Cased
Hole
The simplified radial profile:
Open Hole
Chapter-2
Environment where logs are run
By
Dr. Jorge Salgado Gomes
9/21/2011
Chap-2
Duration of this chapter: 4 classes1(180)
Educational Outcomes
Review the environment where we run logs
Borehole corrections to be applied to the
measurements
Logs more sensitive to the environment
corrections
How to detect borehole anomalies
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Chap-2
Environmental corrections
Tool responses are affected by:
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Mud Invasion (resistivity)
Borehole shape (sonic)
Borehole deviation (resistivity, sonic)
Borehole diameter (resistivity, density, neutron)
Mud salinity (resistivity)
Mud properties (density, neutron)
Bed thickness (resistivity)
Bed resistivities (resistivity)
Borehole Temperature (neutron)
Mud cake thickness (resistivity, neutron)
Tool design
Tool position in hole - standoff
Chap-2
The Borehole and its environment
The simplified radial profile:
Mud (m)
Mud cake
(mc)
Invasion
(flushed) zone
Virgin zone
also models with a transition zone are used
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Chap-2
Use of Mud System
Pressure control
Formation control
Bit life extension
Hole cleaning
Hole maintenance
Drilling power (torque)
Telemetry (MWD/LWD)
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Chap-2
Mud Damages and Invades Formation
Formation Damage
Invasion Process
PISTON DISPLACEMENT
MIGRATION
Shale swelling & alteration
Pore Blockage
Clay swelling
Channel Blockage
Mechanical damage
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Type and characteristics of
filtrate
Rate of continuing invasion
Formation permeability
Permeability distribution
Formation fluid type
Formation fluid properties
Chap-2
Review: Types of Logging Effects
Cased
Hole
Borehole cased/completed
Mud
Casing/Tubing
Cement
limitations for
some methods
Open hole
Mud
Caliper
Invasion
non
homogeneous
situation
Open Hole
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Chap-2
by Lecturer
Some Considerations
The well itself originates an inhomogeneity
effect. Therefore caliper and mud properties
influence the measured property. This effect
must be corrected if we will determine
formation properties.
Invasion creates additional inhomogeneity in
radial direction.
The vertical inhomogeneity is (depending on
the vertical resolution) originated by the
thickness of layers.
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Chap-2
Additional Information
Tools average over a volume of the well +
formation this effect depends on the
response of the individual tool
Tools have a specific depth or radius of
investigation - it describes the contribution of
sections with different distance from the tool
axis to the measured value.
Tools have a specific vertical resolution - it
describes the ability to detect and separate
thin layers individually.
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Chap-2
Invasion with Different Resistivity Profiles
Rw<Rmf
Rw<<Rmf
Water in well/reservoir
Oil in well/reservoir
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Chap-2
10
Resistivity over time as a function of
invasion
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Chap-2
11
Borehole environment and the invasion
mud
mud cake
rock
Invasion stops if mud cake is impermeable
1 inch = 2.54 cm
1 cm = 0.39 inch
depth of infiltration in cm
1
10
100
1000
Porosity in %
18
borehole
diameter
8 20
20 30
8.5 inch
12.25 inch
> 30
17.5 inch
depth of invasion is controlled by porosity
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Chap-2
12
Depth of Invasion
Asquith and Krygowky, 2004 give the following rules:
High porosity
dj/dh = 2
Intermediate porosity
dj/dh = 5
Low porosity
dj/dh = 10
where
dj = diameter of invaded zone (outer boundary)
dh = borehole diameter
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Chap-2
13
Environmental Problems and Solutions
The Problem:
In most cases the non-invaded, virgin zone is of interest,
Most logs are influenced by the mud, mud cake, flushed zone,
shoulder beds, thickness of layer, ...
Solutions:
Tool design (hardware)
Dual spacing tools
Focusing tools
Pad tools
Data processing (software)
Correction charts (Tornado charts)
Data inversion
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Chap-2
by Lecturer
14
Log Quality Control (LQC)
LQC is a set of methods that identifies and analyzes data deviations from
established standards and allows the design of remedy (Ph. Theys, 1999)
Quality evidences such as:
repeat sections, relogged intervals
quality control curves
calibration tails
confirm the validity of the formation-related data,
but - in most cases do not add directly the information about the formation.
Log analyst interpret the logs, keeping in mind the performance and
limitations of the tool and the log quality control reports originating from the
wellsite or the field location (Theys, 1999).
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Chap-2
15
Example of a Log Quality Form
Source: Theys, 1999)
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Chap-2
16
Logging The General Workflow
1- Logging
measured data from
various tools/methods
Rxo Rt
Sxo Sw
2- Data processing, corrections, inversion,
....
3- Radial/spatial distribution of
corresponding physical parameters,
e.g. resistivity
4- Interpretation
Additional
information, models
etc.
5 - Distribution of properties (reservoir
properties, e.g. saturation, porosity)
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Chap-2
17
The workflow for a proper QA/QC and
interpretation
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Measurement
Processing, corrections,
filtering, inversion etc.
Interpretation, joint
inversion etc.
corrected physical data
in geometrical
distribution
corresponding to
individual methods
reservoir information in
geometrical distribution
physical data
corresponding to
individual methods
the result
Example:
resistivity log
resistivity profile
saturation
porosity and density log
caliper corrected log
porosity
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Chap-2
18
BACKUP MATERIAL
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Chap-2
19
Different Resistivity Profiles
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Chap-2
20
Invasion Profiles
Step profile
Idealized, abrupt boundary between
invaded and virgin zone
Transition profile
More realistic with transition (mixture of
mud filtrate and formation water
(+residual hydrocarbon)
Annulus profile
Temporary fluid distribution; formation
water is pushed ahead by the mud
filtrate.
(Asquith and Krygovski, 2004)
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Chap-2
21
Depth of Investigation and vertical
resolution
a
1,0
G(r)
detector
0,5
Source
g(r)
r
dr
d
1,0
G(z)
z
detector
0,5
g(z)
dz
source
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zr
Chap-2
22
