Hyperfine Interact (2010) 196:385394

DOI 10.1007/s10751-010-0174-7

Polaronic and charge ordering effects

in Pr0.5 Sr0.5 Mn1x Fe x O3
Sami H. Mahmood Jumana Dawood
Abdel-Fatah Lehlooh Abdelwaheb Cheikhrouhou
Abdallah Ammar

Published online: 19 March 2010

Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2010

Abstract In this work we report the results of X-ray diffraction and Mssbauer spectroscopy for the systems Pr0.5 Sr0.5 Mn1x Fex O3 (with x = 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25,
0.30). XRD patterns indicated that all samples were single phase with slightly
distorted orthorhombic symmetry. Room temperature Mssbauer spectra are all
quadrupole split, indicating paramagnetic relaxation of the Fe moment for all values
of Fe concentrations. The spectra are fitted with two doublet components associated
with Fe3+ ions in octahedral sites with different distortions. Mssbauer spectra
recorded at liquid nitrogen temperature for this system also indicate paramagnetic
relaxation of the Fe moments down to liquid nitrogen temperature (LNT). In
these spectra a third quadrupole component with quadrupole splitting close to zero
develops. This component is associated with the delocalization of the charge carriers
and the consequent disappearance of lattice distortions produced by the polaronic
effect at room temperature. The component with the high quadrupole splitting
(0.81 to 1.07 mm/s) results from JahnTeller distortion as a consequence of charge
ordering transition at low temperature.
Keywords Mssbauer spectroscopy Manganites Polarons Charge order
JahnTeller distortion Delocalization

1 Introduction
Heterogeneous ferromagnetic materials exhibiting giant magnetoresistance (GMR)
have been of great interest due to their potential use in magnetic recording [1].

S. H. Mahmood (B) J. Dawood A.-F. Lehlooh

Physics Department, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
e-mail: mahmoods@yu.edu.jo
A. Cheikhrouhou A. Ammar
Facult des Sciences de Sfax, Laboratoire de Physique des Matriaux, 3018, Sfax, Tunisia

386

S.H. Mahmood et al.

More recently, some 3d transition-metal oxides possessing large room-temperature

magnetoresistance associated with a paramagnetic-ferromagnetic phase transition
have been recognized. Specifically, the magnetic perovskites T1x Dx MnO3 where
T is a trivalent lanthanide cation and D is a divalent cation have been the focus of
studies due to their structural, magnetic, transport and electronic structure properties [2].
A number of models and theories have been proposed to explain the observed
large (colossal) magnetoresistance (CMR) in manganites systems. Such models are:
the paramagnetic-ferromagnetic phase transition [3, 4], the double exchange (DE)
interaction between Mn3+ and Mn4+ ions [5], electronphonon coupling arising from
the JahnTeller distortion of the Mn3+ O6 octahedra and the formation of lattice
polarons induced by the electron-phonon coupling in the paramagnetic phase [6, 7],
and the charge ordering (CO) transition [8, 9].
Fe57 MS of the manganite system La1x Cax Mn0.99 Fe0.01 O3 (x = 0.5, 0.6) [10]
have shown that at T = 150 K a resolved doublet with quadrupole splitting Q =
0.426 mm/s was observed. At room temperature the Mssbauer spectrum has a
quadrupole splitting Q = 0.200 mm/s. The large increase in quadrupole splitting at
low temperatures is attributed to JahnTeller (J-T) distortion due to charge ordering
(CO) as the temperature is reduced.
Simopoulos et al. [11] have used XRD, neutron diffraction, and Mssbauer
spectroscopy to investigate the structural characteristics and hyperfine interactions
for the systems La0.67 Ca0.33 MnO3 doped with 1% and 2% Fe57 . At T = 300 K
Mssbauer spectrum for each sample was fitted with one doublet. The isomer shift
( = 0.368 mm/s) and quadrupole splitting (Q = 0.184 mm/s) were typical for Fe3+
in slightly distorted octahedral coordination.
Moutis et al. [12] used XRD to illustrate that the system La0.67 (Bax Ca1x )0..33
MnO3 with x 0.4 displayed a single orthorhombic phase, while those with x 0.50
displayed a single rhombohedral phase.
Mssbauer measurements of the system La0.75 Ca0.25 Mn0.98 Fe0.02 O3 [13] have
shown that at T = 300 K the spectrum was fitted with one doublet, with hyperfine
parameters = 0.364 mm/s, and Q = 0.348 mm/s. The small value of Q was
associated with orthorhombic distortion.
The system La0.75 Ca0.25 Mn1x Fex O3 (x = 0.042, 0.045) was studied in the temperature range 4300 K [14]. Mssbauer spectra from 300 K down to 190 K were fully
paramagnetic, and could be fitted with two doublets, the hyperfine parameters for
the first doublet are I = 0.35 mm/s, QI = 0.12 mm/s; the hyperfine parameters for
the second doublet are II = 0.37 mm/s, QII = 1.42 mm/s.
The crystal structure and the magnetic properties of the system Pr0.5 Sr0.5 Mn1x
Fex O3 under investigation have been previously reported [15]. XRD shows that
all samples are single phase of the orthorhombic structural type. In this work we
introduce an evidence of polaronic effects and electron localizationdelocalization
transition, and charge ordering in Fe doped manganites as the temperature is
reduced from room temperature down to liquid nitrogen temperature. This work is
motivated by the interesting structural, magnetoresistive, and transport properties of
the perovskite manganites, the various models proposed to explain the experimental
results, and the variability of the measured hyperfine parameters associated with
the sensitivity of the local structural symmetries to the preparation techniques and
concentrations of the various elements in the compounds.

Polaronic and charge ordering effects in Pr0.5 Sr0.5 Mn1x Fex O3

387

2 Experimental
The system Pr0.5 Sr0.5 Mn1x Fex O3 (0.00 x 0.30) was prepared using the standard
solid-state reaction method. Appropriate amounts of high purity (at least of 99.9%)
Pr6 O11 , MnO2 , SrCO3 and Fe2 O3 were thoroughly mixed in an agate mortar, and
then fired in air at about 1,000 C for 48 h. After pulverizing another time, the powder
was pressed into pellets (of about 1 mm thickness) and sintered at 1,400 C in air for
72 h.
X-ray diffraction patterns of the samples were obtained using a Philips PW 1729
diffractometer with Co-K radiation ( = 1.79 ).
The Mn4+ ratio in the samples was checked by redox titration using standard
potassium permanganate and ferrous sulfate solution. This ratio was found to be
between 51.8% and 47.3% for the concentration range between 0.05 and 0.30,
indicating that Fe3+ ions substitute Mn3+ ions. The magnetic data were obtained
using a vibrating sample magnetometer in the temperature range 10300 K, in an
applied field of 500 Oe. Further details are found in [15].
Samples for Mssbauer studies were prepared by sprinkling a thin layer of the
powdered compound on one face of a piece of a double-sided scotch tape with
diameter
= 2 cm. Mssbauer spectra were collected using a standard constant
acceleration Mssbauer Spectrometer with a 25 mCi source of Co57 in palladium.
The spectrum of -iron at room temperature was used to calibrate the system. The
spectra were fitted using routines based on least squares analysis.

3 Results and discussion

3.1 X-ray diffraction
The structure of the system Pr0.5 Sr0.5 Mn1x Fex O3 was examined by X-ray powder
diffraction, and the patterns in Fig. 1 show that the system is single phase for all values
of x. This result is consistent with the previous structural analysis of the system [15],
where it was found that all samples crystallize in the orthorhombic structure with
Imma space group. The lattice parameters are listed in Table 1. As the concentration
of Fe increases, the unit cell parameters change slightly due to the fact that the Fe3+
ions replacing Mn3+ have a similar ionic radius of 0.645 . However, this small
change in lattice parameters is indicative of small lattice distortions caused by the
substitution.
3.2 Magnetic
The magnetization measurements versus temperature in the range of 10300 K
revealed that all samples exhibit paramagnetic to ferromagnetic (FM) transition
upon cooling, with a great weakness of the magnetization and a decrease of the ferromagnetic transition temperature (Tc ) for x 0.05. This behavior was interpreted
as due to the interruption of the double exchange interaction between Mn3+ and
Mn4+ ions. The FM transition temperature decreases linearly from 256 K for x = 0,
to 209 K for x = 0.25 [15].

388

S.H. Mahmood et al.

(131)
(024)
(132)

(114)
(222)

(113)
(004)
(220)

(022)

(121)

(002)

Intensity (arbitrary units)

(112)

Fig. 1 Powder X-ray

diffraction patterns for
Pr0.5 Sr0.5 Mn1x Fex O3
(0.05 x 0.3)

x=0.30
x=0.25
x=0.20
x=0.15
x=0.10
x=0.05

20

40

60

80

100

2 (deg)

Table 1 Crystallographic data

of Pr0.5 Sr0.5 Mn1x Fex O3
samples (0.00 x 0.30)

a()

b()

c()

0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30

5.391
5.387
5.380
5.374
5.371
5.367
5.355

5.434
5.434
5.435
5.437
5.438
5.441
5.444

7.733
7.729
7.715
7.708
7.702
7.699
7.696

3.3 Mssbauer
Mssbauer spectra of the system Pr0.5 Sr0.5 Mn1x Fex O3 (with x = 0.05, 0.10, 0.15,
0.20, 0.25, 0.30) were recorded at room temperature and at liquid nitrogen temperature. The spectra are all quadrupole split with no magnetic splitting, indicating
paramagnetic relaxation for the Fe moment at both temperatures for all values of
Fe concentrations.
The spectra at room temperature are fitted each with two doublet components of
almost the same isomer shift. Figure 2 shows the fitted spectra for the compounds
with x = 0.05 and x = 0.30, and the fitting parameters for the spectra of all samples
are listed in Table 2.
The isomer shift (0.4 mm/s) for the two doublets is characteristic of Fe3+ ions.
This indicates that Fe3+ ions replace Mn3+ ions, which is due to their compatible
ionic sizes [10]. This is also consistent with the ratio of Mn4+ determined by the
redox titration method. The quadrupole splitting for the first component ranges
from 0.30 to 0.46 mm/s, while that for the second component ranges from 0.68
0.89 mm/s. Due to the absence of vacancies in our fully oxidized compounds, the
possibility of the presence of different coordination numbers around the Fe3+ ions
is excluded. Thus, these two components are associated with Fe3+ ions in sites with
different distortions of the Fe3+ O6 octahedra. This conclusion is consistent with the
observed small changes in lattice parameters for our samples, and in agreement with
previous studies [10, 11, 14, 16]. The component with the lower quadrupole splitting

Polaronic and charge ordering effects in Pr0.5 Sr0.5 Mn1x Fex O3

Pr0.5Sr0.5Mn0.95Fe0.05O3

Transmission (arb. units)

Fig. 2 Room temperature

Mssbauer spectra of
Pr0.5 Sr0.5 Mn1x Fex O3
(x = 0.05, 0.30)

389

-4

-3

-2

-1

Velocity (mm/s)

Transmission (arb. units)

Pr0.5Sr0.5Mn0.70Fe0.30O3

-4

-3

-2

-1

Velocity (mm/s)

can be associated with charge carrier localization at room temperature and the
consequent development of small magnetic polarons producing lattice distortions of
the octahedral sites. This assignment is consistent with the reported lattice distortion
associated with the gradual localization of the charge carriers above Tc due to strong
electron-phonon coupling in (La-Y/Tb)2/3 Ca1/3 MnO3 [17]. The second component
with larger quadrupole splitting is associated with larger distortions of the lattice
resulting in a rhombohedral symmetry around the Fe3+ ions. The temperature
dependence of the spectra (to be discussed below) shows that this component is
intrinsically different in nature from that arising from polaronic effects. The small
monotonic increase in quadrupole splitting with increasing the Fe concentration is
associated with a gradual increase in lattice distortion resulting from the depletion
of the Mn3+ /Mn4+ ratio as a consequence of Fe3+ replacing Mn3+ . This increase in
lattice distortion could be a consequence of the Fe3+ Mn4+ DE interaction being
weaker than the Mn3+ Mn4+ DE interaction. This behavior is also consistent with
our structural data.

390
Table 2 Fitting parameters for
the spectra of the system
Pr0.5 Sr0.5 Mn1x Fex O3 at RT

S.H. Mahmood et al.

x

Comp. #

(mm/s)

W (mm/s)

I (%)

Q (mm/s)

0.05

I
II
I
II
I
II
I
II
I
II
I
II

0.39
0.33
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.38
0.40
0.37
0.40
0.40
0.41
0.40

0.32
0.32
0.32
0.32
0.35
0.35
0.37
0.37
0.35
0.35
0.37
0.37

75
25
70
30
89
11
91
9
77
23
73
27

0.30
0.68
0.37
0.76
0.38
0.79
0.40
0.84
0.43
0.86
0.46
0.89

0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30

Mssbauer spectra for the system Pr0.5 Sr0.5 Mn1x Fex O3 were also collected at
liquid nitrogen temperature (LNT) for all values of x. The spectra for the samples
with x = 0.05 and x = 0.30 are shown in Fig. 3. Since the spectra of the investigated
samples do not show any magnetic splitting, we conclude that the Fe ions experience
paramagnetic relaxations down to LNT. This behavior will be discussed below.
It was not possible to fit the Mssbauer spectra at LNT with two doublets as in
the RT spectra. It is obvious that a third component at the center of the spectrum is
present. Thus, the best fit of the spectrum for each value of x is obtained using three
doublets, and the fitting parameters are listed in Table 3.
The isomer shifts of the spectral components are similar, and are characteristic
of the Fe3+ valence state. The small increase in isomer shift in comparison with the
room temperature spectra is due to second order Doppler shift. The line widths of the
Lorentzians used to fit all the spectra of the system (0.300.43 mm/s) are considerably
larger than the typical width for the Lorentzian associated with the spectrum of Fe
existing in one distinct environment (W = 0.25 mm/s). This broadening suggests the
multiplicity of Fe-sites with slightly different distortions.
The development of the third component with a relatively small quadrupole splitting at low temperature can be associated with the charge carrier delocalization and
the consequent disappearance of lattice distortion produced by the polaronic effect
at room temperature. This is the same effect responsible for the observed anomalies
in volume expansion, small angle neutron scattering intensity, resistivity, and magnetostriction in magnetoresistive perovskites in the temperature range below 1.8 Tc
[17]. The intensity of this component (2040%) suggests that an appreciable fraction
of the Fe3+ ions at LNT exists in sites which are almost undistorted due to charge
delocalization. The relatively low intensity (20%) of this component at x = 0.05 is
due to the fact that at this concentration the FeFe separation is compatible with that
reported for Fe-doped La0.75 Ca0.25 MnO3 at the threshold Fe concentration of 0.045
at which anomalous behavior is observed in the transport properties of the manganite
[14, 18]. At this concentration, the FeFe separation is reported to be about three
lattice parameters (12 ), where polarons of this size develop, and the observed
transition in resistivity behavior is associated with the localizationdelocalization
transition for the charge carrierpolaron complex. At higher Fe concentrations, the
number of small polarons increases due to the obstruction of the Mn3+ Mn4+ DE
interaction by Fe3+ ions. This result is in agreement with the reported significant

Polaronic and charge ordering effects in Pr0.5 Sr0.5 Mn1x Fex O3

Fig. 3 The fitted Mssbauer
spectra of Pr0.5 Sr0.5 Mn1x
Fex O3 with x = 0.05, 0.30 at
liquid nitrogen temperature

391

Transmission (arb. units)

Pr0.5Sr0.5Mn0.95Fe0.05O3

-4

-3

-2

-1

Velocity (mm/s)

Transmission (arb. units)

Pr0.5Sr0.5Mn0.70Fe0.30 O3

-4

-3

-2

-1

Velocity (mm/s)

increase in resistivity, and enhancement of the magnetoresistance as x increases in

the Pr2/3 Sr1/3 Mn1x O3 manganite system [19]. The relatively high intensity (40%)
for the low quadrupole component at x = 0.15 is consistent with the observed
dramatic enhancement of the colossal magnetoresistance at 12% Fe doping in
La2/3 Ca1/3 MnO3 [20].
The persistence of the smaller room temperature quadrupole splitting component
(0.45 mm/s) with 3050% relative spectral intensity is a signature that carrier
localization and the consequent onset of magnetic polarons still exists at LNT.
Recently, the presence of polarons both above and below the transition temperature
in La0.7 Ca0.3 MnO3 has been reported [21]. Thus, the production of materials with
higher degree of charge delocalization below Tc should improve the metallicity of
the material, and consequently result in a sharper insulatormetal transition at Tc .
Also, this remaining component could be arising in part from other effects that

392
Table 3 Fitting parameters for
the spectra of the system
Pr0.5 Sr0.5 Mn1x Fex O3 at LNT

S.H. Mahmood et al.

x

Comp. #

(mm/s)

W (mm/s)

I (%)

Q (mm/s)

0.05

I
II
III
I
II
III
I
II
III
I
II
III
I
II
III
I
II
III

0.43
0.44
0.44
0.46
0.47
0.45
0.43
0.44
0.46
0.41
0.41
0.42
0.40
0.42
0.41
0.43
0.45
0.44

0.42
0.42
0.42
0.43
0.43
0.43
0.36
0.36
0.36
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.38
0.38
0.38
0.40
0.40
0.40

40
40
20
36
34
30
28
32
40
50
24
26
34
36
30
38
36
26

0.42
0.97
0.08
0.43
1.04
0.16
0.46
0.87
0.10
0.45
0.81
0.14
0.44
1.07
0.16
0.45
1.07
0.04

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

cannot be explained by the simple polaronic effects. Recently, it was stated that the
disregard of some of the essential ingredients of a comprehensive microscopic model
for manganites, such as electronelectron interactions and disorder effects, is not
justified [22].
The obvious increase in the splitting of the high quadrupole component (0.81
1.07 mm/s) as the temperature is lowered down to LNT for almost all samples is
contrary to what is expected from localizationdelocalization effects, and indicates
that the low and high quadrupole components observed in the room temperature
measurements are different. While the first is arising from lattice distortions produced by polaronic effects above Tc , and is expected to diminish as we approach Tc
from above, the second component is not. Thus, the observed increase in quadrupole
splitting is associated with JahnTeller (J-T) distortions due to CO transition as the
temperature is lowered. The intensity of this component indicates that it is arising
partially from the original room temperature high splitting component (temperature
independent distortions), and partially from J-T distortions due to CO around sites
occupied by Fe3+ ions participating in the low splitting component. This charge
ordering as the temperature is reduced results in doubling (or more) the value of the
quadrupole splitting. Such CO transitions have been reported at low concentrations
of Fe in Pr1/2 Sr1/2 MnO3 below 140 K [9]. A similar doubling of the quadrupole splitting had been reported in the system La0.5 Ca0.5 MnO3 below the CO temperature,
and was associated with the J-T distortion [10]. The suggestion of the presence of
charge ordering in our compounds is consistent with the reports that the electron
doped (Mn4+ rich) region favors CO mechanism, however, is contrary to the reported
absence of CO in Pr0.5 Sr0.5 MnO3 based on ED results [22]. Another basic difference
between our results and those of [23] is that the latter reports a ferromagnetic-metal
to antiferromagnetic-insulator transition at around 150 K, which is not observed in
our samples. This could be due to the Fe doping in our samples, resulting in the
increase in the Mn4+ /Mn3+ ratio.

Polaronic and charge ordering effects in Pr0.5 Sr0.5 Mn1x Fex O3

393

Finally, the apparent contradiction between the results of the magnetic measurements [15] which show ferromagnetic-like transition as the temperature is lowered,
and those of the Mssbauer measurements which show paramagnetic behavior down
to LNT should be addressed. It is evident that as Tc is approached from above, the
number of small polarons increases, and reaches a maximum at Tc , resulting in the
observed anomalies at this temperature [17]. The observed progressive increase in
magnetization in the temperature range down to about 75 K could thus be associated
with the progressive increase in the number of polarons, and their alignment in the
applied field direction. It could be inferred from the magnetic data that the polarons
start to interact below about 270 K, and coalesce at temperatures below about 75 K,
marking a true polaronic to ferromagnetic transition. This interpretation is consistent
with the reported results on La0.7 Ca0.3 MnO3 [24], and with our Mssbauer results
which indicates the presence of Fe ions in a magnetically disordered state.

4 Conclusions
The present study shows that Mssbauer spectra for the systems Pr0.5 Sr0.5 Mn1x
Fex O3 (with x = 0.050.30) are all quadrupole split with no magnetically split
components. This indicates that the magnetic moments of Fe exhibit paramagnetic
relaxations in all samples at temperatures down to LNT. Since all studied samples are
fully oxidized, all Fe ions are in octahedral sites coordinated with 6O2 ions. Analysis
of the spectra leads to the following conclusions:
1. Room temperature Mssbauer spectra consist of two quadrupole components,
corresponding to Fe3+ ions in sites of different lattice distortions.
2. The value of the quadrupole splitting for each of these two components increases
slightly and monotonically with increasing Fe concentration due to the changing
of Mn4+ /Mn3+ ratio, and the consequent changes in the number of polarons.
3. Reducing the temperature down to LNT results in a third quadrupole component
with small quadrupole splitting (between 0.04 and 0.16 mm/s). This is an evidence
of charge delocalization and the consequent disappearance of lattice distortion
produced by the polaronic effect at room temperature.
4. Charge ordering transition is responsible for the appreciable increase in quadrupole splitting and intensity for the high quadrupole split component upon
lowering the temperature.

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