Power Quality

Basics
Presented by

Scott Peele PE

PQ Basics

Terms and Definitions

Z

O
O
O
O
O

Surge, Sag, Swell, Momentary, etc.

Measurements
Causes of Events
Possible Mitigation
PQ Tool
Questions

Power Quality Measurement

O

Duration (Time) Cycles

X (.016

seconds per cycle)

150

100

50

Seconds, Minutes, Hours

-50

-100

Magnitude (Voltage level)

Z
Z
Z

-150
0

Transient level I.e. = 1000 volts

RMS - Voltage level i.e. = 120 volts
Waveforms
X Distortions

Magnitude and Duration

200

Voltage Level

Magnitude

150

120 Volts RMS

100

169 volts

50
0

-50

One Cycle
.01666 seconds

-100

-150

60 Hertz/second

-200
0

Duration
Time

Terms and Definitions

O
O
O
O
O
O

Transient or Surge
Sag
Swell
Interruption
Outage
Harmonics

O
O
O
O
O
O

Magnitude and Duration

Magnitude and Duration
Magnitude and Duration
Magnitude and Duration
Duration
Steadystate Condition

Duration
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O

Transient or Surge Impulse O

Transient or Surge oscillatoryO
O
Sag
O
Swell
Momentary Interruption O
O
Interruption
O
Outage
O
Harmonics
O
Unbalance

.00000005 -- .002 seconds

.000005 -- .050 seconds

.008 -- 60 seconds
.008 -- 60 seconds
.008 -- 3 seconds
3 seconds to 1 Minute
Greater than 1 Minute
Steadystate Condition
Steadystate Condition

What is Power Quality & Reliability?

200

Short Term Event

300

Long Term Event

400

Transient
Surge

Percent of Nominal Voltage

500

Voltage Tolerance Envelope

Applicable to Single-Phase
120- Volt Equipment

SWELL Region

100

SAG Region
0
0.000001

Outage
0.00001

0.0001

0.001

0.01

0.1

Time in Seconds

10

100

Interruptions (<10% of Nominal)

What is a Transient or Surge?

O

A Transient can be classified into two

categories, impulsive and oscillatory
Duration < 50 ns to 50 ms
Z .00000005 seconds to .002 seconds
Z .000005 seconds to .050 seconds

Impulsive
O

This is the category that TVSS (Transient

Voltage Surge Suppressor) SPD
equipment is designed to mitigate.

Sources of Transients
O

Lightning
Z
Z

Static
Arc Welding

Switching
Z
Z
Z

contactor
relays
SCRs

Oscillatory (Low Frequency)

Capacitor Bank Switch

Substation Bank

Line Bank

Voltage Sags

Momentary Interruptions

Breaker Tripped

Outage

Causes of Sag, Interruptions

Outages

Simplified Utility System

Transmission @ 115 kV
Transformer
115 kV Substation

Regulator

Distribution @ 23 kV
Feeder
Breaker

480 V

480 V

Customer

Customer

Fuse

Fuse

Transformer

Transformer

480 V

480 V

Customer

Customer

Fuse

23 kV Feeder

Transformer

Fuse

23 kV Feeder

Transformer

Fuse

23 kV Feeder

Fuse

23 kV Feeder

Fuse

Feeder
Breaker

Fuse

Fuse

Fuse

Transformer

Transformer

480 V

480 V

Customer

Customer

Fuse

Fuse

Transformer

Transformer

480 V

480 V

Customer

Customer

Example

Simplified Utility System

Transmission @ 115 kV
Transformer
115 kV Substation

Regulator

Sag
480 V
Customer

Fuse

Fuse

Transformer

Transformer

480 V

480 V

Customer

Customer

Fuse

Fuse

23 kV Feeder

480 V

Fuse

23 kV Feeder

Transformer

Feeder
Breaker

23 kV Feeder

Fuse

Transformer

Customer

Feeder
Breaker

23 kV Feeder

Fuse

Outage

Distribution @ 23 kV

Fuse

Fuse

Fuse

Transformer

Transformer

480 V

480 V

Customer

Customer

Fuse

Fuse

Transformer

Transformer

480 V

480 V

Customer

Customer

Momentary Interruption

Substation Voltages During a Feeder Fault

Feeder
Breaker
Operation

.3 - 2.0 seconds

Quick Trip
Fault
Current

6-12 cycles

Load Current

lockout

Fault
Initiated

35 seconds

15 seconds

13 cycles

27% Cleared on Second

and Third Relay

68% Cleared on First

Quick trip

5% Goes to Lock Out

.3 - 2.0 seconds

Faulted Feeder
100%
6-12 cycles

Voltage

35 seconds

15 seconds

13 cycles
0%

.3 - 2.0 seconds
100%
Voltage

13 cycles

Adjacent Feeder

15 seconds

6-12 cycles

0%

Time

35 seconds

Steadystate Condition
Waveform Distortion
O
O
O
O
O

Harmonics
Interharmonics
Voltage Balance
Overvoltage
Undervoltage

Wave Distortion

Harmonics

Voltage or Current Unbalance =

Maximum Deviation from Average Voltage

Average voltage
EXAMPLE
Measured
Voltages

X 100 (for Percent)

243 Volts RMS

241 Volts RMS 239 Average Volts
233 Volts RMS

6
X 100 = 2.5% voltage unbalance
239

Customized Solutions

200

Short Term Event

300

TVSS or SPD
Line Reactors
Voltage Tolerance
Envelope
Isolation
Transformers
Applicable to Single-Phase
120- Volt Equipment

SWELL
Region
Power
Conditioner
UPS
or CVT
&
Genset
SAG Region
Interruptions
UPS
Outage

100

0
0.000001

0.00001

0.0001

Long Term Event

400

Transient
Surge

Percent of Nominal Voltage

500

0.001

0.01

0.1

Time in Seconds

10

100

IEEE 1159-1995
Recommended Practice For Monitoring Electric Power Quality
Table 2 Categories and typical characteristics of power system
electromagnetic phenomena
Categories
Typical Spectral Typical Duration Typical Voltage
Content
Magnitude
1.0 Transient
1.1 Impulsive
1.1.1 Nanosecond
5 n s rise
< 50 n s
1.1.2 Microsecond
1 u s rise
50 n s - 1 m s
1.1.3 Millisecond
0.1 m s rise
>1 m s
1.2 Oscillatory
1.2.1 Low frequency
< 5 k Hz
0.3 - 50 m s
0 - 4 pu
1.2.2 Medium frequency
5 - 500 k Hz
20 u s
0 - 8 pu
5 us
1.2.3 High frequency
0.5 - 5 M Hz
0 - 4 pu
2.0 Short duration variations
2.1 Instantaneous
2.1.1 Sag
0.5 - 30 cycles
0.1 - 0.9 pu
2.1.2 Swell
0.5 - 30 cycles
1.1 - 1.8 pu
2.2 Momentary
2.2.1 Interruption
0.5 cycles - 3 s
< 0.1 pu
2.2.2 Sag
30 cycles - 3 s
0.1 - 0.9 pu
2.2.2 Swell
30 cycles - 3 s
1.1 - 1.4 pu
2.3 Temporary
2.3.1 Interruption
3 s - 1 min
< 0.1 pu
2.3.2 Sag
3 s - 1 min
0.1 - 0.9 pu
2.3.3 Swell
3 s - 1 min
1.1 - 1.2 pu
3.0 Long duration variation
3.1 Interruption, sustained
> 1 min
0.0 pu
3.2 Undervoltage
> 1 min
0.8 - 0.9 pu
3.3 Overvoltage
> 1 min
1.1 - 1.2 pu
4.0 Voltage imbalance
steady state
0.5 - 2%
5.0 Waveform distortion
5.1 DC offset
steady state
0 - 0.1%
5.2 Harmonics
0 - 100th H
steady state
0 - 20%
5.3 Interharmonics
0 - 6 k Hz
steady state
0 - 2%
5.4 Notching
steady state
5.5 Noise
broad-band
steady state
0 - 1%
6.0 Voltage fluctuations
< 25 Hz
intermittent
0.1 - 7%
7.0 Power frequency variations
< 10 s

Power Quality Tool

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