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Session 1-2
5000
680
680
5000
Shifts in Demand
Substitutes - Two goods for which an
increase in the price of one leads to an
increase in the quantity demanded of the
other.
Complements - Two goods for which an
increase in the price of one leads to a
decrease in the quantity demanded of the
other.
CHANGES IN MARKET
EQUILIBRIUM
Figure 2.6
New Equilibrium Following
Shifts in Supply and Demand
A change in quantity
P
P=p(Q)
700
680
5000
4990
ELASTICITIES
elasticity Percentage change in one variable resulting from
a 1-percent increase in another.
(2.1)
ELASTICITIES
Linear Demand Curve
linear demand curve
Figure 2.11
Linear Demand Curve
ELASTICITIES
Linear Demand Curve
Figure 2.12
(a) Infinitely Elastic Demand
ELASTICITIES
Linear Demand Curve
Figure 2.12
(b) Completely Inelastic Demand
e = p Q(p) / Q(p)
TR(Q) = MR(Q) = p(Q) [ 1 + 1/e]
Abs(e) > 1 ; demand is elastic; TR(Q) > 0
Abs(e) < 1 ; demand is inelastic; TR(Q) < 0
ELASTICITIES
Other Demand Elasticities
income elasticity of demand Percentage change in the quantity
demanded resulting from a 1-percent increase in income.
(2.2)
Elasticities of Supply
price elasticity of supply Percentage change in quantity supplied
resulting from a 1-percent increase in price.
MARKET DEMAND
market demand curve Curve relating
the quantity of a good that all consumers
in a market will buy to its price.
(1)
Price
($)
(2)
Individual A
(Units)
(3)
Individual B
(Units)
(4)
Individual C
(Units)
(5)
Market
(Units)
10
16
32
13
25
10
18
11
MARKET DEMAND
From Individual to Market Demand
Figure 4.10
Summing to Obtain a Market Demand
Curve
CONSUMER SURPLUS
consumer surplus Difference between what a consumer is willing to
pay for a good and the amount actually paid.
CONSUMER SURPLUS
Consumer Surplus and Demand
Figure 14.4
Consumer Surplus Generalized