Projection of Lines and Solids

Projection
Of
Lines and Solids
Engineering Drawing and Graphics
Projection of Lines and Solids
PROJECTION OF LINES
PROJECTION OF LINES
A straight line can be defined as the shortest distance between any two given point. Path traced
out by a point on a curved path is a curved line or path traced out by a point on a straight path is
called a straight line. It can also be said that the straight line is the locus of a point on a straight
path.
Location of a Line:
Location of a line with reference to the H.P. to V.P. which can be classified in any different
positions.
Line parallel to H.P. and inclined to V.P. .
Line parallel to V.P. and inclined to H.P. .
Line parallel to H.P. and V.P.
Line perpendicular to H.P. and parallel to V.P.
Line inclined to H.P. and parallel to V.P.
Line inclined to V.P. and parallel to H.P.
Line inclined to both H.P. and V.P.
1. Line parallel to H.P. and inclined to V.P.
Fig no.1
Line parallel to H.P. and inclined to V.P.
The Automobile Society (India)
Page 1
2. Line parallel to V.P. and inclined to H.P. .
Fig No.2
Line parallel to V.P. and inclined to H.P. .
3. Line parallel to H.P. and V.P.
Fig No.3
Line parallel to H.P. and V.P.
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4. Line perpendicular to H.P. and parallel to V.P.
Fig No. 4
Line perpendicular to H.P. and parallel to V.P.
5. Line inclined to H.P. and parallel to V.P.
Fig No.5
Line inclined to H.P. and parallel to V.P.
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6.
Fig No.6
7.
Fig No.7
Page 4
PROBLEMS:
Problem 1.
A line AB 25 mm long is parallel to V.P. and perpendicular to H.P. point A is 35 mm above H.P.
and 20 mm infront of V.P. point B is 10 mm above H.P. Draw the projections of the line AB.
Fig No. a
Problem 2.
A line CD 20 mm long is parallel to V.P. and perpendicular to H.P. Point C is 35 mm above H.P.
and 10 mm infront of V.P. Draw its projections.
Fig No. b
Page 5
Problem 3.
A line AB 25 mm long is perpendicular to V.P. and parallel to H.P. Its end A is 10 mm infront of
V.P. and the line is 20 mm above H.P. Draw the projections of the line.
Fig. c
Problem 4.
A line CD 30 mm long is perpendicular to V.P. and parallel to H.P. Its end C is 5 mm infront of
V.P. and the line is 10 mm above H.P. Draw the projections of the line.
Fig. No d
Page 6
Problem 5.
A line CD 30 mm long is parallel to both the planes. The line is 40 mm above H.P. and 25 mm
infront of V.P. Draw its projections.
Fig.No. e
Problem 6.
A line PQ 40 mm long is parallel to V.P. and inclined at an angle of the 300 to H.P. The end P is
15 mm above H.P. and 20 mm infront of V.P. Draw the projections of the line.
Fig.No. f
Page 7
Problem 7.
A line PQ, 60 mm long, is parallel to H.P. and inclined at 450 to V.P. Its end P is 20 mm above
H.P. and 15 mm infront of V.P. Draw the projection of the line.
Solution.
Draw xy line. Mark a point p, 15 mm below xy. Draw a line pq 60 mm long and inclined at 450
to xy . Then pq is the top view of the PQ.
Fig.No. g
Page 8
Problem 8.
A line AB, 60 mm long, is parallel to V.P. and inclined at 300 to H.P. Its end A is 15 mm above
H.P. and 25 mm infront of V.P. Draw the projections of the line.
Solution.
Draw xy line. Mark a point a 15 mm above xy. Draw a line ab 60 mm long and inclined at 300
to xy. Then ab is the front view of the line AB.
Fig.No.h
Page 9
Problem 9.
A line PQ, 65 mm long, is inclined at 450 to V. P. and parallel to H.P. Its end P is 10 mm front
V.P. and 20 mm from H.P. Draw the projection of the line.
Solution.
Take the end P 10 mm infront of V.P. and 20 mm above H.P. that is in first quadrant.
Draw xy line. Mark a point p, 10 mm below xy and p 20 mm above xy on the same vertical line.
Through p, draw a line pq 65 mm long and inclined at 450 to xy. The pq is the top view of the
line PQ.
Fig.No.i
Page 10
Problem 10.
The length of the front view of a line CD, parallel to H.P. and inclined at 450 to V.P. is 45
mm. Its end C is mm infront of V.P. and 14 mm above H.P. Draw the projection of the
line and find its length.
Solution.
Draw the xy line. Mark a point c 20 mm below xy and c 14 mm above xy on the same
vertical line. Through c , draw a line cd 45 mm long and parallel to xy. Then cd is the
front view of the CD.
FigNo. j
Page 11
Problem 11.
A line AB, 40 mm long, is parallel to H.P. and inclined at 300 to V.P. Its end A is 15 mm
below H.P. and 25 mm behind V.P. Draw the projections of the line.
Solution.
Draw xy line. Mark a point a, 25 mm above xy. Draw a line ab 60 mm long and inclined
at 300 to xy. Then ab is the plan of the line AB.
FigNo.k
Page 12
Problem 12.
A line AB, 40 mm long is parallel to V.P. and inclined at 300 to H.P. Its end A is 10 mm
below H.P. and 15 mm behind V.P. Draw the projection of the line.
Solution.
Draw xy line. Mark a point a, 15 mm below xy. Draw a line ab, 60 mm long and
inclined at 300 to xy. Then ab is the elevation of the AB.
Fig.No.m
Page 13
Problem 13.
A line AB, 70 mm long, is inclined at 300 to H.P. and 450 to V.P. Its end Ais 25 mm above H.P.
and 15 mm infront of V.P. Draw its projection.
Solution.
Draw xy line. Mark point a, 15 mm below xy and a, 25 mm above xy on the same projector.
Through a, draw a line ab1 70 mm long and inclined at 450 to xy. Through a draw a line ab 70
mm long and inclined to 300 to xy.
Through b, draw a line lm parallel to xy. It is locus of b. Similarly, through a, a and b1, draw
line no, pq and rs respectively parallel to xy.
Now, project down b at b on pq. Taking centre a and radius ab, draw an arc cutting rs at b2. Join
ab2. Then ab2 is the top view of the line AB.
Project up b1 at b1 on no. Taking centre a and radius ab1, draw an arc cutting lm at b2. Then
ab2 is the front view of the line AB.
Fig.No.n
Page 14
Problem 14.
A line AB, 70 mm long, is inclined at 450 to H.P. and 300 to V.P. Its end A on H.P. and
25 mm above H.P. Draw its projections.
Solution.
Draw xy line. Mark a point a on xy and a 25 mm above it.
Through a draw a line ab1, 70 mm long, inclined at 300 to xy. Through a, draw a line ab2 70
mm long and inclined at 450 to xy.
Through b, draw a line lm parallel to xy. It is the locus of b. Similarly, through a and b1, draw
lines no and pq respectively parallel to xy.
Now, project up b1 at b1 on no. Taking centre b1, draw an arc to meet lm at b2. Joint ab2.
Then ab2 is the front view of the line AB.
Fig.No.o
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PROJECTIONS OF SOLIDS
Introduction.
A solid is a three dimensional object having length, breadth and height and bounded by
Surfaces which may be plane or curved or combination of both.
Classification of solids
Prism It is a polyhedron which has two equal and parallel polygonal end faces joined by side
faces which are parallelograms or rectangles.
Fig .1.2
Triangular Prism, Rectangular Prism, Pentagonal Prism & Hexagonal Prism.
Fig.1.3
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PYRAMID
Triangular Pyramid and Square Pyramid 9.5
Fig.1.4
Pentagonal Pyramid
Fig.1.5
Page 17
Hexagonal Pyramid
Fig. 1.6
Cylinder
Fig.1.7
Cone
Fig.1.8
Page 18
Sphere
Fig.1.9
Position of Solid:
Axis perpendicular to H.P. and Parallel to V.P.
Fig.1.10
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Axis perpendicular to V.P. and Parallel to H.P.
Fig.1.11
Axis parallel to both H.P. and V.P.
Fig.1.12
Page 20
Axis Perpendicular to V.P. and Parallel to H.P.
Problem 1.
A hexagonal prism, base 25 mm side and axis 50 mm long, is lying on the ground on one of its
rectangular faces. Its axis is perpendicular to V.P. and nearer end is 20 mm behind V.P. Draw its
projections. (Third Quadrant)
Solution.
Draw the hexagonal of 25 mm side in the front elevation, keeping one of its sides on the ground
line GL. Project up the plan, keeping the nearer end 20 mm above xy.
Fig.No.13
Page 21
Problem 2.
A hexagonal pyramid, base 25 mm side, axis 70 mm long, is resting on one of the corners of the
base on H.P. having the axis perpendicular to V.P. The two sides of the base joining that corner
are equally inclined to H.P. Draw its projections when the vertex is nearer to V.P. (First
Quadrant).
Solution.
Draw a hexagonal abcdef of 25 mm side, in the front view, having a corner c on xy and the
sides cb and cd equally inclined to xy.
Fig.No.1.14
Page 22
Problem 3.
A cylinder, 30 mm diameter and 60 mm long, has its one end in V.P. Its axis is 35 mm above the
ground, Draw its projections. (Third Quadrant)
Solution.
Draw a circle of 30 mm diameter below xy, its centre o being 35 mm above GL. Divide it into
four equal parts, thus completing the front view of the cylinder. Project up the plan 60 mm long
on xy.
Fig.No.1.15
Page 23
Problem 4.
Draw the projections of a cone diameter of base 30 mm and height of axis 50 mm resting in H.P.
on it base axis parallel to V.P. (First Quadrant)
Fig.No.1.16
Problem 5.
A pentagonal pyramid of base 30 mm and height 50 mm is resting on one of its base

corners in V.P. Draw the projection when the axis is inclined at 450 to V.P. and parallel to
H.P. (First angle projection).
Fig.No.1.17
Page 24
Problem 6.
A pentagonal pyramid of side 30 mm and axis 70 mm long is resting on one of its corners
in H.P. and axis inclined at 450 to H.P. Draw the projections. (First angle projection).
Fig.No.1.18
Problem 7.
A hexagonal pyramid of base side 30 mm, height 70 mm is having one of its triangular
Surfaces inclined at 650 to H.P. Draw the projections of the solid. (First angle projection).
Fig.No.1.19
Page 25
Problem 8.
A hexagonal pyramid base side 30 mm height 70 mm is having one of its triangular
Surfaces in V.P. Draw the projections of the solid. (First angle projection).
Fig.No.1.20
Problem 9.
A hexagonal pyramid base of side 25 mm and axis 70 mm long is resting on H.P on one
Of its triangular faces. The side of the base contained by that face is inclined at 450 to
V.P. Draw its projection when the vertex is nearer to V.P. (First angle projection).
Fig.No.1.21
Page 26
Exercise problems:
Problem 1.
Draw the projection of a cylinder of 20 mm diameter and 50 mm long having its one ends in V.P.
Its axis is 24 mm above ground. (Third angle projection).
Problem 2.
A hexagonal prism base of 20 mm side and axis 60 mm long is lying on the H.P. on one of its
rectangular faces. Its axis is perpendicular to V.P. and nearer end is 10 mm in front of V.P. Draw
the projections of prism. (First angle projection)
Problem 3.
A pentagonal pyramid of base edge 30 mm and height 50 mm is resting on one of its
corners in H.P. Draw the projection when the axis is inclined at 450 to H.P. and parallel to
V.P. (First angle projection)
Page 27

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Engineering Drawing and Graphics