Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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Cranial sutures- immovable short fibrous joint that occurs in bone of the
skull.
Inferior tibiofibular joint- distal tibia and fibula. Fibrous; syndesmosis,
synathrotic
Teeth- gomphosis
Intervertebral disc- amphiarthroses, slightly movable
Sternocostal joint- sternum and rib. The first sternocostal joint has
cartilaginous; synchondrosis, no movement. The rest is synovial; double
plane and are diarthrotic; gliding.
Pubic symphysis- bones united by fibrocartilage
Temporomandibular joint- temporal bon of skul and mandible, synovial;
modified hing (contain articular disc) diarthrotic; gliding and uniaxial
rotation; elvation, depression, protraction and retraction.
Atlanto-occipital joint-occipital bone of skull and atlas, synovial, condylar,
diarthrotic bixaxial; flexion, extension, circumduction of neck
Atlantoaxial joint- atlas and axis, synovial; pivot, diarthrotic; uniaxial;
rotation of the head
Glenohumeral joint- scapula and humerus, synovial; ball-and-socket,
diarthrosis; multiaxial
Elbow joint-ulna and radius with humerus, synovial; hing, diarthrotic;
uniaxial
Distal radioulnar-radius and ulna, synovial; pivot, diarthrotic; uniaxial,
rotation
Muscles of the posterior compartment of the arm extend the arm at the elbow and are innervated by
the radial nerve.
lateral compartment of the leg: plantar flexes and everts the foot
posterior compartment of the leg: plantar flexes the foot and flexes the toes
anterior compartment of the thigh: Extends the leg
anterior compartment of the leg: dorsiflexes the foot and extends the toes
The insertion is located at the deltoid tuberosity of the humerus. It functions as the
prime mover of arm abduction when all its fibers contract simultaneously.
Teres major- Thick, rounded muscle located inferior to the teres minor. It helps to
form the posterior wall of the axilla. Its origins are the posterior scapula at the
inferior angle. Its insertion is on the humerus, and an insertion tendon fused with
Subscapularis-A rotator cuff muscle forms part of the posterior wall of the axilla.
The origin is located at the scapula. The Insertion passes infront of the shoulder joint
to the lesser tubercle of the humerus. This muscle medially rotates the arm.
Supraspinatus-A rotator cuff muscle located on the posterior aspect of the scapula
deep to the trapezius. The origin is located on the scapula and the insertion is located
arm.
Latissimus dorsi-Broad, flat, and triangular muscle of the lower back. Extensive
superficial origins. Covered by the trapezius superiorly. Contributes to the posterior
wall of the axilla. Origin is located at the spines of the lower six vertebrae, lower 3-4
ribs, and the iliac crest. The Insertion is located on the humerus.
Biceps brachii- fusiform(arrangement) Two headed fusiform muscle. The Bellies
unite as the insertion point is approached. The tendon helps stabilize the shoulder
joint. The origin is on the scapula on the coracoid process, the long head on the
scapula. The tendon of the long head runs within the capsule of the shoulder joint
and descends into the intertubercular sulcus of the humerus. The Insertion is the
Brachialis-Strong muscle that is immediately deep to the biceps brachii on the distal
humerus. The Origin is the distal humerus, the insertion is the ulna and capsule of
group.
Flexor carpi radialis- runs diagonally across forearm midtways,its fleshy
bely is replaced by a flat tendon that becomes cordlike at wrist. Origin at
the humerus and insertion at the metacarpal. It is a powerful flexor of
hand.
Extensor carpi ulnaris- most medial of superifical posterior muscle; long,
slender muscle. Origin at the humerus and ulna and inserts at the
metacarpals. Extebds gabd and adducts hand
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Palmaris longus- small fleshy muscle with a long insertion tendon often
absent; may be used as guide to find median nerve that lies lateral to it at
wrist. Origin is the humerus and insertion is the fascia of palm. Synergist
Crosses the knee and hip joint. Origin is the Ilium, Insertion is located in the knee
and tibia.
Quadriceps-Contains the rectus femorus, and the Vastus Lateralis,Medialis, and
Intermedius. Is a powerful leg extensor, strengthens the knee joint.
femur shaft.
flexes leg.
Pectineus- short, flat muscle; overlies adductor brevis on proimal thighl abuts
adductor longus medially. O at the pubic and inserts at the femur
Gracialis- long , thin, superficial muscle of medial thigh. O at the inferior ramus
and pubic and inserts at the tibia
Popliteus-Thin triangular muscle at the posterior knee that passes downward and medially
to the tibial surface. Originates at the femur and knee and inserts at the proximal tibia.
Flexes and rotates leg medially to unlock knee from full extension when flexion begins.
Brain
The highlighted structure contains part of the brain system that maintains cortical alertness.
What is the name given to this brain system? Reticular activating system where the medulla
oblongata is
Medulla oblongata- The medulla oblongata is a portion of the hindbrain that controls
autonomic functions such as breathing, digestion and heart rate.
Pons- The Pons serves as a message station between several areas of the brain. It helps
relay messages from the cortex and the cerebellum.
Midbrain- The midbrain or mesencephalon is a portion of the central nervous
system associated with vision, hearing, motor control, sleep/wake, arousal (alertness), and
temperature regulation.[2]
Corpus callosum- Largest commissar, a broad band that lies superior to the lateral
Frontal lobe- Located deep to the frontal bone. Functional area that relates to planning,
initiating, and enacting motor movement, speech production, higher cognitive functions like
thinking, planning, decision making, working memory.
Parietal lobe- Deep to the parietal bones which processes sensory stimuli allowing
conscious awareness of general somatic sensation, spacial awareness of objects, sounds, and
body parts and comprehending speech.
Occipital lobe- Lies deep to the occipital bone which contains the visual cortex.
Temporal lobe- On the lateral side of the hemisphere, deep to the temporal bone. Contains
the auditory and olfactory cortexes. Functions in recognition of objects, words, faces, and
language comprehension.
Transverse cerebral fissure- Separates the cerebral hemispheres from the cerebellum
inferiorly.
Longitudinal fissure- Separates the right and left cerebral Hemispheres from eachother.
Central sulcus Separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe.
Lateral sulcus- Forms the inferior boundary between the parietal lobe and occipital lobe.
Parieto-occipital sulcus- This sulcus, located on the medial surface of each hemisphere,
Cerebral aqueduct- Located in the midbrain, thin tubelike cavity that connects the third
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Optic (II)- Outgrowth of the brain, is not a nerve, considered a tract for vision
Oculomotor (III)- Innervates four of the extrinsic eye muscles that move the
eyeball in orbit.
Trochlear (IV)- Innervates an extrinsic eye muscle that hooks through a pully
shaped ligament in the orbit
Trigeminal (V)- Nerve has three major branches that provide sensory
innervation to the face and motor innervation to the chewing muscles.
cone of nerves
Cauda equine- Bundle of nerve roots that occupy the vertebral canal from L2-
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sacral nerves- Sacral plexus- arises from spinal nerves L4-S4 and lies
immediately caudal to the lumbar plexus. half serves the buttock and lower
limb, the rest innervate parts o the pelvis and perineum. Lower limb
Sympathetic trunkVentral ramus- Ventral Branch of the spinal nerve lateral to the intervertebral
foramen.
Dorsal ramus- Dorsal branches of the spinal nerve lateral to the intervertebral
foramen.
the spinal cord in dorsal root ganglia and whose axon reach the spinal
cord via the dorsal root.
Gray matter- through sensory and motor integration in its gray matter, the
spinal cord is a major center for reflexes.
White matter- outer region of white and an inner region of gray. The
white is composed of myelinated and unmyelinated axon that
communicate with the spinal cord and cord and brain.
Spinal nerves
o Phrenic nerve- Nerve located in the cervical plexus that receives fibers from C3o
Radial nerve- Nerve located in the brachial plexus that receives fibers from C5T1 and innervates the musculature of the posterior arm and forearm and the
Median nerve- Nerve located in the brachial plexus that receives fibers from C5T1 that innervates the musculature of the anterior forearm and lateral palm and
Femoral nerve- Nerve of the lumbar plexus that receives fibers from L2-L4
which innervate the musculature of the anterior compartment of the thigh and
the cutaneous region of the anterior thigh, medial surface of the leg from the knee
to the foot.
Obturator nerve- Nerve of the lumbar plexus that receives fibers from L2-L4
that innervate the musculature of the medial compartment of the thigh and the
Tibial nerve- Nerve of the sacral plexus that receives fibers from L4-S3 which
innervate the musculature of the posterior leg, and the cutaneous region of the
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Left atrium- Makes up the posterior surface or base. Receives oxygen rich blood
from the pulmonary veins and contains the mitral valve where it is sent through
the mitral valve to the left ventricle.
Left ventricle- thicker lower chamber of the heart that forms the apex of the
heart, contains Trabeculae carneae, papillary muscles, chordae tendinae, and a
mitral valve. Pumps blood through the mitral valve to the aorta and systemic
circuit.
Right atrioventricular (tricuspid) valve- Three cusped valve that connects the
right atrium and right ventricle. Pumps blood from the right atrium to the right
ventricle. It is open when the ventricles are passively filling and closed during
ventricular systole.
Left atrioventricular (bicuspid/ mitral) valve- Two cusped valve that
connects the left atrium and right ventricle. Pumps blood from the right atrium to
the left ventricle. It is open when the ventricles are passively filling and closed
during ventricular systole.
Aortic valve-three cusped semilunar valve that connects the left ventricle to the
aorta. Prevents backflow of blood from the systemic circuit during diastole. Is
open during systole.
o Pulmonary (semilunar) valve- Three cusped semilunar valve that connects the
right ventricle to the pulmonary trunk. Prevents backflow of blood from the
pulmonary circuit during diastole. Is open during systole.
o Superior vena cava- A vein that is the second largest vein in the human body
and returns blood to the right atrium of the heart from the upper half of the body.
o Inferior vena cava- A vein that is the largest vein in the human body and
returns blood to the right atrium of the heart from bodily parts below the
diaphragm.
o Pulmonary trunk- Vein that receives deoxygenated blood that is pumped from
the right ventricle through the pulmonary semilunar valve. Branches into the
pulmonary arteries heading towards the lungs.
o Pulmonary veins- Veins that travel from the lungs with oxygenated blood
towards the heart. Deliver blood to the left atrium where it passively fills the left
ventricle.
o Aorta- Contains an Ascending and Descending section. Carries oxygenated blood
from the left ventricle to the system circuit
o Pectinate muscles- The pectinate muscles (musculi pectinati) are parallel
ridges in the walls of the atria of the heart.
o Trabeculae carnae- Irregular ridges of muscles that mark the ventricle walls.
o Papillary muscles- Cone-shaped muscles that project from the walls of the
ventricular cavities.
o Chordae tendinae- Thin, strong bands "The heart strands" that project from
the papillary muscles to the tricuspid and bicuspid valves to prevent them from
inverting under ventricular systole.
Cardiac arteries and coronary veins
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Left coronary artery- Artery that branches off the left side of the aorta that
descends to supply the ventricles.
Anterior interventricular artery- branches off the left anterior descending
artery and descends into the anterior interventricular sulcus towards the apex.
Supplies the interventricular septum and both ventricles.
Circumflex artery- Branches from the left coronary artery. Follows the coronary
sulcus posteriorly and supplies the left atrium and left posterior ventricle.
Right coronary artery- Branches off the right side of the aorta descending in
the coronary sulcus between the right atrium and ventricle. Supplies the marginal
artery.
Posterior interventricular artery- Branches off the right coronary and
descends into the coronary sulcus posteriorly. Supplies the right atrium and
ventricles.
Coronary sinus- A collection of veins joined together to form a large vessel that
collects blood from the myocardium of the heart. It delivers deoxygenated blood
to the right atrium in conjunction with the superior and inferior vena cava.
o Great cardiac vein- This vein is located on the anterior interventricular sulcus
and receives blood from the left atrium and both ventricles
o Middle cardiac vein- lies in the posterior interventricular sulcus; drains the
right and left ventricles into the coronary sinus.
o Small cardiac vein-vein that is located on the inferior right margin and receives
blood from the posterior surfaces of the right atrium and ventricle,
Arteries- Branch, diverge, or fork as they carry blood away from the heart. Are larger,
Used for blood flow, contain a thick wall and tunica media. Has a narrow lumen and is
composed mostly of elastin. Has a higher blood pressure and resistance.
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Ascending aorta- Artery that sends blood to the right and left coronary arteries.
It supplies the walls of the heart and upper body.
Aortic arch- Receives blood from the Ascending Aorta and sends blood to the
brachiocephalic trunk and left common carotid artery and left subclavian artery.
Supplies all the body.
Descending aorta- Receives blood from the aortic arch. Branches into the
Thoracic and Abdominal Aorta. Supplies the thoracic organs, body wall, pelvis,
and lower limbs.
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Brachiocephalic trunk- Receives blood from the aortic arch pumping it towards
the right common carotid and right subclavian. Supplies the head, upper limbs,
and superior thoracic wall.
Common carotid arteries
Left- Receives blood from the aortic arch and Branches into the Internal
and External Carotid to supply the head.
Right- Receives blood from the brachiocephalic trunk and Branches into
the Internal and External Carotid to supply the head.
External carotid arteries- Superficial Vessel that receives blood from the
common carotid arteries to supply the head.
Internal carotid arteries- Deep vessel that receives blood from the common
carotid arteries to supply the head.
Subclavian arteries- send blood to the brain, neck, and thoracic wall. Branches
into the axillary artery.
Axillary artery- Receives blood from the Subclavian arteries. Branches into the
brachial artery. Supplies Muscles of the shoulder and superior arm and the
shoulder joint.
Brachial artery- Receives blood from the axillary artery and branches into the
ulnar and radial artery. Supplies the anterior arm muscles.
Ulnar artery- Receives blood from the axillary artery and sends blood to the
palmar arches. Supplies medial muscles of the forearm.
Radial artery- Receives blood from the axillary artery ad sends blood to the
palmar arches. Supplies the lateral anterior forearm, wrist, thumb, and index
finger.
Palmar arches- Network of arteries that receives blood from the radial and
brachial arteries and sends blood to the hand and fingers.
Thoracic aorta- Receives blood from the descending aorta and pumps blood to
the abdominal aorta. Supplies the thoracic organs and body walls.
Celiac trunk- Receives blood from the abdominal aorta and branches into the
left gastric, splenic, and common hepatic arteries. Supplies abdominal viscera
and the duodenum of the small intestines.
Superior mesenteric artery- Receives blood from the abdominal aorta and
branches into the intestinal arteries, ileocolic artery, and right and middle colic
artery. Supplies most of the intestines (Jejunem, Ileum, Large intestines, Cecum,
and Appendix).
Inferior mesenteric artery- Receives blood from the abdominal aorta.
Branches into the left colic, sigmoidal, and superior rectal arteries. Serves the
large intestines.
Renal artery- artery that branches from the abdominal aorta that supplies the
kidneys.
Gonadal artery- Artery that branches from the abdominal aorta and supplies
the ovaries and testicles.
Common iliac arteries- Branches from the abdominal aorta sending blood to
the external and internal iliac artery supplying the inferior portion of the anterior
abdominal wall, pelvic organs, and lower limbs
Internal iliac arteries- Branches from the common iliac artery. Supply the
pelvic walls, viscera, buttocks, medial thigh, and perineum
External iliac arteries- Main branch of the common Iliac Artery that sends
blood to the femoral artery and supplies the anterior abdominal wall and lower
limbs.
Femoral artery-- Receives blood from the external iliac artery and sends blood
to the popliteal artery. Supplies the adductor muscles of the thigh.
o Popliteal artery- Receives blood from the femoral artery. Sends blood to the
posterior and anterior tibial artery. Supplies the knee.
o Anterior tibial artery- Receives blood from the popliteal artery and sends it to
the arcuate artery. Supplies extensor muscles (Front of the leg)
o Posterior tibial artery- Receives blood from the popliteal artery and sends it to
the flexor muscles of the leg.
o Arcuate artery- Receives blood from the anterior tibial artery. Supplies the sole
of the foot.
Veins- Join, merge or converge as they carry blood to the heart. Are smaller, Used for
blood storage, have thin walls, a thick tunica externa, wider lumen, and contain valves. Are
made mostly of fibrous tissue and have a lower blood pressure and resistance.
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Superior vena cava- Merges with the left and right brachiocephalic veins. Take
blood from regions superior to the diaphragm excluding the heart wall. Takes the
blood to the right atrium.
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Inferior vena cava- Merges with the common iliac veins. Carries blood inferior
to the diaphragm to the right atrium.
Brachiocephalic veins- Merges with the subclavian vein. Move blood toward
the heart from the upper extremities and head.
Internal jugular vein- Medial vessel that merges with the subclavian vein,
taking blood from the head to the heart.
External jugular vein- Lateral vessel that merges with the brachiocephalic vein
to move blood from the head to the heart.
Dural venous sinuses- Merges with the external jugular vein to take blood
from the head to the heart.
Subclavian vein- Merges with the external jugular vein and brachiocephalic
vein to drain blood from the head and upper extremities.
Axillary vein- Merges with the brachial vein, draining blood from the upper limb
towards the heart and merges with the subclavian vein.
Cephalic vein- Lateral vein of the upper limb that merges with the axillary vein.
Drains blood from the upper limb.
Brachial vein- in the direction of the blood flow, this vessel runs deep on the
medial side of the arm and receives blood from the radial and ulnar veins. Joins
the axillary vein.
Basilic vein- Joins the brachial vein to become the axillary vein. Connects to the
median cubital vein. Collects blood from the upper limb.
Median cubital vein- Connects to the basilic and cephalic veins. Drains blood of
the upper limb.
Ulnar vein- Joins the brachial vein on the medial side of the forearm. Receives
blood from the palmar venous arches .
Radial vein- Joins the brachial vein on the lateral side of the forearm. Receives
blood from the palmar venous arches.
Dorsal venous network- Located on the dorsal surface of the hand. Drains into
the cephalic vein and basilic vein.
Hepatic veins- Exit the liver and enter the inferior vena cava. Carry blood from
the digestive organs that arrived to the liver via the portal system.
Splenic vein- Vein that joins the hepatic portal vein, taking blood to the liver for
processing.
Hepatic portal vein- Series of vessels that delivers nutrient rich blood to a
capillary bed in the liver. Contains the superior mesenteric vein, Splenic Vein,
and Inferior Mesenteric Vein.
Renal vein- Drain the Kidney's into the inferior vena cava
Superior mesenteric vein- Vein that drains the entire small intestines,
ascending and transverse colon and some of the stomach into the hepatic portal
vein.
Inferior mesenteric vein- Drains the distal region of the colon and superior
rectum. Empties into the splenic vein behind the stomach and pancreas. Part of
the hepatic portal system.
Common iliac vein- Unites with the internal and external iliac vein to drain the
blood of the lower limb.
Internal iliac vein- Joins with the external Iliac vein to become the common
Iliac Vein.
External iliac vein- Joins with the femoral artery and the common iliac vein,
Drains the blood of the lower limb.
Femoral vein- Joins with the popliteal vein and external iliac vein. Drains the
blood of the lower limb.
o Great saphenous vein- Longest vein in the body. Connects to the dorsal
venous arch and the femoral vein. Drains the lower limb.
o Popliteal vein- Runs anteriorly to become the femoral vein. Drains the lower
extremity.
o Posterior tibial vein- Ascends from the plantar veons through the calf muscle to
receive the fibular fein. drains the lower limb.
o Dorsal venous arch- Located on the dorsal surface of the foot. Drains the foot.
Respiratory system
o Trachea- flexible tube running from larynx and dividing inferiorly into
two main (primary) brochi; walls contain C-shaped cartilages that are
incomplete posteriorly where treachalis muscle occurs.
Air passagways; filter, warms,and moistens incoming air
o Thyroid cartilage- the large, shield-shaped thyroid cartilage, which is
formed by two cartilage plates, resembles an upright open book, with
the books spine lying in the anterior midline of the neck.
o Cricoid cartilage- inferior to the thyroid cartilage is the cricoid
cartilage, the only laryngeal cartilage that forms a complete ring.
Primary bronchus- the right and left main bronchi are he largest conduits in the
bronchial tree, a system of respiratory passges that brances extensively within
the lung. The two main brochi are brnaches of the trachea in the mediastinum.
Superior pulmonary lobe (right and left)
Oblique fissure (right and left)
Inferior pulmonary lobe (right and left)
Middle pulmonary lobe (right)
Horizontal fissure of right lung
Apex of lung
Right and left hypochondriac regionso The right- Region that contains the liver and gallbladder.
o The left region contains the stomach and diaphragm
Epigastric region- Region that Contains the stomach, gallbladder, diaphragm, and liver.
Right and left lumbar regions
o Right- Region that Contains the ascending colon and part of the small intestines.
o Left- Region that Contains the descending colon and part of the small intestines.
Umbilical region- Region that Contains the majority of the small intestines and some of the
transverse colon.
Right and left iliac (inguinal) regions
o Right- Region that Contains the cecum and appendix.
o Left- Region that Contains the sigmoid colon.
Hypogastric (pubic) region- Region that Contains partially the small intestines, bladder,
sigmoid colon and rectum.
Mouth- Mucosa lined cavity whose boundaries are the lips anteriorly, the cheeks laterally,
the palate superiorly, and the tongue inferiorly. Used for ingestion, propulsion, mastication,
and digestion.
Palate- Roof of the mouth that is composed of the hard and soft palate. The hard palate
forces food down during chewing and the soft palate blocks the nasopharynx from
contacting food during chewing.
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Tongue- Muscle constructed of skeletal muscle that grips and moves food, pushing it
towards the pharynx. Intrinsic muscles change shape and extrinsic muscles change position.
Teeth- Hard bony projections in the jaws for masticating (chewing) food
Parotid gland- Large salivary gland that lies anterior to the ear near the masseter. Opens in
the mouth
Submandibular gland- Salivary gland that lies on the medial surface of the mandibular
body. Opens into the floor of the mouth.
Sublingual gland- Salivary gland that lies on the floor of the cavity below the tongue.
Contains 10-12 ducts that enter the mouth.
Oropharynx- Located between the nasopharynx and laryngopharynx. Is a passageway for
Stomach- J shaped organ that is located in the epigastric region that acts as a temporary
storage vessel that churns food. Used for mechanical breakdown, propulsion, digestion, and
Jejunum- Intraperitoneal portion of the small intestines that is 40% of the composition. Is
Large intestine- Part of the alimentary canal that functions to digest some, absorb water
and electrolytes, propagate food down the canal, and defecate waste.
Cecum- Located in the right iliac region. Is the opening of the Ileum into the large
intestines.
Ileocecal valve- Formed by two layered mucosa that opens when the stomach is filled with
food and closes as the cecum streches. Located between the Ileum and large intestines.
Right and left hepatic ducts- Carry bile from the right and left liver lobes and fuse to
Common hepatic duct- Extends inferiorly from the right and left hepatic ducts towards
the duodenum.
Common hepatic artery
Hepatic portal vein
Hepatic veins
Gallbladder- Muscular sac located on the visceral surface of the right lobe of the liver in the
left hypochondriac region. Stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver.
Cystic duct- Runs from the gallbladder to the common hepatic duct and forms the bile
duct.
Bile duct- Composed of the common hepatic duct and the cystic duct. Empties bile from the
Pancreatic duct- Runs throughout the whole pancreas. Serves as the vessel where digestive
sources.
Renal cortex- More superficial region of the kidney that appears lighter and has a granular
appearance. Is the location of cortical nephrons.
Renal medulla- Deep to the cortex. Is darker and consists of cone shaped areas called renal
pyramids.
Renal pyramids- Cone shaped masses located in the medulla that exhibit striations due to
urine collecting tubules.
Renal column- Inward extension of the cortex that separates the renal pyramids from
eachother.
Renal pelvis- Flat, funnel shaped tube that is an extended part of the superior ureter.
Minor calyx- Cup shaped tubes that enclose the papillae of the renal pyramids.
Major calyx- Large branch extensions of the renal pelvis.
Renal artery- Branch of the abdominal aorta that supplies roughly 25% of the hearts
systemic output to the glomerulus for filtration.
Renal vein- Vein that merges with the inferior vena cava, returning filtered blood from the
kidneys.
Ureter- Urine collected from the renal calices collect in the bladder through this vessel.
Begins around L2 near the renal pelvis and enters the bladder obliquely preventing
backflow. Contains three layers. The mucosa is transitional epithelia, the muscularis
contains longitudinal, circular and another longitudinal layer. The adventitia is composed of
connective tissue.
Bladder- Collapsible muscular sac that stores and expels urine. Lies posterior to the pubic
symphysis. In males it is anterior to the rectum and in femails it is anterior to the vagina and
uterus.
Trigone- Is located near the opening of the ureter and urethra, which forms a triangular
Fimbriae
Ovary