FriderikaHorvth

(ArchaeologicalInstituteofHAS)

GlazedPotteryofKeszthelyFenkpusztainthe
spectrumoftheceramicofthelateRomanfortress

LateRomanGlazedPottery,Carlino2009

 ThecooperationprogrambetweenGWZOLeipzigandtheArchaeologicalInstituteofHASis
supportedbyDFG.Theaimoftheprojectisachievinganinterdisciplinaryresearchonthelateroman
fortificationinKeszthelyFenkpusztalocatedsouthwestofLakeBalaton.

ThefortificationofFenkpusztabelongedtotheterritoryofPannoniaPrima.Sincetheassemblageofthe
sitecoverstheperiodfromtheromanageuptothe9thcentury,itgivestheopportunity interalia to
studytheproblemofromancontinuationintheregion.

Krnye
Gorsium,Tc

Sgvr

Krnye

TheTransdanubianLateRomaninnerfortresses
KeszthelyFenkpuszta

Thefunction:supplybasisandlogisticcentrestoprovidethelimitanei

Alshetnypuszta

Archologisches Institut der UAdW

Gruppe Fabrikat d

Well

Horreum

Reconstructedplanofthe
lateRomanfortressof
KeszthelyFenkpuszta.
Theblackfilledareasarethe
areasofarchaeological
excavations

Excavationof
IstvnErdlyi
in1983,
Workplaceno.10.

Atthebeginningofourresearch,materialfromtheexcavationcarriedoutbyI.Erdlyi(1983)hasbeenanalysedinventoried
findsfromthechronologicallyimportantobjects.
Currently,theworkcontinueswiththeassemblageofthewelllocatedbetweenthehorreumandthebasilica.
Thewellisdatedto455(ageofAvitus)bySgiandupto390by14Cmethod.
Besidethewell,theexaminationdealswithfindsfromthehorreumexcavatedbyL.Barkczi.
Fromthelowestfloorlevelofthehorreum thatisthedestructionlayerofSgisClevel(AD380455) agreatnumberof
findswereuncovered

Dateof
period

Earlyphase
(Sgi1989)

Latephase
(Sgi1989)

Earlyphase
(Soproni1978)

Latephase
(Soproni1978;
Mller1987)

Earlyphase
(Tth1985)

Latephase
(Tth1985)

285
305A.D.
DiocletianI.
324
337A.D.
ConstantinI.
350
361A.D.
ConstantiusII
364
375 A.D.

ValentinianI
Dateoftheeralyandlatephaseofthetransdanubianinnerfortresses

1.PhaseNo.1: buildingofhorreum
withthegroupofovens
Well
2.PhaseNo.2:levelling,rebuildingofhorreum(PhaseNo.2)togetherwiththegroupofovens(PhaseNo.2)
Sgi1989:horreum,well,roadlayerno.2=FortressPeriodCendingin455A.D.
Absolutechronology:radiocarbondating middleorsecondthirdofthe4thcentury
1.charredremainsofcerealinthelevellingoftheroadlayerno.2.
2.humanbonesfromthemassgraveintheoven
3.charredremainsofcerealintheWellneartothehorreum
=theendofthefirstPeriod(?)ofthefortress(coinsfromthedestructionlayer)

roadlayerno.2between
thesoutherngatetowers
cellarpit
well

massgraveinthebreadoven

HorreumPhase 1 Oven Phase 1 Well

Well

Mass grave intheoven

1.PhaseNo.1: buildingofhorreum
withthegroupofovens
Well
2.PhaseNo.2:levelling,rebuildingofhorreum(PhaseNo.2)togetherwiththegroupofovens(PhaseNo.2)
Sgi1989:horreum,well,roadlayerno.2=FortressPeriodCendingin455A.D.
Absolutechronology:radiocarbondating middleorsecondthirdofthe4thcentury
1.charredremainsofcerealinthelevellingoftheroadlayerno.2.
2.humanbonesfromthemassgraveintheoven
3.charredremainsofcerealintheWellneartothehorreum
=theendofthefirstPeriod(?)ofthefortress(coinsfromthedestructionlayer)

roadlayerno.2between
thesoutherngatetowers
cellarpit
well

massgraveinthebreadoven

DistributionofLateRoman
glazedpottery

Placesofglazedwareproduction
inPannonia
Factssupportingthedating:
Intercisa:4thcentury(K.Pczy1957)
Carnuntum:middleofthe4thcentury(M.Grnewald1979)

Quantity oftheglazedpottery:
Tokodcastrum:3,98%
csVaspusztacastrum:10%

Tokodfortress:from369373A.D.(A.Mcsy),II.Constantius(S.Soproni)
tothebeginningofthe5thcentury

PilismartMalompatak/Kleinkastell:6%

Sgvrcemetery:345375/380A.D.(A.Burger1966)

Lenyfaluwatchtower:19%

Lenyfalu:from370A.D.tothefirstthirdofthe5thcentury(Ottomnyi
1996)

KeszthelyFenkpuszta:4,58%

SavariaFtr:secondthirdofthe4thcenturytothemiddleofthe5th
century

Archologisches Institut der UAdW

Gruppe Fabrikat d
Uptothepresent,1504 potteryfindshavebeen
descripted,69 pieces(4,58%)ofthemareglazed
65pieces:redfired
4pieces:greyfired(1mortarium,3jugs)
32pieces:secondaryfired

Archologisches Institut der UAdW

Gruppe Fabrikat d

Archologisches Institut der UAdW

Gruppe Fabrikat d

LRG1:Mortariaofconicalformwithhorizontallystretchedbendedrim,withflatbase
KeszthelyFenkpuszta:well,workplaceNo.10
firedofred
inolivegreen,orange,rarelyreddishbrownglazed
Cvjetianin2006,LRG1

witholivegreensurface:allperiodsoftheLate
Romanproduction
dateoftype:fromthebeginningofthe4th century
thehighestpeak:inthemiddleandsecondthird
ofthe4th centurytothe
beginningofthe5th century

Mortariawithglazedsurfaceandredpainted rim
theearliesttime:attheendofthe3rd centurywithin
theproductionwithRomanprovincialpottery
(SouthofPannonia,Gorsium,Vindobona)

Archologisches Institut der UAdW

Archologisches Institut der UAdW

LRG8:Mortariaofconicalformwiththickerwalls,angularlyprofiledrimandwithflatbase
KeszthelyFenkpuszta:workplaceNo.10
redfired
Cvjetianin2006,LRG8

inolivegreen,yellowishbrown,reddishbrownglazed

dateoftype:4thcentury
thehighestpeak:secondhalfof
the4thcentury

Archologisches Institut der UAdW

Gruppe Fabrikat d

LRG39:Calotteshapedbowlwithhorizontalrimwithwavyedgeandwithflatfootrim
KeszthelyFenkpuszta:well 2exemplars
firedofred
inolivegreenandyellowglazedontheinternalsurface,partiallyontheedgeoftherim
Cvjetianin2006,LRG39
Dateofthistype:4th centuryand
thebeginningofthe5thcentury

Parallelsarerareintheglazed
pottery(SouthofPannonia,
Brukner1981,T.93.157)
localpottery:Thracia,LowerMoesia
redcolouredwithstampdecoration
Prototype:
Macedoniangreyterrasigillata
(Hayesfig.91a)

Ulpiana(Moesia)
greyslippottery
Macedonianterrasigillata

Singidunumunglazed
(Brukner1981)

Endofthe4thcenturytothe
firstdecadesofthe5thcentury
(Fidanovski1990)

LRG25,27:Hemispericalandcalotteshapedbowlwithhorizontallyevertedrimandwithflatfoot
rim(volume0.250.35litres)
KeszthelyFenkpuszta:well,horreum,workplaceNo.10
firedofred
inolivegreenandreddishbrownglazedontheinnersurface,partiallyontheedgeoftherim
dateoftype:fromthefirstdecadesofthe4th centurytothe6th centurywiththehighestpeakinthe
secondthirdofthe4th centuryandthebeginningofthe5th century
Prototypeoftheform:
Romanprovincialbowls
ofthe2nd3rd centuries

withslightlyribbedrim

reddishbrownglazedsurface:
moretypicalforthesecond
thirdofthe4th centuryand
firsthalfofthe5th century
Prototypeofthedecoration:
Silverbowlswithpseudo
pearlsontherim

Cvjetianin2006,LRG27

2
1

rimwithpseudogranulation

Archologisches Institut der UAdW

Bowlswithdifferentvariants
ofriminGorsium/Valeria

BowlswithdifferentvariantsofriminTokod/Valeria
from369373tothebeginningofthe5thcentury

GlazedandunglazedbowlsinSouthof
Pannonia(Brukner1981)

BowlswithslightlyribbedrimfromSomodorpuszta/
PannoniaIingraveswithcoins364/375A.D.

Archologisches Institut der UAdW

Cvjetianin2006,LRG69b

Cvjetianin2006,LRG27

Plateofcompositeformwithconicalupperpart
KeszthelyFenkpuszta:1exemplar redfired
Largenumber:MoesiaIandDaciaRipensis
Dateoftypes:secondthirdofthe4thcenturythefirsthalfof
the5thcentury

Pilissznt watchtower
from370A.D.
(Marti1985)

Gorsium/Herculia
(Bnki1992)

Gorsium/Herculia(Bnki1992)

Platesofconicalformwithhorizontallyevertedrimand
flatbase
KeszthelyFenkpuszta:workplaceNo.10 2 exemplars
redfired
inolivegreenglazedoninternalsurface

Sgvr,cemetery,
grave331(Burger1966)

Somogyszil,cemetery,
grave11withcoins346
(Burger1979)
Zengvrkony,cemetery
no.2.,grave17with
coins363A.D.(Dombay
1957)

Cvjetianin2006,LRG143.
LRG143/145/146:jagofovalformwithcylindricalneckand
withone,twoorthreeribbonlikehandles startingbelowthe
rim,ringlikeemphasizedbase

KeszthelyFenkpuszta:well,workplaceNo.10

Intercisa

firedofred
inolivegreenglazedontheexternalsurface
dateoftype:secondhalfofthe4th century
redorgreyfiredaswithpolishedsurfacefrom
Gerulata,cemetery
theendofthe3rdcenturyandthe4thcentury
Grave1
KrefeldGellep Theearliestoccurrenceofglazedjagsinthe
gravesinPannonia(Ndorfy1992)
(Krekovi 1998)

Archologisches Institut der UAdW

morphologicallyidenticalexemplarsappearasgreyfiredorpolished
thistypeofrimbelongstothejarsastojugs(glazedorunglazed)

Unglazedwareswiththe
sametypeofrim

Szentendre
GraveNo.26
Coins:312A.D.

KeszthelyFenkpuszta,
workplaceNo.10
Greysandycoarsewares

Glazedflagons
Carnuntumlegionsfort,
4thcentury

Keszthely
Fenkpuszta,
GraveNr.89.
Coins:333
A.D.

Theearliestoccurrenceofglazedflagonsinthegravesin
Pannonia(Ndorfy1992)

Cskvrcemetery(LateRoman380 430A.D.)

Archologisches Institut der UAdW

Cvjetianin2006,LRG80

Brigetio,GlasierteKeramik
1992,Kat.138
withringliketumbrestarerarelier
LRG80:Flagonofovalform,withcylindricalneckandwith
ribbonlikehandle thumbrestintherootofthehandleat
therim

dateoftype:
a) olivegreenglazed: theendof3rdandthebeginningofthe4th
century endofthe4thandfirsthalfofthe5thcentury

redfired
inolivegreen,reddishbrownglazed

a) reddishbrownglazed:fromtheecondthirdofthe4thcenturyto
thebeginningofthe5thcentury(withproductiontothe6th
century

Archologisches Institut der UAdW

Choice of ceramics in 45th century: the glazed pottery making went out of fashion earlier than the impressed
decorated pottery production (Scarbantia, ArrabonaPhase 2: very few glazed ceramic in it, ArrabonaPhase 3:
polished pottery without glazed wares).

Oral communication by K. Pczy (cited by . Bnis):

In Scarabantia the glazed ware appears simultaneously with impressed pottery in layers dated after 380.
In the younger layers the impressed decoration appears without glazed ware.
In the youngest phase the impressed decorated pottery appears in association with Germanstyle ceramics.
Additional data: Assemblages of Zamrdi and Ordacsehi located near Lake Balaton (40 and 75 km from Keszthely)
Analysis of Zs. Bocsi: The foundation of the settlements can be dated to the middle of the 5th century.
Regarding forms of ceramics the roman features combine with German ones, but the decoration is characteristically
German.
Bocsi dates the Zamrdi settlement up to the mid6th century. In both of the settlements the impressed decorated
pottery was widely used while glazed ware was not noted at all.

Ordacsehi-Kistlts Bocsi 2007

Zamrdi-Ktvlgyi dl Bocsi 2007 alapjn

WorplaceNo.10.

Horreum,well
horvath@archeo.mta.hu

Archologisches Institut der UAdW

Gruppe Fabrikat d

Balca (zrrem 257/259)

s Aquincum (3. sz. ?)

Karp ednyek (3. sz.) Bichir alapjn

A besimtott kermia lommzas ednyeket tartalmaz leletegyttesekben

II. csoport (5. sz. 2. harmadtl)

I. csoport (a 4. sz. 2. harmadtl 5. sz. els harmada)

Sgvr, III. temet

Keszthely-Dobog, Temet
10. sr, Valens rem - 364/367
Lenyfalu-rtorony (Valentinianus utni)

Lussonium-castellum, 4. sz. msodik fele

Pilismart-Malompatak (Valentinianus utni)

Arrabona,
1A-B fzis
Tomka 2004 alapjn

FRKR III, Szombathely 2008