04 Video

Video
Technology of electronically capturing, recording,
processing, storing, transmitting, and
reconstructing a sequence of still images
representing scenes in motion

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Evolution
Developed for CRT television systems
Formats: VHS DVD Blu Ray 3D
Internet: Real Video, YouTube

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Analogical Video Standards

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Digital Video
Works by using a digital video signal
Introduced by Sony in 1986 (Digital Betacam)
QuickTime (Apple): 1991
Progressive increase in quality
MPEG-1, MPEG-2 (DVB-T, DVD), DV Tapes, HDTV,
MPEG-4
Non-linear editing systems deployed cheaply and
widely on Desktop Computers
Internet broadcasting. Video on Demand
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Digital Video Standards

Spain, SD MPEG-2, HD MPEG-4/H.264

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Main Parameters of Video

Frames per second (fps)
Interlacing
Resolution

PAL (576i50)

Aspect Ratio
Color Space
Bit-rate

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25 fps
720 x 576
4:3
Color YUV

Frames per second

Frame rate: number of still pictures per unit of
time of video
Standards
DVB-T : 25 fps
Cinema (35 mm): 24 fps
HFR : 48 fps

Internet Files
12 15 fps
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Resolution
Measured in pixels
DVB-T SD / DVD : 720x576
DVB-T HD : 1280x720, 1920x1080
Full HD TV / Blu-Ray : 1920x1080
4K Ultra HD TV : 3840x2160
8K Ultra HD TV : 7680x4320

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Interlacing
Progressive Scan Systems
Each refresh period updates all of the scan lines
DVB-T HD (Spain) 720p 1080p
Blu-Ray 1080p

Interlaced Systems
Designed to avoid the limitations of a narrow
bandwidth
The horizontal scan lines are partitioned into
two fields (odd and even)
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Aspect Ratio
Ratio between the width and height of a frame
Old TV : 4/3 (1.33:1)
HDTV : 16/9 (1.77:1)
Cinema in Blu-Ray : 2.40:1 (1920x800)

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Color Space and Color Depth

Color Space
YCbCr (YUV)
Y: Luminance (brightness)
CbCr: Chrominance (color)

Color Depth
Number of bits stored for
each pixel (bits per pixel)
More bits for Luminance
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A color image and YCbCr components

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Bit rate
Number of bits stored per unit of time

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VCD

1.15 Mbits/s

DVD

9.8 Mbits/s

Blu-ray

36 Mbits/s and more

Bit rate

The Adventures of Baron Munchausen

Video Bitrate: 25.98Mbits/s
Case Blu-ray, 2008
Aspect ratio: 1.85:1

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Bit rate

UHDTV
Bit rate 150 Mbps, 4K 3840x2160
Effective Pixels 8,300,000
Recording time 50 min, 64GB
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Video Compression
Motivation: high bit rate of uncompressed video
The majority of video compression algorithms
use lossy compression.
There is a trade-off between video quality and
system requirements.
Home cinema, Portable video, etc

Highly compressed video may present visible or

distracting artifacts.
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Video Compression Formats

Examples of video compression formats
(specifications):
MPEG-2 : DVD Video, Blu-ray, DVB-T
MPEG-4 Part 2 : Quicktime, DivX, Xvid
Theora : free software, VLC, Mplayer, FFmpeg
H.264/MPEG-4 AVC : Blu-ray, Vimeo, YouTube,
HDTV
RealVideo : RealMedia, suitable as a streaming
media format
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Video CODEC
Device or software that enables compression
and/or decompression of digital video using a
specific video compression format
MPEG-4 Part 2

Divx Pro by DivX Inc.

Xvid free/open source OpenDivX project
FFmpeg included in libavcodec (codec library)

H.264/MPEG-4
AVC

X264 GPL implementation

QuickTime H.264 by Apple
DivX Pro

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File Formats
Multimedia Container
Can store different data types (audio, video,
subtitles, information, etc.)

For video
AVI, FLV, MKV, MP4, OGG

Format Selection
Based on: popularity, overhead, support for codecs,
advanced content , support of streaming media
HTML5 Support!
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HTML5 Video Support

Currently, there are 3 supported video formats
for the <video> tag: MP4, WebM, and Ogg
MP4: MPEG 4 file, H264 video codec, AAC audio codec
Ogg: Ogg file, Theora video codec, Vorbis audio codec
WebM: WebM file, VP8 video codec, Vorbis audio codec

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Video Formats and Browser Support

Browser

MP4

WebM

Ogg

Internet Explorer 9+

YES

NO

NO

Chrome 6+

YES

YES

YES

Firefox 3.6+

NO

YES

YES

Safari 5+

YES

NO

NO

Opera 10.6+

NO

YES

YES

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3D Vdeo
Methods for stereoscopic video creation
Two channels using polarized glasses (passive
stereo)
One channel with two overlaid color coded layers
(anaglyph)
One channel with alternating
left/right frames + LCD shutter
glasses (active stereo)
Auto stereoscopic displays
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