha mn ...
344. There exists a function f such that ...
344. Tn ti hm f sao cho ...
345. There exists a function f with the prop-
345. Tn ti hm f vi tnh cht l ...
erty that ...

346. There exists a set G, neither empty nor
the whole space, which is both open
and closed.
347. The following conditions are equivalent
22
341. ..., cn v l ...

342. Nu F c chn sao cho ..., th nhng
346. Tn ti tp G, khng rng v cng
khng trng ton b khng gian m va

ng va m.
347. Cc iu kin sau y l tng ng.
348. Let there be given a set A ...
348. Cho trc tp A ...
349. Assume the hypotheses of theorem 2.1;
349. Vi nhng gi thit ca nh l 2.1 v
in addition assume that ...

350. Under the stated assumption
350. Vi gi thit nu
351. Under the hypotheses of ...
351. Vi gi thit v...
352. The assumption ... may be dropped.
352. Gi thit ... c th b.
353. In this section we make the blanket as-
353. Trong phn ny ta gi thit bao trm l
sumption that ...

354. A sufficient condition that (1) hold is
that ...
355. No assumptions are made about {y k }
accept that the sequence is contained in
D.
356. This assumption is not too consideration ...
357. The problem under consideration ...
358. Assume, furthermore, that ...
ngoi ra gi thit thm rng ...
...
354. iu kin c (1) l ...
355. Khng c gi thit no v dy {y k }, tr
vic n phi nm trong D.
356. Gi thit khng qu ngt, v rng ...

357. Vn ang xt ...
358. Gi thit thm na rng ...
23

359. Assume, in addition, that ...
359. Gi thit thm vo, rng ...
360. Conversely, the converse inclusion.
360. Ngc li, bao hm thc ngc li.
361. In the converse direction ...
361. Theo chiu ngc li ...
362. Note, however, that the converse of this
362. Tuy nhin rng o ca mnh
statement need not necessarily hold.

363. A set is closed if ..., or, equivalently, if ...
363. Mt tp l ng nu ... hay, mt cch
364. A set is open if ..., or, which amounts to
the same, if ...

365. f can be factored as Af 0 I u B, with
f 0 an epimorphism and u a monomorphism.

366. ... has precisely (exactly, just) one element.
367. Then ker = ker in the sense that if
either side is defined the so is the other
and they are equal.
368. However, A1 and A2 may be isomorphic
objects without being isomorphic subobjects of A.
369. There may be an isomorphism : A1
A2 without it being true that 2 is the
same 1 .
370. This property provides a useful alternative to the original definition of closed
sets.
371. It may happen that ... Should this be so
then we say that ...
372. The rules for taking the product ...
ny khng ng.
tng ng, nu
364. Mt tp l m nu ..., hay, ni mt cch
khc, cng tng ng, nu ...

365. f c th phn tch thnhAf 0 I u B, vi
f 0 l mt ton cu v u l mt n cu.
366. ... c va ng mt phn t.

367. Khi y ker = ker , theo ngha l nu
mt v c xc nh th v kia cng
th v hai v bng nhau.
368. Tuy nhin, A1 v A2 c th l i tng
ng cu, m vn khng phi l i
tng con ng cu ca A.
369. C th c mt ng cu : A1 A2
m 2 vn khng phi l ng nht
vi 1 .
370. Tnh cht ny cho ta mt nh ngha
mi c ch, khc vi nh ngha gc v
tp ng.
371. C th xy ra l ... Nu nh vy th ta
ni rng ...
372. Cc quy tc ly tch ...
373. A group consisting of 0 alone.
373. Mt nhm ch gm 0 m thi.
374. The only case in which rule 1 fails is
374. Trng hp duy nht m quy tc 1
when F is ...
375. In so doing, we are led to a generalization ...
376. The theorem can be restated as follows.
377. The halfline emanating from a in the direction of the vector b.
378. The are emanating frmo x0 and contained in D.
379. A local optimum may fail to be a global
one.
380. In dealing with modules we are, above
all, concerned with certain objects and
certain natural mappings of these objects ...
khng ng l khi F l ...

375. Lm nh th, ta i n mt khi qut ...
376. nh l c th pht biu li nh sau.
377. Na ng thng pht xut t a theo
phng vec t b.
378. Cung i t x0 v cha trong D.
379. Mt ti u a phng c th khng
phi l ti u ton cc.

380. Khi nghin cu v mo dun ta quan tm
trc ht n nhng i tng v nh
x t nhin ca cc vt ...
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381. As will be seen shortly
381. Nh s thy r ngay sau y
382. As will be proved later
382. Nh s c chng minh di y.
383. To illustrate this, consider ...
383. minh ha iu ny, ta xt ...
384. It should be borne in mind that ...
384. Cn phi lun lun nh rng ...
385. In actual practice
385. Trong thc hnh
386. The previous section
386. on trc
387. The foregoing section
387. on trc
388. The first two requirements ...
388. Hai i hi th nht ...
389. As previously indicated, ...
389. Nh ch ra trn, ...
390. This theorem was first established by ...
390. nh l ny thit lp u tin bi
391. ... when y is temporarily held fixed.

392. ... according to whether U is complete
391. ... khi y c tm thi gi c nh.

392. ... ty theo U l hay khng.
or not.
393. Depending on the choice of the interpolation points, there are numerous possible different specific methods.
394. ... with arbitrary accuracy.
395. We extend F to Rn by setting F1 (x) to
be F (x) if x C, otherwise.
24
393. Ty theo cch chn cc im ni suy, ta
to the strong topology of H.

398. There must exist distinct points x1 and
x2 in D whose connecting line segment
contains a point of C.
399. The ball of radius r centered at x.
c th c nhiu phng php c th

khc nhau.
394. ... vi chnh xc ty .
395. Ta khuych F ra ton Rn bng cch t
F1 (x) bng F (x) nu x C v bng
nu tri li.
396. ... i vi nh x f m ta xt.
397. ... trong s lin tc c hiu theo
t p mnh ca H.
398. Phi tn ti hai im phn bit x1 v x2
trong D m on thng ni lin chng
c cha mt im ca C.
399. Hnh cu bn knh r, tm x.
400. The ball of radius r around x.
400. Hnh cu bn knh r, tm x.
401. If two closed convex sets C and D each
401. Nu C, D l hai tp li ng m mi ci
396. ... for the mapping f concerned

397. ... where the continuity is with respect
have O as an interior point and are

bounded, then the radial projection of
C on D is a contracting mapping in C
and is also an homeomorphism.
402. As small as we please
403. In using the procedure one determines
from this bound whether xn is acceptable and, if not, reduces n and solves
again ...
404. ... for any interval of sufficiently small
diameter.
405. There exists 1 , ..., n , not all zero, such
that ...
u nhn 0 lm im trong v u b
chn, th php chiu tia t C ln D l
mt nh x co trong C v cng l mt
php ng phi.
402. Nh bao nhiu ty
403. Khi dng th tc ny ta da vo cn
xc nh xem xn c th chp nhn
c khng, v nu khng, th gim n
v li gii ...
404. ... vi mi khong c ng knh
nh.
405. C tn ti cc s 1 , ..., n khng ng
thi bng 0, sao cho ...

406. Taking
conditional
probabilities
amounts to choosing H as a new
sample space.
25
406. Ly cc xc sut c iu kin cng
tng ng vi chn H lm khng

gian chn mu mi.
VNMATHS.TK
Chng 6
- Free Ebooks
Proof steps - Cc bc chng minh
407. We are now in a position to prove the
407. By gi chng ta sn sng chng
following theorem.
408. We shall begin with showing that ...
minh nh l sau y.
408. Ta s bt u bng vic ch ra rng ...
409. We begin by establishing ...
409. Ta s bt u bng vic thit lp....
410. We first observe that ...
410. Trc tin ta nhn xt rng ...
411. We proceed now to establish the funda-
411. By gi ta chuyn sang thit lp kt qu
mental result ...

412. Evidently, Obviously, Clearly
c bn ...
412. D thy, Hin nhin, R rng.
413. It is obvious that ...
413. Hin nhin l ...
414. It is plain that ...
414. R rng l ...
415. It is clear that ...
415. R rng l ...
416. It is easy to prove (show, see, check,
416. D dng chng minh(ch ra, nhn thy,
verify, ...) that ...

417. It is easily seen that ...
kim tra, th li) l ...

417. D thy rng ...
418. It is easily be seen that ...
418. C th d thy rng ....
419. As an immediate consequence of Theo-
419. Nh mt h qu ca trc tip ca nh
rem 1 we have ...b

420. Lemmas 5 and 6 immediately give the
first assertion of the Theorem.
421. The Theorem now follows from applying Corollary 2.
422. The first part of this Proposition is essentially Lemma 2 in [.].
423. The second part of the Proposition is
obtained from ...
424. We invoke Theorem 8 to deduce that ...
l 1 ta c ...
420. Cc b 5 v 6 cho ngay iu khng
nh u tin ca nh l ny.
421. By gi nh l c suy ra bng cch
p dng H qu 2.
422. Phn u ca mnh ny thc cht l
B 2 trong [.].
423. Pn th hai ca mnh nhn c t
...
424. Ta da vo nh l 8 suy ra rng ...
425. By virtue of Lemma 2.1 one can ...
425. Do B 2.1, ta c th ...
426. In view of the lemma above, there is ...
426. Do B trn, ta c ...
427. Taking Lemma 3 into account we get ...
427. C B 3 ta nhn c ...
428. Taking account of Lemma 3, we get ...

429. It follows from Fubinis Theorem ap-
428. C B 3 ta nhn c ...

429. T nh l Fubini p dng cho hm ch
plied to indicator function that ...

430. This Theorem can be proved by re-
peated application of Lemma 1.2.
nh suy ra rng ...

430. nh l ny c th chng minh bng
cch p dng B 1.2 lp li nhiu

ln.
27
431. We can now combine the results of The-
431. By gi ta c th kt hp cc kt qu
orem 5.1 with the method of ... and obtain the following theorem.
432. Arguing as in ... we can ...
ca nh l 5.1 vi phng php ca ...

v thu c ...
432. L lun nh trong ... ta c th ....
433. It follows readily from ... that
433. T ... suy ra ngay rng ....
434. To do this we shall utilize the results ob-
434. lm vic ta s dng cc kt qu
tained in ...
435. That fact follows from (2) and the observation that t tends to 0.
436. Equality (6) follows from replacing
by in (3).
437. This follows from (1) with alpha in
place of .
438. Substituting from (3) and (4) in (2)
yields ...
439. Combining (5), (6) and (7) gives
(yields) ...
440. ... which together with (2.1) implies
that ...
441. we now apply (1.3) with A playing the
role of ...
442. Defining Qi in term of Fi , as Q is defined in term of F , one has ...
443. In exactly the same way, but replacing
Q by A and interchanging the role of
x, y, we have ...
444. In the same way as in ....
445. By an argument analogous (similar) to
the previous one. We get ...
446. By an argument analogous to that used
for the proof of Theorem 1 ...
447. In the case ... the proof is analogous to
the one above.
448. According to the method of ...
449. The main tool for our proof will be the
following Lemma.
450. The main tool we shall use to derive our
results utilizes the following concepts.
nhn c trong ...

435. iu c suy ra t (2) v t nhn
xt rng t tin ti 0.
436. ng thc (6) suy ra t (3) bn cch
thay bi .
437. iu suy ra t (1) vi alpha thay cho
.
438. Vic thay (3) v (4) vo (2) cho ta ...
439. Kt hp (5), (6) v (7) ta c ...
440. ... iu cng vi (2.1), cho php suy
ra rng ....
441. By gi p dng (1.3) vi A ng vai
tr ca ...
442. nh ngha Q1 theo Fi , nh Q c
nh ngha theo F , ta c ...
443. Bng chnh cch y, nhng thay Q bng
A v i vai tr ca x, y ta c ...
444. Cng bng cch nh trong ...
445. Bng lp lun tng t (ging) lp lun
451. Assume the contrary, that ...
trn. Ta nhn c...

446. Bng lp lun tng t nh lp lun
dng chng minh nh l 1 ...
447. Trong trng hp ... cch chng minh
tng t nh trn.
448. Theo phng php ca ...
449. Cng c chnh ca chng ta trong
chng minh s l B sau.
450. Cng c chnh m chng ta s ng
suy ra cc kt qu s dng cc khi
nim sau.
451. Gi s ngc li l ...
452. In the contrary case ...
452. Trong trng hp ngc li ...
453. Otherwise ...
453. Trong trng hp ngc li ...
454. Were this false, there would exist ...
454. Nu iu sai, th s tn ti ...
455. If it were not so, then we should have
455. Nu khng nh th th chng ta s c
...
...
VNMATHS.TK
- Free Ebooks

456. If this were not so, there would be ...
456. Nu khng nh th th s c ...
457. This contradicts the hypothesis.
457. iu tri vi gi thit.
458. Which contradicts ...
458. iu tri vi ...
459. Which contradicts with ...
459. (m) iu mu thun vi ...
460. We thus arrive at a contradiction.
460. Nh th chng ta i ti mu thun.
461. from which the contradiction ... would
461. m t mu thun ... s xy ra.
arise
462. The assumption that ... now leads to
a contradiction by the same reasoning
used in the proof of (8).
463. Since (7) is clearly violated (13) holds
464. Since ..., one of the conditions (3), (5),
(7) and (9) must fail
28
462. Gi thit ... by gi dn ti mu thun
bi chnh lp lun dng trong chng

minh (8).
463. V r rng (7) b vi phm, nn (13) l
ng.
464. V ... nn mt trong nhng iu kin
(3), (5), (7) v (9) phi khng ng.
465. But this shows that ..., a contradiction.
465. Nhng iu ch ra rng ... mu
466. Since {n } must satisfy (3)
466. V {n } phi tha mn (3).
467. Since is arbitrary chosen, we get ...
467. V c chn ty nn ta c ...
468. This is incompatible with A being dis-
468. iu mu thun vi vic A khng c
thun.
joint from D
469. That (2) = (1) is trivial, so ...
469. iu (2) = (1) l tm thng, vy ...
im chung vi D.
470. Consequently, Therefore, Hence
470. Cho nn, T , Do .
471. Since ..., it follows that ...
471. V ... nn suy ra rng ...
472. Observe, further, that ...
472. Sau na, ta nhn xt rng ...
473. We prove first the necessity of the con-
473. Trc ht ta chng minh tnh cn ca
dition.
474. We now turn to the proof of sufficiency.
474. By gi ta quay sang chng minh tnh
475. The "if" part ...
.
475. Phn "nu" ...
476. The "only if" part ...
476. Phn "ch nu" ...
477. Conditions (1) through (5) ....
477. Cc iu kin t (1) n (5) ...
478. Assuming the condition (1) fulfilled, we
478. Gi s iu kin (1) c tha mn, ta
shall show that ...

479. Now, by the above ...
s ch ra rng ...
479. By gi, qua nhng iu kin trn ...
480. ... as shown above.
480. ... nh c chng minh trn.
481. It has already been shown that...
481. trn ch ra l ...
482. We have thus proved that ...
482. Nh th chng ta chng minh c
483. We have remarked before on the fact
483. Ta nhn xt trn v s vic l ...
that ...
484. Using the results just obtained we ...
484. S dng cc kt qu va thu c, ta ...
iu kin.
29
485. By the results just mentioned.
485. Qua cc kt qu va k ti.
486. With this fact in hand, we can prove the
486. C sn s kin , ta c th chng minh
following proposition.
487. The result above shows ..., the next theorem in addition shows that ...
488. The next observation shows that ...
489. By translating if necessary we may assume that x = 0.
490. In view of the preceding remark, we
can limit attention to methods ...
491. We shall confine our attention to the
case, where ...
492. It suffices to treat the case where ...
493. Then, by taking a subsequence, if necessary, we can assume that ....
494. By passing to an appropriate subsequence and renumbering if necessary,
let us assume that the sequence is convergent.
495. Proceeding to a subsequence, if necessary, we may assume that ...
496. Dropping to a subsequence, if necessary, (9) shows that ...
497. Along a subsequence n0 we have Mn0
2 ...
498. Taking C to be the class of all sequences
of form (1) we obtain ...
499. We pick so large that ...
mnh sau y.
487. Kt qu trn cho thy ..., cn nh l
tip sau y s ch thm l ...

488. Nhn xt tip theo cho thy rng ...
489. Bng tnh tin nu cn c th gi thit
rng x = 0.
490. Do nhn xt trn, ta ch cn gii hn s
quan tm ti cc phng php ...
491. Ta s hn ch s ch vo trng hp
m ...
492. Ch cn xt trng hp m.
493. Khi y, bng cch ly dy con nu cn,
ta c th gi thit.
494. Bng cch chuyn qua dy con thch
hp v nh s li nu cn, ta hy gi
s l dy hi t.
495. Chuyn qua dy con, nu cn ta c th
gi thit rng ...

496. Rt li mt dy con, nu c (9) ch ra
rng ...
497. Sut thay dy con n0 ta c Mn0 2.
498. Ly C l lp tt c cc dy dng (1) ta
nhn c ...
499. Ta ly ra ln sao cho ...
500. Given any 0, we can choose
500. Cho trc 0, ta c th chn ....
501. For the validity of Lemma 1 it is enough
501. B 1 c hiu lc, ch cn gi thit l
to suppose merely that 1.

502. Without loss of generality we may assume that ...
503. We shall omit the easy proof of the following properties of ...
504. For the final assertion of the proposition, observe that ...
505. The problem is now reduced to proving
that ...
506. To complete the proof it remains to
show that ...
507. There remains the question of suitable
choice of ...
508. To this end, we remark ...
1.
502. Khng mt tnh tng qut ta c th gi
thit rng ...
503. Ta s b qua chng minh d dng cc
tnh cht sau y ca ...
504. i vi iu khng nh cui cng ca
mnh , hy lu rng ...
505. Lc ny vn rt li ch cn chng
minh rng ...
506. hon thnh vic chng minh ch cn
phi ch ra rng ...
507. Cn li vn l chn thch hp ...
509. It is worth noticing that ...
509. ng ghi nhn l ...
508. Nhm mc ch , ta ch ...
VNMATHS.TK
- Free Ebooks
30
510. It holds that |f (y)|
510. Ta c |f (y)| .
511. We attempt to show that ...
511. Ta s gng ch ra rng ...
512. We infer that ...
512. Ta kt lun rng ...
513. We then have the desired properties.
513. Khi y ta c nhng tnh cht mong
514. Since is finite, the proposition fol-
514. V l hu hn, mnh c
mun.
lows.
515. This completes (concludes) the proof.
516. The proof is complete.
chng minh.
515. iu hon thnh (kt thc) vic
chng minh.
516. Chng minh xong.
517. The proof is straight-forward.
517. Chng minh l tc khc.
518. The proof parallels that of Theorem 10
518. Chng minh ging nh i vi nh l
and will be omitted.

519. ... as was to be shown.
520. We use our results to derive an important extension of Theorem [].
10 v s khng trnh by y.
519. ... chnh l ci cn chng minh.
520. Ta s dng kt qu ca mnh suy ra
mt m rng quan trng ca nh l [].
521. ... a result which we shall have oppor-
521. ... mt kt qu m ta s c s dng sau
tunity to use later.

522. The function f , besides being measurable, is summable.
523. The function L is defined to be constant
except for jumps at the points ai (i =
1, 2, ..., N ).
524. The function attains the lower bound of
its values on this set.
525. f may not be defined on all of X.
526. We now wish to remove these restric-
ny.
522. Hm f khng nhng o c cn kh
tng.
523. Hm F c xc nh l hm const
tr nhng bc nhy cc im ai (i =
1, 2, ..., N ).
524. Hm y t cn di ca cc gi tr ca
n trn tp ny.
525. f c th khng xc nh trn ton b
X.
526. By gi ta mun b i cc hn ch .
tions.
527. The proof is by a standard compactness
527. Chng minh bng lp lun quen thuc
argument
528. If, as is usually the case, A is invertible,
then ....
529. Observe, in passing, that K1 and K2 lie
in opposite half-spaces determined by
H.
530. The proof is by induction on the dimension of the subspace.
531. As the next step, we claim that ...
da trn tnh compact.

528. Nu nh thng hay xy ra A kh
nghch, th ...
529. Nhn y ta nhn xt rng K1 v K2
nm trong cc na khng gian i nhau
xc nh bi.
530. Chng minh bng quy np theo th
nguyn ca khng gian.
531. Bc tip theo, ta khng nh rng ...
532. We contend that ...
532. Ta khng nh rng ...
533. We now set out to prove this assertion,
533. By gi ta bt u chng minh iu
along the way we shall establish a few

other equivalent properties.
khng nh , dc ng ta s thit
lp mt s tnh cht tng ng khc.
Chng 7
Mt s quy tc c k hiu
534. +
534. plus
535.
535. minus
536.
537.
536. plus or minus

537. multiplication sign (sign of multiplica-
538. :
tion)
538. division sign (sign of division)
VNMATHS.TK
Chng 8
- Free Ebooks
Mt s quy tc ng php
8.1. Note definite article

1.Meaning "mentioned earlier", "that":
Let A X. If B = 0 for every B intersecting the set A, then ...
i!
P
Define exp x = . The series can easily be shown to converge.
xi
2. In front of a noun (possibly preceded by an adjective) referring

to a single, uniquely determined object (e.g. in definitions):
Let f be the linear form f (g, F ).
Let f be the linear form denned by (2). [If there is only one.]
u = 1 in the compact set K of all points at distance 1 from L.
We denote by B(X) the Banach space of all linear operators in X.
...., under the usual boundary conditions.
...., with the natural definitions of addition and multiplication.
Using the standard inner product we may identify ....
3. In the construction: the + property (or another characteristic) +of + object:
The continuity of f follows from....
The existence of test functions is not evident.
There is a fixed compact set containing the supports of all the f j .
Then x is the centre of an open ball U .
The intersection of a decreasing family of such sets is convex.
But: Every nonempty open set in Rk is a union of disjoint boxes.
[If you wish to stress that it is some union of not too well specified objects.]
4. In front of a cardinal number if it embraces all objects considered:
The two groups have been shown to have the same number of generators. [Two groups only
were mentioned.]
Each of the three products on the right of D) satisfies ....[There are exactly 3 products there.]
8.2. Note infinite article
33
5. In front of an ordinal number:

The first Poisson integral in (4) converges to g.
The second statement follows immediately from the first.
6. In front of surnames used attributively:
the Dirichlet problem
the Taylor expansion
the Gauss theorem
But:
Taylors formula [without "the"]
a Banach space
7. In front of a noun in the plural if you are referring to a class of objects as a whole, and
not to particular members of the class:
The real measures form a subclass of the complex ones.
This class includes the Helson sets.

1. Instead of the number "one":
The four centres lie in a plane.
A chapter will be devoted to the study of expanding maps.
For this, we introduce an auxiliary variable z.
2. Meaning "member of a class of objects", "some", "one of":
Then D becomes a locally convex space with dual space D0 .
The right-hand side of (4) is then a bounded function.
This is easily seen to be an equivalence relation.
Theorem 7 has been extended to a class of boundary value problems.
The transitivity is a consequence of the fact that ....
Let us now state a corollary of Lebesgues theorem for .....
After a change of variable in the integral we get .....
We thus obtain the estimate with a constant C.
in the plural:
The existence of partitions of unity may be proved by ....
VNMATHS.TK
- Free Ebooks
34
The definition of distributions implies that ....

...., with suitable constants.
...., where G and F are differential operators.
3. In definitions of classes of objects (i.e. when there are many objects with the given
property):
A fundamental solution is a function satisfying ....
We call C a module of ellipticity.
A classical example of a constant C such that ....
We wish to find a solution of (6) which is of the form ....
in the plural:
The elements of D are often called test functions.
the set of points with distance 1 from K
the set of all functions with compact support
The integral may be approximated by sums of the form ...
Taking in (4) functions v which vanish in U we obtain ...
Let f and g be functions such that ....
4. In the pluralwhen you are referring to each element of a class:
Direct sums exist in the category of abelian groups.
In particular, closed sets are Borel sets.
Borel measurable functions are often called Borel mappings.
This makes it possible to apply H2 -results to functions in any Hp .
If you are referring to all elements of a class, you use "the":
The real measures form a subclass of the complex ones.
5. In front of an adjective which is intended to mean "having this particular quality":
This map extends to all of M in an obvious fashion.
A remarkable feature of the solution should be stressed.
Section 1 gives a condensed exposition of ....
Section 1 describes in a unified manner the recent results ....
A simple computation gives ...
8.3. Note article omission

Combining (2) and (3) we obtain, with a new constant C, ...
A more general theory must be sought to account for these irregularities.
The equation (3) has a unique solution g for every f .
But: (3) has the unique solution g = ABf .

1. In front of nouns referring to activities:
Application of Definition 5.9 gives (45).
Repeated application (use) of (4.8) shows that....
The last formula can be derived by direct consideration of....
A is the smallest possible extension in which differentiation is always possible.
Using integrationby parts we obtain
If we apply induction to (4), we get
Addition of (3) and (4) gives
This reduces the solution to division by P x.
Comparison of (5) and (6) shows that
[Note: In constructions with "of" you can also use "the".]
2. In front of nouns referring to properties if you mention no particular object:
In question of uniqueness one usually has to consider ....
By continuity, (2) also holds when f = 1.
By duality we easily obtain the following theorem.
Here we do not require translation invariance.
3. After certain expressions with "of":
a type of convergence
a problem of uniqueness
the condition of ellipticity
the hypothesis of positivity
the method of proof
the point of increase
4. In front of numbered objects:
It follows from Theorem 7 that ....
Section 4 gives a concise presentation of ....
Property (iii) is called the triangle inequality.
This has been proved in part (a) of the proof.
35
VNMATHS.TK
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36
But:
the set of solutions of the form (4.7)
To prove the estimate (5.3) we first extend ....
We thus obtain the inequality (3). [Or: inequality (3)]
The asymptotic formula (3.6) follows from ....
Since the region (2.9) is in U , we have ....
5. To avoid repetition:
the order and symbol of a distribution
the associativity and commutativity of A
the direct sum and direct product
the inner and outer factors of f [Note the plural.]
But:
a deficit or an excess
6. In front of surnames in the possessive:
Minkowskis inequality, but: the Minkowski inequality
Fefferman and Steins famous theorem,
more usual: the famous Fefferman-Stein theorem
7. In some expressions describing a noun, especially after "with" ard "of":
an algebra with unit e; an operator with domain H 2 ; a solution with vanishing Cauchy
data; a cube with sides parallel to the axes; a domain with smooth boundary; an equation
with constant coefficients; a function with compact support; random variables with zero
expectation
the equation of motion; the velocity of propagation;
an element of finite order; a solution of polynomial growth;
a ball of radius 1; a function of norm p
But: elements of the form f = ...
Let B be a Banach space with a weak symplectic form w.
Two random variables with a common distribution.
8. After "to have":
F has finite norm.

F has compact support.
But:
F has a finite norm not exceeding 1.
F has a compact support contained in I.
37

Mẫu Câu Toán Học Anh Việt (Nguyễn Hữu Điển)

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Nguyn Hu in

y l bn nhp cc thut ng ton hc. Mc ch khi u cho cc bn mi vit bi cho

Chng 1. Introduction - Gii thiu

Chng 2. Acknowlegments - Bit n

Chng 3. Notations - K hiu

Chng 4. Assumptions - Gi thit

Chng 5. Definition - nh ngha

Chng 6. Proof steps - Cc bc chng minh

Chng 7. Mt s quy tc c k hiu

Chng 8. Mt s quy tc ng php

8.1. Note definite article

8.2. Note infinite article . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Introduction - Gii thiu

We prove that in some families of compact there are no universal elements.

Ta chng minh rng trong mt s h

It is also shown that...

Ta mun kho st ....

Our purpose is to ...

It is of interest to know whether...

iu quan tm c bit khi m...

We are interested in finding ...

Ta quan tm ti vic tm kim ...

It is natural to try to relate to ...

iu t nhin l th quan h vi ...

15. we briefly sketch .....

16. we set up notation and terminology.

16. Ta a ra k hiu v nh ngha.

18. Ta gii thiu k hiu ca

19. we develop the theory of ...

19. Ta pht trin nh l ca ....

20. we will look more closely at ...

20. Ta xem xt vn gn vi ....

21. we will be concerned with ...

21. Ta s thc hin lin quan vi ...

22. it is shown that some of the recent re-

sults are ...

hin thi l ...

Nguyn Hu in - Thut ng Ton hc - huudien@vnu.edu.vn

stated and proved.

30. Section 4 provides a detailed exposition

25. iu ny ch ra kt qu chnh ca chng

ta c pht biu v chng minh.

32. on 4 trnh by mt s vn khi

33. Ta s cp n mt vi kha cnh ca

36. No attempt has been made here to de37.

37. l iu c kh nng, nhng ta khng

44. Chng minh ca chng ta bao hm xem

45. Chng minh da trn c s khi nim

tng t trong tinh thn

47. The aim of this paper is ...

47. Mc tiu ca bi ny l ...

48. The purpose of this paper is ...

49. In this paper we shall be concerned

49. Trong bi ny ta s cp ti ...

Nguyn Hu in - Thut ng Ton hc - huudien@vnu.edu.vn

50. The paper addresses one of these ques-

50. Bi ny bn v mt trong nhng vn

51. Chng ta s bn v ...

53. The paper deals with this and some

closely rolated problems.

khc c lin quan cht ch vi n.

vic thit k ...

58. The problem of concern is ...