Cch s dng to be trong mt s trng hp

To be of + noun = to have: c (dng ch tnh cht hoc tnh cm)

Mary is of a gentle nature: Mary c mt bn cht t t.
To be of + noun: Nhn mnh cho danh t ng ng sau
The newly-opened restaurant is of ( ngay) the Leceister Square

To be + to + verb: l dng cu to c bit c s dng trong nhng trng

hp sau:
truyn t cc mnh lnh hoc cc ch dn t ngi th nht qua ngi th hai n
ngi th ba.
No one is to leave this building without the permission of the police.
Dng vi mnh if khi mnh chnh din t mt cu tin iu kin: Mt iu
phi xy ra trc nht nu mun mt iu khc s xy ra. (Nu mun... th phi..)
Ex1: If we are to get there by lunch time we had better hurry.
Ex2: Smt must be done quickly if the endangered birds are to be saved.
Ex3: He knew he would have to work hard if he was to pass his exam
c dng thng bo nhng yu cu xin ch dn
He asked the air traffic control where he was to land.
c dng rt ph bin truyn t mt d nh, mt s sp t, c bit khi n l
chnh thc.
Ex1: She is to get married next month.
Ex2: The expedition is to start in a week.
Ex3: We are to get a ten percent wage rise in June.
Cu trc ny rt thng dng trn bo ch, khi l ta bo th to be c b i
tit kim ch.
The Primer Minister (is) to make a statement tomorrow.

were + S + to + verb = if + S + were + to + verb = th nu (din t mt gi

thuyt)
Were I to tell you that he passed his exams, would you believe me.

was/ were + to + verb: din t tng v mt s mnh nh sn

Ex1: They said goodbye without knowing that they were never to meet again.
Ex2: Since 1840, American Presidents elected in years ending in zero were to be died (have
been destined to die)in office.
to be about to + verb = near future (sp sa)
They are about to leave.

Trong mt s dng cu c bit

Be + adj ... m u cho mt ng = t ra...
Be careless (T ra bt cn...) in a national park where there are bears around and the result
are likely to be tragical indeed
Be + subject + noun/ noun phrase/ adjective = cho d l
Societies have found various methods to support and train their artists, be it (cho d l...)
the Renaissance system of royal support of the sculptors and painters of the period or the
Japanese tradition of passing artistic knowledge from father to son.
To have technique is to possess the physical expertise to perform whatever steps a given
work may contain, be they simple or complex:
(C c k thut l s c c s iu luyn v mt c th thc hin bt k nhng bc
v no m mt iu v nh sn c th bao gm, cho d l chng n gin hay phc tp)

Cch s dng to get

trong mt s trng hp c bit
1.

To get + P2

get washed/ dressed/ prepared/ lost/ drowned/ engaged/ married/ divorced.

Ch vic ch ng t lm ly hoc trng thi m ch ng ang trong .
You will have 5 minutes to get dressed (... t mc qun o)
He got lost in old Market Street yesterday. (trng thi lc)

Tuyt nhin khng c ln trng hp ny vi ng t b ng.

ng t to be c th dng thay th cho get trong loi cu ny.

2.

Get + V-ing = Start + V-ing: Bt u lm g

We'd better get moving, it's late.

3.
Get sb/smt +V-ing: Lm ai/ ci g bt u.
Please get him talking about the main task. (Lm n bo anh ta bt u ni v nhim v
chnh i)
When we get the heater running, the whole car will start to warm up. (Khi chng ta cho my
si bt u chy)
4.

Get + to + verb

Tm c cch.
We could get to enter the stadium without tickets.(Chng ti tm c cch lt vo...)
C c may.
When do I get to have a promotion.(Khi no ti c c may c tng lng y)
c php
At last we got to meet the general director. (Cui cng th ri chng ti cng c php gp)
5.

Get + to + Verb (ch vn hnh ng) = Come + to + Verb (ch vn nhn

thc) = Gradually = dn dn
We will get to speak English more easily as time goes by.
He comes to understand that learning English is not much difficult

Cu iu kin
1.
iu kin c th thc hin c hin ti
If + S + simple present - S + will (can, shall, may) + Verb in simple form.
If he tries much more, he will improve his English.
2.
iu kin khng th thc hin c hin ti
If + S + simple past - S + would (could, should, might) + Verb in simple form
If I had enough money now, I would buy this house .
ng t to be phi chia l were tt c cc ngi.
If I were you, I wouldn't do such a thing.
Trong mt s trng hp, ngi ta b if i v o were ln trn ch ng (were I you ... li
c bn).
3.
iu kin khng th thc hin c qu kh
If + S + had + P2 - S + would(could, shoult,might) + have + P2
If he had studied harder for that test, he would have passed it.
Trong mt s trng hp ngi ta b if i v o had ln pha trc.
Lu : Cu iu kin khng phi lc no cng tun theo qui lut trn. Trong mt s trng
hp mt v ca iu kin s l qu kh nhng v cn li hin ti do thi gian qui nh.
If she had caught the train, she would be here by now.

Cch s dng cc ng t
will, would, could, should sau if
Thng thng cc ng t ny khng c s dng vi if trong cu iu kin, tuy nhin vn
c ngoi l.
If you will/would : Nu ..... vui lng. Thng c dng trong cc yu cu lch s.
Would lch s hn will.
If you will/would wait for a moment, I will go and see if Mr Conner is here.

If + Subject + Will/Would : Nu ..... chu. din t t nguyn.

If he will listen to me, I can help him.
Will cn c dng theo mu cu ny din t s ngoan c: Nu ..... nht nh,
Nu ..... c.
If you will turn on the music loudly late the night, no wonder why your neighbours complain.
If you could: Xin vui lng. Din t lch s 1 yu cu m ngi ni cho rng ngi kia
s ng nh l mt l ng nhin.
If you could open your book, please.

If + Subject + should + ..... + imperative (mnh lnh thc): V phng nh. Din
t mt tnh hung d c th xy ra c song rt kh.
If you should find any dificulty in using that TV, please call me this number.

Trong mt s trng hp ngi ta b if i v o should ln trn ch ng (Should you

find)

Mt s cch dng thm ca if

1.

If... then: Nu... th

Ex: If she cant come to us, then we will have to go and see her.
2.

If dng trong dng cu khng phi cu iu kin: ng t cc mnh

din bin bnh thng theo thi gian ca chnh n.

Ex: If you want to learn a musical instrument, you have to practice.

Ex: If you did not do much maths at school, you will find economics difficult to understand.
Ex: If that was Marry, why didnt she stop and say hello.
3.

If... should = If... happen to... = If... should happen to... din t s khng
chc chn (Xem thm phn s dng should trong mt s trng hp c th)
If you should happen to pass a supermarket, perhaps you could get some eggs. (Ng nh
m anh c tnh c gh qua ch c l mua cho em t trng)
4.
If.. was/were to...
Din t iu kin khng c tht hoc tng tng tng lai.
Ex: If the boss was/were to come in now (= if the boss came in now), we would be in real
trouble.

Ex: What would we do if I was/were to lose my job.

Hoc c th din t mt lch s khi a ra ngh
Ex: If you were to move your chair a bit, we could all sit down.
(Nu anh vui lng dch gh ca anh ra mt cht th chng ta c th cng ngi c)

Note: Cu trc ny tuyt i khng c dng vi cc ng t tnh hoc ch

trng thi t duy
Ex: Correct: If I knew her name, I would tell you.
Incorrect:If I was/were to know...
5.
If it + to be + not + for: Nu khng v, nu khng nh vo.
Thi hin ti:
If it wasnt/werent for the children, that couple wouldnt have any thing to talk about.
(Nu khng v nhng a con th v chng nh y ch c chuyn g m ni)
Thi qu kh:
If it hadnt been for your help, I dont know what we would have done.
(Nu khng nh vo s gip ca anh th ti cng khng bit l chng ti s lm g y)
6.

"Not" i khi c thm vo nhng ng t sau "if" by t s nghi ng,

khng chc chn. (C nn ... Hay khng ...)
I wonder if we shouldnt ask the doctor to look at Mary.

7.
Ex:

It would... if + subject + would... (s l... nu khng c dng trong vn

vit)
It would be better if they would tell every body in advance.

Ex:

(S l tt hn nu h k cho mi ngi t trc)

How would we feel if this would happen to our family.
(Ta s cm thy th no nu iu ny xy ra i vi gia nh chng ta.)

8.

If... d have... have: Dng trong vn ni, khng dng trong vn vit, din
t iu kin khng th xy ra qu kh
If Id have known, Id have told you.
If shed have recognized him it would have been funny.
9.
If + preposition + noun/verb... (subject + be b lc b)
If in doubt, ask for help (=If you are in doubt)
If about to go on a long journey, try to have a good nights sleep
(= If you are about to go on... )
10.

If dng kh ph bin vi mt s t nh "any/anything/ever/not" din t ph

nh

Ex: There is little if any good evidence for flying saucers.

Ex:

(=There is little evidence if ther is any at all, for flying saucers)

(C rt t bng chng v a bay, nu qu l c mt cht)
Im not angry. If anything, I feel a little surprised.
(Ti khng gin d g u. M tri li ti cm thy hi ngc nhin)

Thnh ng ny cn din t kin m th: Nu c...

Ex: Id say he was more like a father, if anything
(Ti xin ni rng ng y cn hn c mt ngi cha, nu c th ni th.)
Ex: He seldom if ever travel abroad.
(Anh ta ch my khi i ra nc ngoi)
Ex: Usually, if not always, we write cannot as one word
(Thng thng, nhng khng phi l lun lun... )

11. If + Adjective = although (cho d l)

Ngha khng mnh bng although - Dng din t quan im ring hoc vn g
khng quan trng.
Ex: His style, if simple, is pleasant to read.
(Vn phong ca ng ta, cho d l n gin, th c cng th)
Ex: The profits, if little lower than last years, are still extremely wealthy
(Li nhun, cho d l c thp hn nm qua mt cht, th vn l rt ln.)
Cu trc ny c th thay bng may..., but
Ex: His style may be simple, but it is pleasant to read.

iu kin khng c tht tng lai

ng t mnh sau wish s c dng would/could + Verb hoc were + [verb + ing].
We wish that you could come to the party tonight. (You can't come)
1.
iu kin khng th thc hin c hin ti
ng t mnh sau wish s chia Simple past, to be phi chia l were tt c cc
ngi.
I wish that I had enough time to finish my homework.
2.
iu kin khng th thc hin c qu kh
ng t mnh sau wish s chia Past perfect hoc could have + P2.
I wish that I had washed the clothes yesterday.
She wishes that she could have been there.
*Lu 1: ng t mnh sau wish ch c th b nh hng ca wish l bt buc phi
dng iu kin khng th thc hin c nhng iu kin y thi no li ph thuc vo
chnh thi gian ca bn thn mnh ch khng ph thuc vo thi ca wish.
She wishes that she could have gone earlier yesterday.(Past)
He wished that he would come to visit me next week.(Future)
The photographer wished we stood clother than we are standing now. (Present).
*Lu 2: Cn phn bit wish (c g/ mong g) vi wish mang ngha "chc"trong mu cu:
to wish sb smt
I wish you a happy birthday.
*Lu 3: v wish mang ngha "mun":
To wish to do smt (Mun lm g)
To wish smb to do smt (Mun ai lm g)
Ex: Why do you wish to see the manager

Ex: I wish to make a complaint.

Ex: The government does not wish Dr.Jekyll Hyde to accept a professorship at a foreign
university.

Wish (lch s/ trang trng nht) = would like (lch s) = want (thn mt)

Cch s dng thnh ng as if, as though

(chng nh l, nh th l)
Mnh ng sau hai thnh ng ny thng xuyn dng iu kin khng th thc hin
c. iu kin ny chia lm 2 thi:
Thi hin ti: nu ng t mnh trc chia thi hin ti n gin th ng t
mnh sau chia qu kh n gin. To be phi chia l were tt c cc ngi.
The old lady dresses as if it were winter even in the summer. (It is not winter)

Thi qu kh: Nu ng t mnh trc chia qu kh n gin th ng t mnh

sau chia qu kh hon thnh.
Jeff looked as though he had seen a ghost. (He didn't see a ghost)

Lu : Mnh sau as if, as though khng phi lc no cng tun theo qui lut trn. Nu
iu kin trong cu l c tht hoc theo quan nim ca ngi ni, ngi vit l c tht th
hai cng thc trn khng c s dng. ng t mnh sau din bin bnh thng theo
mi quan h vi ng t mnh chnh.
He looks as if he has finished the test.

Used to, to be/get used to

Used to + Verb: Thng hay tng. Ch mt thi quen, mt hnh ng thng xuyn
xy ra trong qu kh.
When David was young, he used to swim once a day. (past time habit)

Nghi vn: Did + S + used to + Verb = Used + S + to + V.

Ph nh: S + didn't + used to + Verb = S + used not to + V.
To be/ to get used to + V-ing/ Noun: Tr nn quen vi.
He is used to swimming every day.
He got used to American food
*Lu : Used to + V c th thay bng would nhng t khi v d nhm ln.

Cch s dng cc ng t khim khuyt

din t cc trng thi hin ti
1.

Could, May, Might + Verb in simple form = C l, c th.

Ch kh nng c th xy ra hin ti nhng ngi ni khng dm chc. (C 3 ng t

u c gi tr nh nhau).
It might rain tomorrow.

2.

Should + Verb in simple form

Nn : din t mt li khuyn, s gi , s bt buc nhng khng mnh lm.

C khi, c l : Din t ngi ni mong mun iu s xy ra. (Expect)

Cc thnh ng had better, ought to, be supposed to u mang ngha tng ng

vi should vi iu kin ng t to be trong thnh ng be supposed to phi chia
thi hin ti.
John ought to study tonight.
John is supposed to study tonight.

Lu : Thnh ng be supposed to ngoi ra cn mang ngha: qui nh phi, bt buc

phi.
We are supposed to have a science test this afternoon, but it was postponed because the
teacher had to attend a conference.
3.

Must + Verb in simple form

Phi: mang ngha bt buc rt mnh.

George must call his insurance agent today.
Hn l: ch s suy lun logic da trn nhng hin tng c tht hin ti.
John's lights are out. He must be asleep.
Ngi ta dng have to thay cho must trong cc trng hp sau
Qu kh = had to.
Mrs.Kinsey had to pass an examination before she could practice law.
Tng lai = will have to.
We will have to take an exam next week.
Hin ti: Have to c dng thay cho must hi xem bn thn mnh bt buc phi
lm g hoc din t s bt buc do khch quan em li. Gim nh tnh bt buc
ca must.
Guest: Do I have to leave a deposit.
Receptionist: No, you needn't. But you have to leave your I.D card number written down
in this register. I'm sorry but that's the way it is.

Lu : Have got to + Verb = must

He has got to go to the office tonight. (Thng dng nhiu trong vn ni).
v thng xuyn dng cho nhng hnh ng n l, tch bit.
I have to work everyday except Sunday. But I don't have got to work a full day on Saturday.

Cch s dng cc ng t khim khuyt

din t cc trng thi qu kh
1.
Could, may, might + have + P2 = c l
Din t mt kh nng c th qu kh song ngi ni khng dm chc.
It may have rained last night, but I'm not sure.
2.
Could have + P2 = L ra c th (trn thc t l khng)
He could have gotten the ticket for the concert last night.
3.
Might have been + V-ing = C l lc y ang
I didn't hear the telephone ring, I might have been sleeping at that time.
4.
Should have + P2 = L ra phi, l ra nn
Ch mt vic l ra phi xy ra trong qu kh nhng v l do no li khng
Should have + P2 = was/ were supposed to
Maria shouldn't have called John last night. (She did call him)
5.
Must have + P2 = hn l
Ch s suy on logic da trn nhng hin tng c tht qu kh.
The grass is wet. It must have rained last night.
6.
Must have been V-ing = hn lc y ang
I didn't hear you knock, I must have been gardening behind the house

Cc vn s dng should
trong mt s trng hp c th
Din t kt qu ca mt yu t tng tng: S
If I was asked to work on Sunday I should resign.
Dng trong mnh c that sau nhng tnh t ch trng thi nh anxious/ sorry/
concerned/ happy/ delighted... : Ly lm ... rng/ ly lm ...v
I'm anxious that she should be well cared for
(Ti lo lng rng liu c y c c sn sc tt khng)
We are sorry that you should feel uncomfortable
(Chng ti ly lm tic v anh khng thy c thoi mi)
That you should speak to him like that is quite astonishing
(Ci iu m anh y ni vi anh nh vy qu l ng ngc nhin).

Dng vi if/ in case ch mt iu kh c th xy ra/ ngi ta a ra kin ch

phng nga.
If you should change your mind = Should you change your mind, please let me know.
In case he should have forgotten to go to the airport, nobody will be there to meet her.(Ng
nh/ nu chng may ng y qun mt ra sn bay, th s khng c ai n c ta mt)
Dng sau so that/ in order that ch mc ch (Thay cho would/ could)
He put the cases in the car so that he should be able to make an early start.
She repeated the instructions slowly in order that he should understand.
Dng trong li yu cu lch s
I should like to make a phone call, if possible (ti xin php gi in thoi nu ti c th)
Dng vi imagine/ say/ think... a ra li ngh: Thit tng, cho l
I should imagine it will take about 3 hours (Ti thit tng cng vic s tn mt 3 gi ng
h y).
I should say she's over 40 (Ti cho l b ta ngoi 40)
Dng trong cu hi din t s nghi ng, thiu quan tm
How should I know (Lm sao ti bit c kia ch)
Why should he thinks that (sao n li ngh nh vy ch)

Dng vi cc i t nghi vn nh what/ where/ who din t s ngc nhin, thng

dng vi "But".
I was thinking of going to see John when who should appear but John himself (Ti ang tnh
l n thm John th ngi xut hin li chnh l anh y)
What should I find but an enormous spider (Ci m ti nhn thy li chnh l mt con nhn
khng l)