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Benjamin only had two years of formal education, which finished when he was ten years old,
because his family could not afford the fees. His informal education then accelerated, because his
mind was too restless to stop learning.
He had to work in his fathers business, but in his spare time he read everything he could, about
every subject under the sun.
When he was twelve, Benjamin began working as an apprentice in a printing shop owned by one of
his elder brothers, James. When his brother started printing a newspaper, Benjamin wrote to it in the
name of Mrs. Dogood in defense of freedom of speech.
Aged 17, Benjamin Franklin left for Philadelphia, escaping from his apprenticeship, which was
against the law. He was, however, free. After a few months in Philadelphia he left for London,
England, where he learned more about printing, before returning to Philadelphia at the age of 20 to
continue his career in printing.
Bifocal Spectacles
Franklin wore spectacles for most of his life.
He felt limited by the spectacles of his day, because a lens that was good for reading blurred his
vision when he looked up. Working as a printer, this could be infuriating.
He defeated this problem in about 1739, aged 33, with his invention of split-lens bifocal spectacles.
Each lens now had two focusing distances. Looking through the bottom part of the lens was good for
reading, while looking through the upper part offered good vision at a greater distance.
Cold air (blue) gains heat from contact with the hot stove. As this warming air continues on its path, it gains
more heat through contact with metal, the other side of which is in contact with the hot smoke (red) going to
the flue.
Franklin wrote:
The use of these fireplaces in very many houses, both of this and the neighboring colonies, has
been, and is, a great saving of wood to the inhabitants.
BenjaminFranklinperformedabeautifulexperimentusing
surfactants;onapondatClaphamCommon,hepouredasmallamountof
oleicacid,anaturalsurfactantwhichtendstoformadensefilmatthewater
airinterface.Hemeasuredthevolumerequiredtocoverallthepond.
Knowingthearea,hethenknewtheheightofthefilm,somethinglikethree
nanometersinourcurrentunits.
PIERREGILLESDEGENNES,1932TO2007
Electricity
In summer 1743, Franklin visited his hometown of Boston. Always seeking new knowledge, he
visited a science show. There he saw Dr. Archibald Spencer, who had arrived from Scotland,
demonstrating a variety of scientific phenomena. The electrical part of the show intrigued Franklin
most: it featured the effects of static electricity.
Franklin left the show determined to learn more about electricity. It seemed to him that Dr. Spencer
didnt really understand it. This, of course, was true: nobody understood it! It was more a source of
entertainment than a science.
In 1747, Franklin got hold of a long glass tube for the efficient generation of static electricity from
Peter Collinsion in London.
Soon, Franklin was spending much of his time studying electricity. He wrote:
For my own part, I never was before engaged in any study that so totally engrossed my attention
and my time as this has lately done.
Benjamin Franklin
As electrified clouds pass over a country, high hills and high trees, lofty towers, spires, masts of
ships, chimneys, etc, as so many prominences and points, draw the electrical fire, and the whole
cloud discharges there
If these things are so, may not the power of points be of use to mankind, in preserving houses,
churches, from the stroke of lightning, by directing us to fix on the highest parts of those edifices,
upright rods of iron made sharp as a needle and from the foot of those rods a wire down the
outside of the building into the ground?
I would propose an experiment On the top of some high tower or steeple, place a kind of sentrybox big enough to contain a man and an electrical stand. From the middle of the stand, let an iron
rod rise and pass bending out of the door, and then upright 20 or 30 feet, pointed very sharp at the
end. If the electrical stand be kept clean and dry, a man standing on it when such clouds are passing
low might be electrified and afford sparks, the rod drawing fire to him from a cloud. If any danger to
the man should be apprehended (although I think there would be none) let him stand on the floor of
his box, and now and then bring near to the rod a loop of wire that has one end fastened to the leads
he his holding by a wax handle; so the sparks, if the rod is electrified, will strike from the rod to the
wire and not affect him.
King Louis XV saw a translation of Experiments and Observations on Electricity, and he asked
French scientists to test Franklins lightning rod concept.
Jean Francois Dalibard used Franklins idea to confirm by experiment that lightning was indeed
electrical in Paris in May 1752. Franklin himself carried out similar work in 1752, using a kite with a
metal key connected to a Leyden Jar to prove his own theory. He didnt write about his own
experiment, however, until 1772.
The significance of the experiment was that it established the study of electricity as a serious
scientific discipline.
Franklin had shown how to prove that electrical phenomena were a fundamental force of nature.
Electricity would never again be thought of as just an interesting plaything for scientists and
showmen to conjure up using glass rods.
Very soon, in 1753, when he was aged 47, the transformation in science that Franklin had brought
about was recognized. Britains Royal Society honored his electrical work with its highest award, the
Copley Medal the equivalent of a modern Nobel Prize.
A building protected by a lightning rod. A cable carries electricity from lightning to ground.
Refrigeration
In 1758, working with John Hadley in Cambridge, England, Franklin investigated the principle of
refrigeration by evaporation.
In a room at 18 C (65 F) , the scientists repeatedly wetted a thermometer with ether, then used
bellows to quickly evaporate the ether.
They were finally able to achieve a temperature reading on the thermometer of -14 C (7 F).
We now know the reason for the refrigeration effect. We have learned that molecules in a liquid have
a range of energies. Some have high energy, and some have low energy. Molecules carrying the
most energy escape from the liquid most easily they evaporate. This leaves the lower energy,
colder molecules in the liquid. The result is that the temperature of the liquid falls.
Of his discovery, Franklin said:
One may see the possibility of freezing a man to death on a warm summers day.
In fact, the principle of cooling by evaporation had been publicly demonstrated by William Cullen in
Edinburgh, Scotland in 1756. Cullen had used a pump to lower the pressure above ether in a
container.
The reduced pressure caused the ether to evaporate rapidly through boiling, absorbing heat from the
air around it, and causing some ice to form on the container sides.
Meteorology
By observation of storms and winds, Franklin discovered that storms do not always travel in the
direction of the prevailing wind. This was an important discovery in the development of the scientific
discipline of meteorology.
The End
Benjamin Franklin died on April 17, 1790, at the age of 84. He was killed by pleurisy a lung
inflammation.
His wife, Deborah, had died sixteen years earlier. Franklin was survived by his daughter, Sarah, who
looked after him in his later years and his son, William. William left America to live in Britain in 1782.
Today, the Benjamin Franklin Medal, named in Franklins honor, is one of the most prestigious
awards in science. Its winners include Alexander Graham Bell, Marie and Pierre Curie, Albert
Einstein and Stephen Hawking.