1° 1 a 25 Questions For some Directions: The questions in this section are based on the reasoning contained in bie statements or passage questions, more than one ofthe choices could cogceivably answer the question. However, you are to choose the best answer, that is the response that most accurately and completely answers the question. You should not maKe assumptions thal are by commonsense standards implaysibe, superluots, or incompatible with the passage. After you have chosen the best answer, Biacken the coresponding space on your answer sheet. Questions 1-2 3. There should be a greater use of gasohol. Gasohol isa ‘mixture of alcohol and gasoline, and has a higher octane. Politician: “The funding forthe new nationwide health- rating and fewer carbon monoxide emissions than awareness campaign should come from an inerease in straight gasoline. Burning gasohol adds no more carbon taxes on cigareites. [Lis well established that cigarete dioxide to the atmosphere than plants remove by smoking causes many serious health problems, and itis Photosymtbesis, only reasonable that people whose unhealthful hats ‘cause so many health problems should bear the casts of, Fach of the Following, if tue, strengthens the argument ahove EXCEPT. that eampaign Smoker: But itis equally wel?estabjshed that regularly (A) Car run ess well on gasoline tan they do.on ' iasohot cating high-fat, high-cholesterol foods causes 3s many serious health problems as does smoking, yet it Would be (B) Since less gasoline is needed withthe use of ‘manifestly unreasonable to force those wh purchase ‘gasohol, an eneray shortage i less ike Such foods to bear the burden of financing this (©) Cass burn an the average slightly more gosobol per kilometer than they do gasotine. (©) Gasohot is cheaper to produce and hence cos 1. Which one ofthe flowing isthe point at issue between less at the pump than gasoline, ‘he politician and the smoker? (®) Burning gosoline adds more carbon dioxide tthe atmosphere than plants ean remove. campaign, (A) whether the politician's proposal for financing the healh-awareness campaign is an unreasonable 4. Cats spend much of hee time sleeping they seem to one awaken only 0 stcteh and yasan. Yet they have a song, (B) whether smokers are more aware of the harrsfsl ‘agile musculature that most animals would have to ‘effects Of thei habit than ae people who ‘exercise strenuously to aequie regulaly est high-fat, high-cholesterol foods ; ft tas sence aetpca Which one ofthe following, if ue, most helps to resolve reaer health hazard than da the effects oF the apparent paradox described above? regularly eating high-fat, high-cholesterol foods: (A) Cats have a greater physiological need for sleep (©) whether it's unreasonable to require people who than other animals do not benefit from certain government ©) Many other animal aso spend much of thei ime ‘Programs to share the costs of thse programs sleeping yethave a srong, agile mseulature 8) whether ee proposed increase on cigarette taxes (©) Cats are ableto sleep in apparently uncomfortable is an efficient means of financing the health- positions awareness campaign @) Cas derive ample exercise from frequent sertching 2. "The smoker's response to the politician’ argument ) Cat require strength and agit i order to be (A) offers counterexampe tbat calls into question effective predators, he politician's reasoning (8) _presenisanakernatve solution o that proposed bythe politician (©) argues that the metoa proposed byte potitician would be inadequate frit intended purpose 4 : ©) quewtons the scarey ofthe informacion ete by i ee the polician i reaching 9 conclusion ) strates hs the plitia’spropost cond ‘gravae the problem it intended o solve1 Bames: The two newest employees at this company have salaries that are 100 high forthe simple tasks normally assigned to new employees and duties that are toc complex for inexperienced workers. ‘Hence, the salaries and the complexity of the ties of these two newest employees should be reduced. Which one of the following is an assumption on which ‘Barnes's argument depends? (A) The duties of the two newest employees are not Jess complex than any others in the company. {B) _ Itis because ofthe complex dusies assigned that the two newest employees are being paid more than is usually paid to newly hired employees. (C) The ewo newest employees are not experienced at their occupations. (D) Barnes was not hired at a higher-than-average starting salary, (E) The salaries of the two newest employees are no higher than the salaries that other companies pay for workers with a similar level of experience. ‘These days, drug companies and health professionals. alike are focusing their atention on cholesterol in the blood, The more cholestetol we have in our blood, the higher the risk that we shall die ofa heart attack. The issue is pertinent since heart disease kills more North “Americans every year than any other single cause. At least thee factors--smoking, drinking, and exercise ‘can each influence levels of cholesterol inthe blood. ‘Which one of the following can be property concluded from the passage? (A) Ifa person has low blood cholesterol, then that person's risk of fatal heurt disease ig low. (B) Smoking in moderation can entail as great a risk of fatal heart disease as does heavy smoking. (©) Ahigh-cholestero? diet i the principal cause of death in North America, (D) The only way that smoking increases one’s risk of fatal heart disease is by influencing the levels of cholesterol in the blood. (E) The risk of fatal heart disease can be altered by certain changes in lifestyle. In Debbie's magic act, a volunteer supposedly selects ‘card in a zandom fashion, looks at it without showing i to her, and replaces it in the deck. After several shut Debbie cuts the deck and supposedly reveals the same selected card, A skeptic conducted three trials. Inthe first, Debbie was videotaped, and no sleight of hand was found. Inthe second, the skeptic instead supplied 2 standard deck of cards. For the third trial, the skepkic selected the cand. Each time, Debbie apparently revealed the selected cand. The skeptic concluded that Debbie tases neither sleight of hand, nora trick deck, nox a planted “volunteer” to achieve her effect. Which one ofthe following most accurately describes a ‘law in the skeptic's reasoning? (A) The skeptic failed co consider the possibility that Debbie did not always use the same method 10 achieve her effect. (B) The skeptic filed to consider the possibility that, sleigit of hand could also he detected by some ticans other than videotaping. (©) The skeptic failed to consider the possibility that Debbie requires both sleight of hand and a trick deck to achieve her effect (D) The skeptic failed to consider the possibility that Debbie used something other than sleight of hand, a trick deck, ora planted “volunteer” to achieve her effect, ‘The skeptic failed to consider the possibility that Debbie's success in the three trials was something other than a coincidence. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE,1” 8 ‘Nutritionist: Many peopte claim that simple carbohydrates are a reasonable caloric replacement for the faty foods forbdhien to those on low-fat diets. This é¢ now in doubt. New studies show that, for many people, «high intake of simple carbohydrates stimulates an overproduction of insulin, aormone that is involved in processing sugars and starches to create energy when the ‘body requires energy, of, when energy is not required, to store the resulting by-products as fat. Which one of the following is most strongly supported by the nutritionists statements? (A) People on low-fat diets should avoid consumption ‘of simple carbohydrates if they wish to maintain the energy that their bodies require (B) People who produce enous insulin to process their intake of simple carbohydrates should not feel compelled to adopt low-fat diets (© People who consume simple carbohydrates should fii their intake of foods high in fat (D) People who wish to avoid gaining body fat should Timit thei intake of foods high in simple carbohydrates, (&) People who do not produce an excessive amount of insulin when they consume foods bis in simple carbohydrates will no Jose weight if they restrict only their ineake ofthese foods. Jean: Our navigational equipment sels for $1,100 and dominates the high end of the market, bat more. units are sold by our competitors in the $700 to ‘S800 range. We should add # low-cost model, ‘which would allow us to increase our overall sakes ‘while continuing to dominate the high end. ‘Tracy: T disagree. Our equipment sells to consumers ‘who associate our company with quality. Moving ito the low-cost market would put our Competitors inthe high-cost market on an equal Footing with us, which could hurt our overall sales, Jean's and Tracy's statements most strongly suggest that they disagree over which one ofthe following. propositions’? (A) there isa greater potential for profits inthe low- cost market than there isin the high-cost market (B) The proposed cheaper model, if it were made. available, would sell 10 customers who would otherwise be buying the company's present model, (©) The company could dominate the low-cost market in the sme way ithas dominated the high-cost market {D) The company would no longer dominate the bigh- ‘cost market if it hegan selling a low-cost model (B) _Decrensed sales ofthe high-cost mode! would ‘result in poor sales for the proposed low-cost smiodel, 10. The sympkoms of hepatitis A appear no earlier than (60 days ater a person has been infected. Ina test of a hepatitis A vaccine, 50 people reccived the vaccine andl 50 people received a harmless placebo Aithough some people from each group eventaaly exhibited symptoms ‘of hepatitis A, dhe vaccine 2 used in the testis ‘complerely effective i preventing infection with the hepatitis A virus, Which one ofthe following, ite, most helps resolve the apparent discrepancy in the information above? (A) The placebo did not produce any side effects that resembled any of the symipvoms of hepatitis A. (B) More members of the group that had received the placebo recognized their symptoms as symptoms of hepatitis A than did members of the group that had received the vaccine. (©) The people who received the placebo were in better overall physical condition than were the people who received the vaccine. (D) The veceinated people who exhibited symptoms. ‘of hepatitis A were infected with the hepatitis A vin before being vaccinated, ) Of the people who developed symptoms of hepatitis A, those who received the vaccine recovered mote quickly, on average. than those who did not, GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. 1Quest I is well known that many species adapt to their environment, bu it is usually assumed that only the most highly evolved species alter their environment in ways that aid their own survival. However, tis characteristic is actually quite common, Certain species of plankton, for example, ‘generate a gas that is converted inthe atmosphere into particles of sulfate. These particles eause water vapor to condense, thus forming clouds. Indeed, the formation of clouds over the ocean I particles. More cloud cov ly depends on the presence of these means more sunlight is reflected, ‘and so the Barth absorbs less heat, Tins plankton case the surface of the Earth to be cooler and this benefits the plankton. un 2 Of the following, which one most accurately expresses the main point of the argument? (A) The Barth woul be far warmer than i is now if certain species of plankton became extinct (B) By altering their environment in ways that ‘improve their chances of survival, certain species of plankton benefit the Earth as a whole (©) Improving their own chances of survival by altering the environment isnot limited to the most highly evolved species. (D) Theextent ofthe cloud cover over the oceans is largely determined by the quantity of plankton in those oceans. (©) Species such as plankton alter the environment in ‘ways that are less detrimental to the well-being cof other species than are the alterations to the environment made by more highly evolved species. ‘Which one of the following accurately describes the argumentative strategy ermployed? (A) A general principle is used to justify a claim ‘made about a particular case to which that principle has been shown to apply. ‘An explanation of how a controversial phenomenon could have come about is given in ‘order to support the claim that this phenornenon did in fact come about. A generalization about the conditions under which a certain process can occur is advanced on the basis of an examination of certain cases in which that process did occur. A counterexample toa position being challenged is presented in order to show that this position is incorrect. A detailed example is used to ilustrate the advantage of one strategy over another. ®) © © e 4 ‘The top priority of the school administration should be student attendance, No matter how good the teachers, texts, and facilities are, none of these does any good if few students come to schol ‘The pattem of reasoning in the argument above is LEAST similar to that in which one of the following? (A) The top priority ofa salesperson should be not to alienate customers, Honesty and s good knowledge ofthe produet ine are useful to salesperson only ifthe customer feels at ease The top priority of a person lost in the wilderness should be food-gathering. Knowing how to find ‘one’s way back or how to build a comfortable shelter does one no good if one does not have ‘enough food to survive. The top priority of a detective should be to gather physical evidence. High-tech erime lab ‘equipment and the most sophisticated ‘criminological analysis are of no use if crucial clues are not gathered. The top priority ofa library should be to maintain its collection of books, A knowledgeable staff and beautiful facilities are of no value if there is an inadequate supply of books to lend. ‘The top priority of a criminal defense lawyer should be to ensure that innocent clients are found not guilty. Such clients can justly be ‘released from jail and resume theie normal lives i they are found not guilry. ® © ®) ® GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.1 12. M4 Prosecutor: Dr. Yuge has testified chat, had the robbery ‘occurred after 1:50 A.M. chen, the moon having setat 145 A.M, it would have been too dark for Klein to recognize the perpetrator. But Yuge acknowledged thatthe moon was full enough to provide considerable light before it set. And we have conclusively shown thatthe robbery occurred between 1:15 and 1:30.4.9 So there was enough light for Klein to make a reliable identification. ‘The prosecutor's reasoning is most vulnerable to Criticism because it overlooks which one of the following possibilities? (A) Klein may be mistaken about the time ofthe ‘robbery and so it may have taken place after the ‘moon had se (B) The perpetrator may closely resemble someone. ‘sho was not involved inthe robbery. (©) Klein may have been too upset to make a reliable identification even in good light, (D) Without having been there, Dr. Yuge has no way ‘of knowing whether the ight was sufficient, () During the robbery the moon’s light may have ‘been interfered with by conditions stich as cloud Ordinary mountain sickness, a common condition among mountain climbers, and one from which most people can recover, is caused by the characteristic shortage of oxygen in the almosphere at high altitudes. Cerebral edema, « rarer disruption of blood circulation in the brain that quickly becomes life-threatening if not correctly treated from its onsel, can also be eaused by a shortage of oxygen, Since the symptoms of cerebral edema resemble those of ordinary mountain sickness, cerebral edema is especially dangerous at high altitudes, ‘Which one of the following isan assumption on which the argument depends? (A) The treatment for ordinary mountain sickness differs from the treatment for cerebral edema, (B) Cerebral edema ean cause those who suffer from itto slip into a coma within # ew hours. (©) Unlike cerebral edersa, ordinary mountain sickness involves no disruption of blood circulation inthe brain, (D) Shortage of oxygen at extremely high altitudes is likely to affect thinking processes and cause errors of judgment. (B) Most people who suffer from ordinary mountain sickness recover without any special treatment, vy. ‘We can learn about the living conditions of a vanished culture by examining is language. Thus, it }s likely that the people who spoke Proto-Indo-Enropean, the language from which all Indo-Evropean languages descended, fived ina cold climate, isolated from ocean fr sea, because Proto Indo-European lacks @ Word for "sea," yet contains words for “winter,” “snow,” gi wot” Which one of the following, if true, most seriously weakens phe argument? (A) A wor! meaning “Fish” was used by the people who spoke Proto-Indo-Rurepesn. (B) Some languages lack words for prominent elements of the environments of their speakers. (©) There are no knows languages today that lack a word for “sen.” (D) _Proto-Indo-Eropean possesses words for “heat.” (F) The people who spoke Proto-Indo-Buropean were nomadic Columpist: Iris impossible for there be real evidence that lax radiston standards that were ‘once in effect at nuclear reactors actually contributed tothe increase in eancer rates near such sites, The point is a familiar one: who can say if particular case of cancer is due to radiation, exposure to environmental toxins, smoking, poor die, or genetic Factors, ‘The argument’ reasoning is most vulnerable to criticism ‘on which one oF the following grounds? (A) The argument fails to secognize that there may be ‘convincing statistical evidence even if individual ‘causes eznnot be known, (B) The argument inappropriately presupposes that what follows a certait phenomenon was caused by that phenomenon. (©) Theargument inappeopriately draws a conclusion about causes of eancer in general from evidence drawn from a particular case of cancer, (D) The argument ignores other possible causes of the Increase in eancar rates near the nuclesr reactor complexes. () ‘The argument conchudes that a claim about a causal connection is false on the basis of a lack of evidence for the claim, GO ON TO THE NEX' PAGE,1 18. Some planning committee members-~those representing. the construction industry —have significant financial interests in the committee's decisions. No one who is on ‘the planning committee lives in the suburbs, although many of them work there. If the statements above are tru, which one of following must also be true? (A) No persons with significant financial interests in the penning committee's decisions are not inthe construction industry. 'No person who has a significant financial interest fn the planning committee's decisions lives in the suburbs. ‘Some persons with significant financial interests fn the planning committee's decisions work in the suburbs. Some planning committee members who represent the construction industry do not work in the suburbs. ‘Some persons with significant finandial interests in the plznaing committee's decisions do not live in the suburbs. ®) «© o ) Arbitrator: The shipping manager admits that he decided to cloge the eld facility on October 14 and to schedule the new facility's opening for October 17, the following Monday. But he also claims that he isnot responsible for the business that was lost due to the new facility's filing t9 open as scheduled. He blames the contractor for not finishing on time, but be, to, is to blame, for he ‘was aware of the contractor's typical delays and should have planned for this contingency. ‘Which one of the following principles underlies the arbitrator's argument? (A) A manager should take foreseeable problems into account when making decisions, (B) _Amanager should be able to depend on contractors to do their jobs promptly. (©) Amanager should see to it that contractors do their jobs promptly. (D) A manager should be held responsible for ‘mistakes made by those whom the manager rectly supervises. (B) A manager, and only a manager, should be held responsible for a project’ failure. 20. a 1 “The price ofa fll-fare och ticket fom Toronto to Dallas on Breezeway Aitines ithe same today’ ast was a year ago if inflation is tken into account by caleoating pics in constant dlls. However, today 90 percent ofthe Toront--Dallas coach tickets that Breezeway sels ae discount kets and only 10 percent are ful-fare tickets, whereas a year ago half were discount tokes and half were fll-fae tickets. Therefore, on average, people pay oss today in constant dblas fora Breezeway Toronto to Dallas coach ticket. than they dd a yeor ago Which one ofthe following, if assumed, would allow the conclusion above to be properly drawn? (A) A Toronto-to-Dallas fallfare coach ticket on Breczeway Airlines provides ticket-holders with a lower level of service teday than such a ticket provided a year ago. A Toronto-to-Dallas discount coach ticket on Breezeway Airlines costs about the same amount in constant dollars today asi did a year ago. All full-fare coach tickets on Breezeway Aielines ‘cost the saine in constant dollars as they did a year ago. ‘The average number of coach passengers per flight that Breezeway Airlines caries frome ‘Toronto to Dallas today is higher than the average umber per fight a year ago. ‘The criteria that Breezeway Airlines uses for permitting passengers to buy discount coach tickets on the Toronto-to-Dallas toute ate different today than they were a year spo. ®) © © eS GO ON TO THE NEXT PAG1" yaestions 21-22 Eaitorial: a 2 ‘The government claims that the country’s nuclear ‘power plants are entirely safe and hence that the public's fear of nuclear accidents at these plants is groundless ‘The government also contends that its recent action te Fimit the nclear industry's financia fability in the case ‘of nuclear accidents at pawer plants i justified by the need to protect the nuclear industry from the threat of bankruptcy. But even the government says that unlimited liability poses such a threat only if inary claims can be sustained against the industry; and the government admits that for such claims to be sustained, inivsy ast result from a nuclear accident, The public's fear, therefore, is welf founded fall ofthe statements offered in suppost of the ceditorial’s conclusion correctly describe the ‘government's position, which one of the following must also be trae on the bass of those statements? (A) The governments cfzim about the safety of the country’s nuclear power plants is false (B) The government's postion on nuclear power plants is inconsistent. (©) The government misrepresented its reasons for scting 0 limit the nuclear industry's liability. (D) Unlimited financial liability in rhe case of nuclear accidents poses no threat tothe financial security of the coury’s nuclear industry, (&) Theol serious threat posed by a nuclear accident would be tothe financial security of the nvclear industry Which one of the following principles, i val helps to justify the edizrial’s argumentation (A) Ththe government claims that something is unsafe then, inthe abgence of overwhelming evidence ro the contrary, that thing should be assumed 19 be unsafe (B) Fear that a certain kind of event will occ is well founded if those whe have contro! over the ‘ecurence of events ofthat kind stand to benefit financially from such an occurrence, (C) _Tfapotemtally dangerous thing is safe only because the financial security of those responsible for its operation depends on its being safe, then eliminating that dependence fs not in the best interests ofthe public (D) The government sometimes makes unsupported claims about what situations will arise, but it does not aet to prevent a certain kind of situation from arising unless there is a veal danger that ‘uch a situation will arse (©) Wareal financial threat to a major industry exist, then government action limit that threat is justified 2, ida says that, 28 8 scientist, she knows that no scientist appreciates poetry. And, since most scientists are logical, at least some of the people who appreciate poetry are illogical, Which one ofthe following is most parallel in its reasoning to the flawed reasoning above? (A) Ralph says that, as an expert in biology, he knows: that no marsupial lays eggs. Andy, since most ‘marsupials are naive to Austra, at least some of the animais native to Australia do not lay exes. (B) Franz says that, as a father of four children, he ‘knows that no father wants children to eat candy at bedtime. And, since most fathers are adults, at feast some of the people who want child eat candy at Bedtime are chien (©) Yuri says that, as a wine connoisseur, he knows that no wine aged in metal containers is equal in quality tothe best wine aged in oak, And, since ‘most Califomia wine is aged in metal containe California wine is inferior to atleast the best French wine aged in oak, (D) Xi says that, as an experienced photographer, she knows chat no color film produces images as sharp asthe best black-and-white film, And, since most instant film is color film, a least some instant film produces images less sharp than the best black-and-white film. (E) Betty says that, sa corporate executive, she knows that no comorace executives like to pay taxes. And, since most corporate executives are hhonest people, at last some people who like to pay taxes are honest people. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.Automobile-emission standards ate enforced through 25, annual inspection, At those inspections ears are tested ‘while idling; that is, standing =H with their engines running. Testing devices measure the levels of various pollutants as exhaust gases leave the tal pipe. ‘Which one of the following, if tte, most strongly indicates that current enforcement of ausomobile- ‘emission standards might be ineffective in controlling ‘overall pollutant levels? (A) Asan emission-controt technology approaches limits, ny addtional gains in effectiveness become progressively more expensive, ‘The testing devices used most be recalibeated frequently to measure pollutant levels with acceptable aecuracy. ‘The adjustments needed to make a car idle cleanly make it likely thatthe ear wil! emit high levels of pollutants when moving at bighway speeds ‘Most car owners ask their mechanics to make sure that their ears are in compliance with emission standards ‘When emission standards are set, no allowances are made for older cars. @ o ) © Ss TO 1 "The indigenous people of Tasmania are clearly retated to the indigenous people of Australia, but were separated rom them when the lnnd bridge between Australia and ‘Tasmania disappeared approximately 10,000 years ago. ‘Two thousand years after the disappearance ofthe land ‘ridge, however, there were major differences between the culture and technology of the indigenous Tasmanians and those ofthe indigenous Australians. The indigenows "Tasmanians, unlike theie Australian relatives, ad no domesticated dogs, fishing nets, polisied stone tools, ot hhunting implements like the boomerang and the spear= thrower. Each ofthe following, if tie, would contribute to an explanation of differences described above EXCEPT: (A) After the disappearance of the land bridge the indigenous Tasmanians simply abandoned certain practices and technologies that they had originally shared with their Australian relatives. Devices such asthe spear-thrower and the ‘boomerang were developed by the indigenous Tasmanians more than 10,000 years ago. ‘Technological innovations such a8 fishing nets, polished stone tools, and so on, were imported to ‘Australia by Polynesian explorers more recently than 10.000 years ago. Indigenous people of Australia developed hunting ‘implements like the boomerang and the spear thrower after the disappearance of the land bridge. Although the technological and cultural innovations were developed in Australia more than 10,000 years ago, they were developed by groups in northern Australia with whom the indigenous Tasmanians had no contact prior to the disappearance of the land bridge. ®) © ) e P IF YOU FINISH BEFORE TIME IS CALLED, YOU MAY CHECK YOUR WORK ON THIS SECTION ONLY. DO NOT WORK ON ANY OTHER SECTION IN THE TEST.2" Directions r 2 SECTION Time—35 minutes 27 Questions a Each passage in this section is followed by a group of questions to be answered on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage. For some of the questions, more than one of the choices could conceivably answer the question. Tlowever, you are to choose the best answer: that is, the response that most accurately and completely answers the question, and blacken the corresponding space on your answer sheet. 6) (19) as) 20) 05) G0) @5) (40) (as) (50) For some years before the outbreak of World ‘War I, a number of painters ia different European ‘counties developed works of art that some have described as prophetic: paintings that by challenging viewers’ habitual ways of perceiving the world of the present are thus said to anticipate a future world that ‘would be very different. The artistic styles that they brought into being varied widely, but al these styles had in common a very important break with Uaditions of representational art thet stretched back to the Renaissance. ‘So fundamental is this break with tradition that it is not suxprising to discover that these atists—among, them Picasso and Brague in France, Kandinsky in Germany, and Malevich in Russia—are often credited with having anticipated not just subsequent developments in the arts, but also the political and social disruptions and upheavals of the modern World that came into being during andl after the war. One art critic even goes so far as to eluin that itis the very prophetic power af these artworks, and not their break ‘wich traditional artistic techniques, that constitutes their chief interest and value. 'No one will deny that an artist may, just as much as ‘a writer ora politician, speculate about the future and then try to express a vision of that future through ‘making use ofa particular style or choice of imagery; speculation about the possibility of war in Europe was certainly widespread dusing the early years of the twentieth century. Bur the forward-looking quality tributed to these artists should instead be credited to their exceptional aesthetic innovations rather than & any power to make clever guesses about politcal or social trends, For example, the clear impression we get of Picasso and Braque, the joint founders of cubism, from their contemporaties a well as from later statements made by the artists themselves, is that they ‘ete primarily concemed with problems of representajon and form and with efforts to create afar ‘more “real” reality than the one that was accessible nly to the eye. The reformation of society was of no interest to them as artists, ‘tis also important to remember that not ll decisive changes in ert are quickly followed by ‘dramatic events in the world outside art. The case of Delacroix, the nineteenth-century French painter is revealing. His stylistic innovations started his contemporaries--and sill rtain that power over ‘modern viewers bot most art historians have decided that Delacroix adjusted himself to new social conditions that were already coming into being as a result of political upheavals that had occurred in 2830, as opposed to other sists who supposedly told of changes still to come, Which one ofthe following most accurately states the main idea ofthe passage? (A) Although they flourished independently, the we-World Wat [ European painters who developed new ways of looking atthe world shared a common desire to break with the traditions of representational at (B) The work of the pre-World War { European painters who developed new ways of looking at ‘the world cannot be said to have intentionally predicted social changes bat oniy to have Anticipated new directions in artistic perception and expression. (€) The work of the pre-World War I European painters who developed new ways of ooking at the world was important for ii ability to predict social changes and its anticipation of new digections in artistic expression, (D) _Arteritics whe believe thatthe work of some ‘pre-World War T European painters foretold imminent social changes are mistaken because at is incapable of expressing a vision ofthe future. (©) _Arcetitics who beliove thatthe work of some pre-World War I European painters foretold imminent sociel changes are mistaken because the social upheavals that followed World War I were impossible to predict, GO ON TO THE NEXTr 2 ‘The ar critic mentioned in lines 19-20 woud be most likely to agree with whict one ofthe following. on 2 Which one of the following most accurately describes the contents of the passage? statements? w a "The supposed innovations of Picasso, Braque, ‘Kandinsky, and Malevich were based on stylistic discoveries that had been made in the Renaissance but went unexplored for centuries. ‘The author describes an artistic phenomenon; introduces one interpretation of this phenomenon; proposes ao alternative Jnterpretation and then supports this alternative by ctiticizing the original interpretation, (B) The work of Picasso, Braque, Kandinsky, and (B) The author describes an anistic phenomenon; ‘Malevich possessed proplietic power becanse ‘dlentifis the causes of that phenomenon; these artists employed she traditional techniques illustrates some of the consequences of the of representational art with unusual ski, ‘phenomenon anid then specolztes bout the (©) The importance of the work of Picasso, Brague, significance of these consequences. Kandinsky, and Malevich is due largely to the (©) The author describes an artistic phenomenon; fact thatthe work was stylistically ahead ofits srticulates the traditional interpretation of this time. phenomenon; identifies two common criticisms (D) The prophecies embodied in the work of Picasso, of this view and then dismisses exch of these ‘Braque, Kandinsky, and Malevich were shrewd criticisms by appeal to an exemple predictions based on insights into the European (D) The author describes an artistic phenomenon: Political situation presents two conipeting interpretations of the (6) The anistc styles brought into being by Picasso, phenomenon: dismisses both interpretations by Braque, Kandinsky, and Malevich, while ‘appeal {0 an example and then introduces an stylistically imovative, were of litle alternative interpretation, sinificance tothe history of post-World War I () The author describes an artistic phenomenon; an. According to the passage, the statements of Picasso and. ‘Braque indicate that identifies the eauses ofthe phenomenon; presents an argument for the imporearee of the phenomenon and ehen advocates an attempt 10 zecreate the phenomenon. (4) hey ha song standing erent ia poli Accutingo dhe ae wok othe pe-Wos iy worked actively to bring about social change (©) their format innovations were actually the result ‘War painters deseribed in the passage contains an of chance example of each of the following EXCEPT () their work was a deliberate attempt o transcend (A) am interest in issues ot representation and form visual realty (3) site break wih traditions! at (E) the formal sspocts oftheir work wer of ele {©) the mtrodvetion of new ats techniques interest ther {D) _theability to anticipate later artists {&) the powerto prodit socal changes ‘The author presents the example of Delacroix inorder to ilsirat which one ofthe following claims? 7. Which one of the folowing characteristics ofthe ‘painters discussed in the second paragraph does the (A) Social or political changes usually lead to ey ee a 2 author of the passage appear to valve most highly? important artistic innovations (B) _Anistic innovations do not necessarily anticipate 4A} their insights into pro-World Wear I polities social or political upheavals. (B) the visionary nature oftheir social views (©) Some European paincers hove used art to predict (C) their mastery of the techniques of representational social or political changes, art @) _finportant stylistic innovations are best achieved (D) —theie ability adjust to changing social bby abandoning past traditions. conditions. (E) Innovative artists cun adapt themselves to social E) their stylistic and sesthetic accomplishments ‘or political changes. GO ON TO THE NEN? PAGE,2 “18 © a9 as) (20) 25) @0) @5) (40) a) (50) 65) (60) ar ‘Tribal communities in North America believe that their traditional languages are valuable resources that ‘must be maintained. However, these traditional languages can fall into disuse when some of the effects fof the majority colture on tribal life serve as barriers ‘esween a community and its traditional forms of social, economic, or spiritual interaction. In some ‘communities the barrier has been overcome because people have recognized that language loss is serious and have taken action to prevent it, primarily through. ‘community self-reaching, [Refore any community can systematically and formally teach a traditional language to its younger ‘members, it must first document the language's grammar: for example, a group of Northem Utes spent ‘vo years conducting 2 thorough analysis and classification of Northem Ute linguistic stezctures. The ‘grammatical information is then ranged in sequence from the simpler tothe more complex types of usage, ‘and methods are devised to present the sequence in ways thac will be most useful and appropriate to the cultuce. Certain obstacles ean stand in the way of developing these teaching methods, One is the difficulty « community may encounter when i atlemps {0 write down elements (particularly he spellings of words) ofa language that has been primarily oral for centuries, as is often the case with tational languages. Sometimes this difficulty can simply be a matter ofthe lack of acceptable writen equivalents for certain sounds inthe traditional language: problems arise because of an insistence that every sound in the language have a unique written equivalent—a desirable ‘but ultimately frustrating condition that no writen Tanguage has ever fully satisfied, ‘Another obstacle is dialect. There may be many anguage traditions in a particular community; which ‘one is to be writen down and taughe? The Northern Utes decided not to standardize ther language, agreeing that various phonetic spellings of words would be accepted as long as their meanings were clear. Although this troubled some community members who favored Western notions of standard language writing or whose training in Westem.siyle Tinguistes was especially rigid, the lack of standard orthography made sense in the context ofthe community’s needs. Within a year sfter the adoption of instruction in the Northern Ute language, ever clementary school children could write and speak it effectively has been argued thatthe attempt to write down traditional languages is misuided and unnecessary; after all, in many cases these languages have been transmitted in their oral form since their origins Defenders ofthe practice counter that they are writing down their languages precisely because of a general