The main aim was to find the threshold density og gp120-CCR5 bond (that is number of

bonds per m2 )and hence use a drug to supress the expression of CCR5 and hence prevent
the transmission of the virus and delay the progression of the disease.

Reduced expression : bringing to an inferior state.

C-C chemokine receptor type 5, also known as CCR5 or CD195, is a protein on the surface of
white blood cells that is involved in the immune system as it acts as a receptor for chemokines.

R-5 Tropic virus: A strain of HIV that enters and infects a host cell by binding to the CCR5
receptor on the host cell. To enter a host cell, HIV must first attach to a CD4 receptor, then attach
to either the CCR5 or CXCR4 receptor, and finally fuse its membrane with the host cell
membrane. HIV is usually R5-tropic (uses CCR5) during the early stages of infection.

Threshold:the magnitude or intensity that must be exceeded for a certain reaction, phenomenon,
result, or condition to occur or be manifested.

Effector cell: effector B cells, are white blood cells that secrete large volumes of antibodies.

receptor antagonist:A receptor antagonist is a type of receptor ligand or drug that blocks or
dampens agonist-mediated responses rather than provoking a biological response itself upon
binding to a receptor

In biochemistry, allosteric regulation (or allosteric control) is the regulation of a protein by

binding an effector molecule at a site other than the protein's active site. The site the effector
binds to is termed the allosteric site.

Vicriviroc, previously named SCH 417690 and SCH-D, is a pyrimidine CCR5 entry inhibitor of
HIV-1.

Assay:An assay is an investigative (analytic) procedure in laboratory medicine, pharmacology,

environmental biology, continuous delivery, and molecular biology for qualitatively assessing or
quantitatively measuring the presence or amount or the functional activity of a target entity (the
analyte).

Nonpathogenic: Incapable of causing disease. For example, nonpathogenic E. coli are E. coli
bacteria that do not cause disease, but instead live naturally in the large intestine.

A mucous membrane (plural - mucosae or mucosas; singular - mucosa; Latin - tunica mucosa) is
a lining of mostly endodermal origin. It consists of an epithelium and an underlying lamina
propria of connective tissue.

Medical Definition of HOMOZYGOUS. : having the two genes at corresponding loci on

homologous chromosomes identical for one or more loci.

CCR5-32 is a deletion mutation of a gene that has a specific impact on the function of T
cells.The deleted portion of the CCR5 gene consists of thirty-two base pairs that correspond to
the second extracellular loop of the receptor; the mutated receptor is non-functional and does not
allow M-tropic HIV-1 virus entry, thus resulting in infection resistance.

Microbial translocation the translocation of commensal microbial products from the

intestinal lumen into the systemic circulation in the absence of overt bacteraemia.

Homing is the process of determining the location of something, sometimes the source of a
transmission, and going to it.

Cryptic: having a meaning that is mysterious or obscure.

There is a need for multiple bonds between gp120 and CD4+/CCR5 for virus entry.

Chemical reaction network theory is an area of applied mathematics that attempts to model the
behaviour of real world chemical systems

In probability and statistics, the truncated normal distribution is the probability distribution of
a normally distributed random variable whose value is either bounded below or above (or both).

Cytostatic is a word some doctors and researchers use to describe the way some anti cancer drugs
work. Many cancer drugs aim to kill cancer cells. The word cytotoxic means toxic to cells, or cell
killing. So chemotherapy is cytotoxic therapy.

Endocytosis is an energy-using process by which cells absorb molecules (such as proteins) by

engulfing them. It is used by all cells of the body because most substances important to them are
large polar molecules that cannot pass through the hydrophobic plasma or cell membrane. The
opposite process is exocytosis.

In biology, an endosome is a membrane-bounded compartment inside eukaryotic cells. It is a

compartment of the endocytic membrane transport pathway from the plasma membrane to the
lysosome.

The plasma membranes of cells contain combinations of glycosphingolipids and protein receptors
organized in glycolipoprotein microdomains termed lipid rafts.

Cooperative binding occurs in binding systems that are constituted by more than one type
(species) of molecule (say molecules A and B) and in which one of the partners is not monovalent; i.e., it binds more than one molecule of the other molecular species.

In biotechnology, flow cytometry is a laser-based, biophysical technology employed in cell

counting, cell sorting, biomarker detection and protein engineering, by suspending cells in a

stream of fluid and passing them by an electronic detection apparatus.

Transfection is the process of deliberately introducing nucleic acids into cells. The term is often
used for non-viral methods in eukaryotic cells.

Luciferase is a generic term for the class of oxidative enzymes used in bioluminescence and is
distinct from a photoprotein.

Studies that are in vitro (Latin: in glass; often not italicized in English) are performed with cells
or biological molecules studied outside their normal biological context; for example proteins are
examined in solution, or cells in artificial culture medium.

Studies that are in vivo (Latin for "within the living"; often not italicized in English) are those in
which the effects of various biological entities are tested on whole, living organisms usually
animals including humans, and plants as opposed to a partial or dead organism, or those done in
vitro ...

An electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) or mobility shift electrophoresis, also referred as
a gel shift assay, gel mobility shift assay, band shift assay, or gel retardation assay, is a common
affinity electrophoresis technique used to study proteinDNA or proteinRNA interactions. This
procedure can determine if a protein or mixture of proteins is capable of binding to a given DNA
or RNA sequence, and can sometimes indicate if more than one protein molecule is involved in
the binding complex.

Cirrhosis /sross/ is a condition in which the liver does not function properly due to long term
damage.

Pregenomic RNA :gjfg

cccDNA (covalently closed circular DNA) is a special DNA structure that arises during the
propagation of some viruses in the cell nucleus and may remain permanently there. It is a double-stranded
DNA that originates in a linear form that is ligated by means of DNA ligase to a covalently closed ring.

Interferon alfa 2b is an antiviral drug originally discovered in the laboratory of Charles

Weissmann at the University of Zurich, developed at Biogen, and ultimately marketed by
Schering-Plough under the tradename Intron-A. It has been used for a wide range of indications,
including viral infections and cancers.

Pegylated interferon (PEG-IFN) is a class of medication that includes three different drugs as of
2012: Pegylated interferon-alpha-2a. Pegylated interferon-alpha-2b. Pegylated interferon-beta-1a.

Proteomics is the large-scale study of proteins, particularly their structures and functions.