Computer Networks Prof.

Hema A Murthy

Process Servers

User Process server

Listens on a set of ports

* Initially user

•Initially user asks for a specific server port

•If server not running connect to process server, which spawns
server process.
•This process inherits connection
Indian Institute of Technology Madras
Computer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

Process Servers
• Other Applications
– When a file server cannot be spawned when
requested
• name server
• directory server

– User sets up connection to name server, get

TSAP address and then disconnect.
– Next connect to the requested TSAP
Indian Institute of Technology Madras
Computer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

TCP - Flow Control

• Similar to DLL
– Since pt-pt connection oriented
– Some sliding window scheme representation
• Differences
– Large number of connection
– Buffers for each different connection
• impractical

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Computer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

TCP Flow Control (contd.)

• Maintain Pool of buffers
• Buffer size
– All TPDUs same size than identical size
– Variable buffer size
• Complicated buffer management
• Dynamic buffer allocate agreement between sender
and receiver is required.

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Computer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

TCP/IP Reference Model

• Model used in ARPANET and the Internet
• ARPANET
– Research network by DoD
– Connect large number of government
installations and universities leased telephone
lines

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Computer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

TCP/IP Reference Model

• The IP Layer:
– Packet – switching network based on a
connectionless
– Internetwork Layer
• Holds the whole architecture together
• Hosts injects packets into any network and each
packet travels independently to their destination

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Computer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

TCP/IP Reference Model

• Main criteria:
– DoD wanted connections to remain intact even
if subnet hardware lost, I.e, if existing
conversation lost
– connection must be established as long as
source and destination machines function
– Flexible architecture to suit divergent
requirement
Indian Institute of Technology Madras
Computer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

TCP/IP Reference Model

– Example: Drop a set of letters in a mail box
• Mail delivered to address anywhere
• Transparency in the sense of networks

• Internet layer
– Specific packet format and protocol
– Major issue packet routing

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Computer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

TCP/IP Reference Model

• Transport Layer:
– Allows peer entries to carry a conversation
• Two protocols:
– TCP and UDP
– TCP – Allows a byte stream originating on one
machine
• delivered without error on the other machine in the
internet

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Computer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

TCP/IP Reference Model

• Splits incoming stream to packets and pass to
internet layer
• On reception reassemble packets in the right order
• Handle flow control

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Computer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

TCP/IP Reference Model (UDP)

• Unreliable connectionless
– No sequencing or flow control
• Useful for one – shot client – server requests
• Prompt delivery more important than accurate
delivery
• Example: Speech / video

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Computer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

TCP/IP Reference Model(UDP)

• Why is accurate delivery not important?
• What are the issues here?
• Dropping of packets in speech
– Packets out of order?

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Computer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

Comparison of TCP/IP and OSI

• OSI – Protocol is better hidden
• OSI – Devised before protocols
• Originally only ppp but on line went by
broadcast – did not match
• TCP/ IP: Protocols first
• Model – Just a description of protocols

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Computer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

Comparison TCP/IP and OSI

• In OSI:
– Network – Connectionless/ Connection oriented
– Transport – Only Connection oriented

• In TCP:
– Connectionless/ Connection oriented
• Very useful for simple request reply

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Computer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

Comparison TCP/IP and OSI

• OSI: Service, Interfaces and protocols
• Layers Interface: How layer above it access
it, what parameter and results to expect
• Peer protocols: Used in a layer are the
layer’s business
– Layer is equivalent to an Object
• Set of methods

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Computer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

Comparison TCP/IP and OSI

• TCP/ IP – no distinction between protocol
and service –
– later retrofitted

• IP –
– Send IP packet
– Receive IP packet

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Computer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

Comparison TCP/IP and OSI

• Host to network (TCP/IP)
– Not really a layer. Interface between network
and data link laye
– No distinction between physical and data link
layer
– Adhoc application layer protocols
– TELNET: Virtual terminal designed for a
character terminal
• no more than a UI

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Computer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

Comparison TCP/IP and OSI

• Hybrid Model
• Application
• Transport
• Network
• Data link
• Physical
• OSI:
– Difficult to Implement

Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Computer Networks Prof. Hema A Murthy

ARPANET - Packet Switched Network

Host to IMP Hosts
Host to IMP
Source to subnet
destination IMP
subnet

Interface Message Processors

IMP – Terminals TIPs
Indian Institute of Technology Madras