Vertical Seismic Profiling

VSP dan HSP

Di dalam survey seismik geophone dan sumber seismik terletak di (dekat) permukaan (jenis HSP).
Tetapi pada survey VSP, geophone-nya berada di dalam sepanjang lubang sumur dan sumber
seismiknya berada di permukaan dan jarang berpindah.
Dengan demikian VSP akan merekam pertama kali adalah gelombang-gelombang transmisi DGW
(down going wave) dan berikutnya adalah gelombang-gelombang pantul dari reflektor yang ada
UGW (up going wave).

Teknik Lapangan VSP

VSP Wavefields
The VSP records seismic motion due to
energy travelling both downward and
upward past the geophone position. As
would be expected the arrivals at the
downhole receiver are categorised
primarily by their direction of arrival into
Downgoing:

Or Upgoing:

P1
P2

VSP Wavefields
The VSP records seismic motion due to
energy travelling both downward and
upward past the geophone position. As
would be expected the arrivals at the
downhole receiver are categorised
primarily by their direction of arrival into
Downgoing or upgoing events.
These arrange themselves within the VSP
data set as events with different apparent
slopes in the data. The co-ordinate system
for this display is depth horizontal and time
vertical. Again we have :
Downgoing wavefields.

TD

Depth

0
Downgoing direct
arrival

P1
P2

Time

Downgoing multiples

VSP Wavefields
The VSP records seismic motion due to
energy travelling both downward and
upward past the geophone position. As
would be expected the arrivals at the
downhole receiver are categorised
primarily by their direction of arrival
into Downgoing or upgoing events.
These arrange themselves within the VSP
data set as events with different apparent
slopes in the data. The co-ordinate system
for this display is depth horizontal and time
vertical. Again we have :
Downgoing wavefields
and upgoing wavefields

TD

Depth

0
Downgoing direct
arrival

P1
P2
Upgoing primaries

Time
Upgoing multiples

VSP Wavefields
The VSP records seismic motion due to
energy travelling both downward and
upward past the geophone position. As
would be expected the arrivals at the
downhole receiver are categorised primarily
by their direction of arrival into Downgoing
or upgoing events.

TD

Depth

0
Downgoing direct
arrival

P1
P2
Upgoing primaries

These arrange themselves within the VSP data set

as events with different apparent slopes in the
data. The co-ordinate system for this display is
depth horizontal and time vertical. Again we have
:
Downgoing wavefields
and upgoing wavefields
and both classes together

Time
Upgoing multiples

Downgoing multiples

VSP Wavefields
It is fairly obvious from this diagram, that an upgoing multiple ceases to be
evident in the data when the geophone is below the last reflector involved in
its generation.
Recorded just above a reflector, the primary and all the multiple reflections in its
tail each have their last bounce at that reflector. This means that once the
geophone is just below the reflecting interface, the primary and its multiple tail can
no longer be recorded.
This reverberant is then manifest in the downward travelling waveform below this
point. The termination of an upgoing event within the body of the data allows the
recognition of a multiple and the determination of its origin. As a corollary to this,
the continuation of an upgoing event to the first arrival curve (time-depth curve)
defines it as a primary reflection which can then be accurately labelled in both depth
and time.

VSP Wavefields
A part of a sample VSP dataset is shown on
the right. For clarity on the computer
screen only a small section of the display
has been included although it is quite easy
to see the wavefields discussed in the
preceding slides. For example there are:

downgoing direct arrivals

upgoing primaries
downgoing multiples
upgoing multiples

Two-Way Time Transformation

The display on the previous slide is fine for examining the data in isolation but the display is
not suitable for direct comparison with any surface seismic data. Surface derived data is
displayed at two-way time, that is the events are positioned at the time corresponding to the
transit time from surface to the reflector and back to the surface. The VSP geophone is
considerably closer to the reflecting interface than the surface geophone and therefore the
time at which the reflector appears is somewhere between the transit time from the surface
to the reflector and the full two-way time of the surface seismic event.

However the situation can be approximate to that in the diagram on the next slide. In
this case the equivalence between the surface seismic data and the VSP are shown
with respect to the travel paths of the reflected energy

Two-Way Time Transformation

With the source positioned coincident
with the wellhead, the VSP travel path
reduces to the first part of that for the
near-field surface seismic trace. If the
path is extrapolated to surface it can be
seen that the only difference between
the two travel paths is the additional
time between the downhole detector
and back to the surface.
If this additional time is added in to the
arrival times for the geophones, it is possible
to correct to the surface seismic arrival
times. With the source at the wellhead, this
correction to be applied is equal to direct
arrival time; hence doubling the arrival time
shifts to surface seismic time co-ordinates.

Geophone spread

Well
Geophones

Source

Two-Way Time Transformation

Once the arrival times have been doubled it is
possible to display the VSP data in a manner similar
to surface seismic although there are significant
differences between this data type and the VSP.
These are discussed in the VSP interpretation topic.

It is obvious from the panel to the right

that the new co-ordinate system lends
itself far better to the comparison
between the two data types than does
the recorded time data panel.
Downgoing direct arrivals

Upgoing primary

Conclusion
These characteristics of the VSP in a sense constitute all that is required to
understand the basic rig source or zero offset survey type when shot into a
vertical well. As can be seen in the section on interpretation, this type of VSP is
capable of providing much information but is very much limited to the direct
environs of the subject well with regard to the extent of subsurface illumination it
provides .

More complex VSP survey types allow for additional information to be gathered but
introduce complications into the processing sequence.
For more further discussion of survey types and processing sequences please refer to
the appropriate sections from the master presentation.

Perambatan Gelombang Seismik Dalam VSP

Simulasi Numerik

Sintetik seismogram VSP

Ada banyak informasi yang dapat kita peroleh dari menganalisa DGW saja. Misalnya : distribusi cepat
rambat gelombang seismik di sekitar sumur pemboran yang dapat mencerminkan "compaction" dan
porositas batuan, analisis "attenuasi" yang mencerminkan derajat saturasi fluida di dalam batuan, dan
analisa spectral. Dikenal bahwa lapisan gas senang sekali menyerap frekuensi tinggi. Penurunan spektral
yang menyolok antara gelombang-gelombang yang sempat melalui reservoar gas dan yang tidak dapat
dijadikan indikasi adanya gas.