Annotated Bibliography

"The American Era of Child Labor." Social Welfare History Project. N.p., 21 Apr. 2011. Web.
25 Mar. 2015.

This articles introduces child labor. It explains the forms it came in

during the 1800 and 1900s. One of the most severe forms is abusive child labor, but these
were usually in the 1800s. In the 1900s, children worked in factories, mills, coal mines
and on plantations or farms. They did this instead of getting an education and enjoying
their childhood. Less severe jobs were newspaper boys and street cleaners. Then the
article talks about child labor reform and laws like the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938
and the Keating-Owen act of 1916. This is useful in understanding the major issue Kelley
addressed.
"Florence Kelley -- A Woman of Fierce Fidelity." Flo. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Mar. 2015.

The article has a section about florence Kelleys role in child labor and child
health reform. It briefly provides insight on the steps she had to take in order to help
children acquire their rights. She was active in legislation and helped to lead groups like
the NCL, which sure garments had labels that indicated that child labor wasnt used when
producing them. She was also an avid supporter of child health and this tied into her
concern over the dangerous jobs they were forced to do.

Gallagher, Dorothy. "Woman's Work." The New York Times. The New York Times, 08
July 1995. Web. 25 Mar. 2015.

This article evaluates the work of Florence Kelley. It seems to have a positive opinion of
her because she is referred to as remarkable and beneficial. The article speaks about her
motives for becoming a child labor activist. It started with her mother, father and quaker
influences throughout her early life. She was enrolled among the first generation of
college women to attend Cornell university. There she faced biases that also influenced
her decision to stand up for the rights of others. After moving to New York she decided to
become active in trade unions that fought against children working in sweatshops and
factories. This article is helpful in explaining how and why she became active in child
labor.

Wagner, Jennifer. "The History of Child Labor During the American Industrial Revolution." IHS
Child Slave Labor News ::. N.p., Oct. 2012. Web. 08 Mar. 2015.

This is a background on child labor during the early to mid 1900s. After
the massive industrialization, someone was needed to work in all of the new factories,
sweatshops and etc. Over two million children, mostly immigrant children would take
these jobs. They were offered a smaller amount of pay for longer working times. Children
lived in poor housing and tenements and in inhumane conditions. Child labor became so
extremely widespread that it would take a massive amount of effort and several years to
end it. This is informative and is clearly against child labor because it uses examples of
dangerous work to prove that society was wrong in accepting child labor. It is useful for
background information on child labor.

Child Labor Reforms and the National Child Labor Committee.

This article evaluates the National Child Labor Committees efforts to improve
child labor throughout the years. They sent letters to factory owners, sent investigators
out to make reports, and exposing hazardous conditions to the public. The first part of the
article focuses on efforts to improve conditions in glass factories. Then it discusses
people who sought to fight for justice for the children. An important name mentioned is
Florence Kelley, she was one of the founders of the National Consumers League and one
of the key founders of the National Child Labor Committee. This article was helpful in
gaining positive information about the dedication Florence Kelley had to child labor.

Golden, Janet. "Women's Fight Against Child Labor: Then and Now."Women's Voices For
Change. N.p., 2 Sept. 2013. Web. 12 Apr. 2015.

This article has a section that summarizes some of Florence Kelley's efforts to improve
child labor through her influence in the Eight-Hours-a-Day law. Although it was passed
by congress, it ended up defeated. Either way this demonstrated her determination
because of efforts such as private investigations. She was persistent in her efforts an an
example is her proposing federal agencies for the welfare of children. This article is
biased because it exemplifies glorious women, who selflessly fought for child labor
rights.

Children and the law

This article gives background insight on child labor progression. It speaks a lot about

child labor in chicago and boston. It talks about how widespread the issue was, efforts
from people in these areas, like Florence Kelley to change it. It talks about the U.S
childrens Bureau's efforts to improve child labor and laws that resulted. It is more
informative than biased, but the author seems to be proud of the achievements of hard
working individuals who influenced political change in child labor.

Children;s Bureau

This article evaluates the work of the Federal Childrens Bureau. It was founded by
Lillian Wald and Florence Kelley. With the help of these two ladies and various others
the Federal Childrens Bureau improved child health care and child labor and gained a lot
of political support.
U.S Childrens Bureau

This article serves as a general overview of the Federal Child Labor Bureau. It also
speaks of how it can to be and its accomplishments overtime. It was approved by
president William Howard Taft and the U.S became one of the first nations to have a
federal agency focused on children alone. The agency faced many struggles, one being
disdain from people who approve of child labor. Throughout the years there were many
changes to healthcare for children, improved working and living conditions.

The Children's Bureau legacy

This article is extremely helpful in understanding a lot about the Childrens Bureau has

left a legacy throughout the years. Sections of this article speak of Florence Kelleys
contributions to the Childrens Bureau and the NCLC played a major role in shaping
child labor reforms as well. This is a very detailed article helps to understand how the
Bureau was able to make these changes to child labor for the better. There major goal was
to focus on presenting new laws.

The Childrens Bureau

This journal article talks about the creation of the Childrens Bureau, with the help of
Florence Kelley. It also examines various aspects of the Bureau including what the stand
for. Overall they stand for the welfare of children from all classes. This article provides
staple background information and speaks briefly about the NCLC. The article addresses
issues the Bureau would have to address and is more informative than biased.

The Story of the Children's Bureau (https://cb100.acf.hhs.gov/Cb_ebrochure)

This source is extremely helpful in understanding key events of the Childrens Bureau. It
also talks about political as well as social changes in child welfare. It is a kind of timeline
of events, laws and Childrens Bureau achievements

Childrens Bureau Timeline (https://cb100.acf.hhs.gov/childrens-bureau-timeline)

This interactive timeline tells the story of the Childrens Bureau from its founding to
continuities today. It briefly mentions Florence Kelley and incorporates images
(propaganda) into the timeline. This way the reader gets a sense of the tactics they used to
bring about change. It also lists their achievements politically and socially.

Hine, Lewis W. Florence Kelly Speaks on Child Labor. 1904. Library of Congress,
Washington D.C.

Florence Kelley was one of the leaders involved in the National Child Labor Committee.
She was an activist for the rights of children and in this article she addressed the issue of
child labor and explained why it needed to be ended. The article served as good
background to help with the historical context.

Hines, Lewis W. Kate M. Gordon, National American Woman Suffrage Association

Recording Secretary to Anne Miller, 1908. Library of Congress, Washington D.C

In this primary source Florence Kelley and Anna Shaw attend a Louisiana
Federation Convention. The Letter states that Kelley will be giving a speech on
child labor, showing her dedication to informing people on the topic.
Fair Labor Standards Act
This act drastically improved the conditions children were living under and regulated
their working schedules and pay. They could no longer work when they were supposed to

be in school. They were extempt from certain dangerous jobs. This act greatly
demonstrates the benefit of hard work by child labor activist, the Childrens Bureau and
the NCLC.