ORGANIC

Physical Characteristics:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)

Physical State
Colour
Odour
Solubility

Experiment
1. A pinch of sample
was treated with 1
ml dil.HCl.
2. A pinch of the
sample was
treated with 1 mL
of aq NaOH
solution.
3. A part of sample is
treated with
ethanol.

Observation
The sample dissolves
completely.

Inference
May contain Ar-NH
group.

The sample dissolves

completely.

May contain COOH,

phenolic OH, SOH.

Sample dissolves.

May be Carbonyl (
-COOH, C=O), Nitro
(NO)

Lassaigne Test
[Procedure:
Introduce a freshly cut, clean and dry piece of Na metal of the size of a pea into a
fusion tube. Heat the lower part of the tube gently till sodium melts to a shining
globule. Then add to it a small amount about 100mg of the solid substance
under investigation. Heat the tube till it becomes red hot. Now plunge it into
about 10ml of distilled water taken in a mortar and triturate the fused mass.
Nitrogen, sulphur, halogens are converted into soluble sodium salts.
1. Test for Nitrogen
Add a few drops of freshly prepared aq. ferrous sulphate solution to 2 ml of
the sodium extract taken in a test tube, boiled for a few minutes, cooled and
then acidified with dil HSO. 1 drop of FeCl solution is added. Blue or green
precipitate is seen. Nitrogen is present.]
Experiment
1. A small quantity of
the given sample
is fused with pea
sized
metallic
sodium in a fusion
tube. The melt is
extracted with 10
ml
of
distilled

Observation

Inference

water.
The
following
tests
were
performed
with the filtrate:
Add a few drops of
freshly
prepared
aq.
ferrous sulphate solution
to 2 ml of the sodium
extract taken in a test
tube, boiled for a few
minutes, cooled and then
acidified with dil HSO. 1
drop of FeCl solution is
added.

Blue or green precipitate

is seen.

Nitrogen is present.

Tests for Nitrogenous functional groups:

Experiment
Observation
Inference
1. Test
for
Amine
1. Rose red dye
1. Ar-NH group is
group:
is observed.
present.
A small quantity of the
sample is dissolved in 5 ml
of dil.HCl, cooled and
diazotised by adding a
pinch of NaNO. This cold
diazotised solution is then
poured
into
the
cold
alkaline solution of naphthol.
2. Test for Nitro group:
Greyish
black Ar-NO group present.
Mulliken-Barker Test: precipitate.
A small quantity of
the sample is boiled
in a water bath with
Zn dust and NHCl in
aqueous
alcoholic
medium for 5 mins.
The
solution
Is
filtered. A few drops
of the filtrate is
added to 5 ml of
Tollens reagent and
warmed.

[Note: If you get amino, do nitro test.]

Test for non-nitrogenous functional group
Experiment
Observation
Test for COOH:
1. To 2 ml of the
alcoholic
Effervescence of CO.
solution, a few
drops
of
saturated
solution
of
NaHCO
are
added.
2. 500
mg
of
sample
is
warmed with 2
ml of CHOH (or
CHOH )and 2
drops of conc
HSO. The
product is poured
into 20 ml water
in small beaker.
Test for phenolic-OH
group:
To 2 ml of alcoholic
solution of sample, 2
drops of FeCl solution
are added.
Back dye test:
A few drops of aniline
are dissolved in 5 ml of
dil HCl, cooled and
diazotised by adding a
pinch of NaNO. This
cold diazotised solution
is then poured into cold
alkaline
solution
of
sample.
Test for carbonyl group:
2 ml of the alcoholic
solution of the sample

Characteristic
sweet
smell of an ester.

Inference

-COOH group
present.

COOH
present.

Red, blue, green

violet colour.

or Phenolic-OH
present.

Rose
red
observed.

is

dye

Red or orange ppt

group

group

is

C=O or CHO group

present.

is warmed with a few

drops of 2,4 DNP and
cooled.
100mg of sample is Ag-mirror formed on -CHO group present.
warmed in a water inner wall on test tube.
bath with 5 ml of
Tollens reagent. /
Red ppt of CuO.
Sample is warmed in a
water bath with a
mixture of 5ml of
Fehlings
A&B
solutions.
Notes:

If bicarbonate test is not positive, esterification is not required.

Esterification should be done with methanol and only when
bicarbonate test is positive.
Back dye test should be done when FeCl is positive.
If esterification is positive then, sample has COOH. Or else it has
-SOH.
Preparation of Tollens Reagent
Prepare Tollens reagent by adding 1 or more drops of NaOH solution
to 5 ml of AgNO solution. You get a clear black precipitate- then
slowly add NHOH with constant shaking till a clear solution is
obtained. Excess NHOH should be avoided.