Envelope Tracking Excels in RF Power-Amplifier Efficiency - Communications Content From Electronic Design

30/6/2015
EnvelopeTrackingExcelsinRFPowerAmplifierEfficiency|CommunicationscontentfromElectronicDesign
ElectronicDesignEurope
Store
Subscribe
AboutUs
ContactUs
RSS
Advertising
REGISTER LOGIN
ElectronicDesign
Technologies
News
Markets
LearningResources
Community
Companies
PartSearch
HOME > TECHNOLOGIES > COMMUNICATIONS > ENVELOPE TRACKING EXCELS IN RF POWER-AMPLIFIER EFFICIENCY
EnvelopeTrackingExcelsinRFPowerAmplifier
Efficiency
JeremyHendy|ElectronicDesign
SHARE
Tweet
Recommend
COMMENTS 0
Envelope tracking (ET) is considered as the industry standard for the architecture of 4G RF front ends, and
designers are now focusing on how to optimize their ET solutions to deliver the best RF performance,
highest data rates, and longest battery life for handsets.
RELATEDMEDIA
EDTopArticles
Jan13,2015
With14envelopetrackingenabledhandsetsnowonthe
market,andmoresetstofollowinthecomingyears,
envelopetracking(ET)hasbeenfirmlyacceptedasthe
industrystandardforthearchitectureof4GRFfrontends.
Somepredictionsassertthat8billionETsolutionswillship
overthenextfiveyears.
1. ElectronicDesignsProductsofthe
Week(6/226/26)
2. AdvancingtheAudioInterfacefor
MobileandMobileInfluenced
Designs
3. BicolorLEDIndicatesVoltage
ReadingsViaVisualPulses
4. HighDensityStorage
5. MultidieIoTSoCBlendsMicroand
Memory
LTEEnvelopeTrackingfrom
WhilethemarketcaseforETmaybelargelyaccepted,
designersarenowfocusingonhowtooptimizetheirET
solutionstodeliverthebestRFperformance,highestdata
rates,andlongestbatterylifeforhandsets.
Agilent
Downloadthisarticlein.PDFformat
Thisfiletypeincludeshighresolutiongraphicsandschematicswhenapplicable.
MuchhasbeenwrittenaboutthewidersystemlevelaspectsofET,andtheimpactonRF
poweramplifierdesign,performanceandcharacterization.However,relativelylittlehas
beensaidaboutthechipattheheartofthisrevolutionarytechnologytheETpower
supplymodulatoritself.
TheengineeringchallengeindevelopinganETchipconcernsthecreationofapower
supplyconverterthatsimultaneouslyachieveshighefficiency(>80%),extremelyhigh
bandwidth(>20MHz),verylownoise,andhighpeakoutputcurrents(>1A).Thesegoals
arentinsignificant.Althoughsimpleinconcept,ETisacomplicatedtechnologytoget
rightand,perhapsunsurprisingly,theresmorethanonewaytodoET.
ForICdesigners,deliveringaneffectiveETpowersupplymodulatorrequiresan
architecturethatdeliverstherightbalancebetweenthekeymetricssystemefficiency,
noise,bandwidth,andoutputpowerwhilepayingattentiontosomeofthelessobvious
requirements,suchasoutputimpedance,slewrate,andmodetransitiontimes.
ETchipsmustalsosupportfallbacktotraditionalaveragepowertracking(APT)
operationatreducedoutputpowers.Inthisscenario,theymustdelivercompetitive
efficiencyandconsumenomorecurrentthanyesterdaysAPTonlydcdcconverters
whenheavilybackedoff.
LetstakealookatsomeoftheinsightsintothetechnicalrequirementsforagoodET
supplymodulator,andconsiderthefeaturesthatprovidescalabilitytomeetfuture
performance,integration,size,andcostrequirements.
CommentariesandBlogs
ThinkingAboutCommunications,and
aFarewell
byDonTuite
Posted10weeksago
inSecondaryEmissions
JustSayNototheDriverlessCar
byLouFrenzel
Posted7hoursago
inCommuniqu
MusingsfromFTF2015
byWilliamWong
Posted1dayago
inalt.embedded
ContributingTechnical
Experts
VendorReferenceDesigns
AccelerateSystemsDevelopment
byRichardF.Zarr
PublishedonMay.8,2015
inBoards
SpeedingMobileProductstoMarket
byLauroRizzatti
PublishedonApr.8,2015
http://electronicdesign.com/communications/envelopetrackingexcelsrfpoweramplifierefficiency
1/8
30/6/2015
WhatMakesaGoodETIC?
inEmbedded
Atitssimplest,ETisaveryfastpowersupplytechnique.Bydynamicallymodulatingthe
supplyvoltageinsynchronizationwiththeinstantaneousamplitude,or"envelope,"ofthe
transmittedRFsignal,ETcansignificantlyimprovetheenergyefficiencyofRFpower
amplifiers(PAs).
FallingWirelessICCostsIntensify
TestChallenges
byDavidHall
Todeliveroptimalsystemperformance,ETpowersupplymodulatorsmustachievea
numberofcrucialcharacteristicssimultaneously:
PublishedonMay.7,2015
inTest&Measurement
Highbandwidth
WirelessPowerDevices:Solutions
BeyondCellPhones
Highefficiency
byJerryTwomey
Lownoiseanddistortion
Wideswingrange
Highslewrate
Lowoutputimpedance
PublishedonMar.19,2015
inPower
AEEBoostsEfficiencyforLower
OutputVoltageStepDownConverters
byChrisGlaser
PublishedonApr.7,2015
inPower
Boostcapability
GuestBlogs
Seamlessmodetransitions
Figure1showsexampleETwaveformsfora20MHz(100RB)LTEuplinkwaveform.
TheseprovidesomeinsightintothechallengesofcreatingagoodETmodulator.
JUN30,2015
FourWireSensingCanMakeor
BreakYourMeasurements
MAY29,2015
EngineeringEducation:Factand
Fiction 4
MAY1,2015
TransitionfromtheAcademeto
theIndustryUnraveled(Part2)
4
ElectronicDesignWhite
Papers
1.Theseplotsofenvelopesignalpowershowenvelopetrackingwaveformstatisticsfora20MHz16QAMLTE
uplinksignal,includingtheRFwaveformenvelope,theenvelopeslewrate,probabilitydistributionofthe
envelopevoltage,andtheenvelopepowerversusbandwidth.
WhyExecutivesare
BankingonCloudPLMto
SaveMoney
SponsoredbyArenaSolutions
Downloadthiswhitepaper
Highbandwidth
OneofthemainimplementationchallengesforanenvelopetrackingICconcerns
bandwidthitsapowersupplythatmustaccuratelytrackthesignalamplitudeoftheRF
signalwithoutclippingorintroducingdistortion.Thisrequiresapowersupplywitha
controlbandwidthof1.5to3.0timestheRFchannelbandwidth,i.e.30to60MHzfora
20MHzorthogonalfrequencydivisionmultiplexing(OFDM)channel.
Itcanbeseenfromthespectralplotoftheenvelopesignalpower(lowerrightofFigure
1)thattheresalargedccomponent,followedbyasignificantamountofpowerwithinthe
occupiedchannelbandwidth,andthenarelativelylongtailouttoatleastthreetimes
FlexibleandLowPower
DrivingofSolenoidCoils
SponsoredbyiCHaus
TurnDisruptiveChange
IntoHighTech's"NextBig
Thing"
SponsoredbyArenaSolutions
2/8
30/6/2015
thechannelbandwidth.TheamountofthistailthatmustbetrackedbytheETIC
dependsonthesystemRFlinearityrequirements.
ViewAll
Highefficiencyacrossawiderangeofsignals
PerhapsharderthanachievingtheabsolutebandwidththroughtheETICistomaintain
highenergyconversionefficiencyfortheETICitself.While85%ETICefficiencyremains
agoodfigureofmeritforlowbandwidthsignalssuchas3G,maintainingthisefficiency
overawiderangeofsignaltypesandbandwidthsisasignificantarchitecturalandIC
designchallenge.
UpcomingWebcasts
TipsandTechniques
forMakingtheBest
Oscilloscope
Measurements
Maintaininghighefficiencyoverawidepowercontrolrangeisalsoimportantfor
applicationssuchasLTEand3G,whichemploydynamicpowercontrol.ETwillusually
deliverapowersavingbenefitoverthetop8to10dBofthepowercontrolrange.In
addition,aspowerisbackedoff,theETICsefficiencyusuallydeterminesthebreak
evenpointcomparedwithAPT.
Tue,June16,1:00pmEST
SponsoredbyKeysight
Technologies
RegisterNow!
ViewAll
ETICsforcellularapplicationswillalsoincludealowerbandwidthAPTmodefor
operationatreducedpowerlevels.This,too,mustoperateathighefficiencyoveravery
widepoweroutputrangefrom10mWtomorethan1Wmakingcircuitdesignforlow
quiescentcurrentsanimportantarchitecturalanddesignconsideration.
Search Parts
Lownoise
Poweredby:
InanETsystem,thePAoperatesincompression,andpowersupplynoisegeneratedin
theETpathisdirectlymixedwiththeRFinputsignal.Tominimizenoiseanddistortion
productsatthePAoutput,theETmodulatormustoperatewithanextremelylownoise
anddistortion.Ifswitchmodepowersupplytechniquesareemployed,itbecomesa
difficultproblemtosolve.
Infrequencydivisionduplex(FDD)systemswithnarrowduplexseparation,suchasthe
US700MHzLTEbands,theETpathnoiseanddistortionareparticularlydifficultto
achieve.
TheOriginalElectronicsPartsSearchAnd
ProcurmentTool
Wideswingrange
ThemappingofinstantaneousRFamplitudetoETsupplyvoltageisdefineddigitallyin
thebasebandbyashapingtable,whichcanbevariedtotradeoffefficiencyandlinearity
ofboththePAandtheETIC.TheETICoutputmustbeabletoswingoverawide(>3:1)
voltagerange,asalimiteddynamicswingrangewillonlydeliverlimitedpowersavingsin
thePA.
RELATED
EnvelopeTrackingTechnologyBoostsRFPALinearityAndEfficiency
EnvelopeTrackingMitigatesLTERFFrontEndPowerIssues
RFEnvelopeTrackingYieldsPAEfficiencyBreakthrough
ThedynamicswingrangeofanETmodulatorisasimportantasETconverterefficiency
increasingETswingrangeincreasesPAefficiency.However,ETICefficiencywill
decrease,andviceversa.Forexample,an80%efficientETmodulatorwitha3Vswing
rangeistypicallypreferabletoa90%efficientETmodulatorwithonly1.5Vswingrange
itstheoverallsystemefficiency(ET+PA)thatcountsaboveall.
Thoughtheresanoptimumswingrangeforsystemefficiency,whichisusuallyarounda
3:1ratioofpeaktominimumvoltage,itsoftendesirabletouseawiderswingrangeto
linearizethePA.AtypicalIsoGainshapingtablecanrequireswingrangesof4:1or5:1
toachievetherequiredlinearity.
Highslewrate
Inadditiontohighsmallsignalbandwidth,ETmodulatorsalsorequirehighslewratesof
3/8
30/6/2015
bothvoltageandcurrenttoaccuratelytrackupanddownthepeaksandtroughsofthe
signal.Accuratetrackingofa20MHzLTEenvelopewith3Vswingattypicalhandset
outputpowerlevelsneedsavoltageslewrateover150V/s,andupto50A/scurrent
slewrate.ThehighslewratesallowtheETICtodeliverrapidchangesofcurrentand
voltagetothePAsupplyinresponsetothechangingRFsignal.
Shortfallsinslewratewillcausemistracking,leadingtoincreasednoiseanddistortion
ontheRFoutput.ThismaybeparticularlyharmfulinFDDsystems,wheretransmitnoise
inthereceivebandcandegradethereceiversensitivity.
Theslewrateoftheenvelopevoltagecan(tosomeextent)becontrolledatthesystemlevel
usingtheshapingtable.However,thedynamicbehaviorofthePAscurrentconsumption
isdeterminedprimarilybytheinstantaneousRFoutputpowercharacteristics,and
cannoteasilybereduced.Thisoftenleadstohighbandwidthcurrentspikesandclicks
causedbyrapidchangesintheRFoutputamplitude.
Lowoutputimpedance
HighoutputimpedanceinanETICresultsinvoltageerrorsduetofastcurrentchanges
intheload,leadingtodistortionandnoiseontheRFoutput.
TheETICeffectivelyreplacesthePAssupplydecouplingcapacitor,solowETICoutput
impedanceisalsovitaltomaintainPAstability.ETICswilltypicallybeconnectedto
multiplePAsontheboard,whichaddparasiticcapacitanceandstrayinductanceeven
whentheunusedPAsareturnedoff.
RFPAspresentadynamicloadimpedancetotheETIC.Assuch,theyrefarmore
complextodrivethanasimpleresistiveload,whichisoftenusedforcharacterizationand
measurementofdcdcconverters.
Signuptoreceiveourfreenewsletters
ElectronicDesignUpdate(Late
breakingnews,opinionsfromindustry
experts,andtimelytechnologystories.)
ViewSample
EDUpdate:PowerandAnalog
(Weeklyinsightintocriticalnews,
productsanddesignideasinthepower
andanalogspace.)ViewSample
EmbeddedUpdate(Thedesign
inspirationyouneedforEmbedded
Systems,FPGA,Processors,Software
andmore.)ViewSample
ProductSpotlight(Newproduct
highlightsforelectronicdesign
engineers.)
ViewSample
EngineeringTV(Travelthe
globewithETVvideostoseethelatest
innovativetechnologiesindesign
engineeringandelectronics)
ViewSample
3DPrinting360(Thecomplete
sourceforadditivemanufacturing
news,insightsandinnovations)
ViewSample
EMAIL*
COUNTRY*
UnitedStates
Enteryouremailabovetoreceivemessagesabout
offeringsbyPenton,itsbrands,affiliatesand/orthird
partypartners,consistentwithPentonsPrivacyPolicy.
ETmodulatorswithlowoutputimpedancewillminimizenoiseanddistortionontheRF
outputduetothefastchangesinPAsupplycurrent.
ACboostcapability
Theincreasedpeakpowerrequirementsofmodernwaveformsrequirehighpeaksupply
voltagestothePA,typicallyinthe4.2to5.0Vrange.However,portableproductsuse
batterieswith3.8Vnominalvoltage,anddesignersareincreasinglylookingfor
componentsthatoperatedownto2.8V(oreven2.5V)supplies.
Thisextendsbatterylifeandprovidestolerancetobrownoutsduetocurrentspikesfrom
othersystemcomponents.AgoodETmodulatorwillthereforedeliverthose4.5Vpeaks
byboostingabovethebatteryvoltage,andcanideallymaintainfullRFoutputpower,
evenfroma2.8Vbatterysupply.
ConnectWithUs
TwitterFacebook
RSS
Seamlessmodetransitions
InLTEsystems,transmitpowercontrolatthehandsetdependsonbothdistancefromthe
basestation(pathloss)andtheinstantaneousbandwidthbeingtransmittedduringeach
timeslot.Thiscancausea100Xvariationintransmitpowereachmillisecond.
Therefore,theETICmustbeabletoquicklyaltertransmitpowerlevel,andswitch
betweenETandAPTmodeswithoutintroducinganyglitchesintothesupplyoftheRF
PA.Thesepresenttheriskofinband(EVM)oroutofband(ACLR)distortionduring
themodetransitions.
InAPTmode,theETICtypicallymaintainslowoutputimpedancebyswitchinginan
appropriatedecoupling(bypass)capacitoracrosstheoutputsupplytoreducerippleand
maintainPAstability.Suchswitchingmustbecarriedoutwhileminimizingdisturbance
oftheoutputsignal.
ArchitecturesforDeliveringET
ThesimplestETICarchitecturevariantisthatofastandalonefastswitchmodepower
4/8
30/6/2015
supply(SMPS),oftenreferredtoasadcdcconverter.Itsinherentsimplicitymeansthat
inanidealworld,itwouldbethepreferredarchitecture.However,intherealworld,the
approachpresentssomeverydifficultchallenges.
Themaindrawbackofthestandalonefastswitcheristhatitsverydifficulttodeliverthe
highbandwidthneeded.Asaruleofthumb,youneedaroughly30:1ratioofswitching
frequencytoRFchannelbandwidthinthissetup.
ForanLTEchannelbandwidthof20MHz,thatratioischallengingenoughtheonly
solutionwehaveseeninthemarketbasedonthisarchitecturecanonlysupport5MHz
channelbandwidthsinETmodedespitea100MHzswitchingspeed.ThismeansEThas
tobedisabledinmosthandsetusecases,eliminatinganyperformanceadvantage.Italso
forcescompromisesinthePAperformance,becausethePAsdesignmustsupportboth
ETandnonEToperation.
Forfuturestandards,thebandwidthlimitationbecomesevenmoreofabarrier.For
example,an80MHz,802.11acWiFichannelwouldrequirea2.4GHzswitching
frequencyintheETmodulator,whichisclearlyunrealistic.
Afastswitchercanalsobelessefficientthanyouthink.Parasiticlossesintheswitching
devicesandinductorsmayresultinarapidfalloffinefficiencyduetoincreasing
switchingfrequency.Thepoorefficiencyoffastswitchingalsocreatesproblemsat
backedoffpowerlevels,wherethefixedoverheadduetofastswitchingcausesahigh
quiescentcurrent.
ThefastswitchersperformancemayalsodependheavilyonPCBlayoutandtheactual
performanceoftheinductor.ThatmeansevenwiththebestdesignedETIC,itmaynot
bepossibletogetadequateperformancefromtheETsystem.
Fastdcdcconverterscertainlyhavearoletoplayinfixed,orslowlyadapting,dcpower
supplies,e.g.,whenpoweringtheapplicationsprocessorinthephone,wherethesmaller
inductorsizesusedbyfastswitcherscanoffersignificantproductlevelbenefits.However,
forhighperformanceETsolutions,evenstateoftheartdcdcconvertersareanorderof
magnitudetooslow.
AddingaLinearPath
Itspossibletoovercometheselimitationsbyaddingahighbandwidthlinear(ac)
amplifiertotheETICtocreateahybridarchitecture.Thisisconceptuallysimilarto
multipleloudspeakersinanaudiosystem,inwhichawooferhandlesthehigh
power/lowfrequencycontent,andasmallertweeterprovidesthehighfrequency
components.
InhybridETarchitectures,theSMPShandlesthedcandlowfrequencycomponentsof
theETsupplywaveform,whichcontainmostoftheenergyconsumedbythePA(typically
85%to95%dependingonthewaveformstatistics).TheSMPScanachieveveryhigh
energyconversionefficiency90%isagoodbenchmarkandthehybridarchitecture
doesntrequireahighswitchingrate.
TheacamplifierthenprovidesthehighfrequencycomponentsoftheETsupply
waveform,deliveringthehighsignalbandwidthsrequiredand,dependingonthedetails
oftheETICarchitecture,cleaningupnoisegeneratedbytheSMPS.Theacamplifieris
usuallybiasedinaclassABconfiguration,whichcanonlydelivertheoreticalefficiencies
ofaround40%to50%fortheacamplifieritself.However,sinceonlyasmallportionof
theenergysuppliedtothePAisdeliveredbytheacamplifier(perhapsonly5%to10%),
theeffectontheETICsoverallenergyefficiencyisntdramatic.
Theswitcherandacamplifiercanbeconfiguredinoneoftwotopologieseitherthe
switcherleadstheamplifierortheswitcherfollowstheamplifier.Bothoptionsoffer
betterrealworldperformancethanthestandalonefastdcdcconverter,althoughmany
detailedtradeoffsstillmustbemade.
Whentheswitcherfollowsthelinearamplifier,itsenseswhentheacamplifieroutput
5/8
30/6/2015
stageisapproachingitsoutputstagecurrentlimit.Theswitcherthenreactstothis
currentlimitbydumpingcurrentintothePAsupply.Thisreactivearchitecture
introducesadelaybetweentheswitcherandamplifier,withtheresultthatasthe
bandwidthincreases,theswitcherandlinearamplifierincreasinglyfighteachother.This
canwastepower,leadingtoanETICwithasignificantfalloffinefficiencyathigh
bandwidth,effectivelylimitingtheusefulbandwidthofthesolution.
2.InNujira'sHighAccuracyTracking(HAT)architecture,theswitcherleadstheacamplifier.
Alternatively,byhavingtheswitcherleadingtheacamplifier(Fig.2),theETIC
operatesinaproactivemodethelinearamplifiersimplyfillsinthegapsbetweenthe
lowfrequencytrackingprovidedbytheswitcherandthehighbandwidthenvelope
referencesignal.Inhybridarchitectures,theacamplifieralsofulfillsanimportant
functionbycleaningupanynoiseintroducedbytheswitcher.
Atthispoint,itsimportantfordesignerstoconsiderexactlywhichperformancemetrics
theyneedfromanETmodulatorandmakethenecessaryarchitecturalanddesign
decisions.Forsomeapplications,bandwidthmaynotbeasignificantlimitingfactor,
whereasinotherscenariositmaybemoreimportanttohaveanETICthatdoesnt
compromiseefficiencyathighinstantaneouschannelbandwidths.
Forsomevendors,itsalsoimportantthatasolutioncanscalebeyondtodays20MHz
requirementforLTEtothe40MHzneededforcarrieraggregationinLTEAdvanced,or
the80and160MHzbandwidthsrequiredtosupport802.11acWiFi.
FutureIntegrationPossibilities
Oneotherfactortoconsideristhepotentialneedforfutureintegration.Fordesigners
focusedonlongtermproductroadmaps,havinganETarchitecturethatsmoresuitable
forintegrationwithaPAwillbekeytoenablingongoingreductionsinsizeandcost.
Forexample,integrationislessstraightforwardforhybridarchitecturesinwhichthe
switcherfollowsthelinearamplifier.Theyrequiretheswitchertobeinsertedintheloop
betweentheETICandPA.Asaresult,itbecomesdifficulttointegratemonolithically
withthePA,andaddsanoisySMPSincloseproximitytothesensitiveRFsignals.
Architecturesinwhichthelinearamplifiersitsaftertheswitcherallowforsimpler
integrationoftheacamplifierandPAatamoduleormonolithiclevel.Thus,itseasierto
maintainclearseparationoftheswitcherfromthesenoisesensitiveareasofthedesign.
SomeETarchitecturescanalsobeextendedtoadistributedETsolution,wherethe
switchmodesupplyisseparatedoutintoadifferentchipaltogether.Thisisparticularly
usefulinMIMOandmultiPAsolutions,inwhichasingleETswitchercanprovidethe
lowfrequency/highpowercomponentsformultiplePAs.
Downloadthisarticlein.PDFformat
Thisfiletypeincludeshighresolutiongraphicsandschematicswhenapplicable.
6/8
30/6/2015
TheETswitchercanbeintegratedwithothersimilarpowersupplycircuitsintoa
separatepowermanagementIC.EachPAwouldbeprovidedwithadedicatedlocalac
amplifier,whichmaybeintegratedeitheratthePCBlevel,modulelevel,ormonolithically
onthesamedie.
TheFutureoftheRFFrontEnd
GiventheriseofLTEsmartphonesandthefuturerequirementsofnextgeneration
wirelessstandards,theRFfrontendhasturnedintoahugegrowtharea.Infact,itoffers
oneofthemoststimulatingandexcitingdesignchallengesinICdesigntoday.
ToachievethebestperformanceresultswithET,creativeandhighlyskilledanalog,RF,
andswitchmodeICdesignersmustworktogethertodelivercomplexsolutionsthatsolve
anumberofconflictingandchallengingdesignrequirements.However,OEMsand
modemchipsetvendorsalsoneedtoconsiderhowbesttousetheirresources.Islow
bandwidthLTEperformancetodaymoreimportantthanthelongertermproduct
roadmap?CantheyspareresourcestorespintheirplatformfirmwareandRF
architectureseachtimeanewproductvariantrollsout?
Theserathersignificantquestionsrequireseriousconsideration.Still,regardlessofwhich
routeOEMschoosetotake,thefactremainsthatEThasundoubtedlybecomean
essentialtechnologyforfutureRFfrontends.
SHARE
PRINT
REPRINTS
Tweet
Recommend
FAVORITE EMAIL
PleaseLogInorRegistertopostcomments.
Related Articles
EnvelopeTrackingTechnologyBoostsRFPALinearityAndEfficiency
EnvelopeTrackingMitigatesLTERFFrontEndPowerIssues
RFEnvelopeTrackingYieldsPAEfficiencyBreakthrough
EnvelopeTrackingImprovesMobileHandsetPerformance
EnvelopeTrackingPowerSupplySupportsAll3G,LTEBands
Search Parts
G0
poweredby:
ElectronicDesign.com
Technologies News Markets LearningResources Community Companies PartSearch
Site Features
Penton Corporate
MediaCenter
AboutUs
Newsletters
PrivacyPolicy
RSS
TermsofService
SiteArchive
ContactUs
Sitemap
Follow Us
Search ElectronicDesign.com
7/8
30/6/2015
SubmitArticles
ViewMobileSite
Electronic Design Related Sites

MachineDesign SourceESB Microwaves&RF PowerElectronics Hydraulics&Pneumatics MedicalDesign EngineeringTV
DefenseElectronics GlobalPurchasing ElectronicDesignEurope
Copyright2015Penton
8/8

Envelope Tracking Excels in RF Power-Amplifier Efficiency - Communications Content From Electronic Design

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Envelope Tracking Excels in RF Power-Amplifier Efficiency - Communications Content From Electronic Design

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

30/6/2015

Electronic Design Related Sites

You might also like