Introduction
Process Estimation Methods
Empirical Estimation Models
Conclusions for our Project
Project Estimation
Gabriele Czermin
Fachhochschule Frankfurt am Main University of Applied Science
7.12.2009
Gabriele Czermin
Project Estimation
Introduction
Process Estimation Methods
Empirical Estimation Models
Conclusions for our Project
Contents
Introduction
Process Estimation Methods
Empirical Estimation Models
Conclusions for our Project
Gabriele Czermin
Project Estimation
Introduction
Process Estimation Methods
Empirical Estimation Models
Conclusions for our Project
Software Project Estimation
Motivation
Estimation of resources
Estimation of costs
Estimations for a schedule of a project
Problems to estimate our project
lack of experience
no access to good historical data
do quantitative predictions bases on qualitative information
difficulties to estimate project size and complexity
Cost and effort estimation is not an exact science.
Gabriele Czermin
Project Estimation
Introduction
Process Estimation Methods
Empirical Estimation Models
Conclusions for our Project
Lines of Code (LOC)
LOC is based on the size of Software. Function estimates have to
be combined for overall project estimate.
Advantages
can be easily counted
many existing software estimation models use LOC
existing literature
Disadvantages
language dependent
shorter but better structured programs are penalized
can not easily accommodate nonprocedural languages
difficult to estimate before analysis and design have been
completed
Gabriele Czermin
Project Estimation
Introduction
Process Estimation Methods
Empirical Estimation Models
Conclusions for our Project
Function Point Calculation Parameters
FP is estimated for each function or class. Function estimates have
to be combined for overall project estimate. 5 Measurement
Parameters
Number of user inputs
Number of user outputs
Number of user inquiries
Number of files
Number of external interfaces
Estimated weighting factors based on complexity of the parameters
are associated which each count.
Gabriele Czermin
Project Estimation
Introduction
Process Estimation Methods
Empirical Estimation Models
Conclusions for our Project
Complexity Adjustment Values
Based on 14 questions (e.g. is performance critical, are inputs,
outputs, files complex) complexity adjustment values are
determined. The questions are answered using a range from 0 (not
important or applicable) to 5 (absolute essential). The formula to
compute function points is:
P
FP = counttotal (0, 65 + 0, 01 ii=1 (Fi ))
where counttotal is the sum of weighted calculation parameters and
Fi is a complexity adjustment value
Gabriele Czermin
Project Estimation
Introduction
Process Estimation Methods
Empirical Estimation Models
Conclusions for our Project
more function oriented metrics
Extensions to FP are Feature Points( for complex algorithms)
and 3D Function Points (developed by Boeing for real time
systems)
Range Estimation bases on most likely, optimistic and
pessimistic estimate
S = (Sopt + 4Sm + Spess )/6
where S is estimated size
other estimations use the numbers or classes or functions for
sizing
Gabriele Czermin
Project Estimation
Introduction
Process Estimation Methods
Empirical Estimation Models
Conclusions for our Project
Process Based Estimation
Based on the Process to be used.
The Process is decomposed to a number of tasks.
The effort required to accomplish each task is estimated.
Costs and effort for each function and software process activity
are computed as the last step.
Gabriele Czermin
Project Estimation
Introduction
Process Estimation Methods
Empirical Estimation Models
Conclusions for our Project
Principals of Empirical Estimation
Empirical estimation methods are functions of LOC or FP. These
Models are derived from a sample of projects. They must be
calibrated to the local project.
Gabriele Czermin
Project Estimation
Introduction
Process Estimation Methods
Empirical Estimation Models
Conclusions for our Project
COCOMO and COCOMO II
The Constructive Cost Model was developed by Barry Boehm.
It is one of the most widely used Software Cost Estimation
Models.
The calculations are based on LOCs or FPs
Gabriele Czermin
Project Estimation
Introduction
Process Estimation Methods
Empirical Estimation Models
Conclusions for our Project
Scale Drivers in COCOMOII
There are 5 Scale Drivers
Preceedentedness
Development Flexibility
Architecture Risk Solution
Team Cohesion
Process Maturity
Gabriele Czermin
Project Estimation
Introduction
Process Estimation Methods
Empirical Estimation Models
Conclusions for our Project
Cost Drivers and Calculation
There are 17 different costdrivers, which can be set from low
to very high. e. g.in a safety critical system the required
reliability would be set to very high.
How to calculate the effort according to COCOMO II
from scale- and costdrivers can be seen best on an internetTool:
http://sunset.usc.edu/research/COCOMOII/cocomo_main.html
Gabriele Czermin
Project Estimation
Introduction
Process Estimation Methods
Empirical Estimation Models
Conclusions for our Project
The Software Equitation
The Software Equitation Formula bases on data collected from
over 4000 software projects.
It has the form E = (LOC B 0,333 /P)3 t14
with
- E= effort in person-month or -years
- t= project duration
- B= special skills factor
- P=productivity factor, can be derived from local project data
Gabriele Czermin
Project Estimation
Introduction
Process Estimation Methods
Empirical Estimation Models
Conclusions for our Project
Comparison of Estimation Methods
LOC is not suitable for OOP-Projects
FP is suitable for OOP Projects, but it is difficult for us to
determine weighting and complexity factors
Empirical Estimation Models (e.g. COCOMO II) base on FP or
LOC
Process based Estimation seems to suit best for our project
Gabriele Czermin
Project Estimation
Introduction
Process Estimation Methods
Empirical Estimation Models
Conclusions for our Project
Proposal to estimate our project based on the process
Task
Function
Algorithm
Clock
Alarm
Battery
Pump
Insulin Res.
GUI
CC
Planing
Risk
Anal.
Analysis
Design
Totals
Gabriele Czermin
Project Estimation
Code
Test
CE
Tot.
Introduction
Process Estimation Methods
Empirical Estimation Models
Conclusions for our Project
Prof. Wagner Script Software Analysis, Winterterm 2008,2009
http://sunset.usc.edu/research/COCOMOII/cocomo_main.html
Gabriele Czermin
Project Estimation
