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Visiting associate professor, Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City.
b
Private practice, Fredericksburg, Va.
c
Orthodontic resident, College of Dentistry, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City.
d
Associate professor, Department of Anthropology, University of Iowa, Iowa
City.
e
Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, University of
Iowa, Iowa City.
f
Professor and head, Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry,
University of Iowa, Iowa City.
Supported by the Dr George Andreasen Memorial Fund.
Reprint requests to: Thomas E. Southard, Department of Orthodontics, College
of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242; e-mail, tom-southard@
uiowa.edu.
Submitted, May 2006; revised and accepted, October 2006.
0889-5406/$34.00
Copyright 2008 by the American Association of Orthodontists.
doi:10.1016/j.ajodo.2006.10.037
344
Marshall et al 345
346 Marshall et al
Marshall et al 347
Table I.
Statistic
All subjects
Number
Mean
SD
Median
Minimum
Maximum
Female subjects only
Number
Mean
SD
Median
Minimum
Maximum
Male subjects only
Number
Mean
SD
Median
Minimum
Maximum
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
30
4.05
0.39
4
3.6
5.1
33
5.27
0.5
5
4.6
6
33
6.91
0.65
7
6
8.1
33
11.11
1.24
11
7
13
33
12.38
1.34
12
10.6
16
24
16.21
0.41
16
16
17
23
26.98
1.36
26.6
25.1
30.1
16
4.17
0.4
4
3.6
5.1
17
5.27
0.49
5
4.6
6
17
7.08
0.69
7
6
8.1
17
11.02
1.36
11
7
13
17
12.18
1.07
12
11
14
14
16.14
0.36
16
16
17
11
27.8
1.42
27.9
25.4
30.1
14
3.91
0.34
3.95
3.6
4.9
16
5.26
0.53
5
4.6
6
16
6.73
0.57
7
6
8
16
11.2
1.15
11
8
13
16
12.59
1.59
12.3
10.6
16
10
16.3
0.48
16
16
17
12
26.23
0.75
26.55
25.1
27.5
348 Marshall et al
Fig 3. Sample mandibular superimposition for a subject. Solid line is the cephalometric tracing at T2. Dotted
line is the cephalometric tracing at T3. Line A represents
the T2 reference plane between the mandibular deciduous second molars and central incisors used for cast
measurements. Vertical bars B, C, and D represent
measurements made with the digital caliper and corrected for radiographic magnification as described in
the text. To calculate the relative eruption of the mandibular permanent first molars and permanent incisors
relative to the mandibular deciduous second molars
between T2 and T3, the amount of eruption at C was
subtracted from that measured at B and D. The same
analysis was carried out between T4 and T5 to measure
the relative eruption of the mandibular second molars.
the constructed line was measured (Fig 3). The relatively small amount of time between the points allowed
accurate superimposition. Corrections for radiographic
enlargement of linear measurements were made for
each subject at each time point as previously reported
for the Iowa Facial Growth Study.34
RESULTS
Marshall et al 349
Table II.
Statistic
All subjects
Number
Mean
SD
Median
Minimum
Maximum
Female subjects only
Number
Mean
SD
Median
Minimum
Maximum
Male subjects only
Number
Mean
SD
Median
Minimum
Maximum
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
30
0.24
0.29
0.18
1.31
0
33
0.25
0.34
0.14
1.44
0
33
1.32
0.77
1.33
3.45
0
33
1.31
0.58
1.25
2.4
0.21
33
2.17
0.75
2.32
3.73
0.52
24
1.98
0.67
2.15
3.27
0.8
23
2.02
0.78
2.15
3.33
0.47
16
0.3
0.32
0.31
1.31
0
17
0.28
0.35
0.15
1.44
0
17
1.47
0.86
1.47
3.45
0
17
1.37
0.48
1.25
2.24
0.63
17
2.3
0.71
2.33
3.73
0.54
14
2.12
0.7
2.27
3.27
0.95
11
1.96
0.79
2.15
3.33
0.86
14
0.18
0.24
0.12
0.7
0
16
0.23
0.33
0.09
1.24
0
16
1.16
0.65
1.08
2.1
0.03
16
1.24
0.67
1.24
2.4
0.21
16
2.03
0.79
2.24
3.02
0.52
10
1.8
0.61
1.82
2.68
0.8
12
2.08
0.81
2.05
3.24
0.47
Fig 4. Sample mean curve of Spee average maximum depth from T1 to T7. Each subjects mean
maximum depth of the curve of Spee was calculated as the average of the left and right maximum
depths at each time point.
350 Marshall et al
Table III.
Wilcoxon signed rank test results for differences in average maximum depth between 2 sequential time
points
Epoch difference
2-1
3-2
4-3
5-4
6-5
7-6
Sample size
Mean difference
SD
Median difference
Minimum
Maximum
Wilcoxon P value
30
33
33
33
24
21
0.02
1.07
0.01
0.86
0.35
0.11
0.25
0.73
0.71
0.65
0.45
0.57
0.0
1.1
0.2
0.8
0.3
0.1
1.0
3.1
1.4
1.9
0.7
1.3
0.5
0.5
1.9
0.9
1.3
0.7
0.8388
0.0001
1
0.0001
0.0009
0.6636
The null hypothesis is that the median change between adjacent time points 0.
Table IV. Measurement (mm) of vertical eruption for selected teeth at T3 and T5 compared with the curve of Spee
measurement plane constructed at T2 and T4
Time point
T3
T5
Teeth measured
Mean (SD)
Median
Minimum/maximum
3.35 (1.26)
1.03 (0.79)
3.33 (0.91)
3.08 (0.85)
1.00 (0.43)
1.01 (0.58)
3.09
1.21
3.57
3.00
0.93
0.90
0.91/5.76
0.05/2.85
0.34/4.66
1.70/5.20
0.00/2.10
0.14/2.30
1.03 (0.68)
1.16 (0.88)
0.90
1.00
0.00/2.80
0.00/4.00
Marshall et al 351
352 Marshall et al
35. Carlsen DB, Meredith HV. Biologic variation in selected relationships of opposing posterior teeth. Angle Orthod 1960;30:162-73.
36. Sturdivant JE, Knott VB, Meredith HV. Interrelations from serial
data for eruption of the permanent dentition. Angle Orthod
1962;32:1-13.
37. Baragar FA, Osborn JW. Efficiency as a predictor of human jaw
design in the sagittal plane. J Biomech 1987;73:193-207.
38. Osborn JW. Relationship between the mandibular condyle and
the occlusal plane during hominid evolution: some effects on jaw
mechanics. Am J Phys Anthropol 1987;73:193-207.