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Interview Preparation Complete Package
Interview Preparation Complete Package
https://www.facebook.com/groups/557126864421409/
Interview Preparation Complete Package
By Vivaan Sharma (Vibhor Sharma)
INTERVIEW PREPARATION PART1
11.5
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Those who open accounts by January 20, 2015 over and above the 1 lakh accident, they will be
given life insurance cover of Rs 30,000.
After Six months of opening of the bank account, holders can avail 5,000 loan from the bank.
50
1lakh
10000 ,
they will have pucca toilets for all, safe drinking water, waste disposal systems and clean roads and
lanes and is expected to cost over 62000 crore.
The campaign was described as "beyond politics" and "inspired by patriotism"
Swachh Bharat Abhiyan is a national level campaign by the Government of India to clean the
streets, roads and infrastructure of the country.
The abhiyan was launched on the occasion of Mahatma Gandhis 145th birth anniversary on 2
October 2014 at Rajghat, New Delhi.
He also used a broom and shovel to clean the ground of the Valmiki Sadan, a Dalit colony at Mandir
Marg in national capital.
A 'Swachh Bharat Run' was organized at the Rashtrapati Bhavan where around 1500 people
participated and the event was flagged off by President Pranab Mukherjee .
The campaign is India's biggest ever cleanliness drive and 3 million government employees and
schools and colleges students of India participated in this event.
Modi selected 9 notable public figures to propagate this campaign.
They are:1. Anil Ambani 2.Baba Ramdev 3.Kamal Hassan 4.Mridula Sinha 5.Priyanka Chopra
6.Sachin Tendulkar 7.Salman Khan 8.Shashi Tharoor 9.The team of TV series Taarak Mehta Ka
Ooltah Chashmah
Modis clean up act
CII to construction of 10000 toilets through CSR by 2015-16
Vedanta- To built 10000 toilets in addition to 30000 it is already building in a partnership with
rajisthan Govt.
TCS- pledged 100 crore for building sanitation facilities for girl in 10000 schools.
Bharti Foundation pledged 100 crore to built toilets in Ludhiana.
GAIL & L&T- to construct 1021 toilets and 5000 toilets respectively.
PHYSIOLOGY/MEDICINE
John O'Keefe
May-Britt Moser
Edvard Moser
"for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain"
LITERATURE
Patrick Modiano
-his lifelong study of the Nazi occupation and its effect on his country.
ECONOMICS
Jean Tirole
"for his analysis of market power and regulation"
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Kailash Satyarthi (Vidisha, Madhya Pradesh) is an Indian children's rights advocate and an activist
against child labour. He founded the Bachpan Bachao Andolan ( Save the Childhood Movement) in
1980 and has acted to protect the rights of more than 83,000 children from 144 countries.
1.Rabindranath Tagore-1913-Literature
2.C. V. Raman-1930-Physics
3.Hargobind Khorana-1968-Medicine
4.Mother Teresa-1979-Peace
5.Subrahmanyan chandershekhar-1983-Physics
6.Amartya Sen-1998-Economic Science
7.Venkatraman Ramakrishnan-2009-Chemistry
8. Kailash Satyarthi-2014-Peace
Mr. Modi is the first Indian PM to Nepal in 17 years. He was welcomed by the guard of honour. He
addressed the Nepalese Parliament.
The main agenda of the visit was to give impetus to negotiations on a power trade between the two
nations.
HIT : He promised to grant Nepal 10,000 crore Nepali rupee concessional line of credit, for its
development. and proposed a "HIT" (H: Highways, I: Iways and T: Transways) formula for the
development of the land-locked country.
POWER SUPPLY: He announced Indias keenness to double power supply to Nepal.
PACT :. India and Nepal ink 3 pact including one on the 5,600 MW Pancheshwar dam on the
Mahakali river bordering both Nepal and India, which was signed in 1996.
OIL SUPPLY: . India and Nepal have agreed to build a pipeline for supply of petroleum products to
the Himalayan nation. ( from Raxual in Bihar to Amlekhganj in Nepal)
SCHOLARSHIP: The scholarships to students from Nepal would be increased.
MEDICINE: India extended help to Nepal to enable it to emerge as a major exporter of herbal
medicines.
TOURISM: India would also help develop the tourism potential of Nepal, both as a spiritual, and
adventure tourism destination.
Mr. Modi extended assistance to Nepal in the fields of organic farming, and soil health.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------TOPIC 7(C): PM visit United States
1)MODI-OBAMA JOINT STATEMENT: Modi and Obama sought to reset ties between India and the
United States as both leaders had an extended discussion in the White House, resolving to broaden
their cooperation in various fields including defence, intelligence, counter-terrorism, Afghanistan,
space exploration and science.
2)JOINT EDITORIAL: Forward together we go - chalein saath saath, that's the message sent out by
Modi and Obama in their joint editorial for Washington Post.
3)MADISON SQUARE GARDEN PINTCH: 3D Mantra (Demographic dividend, Democracy and
Demand for goods and services), skill development, talent pool and India's bright economic
prospects - these formed Modi's pitch to the Indian American community at the Madison Square
Garden.
4)MODI AT UN GENERAL ASSEMBLY: Touching upon a wide range of subjects Pakistan,
Terrorism, Need for ONE platform, Trade and economy, Advocating Yoga.
5)LIFETIME VISAS FOR PIOs: Modi promised that that Persons of Indian Origin (PIO) cardholders
will get lifetime Indian visa and that American tourists will be given visa on arrival.
6)BREAKFAST WITH CEOs: Modi pitched India to some of the largest global investors and
financiers, asking them to look afresh at the country and urging them to shed any fears that they
might have developed about investing in the country in recent years.
7)REACHING OUT TO OBAMA AND AMERICANS : Keeping in mind the two people Obama
admired most, Modi personally chose gifts for him which included a 'Gita by Gandhi' in Khadi cover
and audio-video clips from the 1959 India visit of Martin Luther King.
8)MODI'S OP-ED IN WSJ: "The US is our natural global partner. India and the US embody the
enduring and universal relevance of their shared values," Modi wrote in an op-ed in the The Wall
Street Journal.
India becomes the first country in the world to insert a spacecraft into the Martian orbit in its very first
attempt.
The first Chinese mission to Mars, called Yinghuo-1, failed in 2011.
The mission successfully completed its 100 days in space on February 12, 2014.
According to NASA, Out of the 51 missions to the red planet by different countries, only 21 went
successful till now.
4. ENERGY: PM Narendra Modi makes strong pitch for clean(solar) energy at G20
5. Turkey to host G20 Summit in 2015 & China in 2016
TOPIC 4: ISIS (Islamic State of Iraq and Syria)
The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL ), also ranslated as the Islamic State of Iraq and
Syria (ISIS), self-proclaimed as the Islamic State(IS), is a Sunni, extremist, jihadist rebel group
controlling territory in Iraq and Syria.
It was previously known as Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad, Al-Qaeda in the Islamic State of Iraq.
It has been designated as a terrorist organization by the United Nations, the European Union, the
United Kingdom, the United States, Australia, Canada, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Indonesia, the UAE
and Israel.
FUND: In Syria, they've built up something like a mini-state: collecting the equivalent of taxes,
selling electricity, and exporting oil to fund its militant activities.ISIS funds itself through oil and an
extortion racket.
OBJECTIVE/GOAL
The ISIS's objective is the establishment of a world wide Caliphate, images of the world united under
a ISIS banner. Although it has perpetrated many terrorist acts since its formation in 2006, especially
against Shia and Christian civilians, ISI/ISIS/ISIL has been especially active in late 2102 and 2013,
claiming responsibility for killing and wounding hundreds of people through suicide bombings. It's
principal targets are U.S. military and Shia and Christian civilians.
HISTORY
The group originated as Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad in 1999, becoming Al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI) in
2004. In 2006, AQI joined other Sunni insurgent groups to form the Mujahideen Shura Council,
which consolidated further into the Islamic State of Iraq (ISI).
In April 2013, the group changed its name to ISIL. It grew significantly under the leadership ofAbu
Bakr al-Baghdadi, who was subsequently criticized by al-Zawahri.
The group's original aim was to establish an Islamic state in Sunni-majority regions of Iraq.
Following its involvement in the Syrian Civil War, this expanded to include controlling Sunni-majority
areas of Syria
As caliphate it claims religious authority over all Muslims worldwide, and aims to bring most
traditionally Muslim-inhabited regions of the world under its legislative control,[36] beginning with the
Levant region, which approximately covers Syria, Jordan, Israel, Palestine, Lebanon, Cyprus, and
part of southern Turkey.
US ACTION: The United States announced a comprehensive strategy for destroying ISIS in both
Iraq and Syria. The campaign centers an expanded air war against ISIS in both countries and the
provision of arms and training to local allies on the ground the Iraqi army, the Kurdish peshmerga,
and "moderate" Syrian rebels.
may be wet with rain and some areas will suffer drought due to global warming. The climatic
changes happen due to global warming.
Global warming Causes
The causes are many of which the main culprit is the increase in the greenhouse gases that is
produced by burning fossil fuel and deforestation, thus intensifying the greenhouse effect leading to
global warming.
GREEN HOUSE GASES:- The four main contributors of the greenhouse effect are, vapor, Carbon
dioxide CO2, Methane, and Ozone. Other greenhouse gases include, but are not limited to, Nitrous
oxide, Sulfur hexafluoride, Hydrofluorocarbons,Perfluorocarbons and Chlorofluorocarbons.
Carbon dioxide- CO2, which damages the ozone layer, comes from several sources, but the most
problematic are those coming from the burning of fossil fuels from power plants. This releases
thousands of tones of CO2 into the atmosphere every year.
Excessive cutting down of the trees is another factor causing global warming. When deforestation
happens the efficiency by which carbon dioxide is stored and oxygen released by the green plants
are decreased to a huge rate in turn causing increased concentration of carbon dioxide that leads to
increased greenhouse effect.
Methane -Mining for coal and oil releases methane in the atmosphere. More ever the leakage from
natural gas fields and landfills are additional source of methane.
Effects of global warming
There are two major effects of global warming:
Increase of temperature on the earth by about 3 to 5 C (5.4 to 9 Fahrenheit) by the year 2100.
Rise of sea levels by at least 25 meters (82 feet) by the year 2100.
The effect of global warming is dangerous to life on earth, both the human and animal existence.
Due to the hear agriculture and farming, forestry and fishery are seriously hurt. Water temperature
being elevated, the fauna and flora are deprived of their natural habitat that is detrimental to their
growth and might lead to distinction of the species there.
Higher level of carbon dioxide causes the acidification of the oceans. According to the report of
WWF on coral reefs says that coral populations will collapse by 2100 due to increased temperatures
and ocean acidification.
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The Statue of Unity is a planned 182 metres (597 ft) monument of Vallabhbhai Patel that will be
created directly facing the Narmada Dam, 3.2 km away on the river island called Sadhu Bet near
Vadodara in Gujarat.
Comparison with Other Tall Statues:-
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
This statue is planned to be spread over 20000 square meters of project area. It will also be
surrounded with a man-made lake spread across 12 kms of area.
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Rashtriya Ekta Trust (SVPRET), a special purpose vehicle was
established by the Gujarat government and the outreach programme across India was carried out
starting December 2013.
Initially the total cost of the project was estimated to be about 2063 crore (US$330 million) by the
government. Later Larsen and Toubro bagged the contract in October 2014 for its lowest bid of
2989 crore (US$480 million) for the design, construction and maintenance. The construction was
started on 31st October 2014.
28. Ugandas Foreign Affairs Minister, Sam Kahamba Kutesa elected President for the 69th Session
of United Nations
General Assembly (UNGA). He replaced John William Ashe.
Note: United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) comprises 193 member nations.
29. Reuven Ruby Rivlin elected as 10th president of Israel. He succeed Shimon Peres.
30. Prince Zeid al Hussein (Jordans ambassador) nominated as U.N. High Commissioner for
Human Rights
31. Bashar al-Assad: elected Syria President for third time
32. Dalia Grybauskaite: new President of Lithuania
33. Peter Mutharika is new Malawi president
34. Abdel Fattah Al Sissi new President of Egypt
35. Jacob Zuma sworn in as South Africa's President for second term
TOPIC 9: New Books & Authors
1.Playing it my way is the autobiography of Sachin Tendulkar.
2.Half Girlfriend has been written by Chetan Bhagat.
3. "One Life is Not Enough" is the autobiography of Natwar Singh, A former Union Minister of India.
4.Untold Story of Indian Public Sector - authored by UD Choubey,
5.And then one day is the autobiography of Actor Nasiruddin Shah.
6.Not Just an Accountant has been written by Vinod Rai (India's Former Comptroller and Auditor
General (CAG)).
7.Lajja has been written by Taslima Nasrim.
8.Worthy Fights : A memoir of leadership in war and peace has been written by Leon E Panetta.
9.The Children Act has been written by Ian McEwan.
10.The Gods of Antarctica has been written by 13 Year Old Yashwardhan Shukla.
11.Assasination of Rajeev Gandhi : an Inside Job has been written by Faraj Ahmad.
12.God of Antartica has been written by Yashwardhan Shukla.
13. Iqbal ka harfe sheerin has been written by Abdul Haq.
14.Wolf in White Van has been written by John Darnielle.
15.Odyssey of My Life is the autobiography of Former Home Minister Shivraj Patil.
16.Nehru Gazing at Tomorrow has been written by H R Bharadwaj.
17.Modi:Incredible Emergence of a Star has been written by Tarun Vijay.
18.Passion Flower : Seven Stories of Derangement has been written by Cyrus Mistry.
19.Strictly Personal : Manmohan and Gursharan has been written by Manmohan Singh's Daughter
Daman Singh.
20.The Lives of Others has been written by Neel Mukherjee. It has been nominated for Prestigious
Literary Honor - Man Booker Prize 2014.
21.A man and the Motorcycle has been written by Pete Ham and is based on Hamid Karzai (Former
Afghan President).
22 A Bad Character has been written by Deepti Kapoor.
23. Blood Feud : Obama Vs Clinton has been written by Edward Klein.
24.Manjar Dar Manjar : The essense Of My Spirit has been written by Mahesh Manjar.
25.Indigo Rebellion has been written by Ananda Bhattacharya.
TOPIC 2: BRICS
BRICS is the acronym for an association of five major emerging national economies:
Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa.
The grouping was originally known as "BRIC" before the inclusion of South Africa in 2010. The
BRICS members are all developing or newly industrialised countries, but they are distinguished
by their large, fast-growing economies and significant influence on regional and global affairs;
all five are G-20 members. As of 2013, the five BRICS countries represent almost 3 billion
people, with a combined nominal GDP of US$16.039 trillion, and an estimated US$4 trillion in
combined foreign reserves.Presently, South Africa holds the chair of the BRICS group. The
BRICS have received both praise and criticism from numerous quarters.
Its aims include accelerating economic growth, social progress, cultural development among its
members, protection of regional peace and stability, and opportunities for member countries to
discuss differences peacefully.
ASEAN covers a land area of 4.46 million km, which is 3% of the total land area of Earth, and
has a population of approximately 600 million people, which is 8.8% of the world's population.
The sea area of ASEAN is about three times larger than its land counterpart. In 2011, its
combined nominal GDP had grown to more than US$ 2 trillion. If ASEAN were a single entity,
it would rank as the eighth largest economy in the world.
Headquarters is at Jakarta, Indonesia.
Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation(BIMSTEC)
The Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation
(BIMSTEC) is an international organisation involving a group of countries in South Asia and
South East Asia. These are: Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Bhutan and
Nepal.
Argentina
Brazil Chile
Egypt
India
Indonesia
Iran
Jamaica
Kenya
Malaysia
Senegal
Sri Lanka
Venezuela
Mexico Zimbabwe
Nigeria
Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland
secretariat services for the Group. Its meetings usually take place twice a year, prior to the International
Monetary and Financial Committee and Development Committee meetings, to enable developing
country members to discuss agenda items beforehand. Although membership in the G-24 is strictly
limited to 24 countries, any member of the G-77 can join discussions. China has been a "special invitee"
since the Gabon meetings of 1981.
Member states
Algeria
Argentina
Brazil
Colombia
Egypt
Ethiopia
Gabon Ghana
Kenya
Guatemala
India
Iran
Ivory Coast
Lebanon
Mexico
Nigeria
Pakistan
Peru
Philippines
South Africa
Sri Lanka
Syria
Peru
Venezuela
Belgium
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Ireland
Italy
Latvia
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malta
Netherlands
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
United Kingdom
China at 2nd. The forum originated with a 1975 summit hosted by France that brought together
representatives of six governments:France, the Federal Republic of Germany, Italy, Japan, the
United Kingdom, and the United States, thus leading to the name Group of Six or G6. The
summit became known as the Group of Seven or G7 the following year with the addition of
Canada. The G7 is composed by the 7 developed wealthiest countries on Earth (as national net
wealth) and by the 7 developed wealthiest countries on Earth by GDP, and it remains active
despite the creation of the G8. In 1997, Russia was added to the group which then became
known as the G8. The European Union is represented within the G8 but cannot host or chair
summits.
G 8 Member States:
Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, United Kingdom and the United States.
Australia
Brazil
Canada
China
France
Germany
India
Indonesia
Italy
Japan
Mexico
Saudi
Arabia
South Africa
South Korea
Turkey
United Kingdom
United States
European
Union
#Target Interview : Lets know more about our self by Think bigger Team
Interview Preparation Part 5
By Vivaan Sharma (Vibhor Sharma)
Kerala, co-owned by cricket great Sachin Tendulkar, dominated the match but Mohammad
Rafique came off the bench to head home the stoppage-time winner at the D.Y. Patil Stadium
near Mumbai.
For the Kolkata side, co-owned by Spanish club Atletico Madrid and former India cricket captain
Sourav Ganguly, goalkeeper Edel Bete pulled off several saves to thwart Kerala, led and
managed by former England goalkeeper David James.
5. Pakistan cry foul after losing World Cup kabaddi final to India
After Pakistan hockey team held India responsible for their defeat in Champions Trophy final.
This time their kabaddi team captain Shafiq Chisti has blamed umpires of bias towards India in
the World Cup Cup final, which Pakistan lost 42-45 to India at the Guru Gobind Singh
Multipurpose Stadium.
6. Flipkart files application to become public, raises USD 700 mn.
E-commerce major Flipkart on Saturday announced filing application with Singapore based
companies regulator ACRA to become a public company after raising USD 700 million for long
term strategic investments in India following which its number of investors exceeded 50.
The USD 700 million fund raised by Flipkart added new investors Baillie Gifford, Greenoaks
Capital, Steadview Capital, T. Rowe Price Associates and Qatar Investment Authority on
companys board.
Its existing investors DST Global, GIC, ICONIQ Capital and Tiger Global also participated in
this latest financing round.
7. AIBA bans Sarita Devi
Indian woman boxer L. Sarita Devi was on Wednesday handed a one-year ban by the
International Boxing Association (AIBA) for refusing to accept her bronze medal at the Asian
Games.
But the punishment is unlikely to hurt her career too badly as she would be available to
compete in the 2016 Olympic qualifiers.
Sarita, who had refused to accept the medal to protest her controversial semifinal bout loss,
has been banned retrospectively from October 1, 2014 to October 1, 2015 and fined 1000 swiss
francs.
8. Bengaluru youth operates one of ISIS most famous twitter handle
Mehdi Masroor Biswas, the operator of one of the most successful pro-ISIS Twitter accounts @ShamiWitness, has been tracked down to Bengaluru by central intelligence agencies. The 24-
year old youth, who hails from Gopalpur in West Bengal, had been working with an MNC in the
city since 2012 and lived with his family. Cops were alerted to his presence following his
interview on Channel 4, a British public-service television broadcaster. This particular twitter
handle went online last year and since has been posting photos and videos of ISIS aggression.
The account, which had nearly 18,000 followers, has shut down following reports. The account
was followed by jihadi fighters and middle-east analysts. He had been encouraging ISIS fighters
through his tweets, and had several times posted the video of US aid worker Peter Kassig's
beheading. Channel 4 reported that his Facebook account was markedly different and had
routine updates about dinners and work parties. He had also written two blog posts on interjihadi disputes and the start of the ISIS offensive in Iraq. He was in touch with English-speaking
jihadis and new recruits who followed his account. Hundreds of supporters of Mehdi have
vented their anger on social media with threat tweets wanting his release. Within hours of his
arrest, a new Twitter handle named @ShamiWitness2 has surfaced. The police are trying to
track down such accounts and tweets but say that its difficult. Radicalization of the youth and
the spread of pro-ISIS agenda in the country is one of the primary concerns of Indian
intelligence agencies.
The Delhi high court has banned Chinese mobile phone manufacturer Xiaomi from selling and
importing its products in India. The move comes as a direct result of a case filed by Swedish
company Ericsson pertaining to a SEP (Standard Essential Patents) and IPR (Intellectual Property
Rights) issue. The Swedish equipment maker's patents on technologies are essential to
manufacture the products that Xiaomi offers. Ericsson had also filed similar cases against
Micromax, Gionee and Intex earlier this year, in fact, Delhi high court had ordered Micromax to
offer Ericsson royalty up to 1% of the selling price of its devices to Ericsson as the former was
using its technology.
Germany wins Hockey Champions Trophy beating PakistanGermany won the Hockey
Champions Trophy beating Pakistan 2-0 in the final held in the Kalinga stadium in Bhubaneswar,
Odisha on Sunday. Germany scored in the 18th And 56th minute to win the trophy for the tenth
time. Germany had last won the title in 2007. Pakistan entered the finals after beating India in
the semi-final.
The Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) was directed by a trial court to record the statement
of former PM Manmohan Singh with respect to the Talabira II coal block allocation to Hindalco,
when he also handled the coal ministry portfolio. The court order comes after CBI had closed
the report on the Talabira coal block in Orissa, citing that no criminal offence had been
committed by any of the persons involved in the allocation of the coal block. Coal allocation
scam is a major political scandal concerning the Indian government's allocation of the nation's
coal deposits to public sector entities and private companies.
13.Sushma Swaraj demands Bhagvad Gita be declared as the national book, sparks criticism
Minister of External Affairs, Sushma Swaraj while speaking at the 'Gita Prerna Mahaotsav'
sparked off a huge controversy saying that the centre should declare the 'Bhagvad Gita' ,the
sacred book of the Hindus, as a rashtriya granth (national book) and only a formal
announcement remained in this regard. She said that Gita has been already the status of
national scripture when Prime Minister Narendra Modi gifted a copy of the holy book to
American president Barack Obama during the former's visit to the US. Reacting to Swaraj's
remarks, TMC leader and West Bengal Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee said that India was a
secular country and only the Constitution was the "Holy Book" in a democracy. The Congress
called her statement frivolous. VHP President who was also present at the event supported
Sushma saying that the government should immediately declare Gita as the national scripture.
What is IPv6?
IPv6 is a newer numbering system that Provides a much larger address pool Than IPv4. It was deployed
in 1999 and should meet the worlds IP addressing needs well into the future.
Target Interview: Lets know more about our self by Think bigger Team
function are provided by a combination of applications, operating systems, network
card device drivers and networking hardware that enable a system to put a signal on
a network cable or out over Wi-Fi or other wireless protocol).
Physical (Layer 1)
This layer conveys the bit stream - electrical impulse, light or radio signal -- through the
network at the electrical and mechanical level. It provides the hardware means of
sending and receiving data on a carrier, including defining cables, cards and physical
aspects. Fast Ethernet, RS232, and ATM are protocols with
physical layer components.
Network (Layer 3)
This layer provides switching and routing technologies, creating logical paths, known
as virtual circuits, for transmitting data from node to node. Routing and forwarding
are functions of this layer, as well as addressing,internetworking, error
handling, congestion control and packet sequencing.
Transport (Layer 4)
This layer provides transparent transfer of data between end systems, or hosts, and is
responsible for end-to-end error recovery and flow control. It ensures complete data
transfer.
Session (Layer 5)
This layer establishes, manages and terminates connections between applications. The
session layer sets up, coordinates, and terminates conversations, exchanges, and
dialogues between the applications at each end. It deals with session and connection
coordination.
Presentation (Layer 6)
This layer provides independence from differences in data representation (e.g.,
encryption) by translating from application to network format, and vice versa. The
presentation layer works to transform data into the form that the application layer can
accept. This layer formats and encrypts data to be sent across a network, providing
freedom from compatibility problems. It is sometimes called the syntax layer.
Application (Layer 7)
This layer supports application and end-user processes. Communication partners
are identified, quality of service is identified, user authentication and privacy are
considered, and any constraints on data syntax are identified. Everything at this
layer is application-specific. This layer provides application services for file
transfers,e-mail, and other network software services. Telnet and FTP are
applications that exist entirely in the application level. Tiered application
architectures are part of this layer.
Low Level Programming LanguageIn computer science, a low-level programming language is a programming language
that provides little or no abstraction from a computer's instruction set architecture.
Generally this refers to either machine code or assembly language.
Qus7:- What are Android and its latest version.
Android is a mobile operating system (OS) based on the Linux kernel and currently
developed by Google. Android is designed primarily
for touchscreen mobile devices such assmartphones and tablet computers, with
specialized user interfaces for televisions (Android TV), cars (Android Auto), and wrist
watches (Android Wear). . Despite being primarily designed for touchscreen input, it
Polymorphism- This is the ability to exist in various forms. For example an operator
can be overloaded so as to add two integer numbers and two floats.
Abstraction- The ability to represent data at a very conceptual level without any
details
Qus11-: what is network topology
Network Topology is the way computer systems or network equipment connected to
each other. Topologies may define both physical and logical aspect of the network. Both
logical and physical topologies could be same or different in a same network.
Point-to-point
Point-to-point networks contains exactly two hosts (computer or switches or routers or
servers) connected back to back using a single piece of cable. Often, the receiving end
of one host is connected to sending end of the other end and vice-versa.
[Image:
Point-to-point Topology]
If the hosts are connected point-to-point logically, then may have multiple intermediate
devices. But the end hosts are unaware of underlying network and see each other as if
they are connected directly.
Bus Topology
In contrast to point-to-point, in bus topology all device share single communication line
or cable. All devices are connected to this shared line. Bus topology may have problem
while more than one hosts sending data at the same time. Therefore, the bus topology
either uses CSMA/CD technology or recognizes one host has Bus Master to solve the
issue. It is one of the simple forms of networking where a failure of a device does not
affect the others. But failure of the shared communication line make all other devices
fail.
Target Interview: Lets know more about our self by Think bigger Team
[Image:
Bus Topology]
Both ends of the shared channel have line terminator. The data is sent in only one
direction and as soon as it reaches the extreme end, the terminator removes the data
from the line.
Star Topology
All hosts in star topology are connected to a central device, known as Hub device, using
a point-to-point connection. That is, there exists a point to point connection between
hosts and Hub. The hub device can be Layer-1 device (Hub / repeater) or Layer-2
device (Switch / Bridge) or Layer-3 device (Router / Gateway).
As in bus topology, hub acts as single point of failure. If hub fails, connectivity of all
hosts to all other hosts fails. Every communication happens between hosts, goes
through Hub only. Star topology is not expensive as to connect one more host, only one
cable is required and configuration is simple.
Ring Topology
In ring topology, each host machine connects to exactly two other machines, creating a
circular network structure. When one host tries to communicate or send message to a
host which is not adjacent to it, the data travels through all intermediate hosts. To
connect one more host in the existing structure administrator may need only one more
extra cable.
[Image:
Ring Topology]
Failure of any host results in failure of the whole ring. Thus every connection in the ring
is point of failure. There exists methods which employs one more backup ring.
Mesh Topology
In this type of topology, a host is connected to one or two or more than two hosts. This
topology may have hosts having point-to-point connection to every other hosts or may
also
have
hosts
which
are
having
po
int
to
[Image:
Tree Topology]
All neighboring hosts have point-to-point connection between them. Like bus topology, if
the root goes down, the entire network suffers. Though it is not the single point of
failure. Every connection serves as point of failure, failing of which divides the network
into unreachable segment and so on.
Hybrid Topology
A network structure whose design contains more than one topology is said to be Hybrid
Topology. Hybrid topology inherits merits and demerits of all the incorporating
topologies.
[Image: Hybrid Topology]
The above picture represents an arbitrarily Hybrid topology. The combining topologies
may contain attributes of Star, Ring, Bus and Daisy-chain topologies. Most WANs are
connected by means of dual Ring topology and networks connected to them are mostly
Star topology networks. Internet is the best example of largest Hybrid topology.
robotics: programming computers to see and hear and react to other sensory
stimuli.
Qus-14- What is Cloud Computing?
Cloud computing is is typically defined as a type of computing that
relies on sharing computing resources rather than having local
servers or personal devices to handle applications.
In cloud computing, the word cloud (also phrased as "the cloud") is used as a
metaphor for "the Internet," so the phrase cloud computing means "a type of Internetbased computing," where different services such as servers, storage and
applications are delivered to an organization's computers and devices through the
Internet.
Cloud computing is comparable to grid computing, a type of computing where unused
processing cycles of all computers in a network are harnesses to solve problems too
intensive for any stand-alone machine.
Qus-15 what is a Process and how it differs from a Program?
Processes vs. Programs
A process is different than a program
Program: Static code and static data
Process: Dynamic instance of code and data
No one-to-one mapping between programs and processes
Can have multiple processes of the same program Example: many
users can run ls at the same time
One program can invoke multiple processes
Example: make runs many processes to accomplish its work
Qus-16
What
is
Deadlock?
A deadlock is a situation in which two computer programs sharing the same resource are
effectively preventing each other from accessing the resource, resulting in both programs
ceasing to function.
The earliest computer operating systems ran only one program at a time. All of the resources
of the system were available to this one program. Later, operating systems ran multiple
programs at once, interleaving them. Programs were required to specify in advance what
resources they needed so that they could avoid conflicts with other programs running at the
same time. Eventually some operating systems offered dynamic allocation of resources.
Programs could request further allocations of resources after they had begun running. This led
to the problem of the deadlock.
Qus-17 What is Optical Fiber?
A thin glass fibre through which light can be transmitted.
Optical fiber (or "fiber optic") refers to the medium and the technology
associated with the transmission of information as light pulses along a glass
or plastic strand or fiber. Optical fiber carries much more information than
conventional copper wire and is in general not subject to electromagnetic
interference and the need to retransmit signals. Most telephone company
long-distance lines are now made of optical fiber. Transmission over an
optical fiber cable
requires repeaters at distance intervals. The glass fiber requires more
protection within an outer cable than copper. For these reasons and
because the installation of any new cabling is labor -intensive, few
communities have installed optical fiber cables from the phone company's
branch office to local customers (known as local loops). A type of fiber
known as single mode fiber is used for longer
distances; multimode fiber is used for
Qus-18 Define protocols?
In telecommunications, a communications protocol is a system of digital rules for data
exchange within or between computers. Communicating systems use well-defined
formats for exchanging messages.
Qus-19 What is the difference between Hub, Router, Repeater, Bridge and Switch.
Hub
A Hub is the simplest of these devices. In general, a hub is the central part of a wheel where
the spokes come together. Hubs cannot filter data so data packets are sent to all connected
devices/computers and do not have intelligence to find out best path for data packets. This
leads to inefficiencies and wastage.
As a network product, a hub may include a group of modem cards for dial-in users, a gateway
card for connections to a local area network (for example, an Ethernet or a token ring), and a
connection to a line. Hubs are used on small networks where data transmission is not very high.
Bridge
In telecommunication networks, a bridge is a product that connects a local area network (LAN)
to another local area network that uses the same protocol. Having a single incoming and
outgoing port and filters traffic on the LAN by looking at the MAC address, bridge is more
complex than hub. Bridge looks at the destination of the packet before forwarding unlike a hub.
It restricts transmission on other LAN segment if destination is not found.
A bridge works at the data-link (physical network) level of a network, copying a data frame
from one network to the next network along the communications path.
Switch
A switch when compared to bridge has multiple ports. Switches can perform error checking
before forwarding data, which are very efficient by not forwarding packets that error-end out or
forwarding good packets selectively to correct devices only.
Switches can support both layer 2 (based on MAC Address) and layer 3 (Based on IP address)
depending on the type of switch. Usually large
networks use switches instead of hubs to connect
subnet.
Router
A router, like a switch forwards packets based on address. Usually, routers use the IP address
to forward packets, which allows the network to go across different protocols. Routers forward
packets based on software while a switch (Layer 3 for example) forwards using hardware
called ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuits). Routers support different WAN
technologies but switches do not.
Besides, wireless routers have access point built in. The most common home use for routers is
to share a broadband internet connection. As the router has a public IP address which is shared
with the network, when data comes through the router, it is forwarded to the correct computer.
Gateways are very intelligent devices or else can be a computer running the
appropriate software to connect and translate data
between networks with different protocols or architecture, so their work is much more
complex than a normal router. For instance, allowing communication between TCP/IP
clients and IPX/SPX or AppleTalk.
OSI: Gateways operate at the network layer and above, but most of them at the
application layer.
P.S. The term Gateway is used to refer to routers in some articles so beware. In this
case, the router has gateway software. And Default Gateway is used to refer to the
node (e.g. router) connecting the LAN to the outside (e.g. internet).
Repeaters are simple devices that work at the physical layer of the OSI. They
regenerate signals (active hubs does that too).
There is an important rule to obey while using repeaters/hubs to extend a local network
and is called the 5-4-3 rule or the IEEE way. The rule forces that in a single collision
domain there shouldnt be more than 5 segments, 4 repeaters between any two hosts in
the network and only 3 of the segments can be populated (contain user connections).
This rule ensures that a signal sent over the network will reach every part of it within an
acceptable length of time. If the network is bigger, the col