Chapter07 MCB

07 - Credit Monitoring, Sickness and Rehabilitation
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07 - Credit Monitoring, Sickness and

Rehabilitation
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CHAPTER SEVEN
Credit Monitoring, Sickness and Rehabilitation
Understand why credit needs to be monitored after disbursal
Learn to recognise symptoms of sickness/triggers of financial
distress
Analyse whether to nurse or not to nurse

Understand how rehabilitation packages are framed
BASIC CONCEPTS
The Need for Credit Review and Monitoring

From the previous chapters, it is evident that credit management
in a bank consists of two distinct processesbefore and after the
credit sanction is made. After the credit sanction is made, and the
loan is disbursed to the borrower, it is important to ensure that the

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principal and interest are fully recovered. Loan review is, therefore,
a vital post-sanction process.
Loan review helps in the following:

Continuously checking if the loan policy is being adhered to.
Identifying problem accounts even at the incipient stage.
Assessing the bank's exposure to credit risk.1
Assessing the bank's future capital requirements.2
A sound credit review process is necessary for the long-term
sustenance of the bank. Once a credit is granted, it is the
responsibility of the business unit, along with a credit administration

support team, to ensure that the credit limit is being operated well,
credit files, financial information and other information are updated

periodically and the account is monitored, to ensure that the debt
is serviced on time.
An effective credit monitoring system will have to include measures

to ensure the following:
The bank should periodically obtain and scrutinize the current

financial statements of the borrower.
Systems should be in place to ensure that covenants are

complied with, and any violation is immediately noticed.
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The system should periodically ensure that the security

coverage for the advances granted is not diluted.
Payment defaults under the loan contract should be immediately

noticed.
Loans with the potential to run into problems should be

classified in time to institute remedial action.
While individual borrowers should be subjected to intense
monitoring, banks also need to put in place a system for monitoring

the overall composition and quality of the credit portfolio.
It is seen that many problem credits reveal basic weaknesses in the

credit granting and monitoring processes. A strong internal credit
control process can, in many cases, offset the shortcomings in
external factors such as the economy or the specific industry. It also

follows that the monitoring policy need not be uniform, and can
instead provide more frequent reviews and financial updates for
riskier clients. Thus, rather than dedicating equal time to all credit
transactions, review and monitoring time could be allocated to high

risk and/or very large loans.
The structure of the credit review process would have to
periodically examine the assumptions on which every loan was

appraised and granted, and whether these assumptions have
changed materially enough to endanger the debt-servicing capacity

of the borrower. Typically, all or most of the following aspects are
reviewed for every loan till it is repaid in full.
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Developments in the economy that may have an impact on the

industry in which the borrower operates.
Developments in the industry or sector in which the borrower

operates.
The borrower's financial health. Is the credit adequate? Has the

borrower over-or under-borrowed? Can the borrower sustain
debt service without default?
The borrower's payment record in this and other loans so far.

The quality, condition and value of the prime and collateral
securities.
The completeness of loan documentation, and developments in

law governing the instruments effecting credit delivery.
Adherence to loan covenants. Is there a danger of violating one

or more of these? How critical are these violations for the debt
service and the long-term relationship with the borrower?
Some borrowers may default on debt service due to factors out of

their control. In such cases, the bank may have to reschedule the
debt service requirements and alter some of the covenants, if
necessary.
Central banks of most countries have devised country-specific
definitions and control systems to tackle sick borrowers. There are

three categories of sickness that could afflict borrowers.
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Sickness at birththe project itself has become infeasible either

due to faulty assumptions or a change in environment.
Induced sicknesscaused by management in competencies or

willful default.
Genuine sicknesswhere the circumstances leading to
sickness are beyond the borrowers control, and has happened

in spite of the borrowers sincere efforts to avert the situation.
When the borrower turns sick, the bank will have to investigate (a)
the reasons for sickness, and whether remedial measures can
revive the ailing firm; (b) the rationale for categorizing the borrower
as sick; (c) the risks involved in rehabilitating the borrowing firm
and (d) in case the bank decides to rehabilitate, the requirements

for such revival in the form of additional financing, government
support, management inputs or upgraded technology.
Triggers of Financial Distress
When does a firm face financial distress? Financial failure occurs
when there is a prolonged period of lack of profitability. The most
marked among the manifestations of lack of profitability is the
decay in the cash inflows. Due to this decay, even though the firm's
balance sheet could show a healthy level of current and fixed
assets, the firm would be unable to meet its current liabilities. An

example of such a situation is when the firm has a high level of
receivables, but these are not realizable. Or, inventories look high
but the quality is poor and items are non-moving, and due to low
profitability the firm does not write them off. Or, due to continuous
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losses, the firm does not provide adequate depreciation, and the
fixed asset balances seem high. In fact, in these cases, the assets
are rapidly losing market value, which is not reflected in the balance
sheet. Thus, a situation finally arises when the firm's assets are not
all realizable, the cash flows are thinning out, and revenues have
not been covering expenses over a period of time. If such a state
prolongs, economic failure could occurthe rates of return from
investments drop below the cost of capital (COC), and the market
value of liabilities exceeds the market value of assets. The result is

insolvency.
There are several factors that lead to financial distress in firms. Any
of the risk factors listed in Annexure I of Chapter 5 could turn a
reality, and cause a firm to fail. The factors could range from
fundamental changes in the way firms do business, to sweeping
changes in the economy, industry and markets. The reasons could

also be endogenous to the firm, such as loss of major contracts or
customers, growth without adequate capital, superior competition,
management incompetence or poor financial management.
Lending banks would, therefore, be concerned with tackling the

following crucial issues:
What are the signals of financial distress?

Can banks detect signs of distress early enough, and initiate
remedial action, so that bank funds do not turn irrecoverable?

Can financial failure be predicted?
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Financial Distress ModelsThe Altman's Z Score

Typically, the statistical tools used to predict financial distress are
regression and discriminant analysis. Regression analysis uses
past data to forecast values of dependent variables. Discriminant
analysis classifies data into predetermined groups by generating an

index. The model most popular with bankers and analysts, apart
from ad hoc models, is the Altman's3 Z-score model. Since it has
been thoroughly tested and widely accepted, the model scores over
various others that have been subsequently developed and used
for predicting bankruptcy.4
The discriminant function Z was found to be:
where
X1 = working capital/total assets (%)
X2 = retained earnings/total assets (%)

X3 = EBIT/total assets (%)
X4 = market value of equity/book value of debt (%)

X5 = sales to total assets (times)
The firm is classified as financially sound if Z> 2.99 and financially

distressed or bankrupt if Z<1.81.
What are the model's attributes that lead to its continued validity in
most cases? The model is based on two important concepts of
corporate financeoperating leverage and asset utilization. A high

degree of operating leverage implies that a small change in sales
results in a relatively large change in net operating income. Lenders

are aware of the pitfalls of financing firms with high operating
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leveragethey should be convinced that the borrowers can
withstand recessions or sudden dips in sales. Asset utilization
suffers when too many assets are held on the firm's balance sheet,
disproportionate to the operating requirements and the sales
generated. It is noteworthy that the model has total assets as the

denominator in four out of the five variables. Box 7.1 on the next
page provides a connective insight into the variables constituting

the model.
However, the Z-score model makes two basic assumptions. One,
that the firm's equity is publicly traded and second, that it is a firm
engaged in manufacturing activities.
Hence, it became necessary to look for alternate models that
predict financial distress in non-manufacturing or emerging market

settings.
Some Alternate Models Predicting Financial Distress

The following are some alternate models that predict financial
distress:
The ZETA score5 enables banks to appraise the risks involved
in firms outside the manufacturing sector. The score is reported

to provide warning signals 35 years prior to bankruptcy
(against 2 years for Z score). It considers variables such as (a)

return on assets (ROA), (b) earnings stability, (c) debt service,
(d) cumulative profitability, (e) current ratio, (f) capitalisation and

(g) size of the business as indicated by total tangible assets. An
increase in the score is a positive signal.6
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Often, in emerging economies, it is not possible to build a model

based on a sample from that country because of the lack of
credit experience there. To deal with this problem, Altman,
Hartzell and Peck (1995) have modified the original Altman's
Z-score model to create the Emerging Market Scoring (EMS)

model.7 One such EMS model is the Emerging Markets
Corporate Bonds Scoring System.8 The model can be applied to

both manufacturing and non-manufacturing companies, as well
as privately held and publicly owned firms. In this case, an EM
score is first developed as being equal to 6.56X1 + 3.26X2 +
6.72X3 + 1.05X4 + 3.25, where +X1 is defined as working the

capital/total assets, +X2 is defined as retained earnings/total
assets, +X3 is defined as operating income/total assets and +X4

is defined as the book value of equity/total liabilities. The EM
score is modified based on critical factors such as the firm's
vulnerability to currency devaluation, its industry environment,
and its competitive position in the industry. The resulting analyst

modified rating is compared with the actual bond rating, if any,
and other special features such as high quality collateral or
guarantees, the sovereign rating, etc. should be factored in.

Assume, e.g., a firm with a high operating leverage.
When sales decline, sales/assets also declines. Because of

the high operating leverage, earnings before interest and
taxes (EBIT) falls, leading to a fall in the EBIT/assets ratio.

When EBIT falls, it drives down the retained earnings, and,
thus, the ratio of retained earning/total assets.
A fall in retained earnings is linked to the working capital

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and, therefore, the working capital/total assets fall.

The market does not perceive the declines in key ratios in a
favourable light, and the market value of equity falls. The
book value of debt remaining relatively unchanged, the ratio

market value of equity/book value of debt decreases.
The decline in market value of equity causes a dip in the firm

value and an increase in the financial leverage of the firm.
This implies higher financial risk to the firm, and, hence, a
higher probability of distress.
The above chain of events is encapsulated in a decline in

the Z score.
Influenced by the use of discriminant analysis in Altman's
model, subsequent researchers used logit analysis, probit
analysis and linear probability models to improve the accuracy

of predicting distress9.
The multinomial logit technique has been used to build models

to distinguish between financially distressed firms that survive
and financially distressed firms that ultimately go bankrupt.
Other researchers have proposed a gambler's ruin approach to

predict bankruptcies. This approach combines the net
liquidation value (total asset liquidation value less total liabilities)

with the net cash flows (cash inflows less cash outflows). Other
things being equal, the model predicts that the lower the net
liquidation value, the smaller the net cash flows, and the higher
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the volatility of these cash flows, the higher would be the

probability of firm failure.11
Neural networks12 are also increasingly being used in predicting

financial distress.
An illustrative list of warning signs that banks should look out for is
provided in Annexure I.
The Workout Function

A loan is considered impaired if, based on the current situation, it
appears probable that the bank will be unable to collect all the
amount due (both prinicipal and interest) from the borrower, in
accordance with the terms of the loan agreement. The purpose of

credit review and monitoring is to watch out for warning signals,
identify troubled or sick loans, document the findings, revise
credit ratings, if necessary, and, finally, classify the credit exposures

under the appropriate categories for purpose of making provisions
against expected losses.13
The aims of establishing a separate workout function are primarily

to examine whether the credit granted is performing as expected
and, if not performing according to expectations, classify problem
credits appropriately, and, second, to explore possible solutions to

resolve the problem. Generally, banks have two choices for the
workoutrestructure the problem loan or liquidate it.
The skills, procedures and processes necessary for running a

workout organization are fundamentally different from those
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relevant to credit appraisal, sanction and monitoring. The problem

loans are classified into appropriate risk categories, and the
workout procedure is decided. Though the line banker knows the

problem credit better, the loan workout department is constituted
with better expertise and experience in solving credit problems.
Banks without a separate workout function could see a rise in credit

defaults. If this happens, the quality of credit origination and
appraisal could also slacken.
An independent workout function must do well the following four

things14
It should establish clear rules for using a traditional workout

process. Sometimes, a lower-cost, streamlined collection
process via letters and phone calls would be sufficient to rectify

the default. Successful banks may have four or five separate
processes, depending on cost and potential for collection.
It should prioritize loan workout effort according to the urgency

of the situation, the possible economic impact and the
probability of success in order to achieve high recovery rates.

While it is necessary for loan workout to be reactive to
day-to-day crises, it is also equally important to set clear

priorities based on bottom-line impact.
The loan workout function should assemble the best skills. Each
situation will require a specific skill or combination of skills, such
as real estate, legal, credit assessment, financial analysis,
merchant banking, collateral evaluation and basic project
management among them. The bank's systems should allow for

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flexibility to build an appropriate team from internal or external

resources.
The loan workout should assess available alternatives using
analytically driven decision rules. The basic choices facing a
bankrestructuring, loan sales, foreclosures, or do nothing
should be evaluated according to the net present value (NPV)

of each option multiplied by its probability of success. Such
analyses should take into account all costs, including operating

and carrying costs, as well as ROA (if any).
Banks often centralize the workout function to ensure that state-
of-the-art methodologies are used to monitor overall risk response,

and to create an environment to improve decision making without
diffusing accountability. A well-designed central authority can
provide maintenance and monitoring of limit systems and portfolio
concentration; an early warning system authorized to place clients

on the watch list; industry and micro-economic analysis to identify
optimal portfolio composition and secondary market evaluation and

trading capability.
The workout officers examine the updated credit file, and meet with
the borrower to explore if the impaired credit can be revived and
the firm rehabilitated. If the firm's operations could be made viable
after restructuring, the loan will be restructured with modified terms

and some sacrifices on the part of the bank.
BANKS IN INDIACREDIT MONITORING AND REHABILITATION PROCESS
Debt Restructuring and Rehabilitation of Sick Firms in

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IndiaPast and Present

Companies on the verge of liquidation had to seek protection under
the Sick Industrial Companies (Special Provisions) Act, 1985,
administered by the Board for Industrial and Financial
Reconstruction (BIFR). As of 2001, debt restructuring in India could

be achieved through one of the two modescontractual or courtbased. Neither the contractual restructuring nor the court-based
restructuring automatically insulated the company against suits or
other action by creditors. Thus, BIFR though aimed at rehabilitating
industrial enterprises, failed to achieve its objective. Moreover, it did

not help banks and the financial institutions (FIs) to recover their
debts.
The process of restructuring and rehabilitation has been revamped

since 2003. We will see how the process operates in case of small
enterprises in this section. In Annexure II, we will see how these
guidelines are modified to suit small medium enterprises (SMEs)

and large corporate borrowers under the Corporate Debt
Restructuring (CDR) Scheme. Annexure III presents a case study

of how CDR works in practice.
Debt Restructuring/Rehabilitation of Small Enterprises15 Small

enterprises are defined as those whose investment in plant and
machinery (original cost) is more than Rs. 25 lakh but does not
exceed Rs. 5 crore, if engaged in manufacturing, and is between

Rs. 10 lakh and Rs. 2 crore, if engaged in services.16
The RBI's current definition17 of a sick firm is as follows:
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When any credit facility granted to the firm remains
substandard18 for more than 6 months, i.e., principal or interest

in respect of any credit facility has fallen due for payment and
remained unpaid for a period exceeding a year. (This
requirement of the overdue period exceeding 1 year will be

unchanged even if the current period requirements for
classification of an account as substandard, is reduced

subsequently.)
The firm's net worth is eroded due to accumulated cash losses

to the extent of 50 per cent of its net worth during the previous
accounting year.
The firm has been in commercial production for at least 2 years.

The central bank intends that the revised criteria would enable
banks to detect sickness at an early stage and facilitate corrective

action for revival of the firm.
An illustrative list of warning signals of incipient sickness is given as

follows:
Continuous irregularities in cash credit/overdraft accounts
inability to maintain stipulated margin on continuous basis, or

funds drawn from the account frequently exceeding sanctioned
limits, or periodical interest debited remaining unrealized.
Outstanding balance in cash credit account remaining
continuously at the maximum.
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Failure to make timely payment of installments of principal and

interest on term loans.
Complaints from suppliers of raw materials, water and power,

about non-payment of bills.
Non-submission or undue delay in submission or submission of

incorrect stock statements and other control statements.
Attempts to divert sale proceeds through accounts with other

banks.
Downward trends in credit summations.

Frequent return of cheques or bills.
Steep decline in production figures.
Downward trends in sales and fall in profits.
Rising level of inventories, which may include large proportion of
slow or non-moving items.
Larger and longer outstanding in receivables.

Longer period of credit allowed on sale documents negotiated
through the bank and frequent return by the customers of the
same; also allowing large discount on sales.
Failure to pay statutory liabilities.
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Diversion of bank funds for purposes other than running the

firm.
Not furnishing the required information/data on operations in

time and non co-operation or discrepancies noticed during
routine stock and other inspections by the bank.
Unreasonable/wide variations in sales/receivables levels.

Delay in meeting commitments towards payments of
installments due, crystallized liabilities under letters of credit or

bank guarantees.
Diverting/routing of receivables through non-lending banks.

The bank office familiar with the day-to-day operations in the
accounts exhibiting any of the above symptoms should be able to

grasp the significance of these warning signals and initiate timely
corrective measures. Such measures may include providing timely
financial assistance based on the assessed need, and seeking help

from the workout specialists at designated offices of the bank.
If restructuring or rehabilitation appears the better alternative, the
current guidelines stipulate that the rehabilitation package should
be fully implemented within 6 months or 90 days (in case of SME)

from the date the firm is declared as potentially viable/viable. A
firm will be considered potentially viable if, after implementing a
relief package from the lenders and government agencies, it is able

to service its debt obligations without the concessions extended for
rehabilitation, within a period of 5 years. The repayment period for
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restructured (past) debts should not exceed 7 years from the date
of implementation of the relief package. During the period of
identifying and implementing rehabilitation package, banks can
allow the sick firm to withdraw funds from the cash credit account at
least to the extent of deposit of sale proceeds by the firm. This is
called a holding operation, ensuring that the firm is not starved for
finance during the implementation period of the rehabilitation
package.
The viability and the rehabilitation of a sick firm would depend
primarily on the firm's ability to continue to service its repayment

obligations including the past restructured debts. It is, therefore,
essential to ensure that there is no write-off, or scaling down of debt

such as by reduction in rate of interest with retrospective effect,
except to the extent indicated in the guidelines.
The broad parameters for grant of relief and concessions for revival
of potentially viable sick SSI units are as follows: (also applicable to
MSME)
1. Term loans
Waive penal interest and additional charges, if any, during
the intervening period between the account turning sick and

determination of the relief package.
The interest rate on the term loan may be reduced, if
necessary, by not more than 2 per cent below the contracted

rate. The unpaid interest from the date of cash losses is to
be segregated and funded. No interest is to be charged on
the funded interest loan, whose repayment should be made

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within 3 years of implementation of the rehabilitation

programme.
Any unadjusted interest, such as interest charged between
the date of preparation of the rehabilitation package and its

actual implementation may also be funded on the above
terms.
Any fresh term loans sanctioned for revival of the firm will
carry an interest rate at the prevailing prime lending rate of

the bank.
It is to be noted that, other than penal interest, no interest or
principal write off is permitted. The reduced interest rates are

only prospective for the period of rehabilitation. Banks
reserve the right to claim the interest sacrificed once the

firm revives and turns healthy.
2. Cash credit accounts
Waive penal interest and additional charges, if any, during
the intervening period between the account turning sick and

determination of the relief package.
Interest charged to the cash credit account, but remaining
unpaid, may be segregated to be repaid within 35 years (up

to 7 years in exceptional cases). This is called funded
interest, and can be extended as a term loan without
interest. It is noteworthy that this funded interest is a clean

loan (without any security backing), and represents income
that the bank should have earned. Therefore, the recovery of

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funded interest should be monitored closely. No interest is to

be charged on the funded interest loan. Any unadjusted
interest, such as interest charged between the date of
preparation of the rehabilitation package and its actual
implementation may also be funded on the above terms.

Typically, a sick firm will exhibit an unsecured (called
irregular) portion in the cash credit account, which is not
backed by prime security. This portion is to be converted into

a working capital term loan (WCTL),19 to be repaid within 5
years. Where such WCTL is present, the interest is to be
charged at 1.5 per cent below the prevailing. Illustration 7.1

would clarify the methodology.
3. Cash losses: Even after the rehabilitation package is
implemented, the firm may continue to incur cash losses, till the
cash break even is reached. These cash losses can also be
funded by the bank and by other participating institutions.
4. Additional working capital : The firm being rehabilitated
requires working capital for carrying on operations. The bank
will have to assess the working capital needs as for any other
borrower (as explained in Chapter 5), but can grant the credit at
1.5 per cent below the prime lending rate.
5. Contingency assistance: Some firms under rehabilitation may

require financing for additional capital expenditure. If the bank
finds this reasonable, up to 15 per cent of the rehabilitation cost
can be provided as contingency assistance at the same reduced

rate as for the working capital.
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The outstanding advance in the cash credit account of a
borrower firm on the date of implementation of the rehabilitation
package is Rs. 60 lakhs. The drawing power (DP) evidenced by

the stock statements, as well as the actual stocks available to
cover the advance is Rs. 20 lakhs. The firm started incurring
cash losses continuously since 2004. The total interest charged

in the account since April 2004 up to the implementation of the
relief package is Rs. 32 lakhs.
Step 1
Compare the outstanding advance on the date of
implementation of the relief package with the DP on that date.

The difference is the irregularity in the cash credit account.
Thus,
a. Outstanding advance on date of
Rs. 60 lakhs
b. Less: Drawing power available
Rs. 20 lakhs
rehabilitation
c. Total irregularity on date of
implementation (AB)
Rs. 40 lakhs
Step 2
Compute the interest charged to the cash credit account from
the year the firm started showing continuous cash losses, up to

the date of the relief package. If this interest exceeds the total
irregularity in Step 1, the entire irregularity in the account is to
be treated as interest irregularity and converted into a funded

interest term loan (FITL). If less, the amount by which the total
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irregularity exceeds the interest irregularity would be treated as

unsecured principal, and converted into a WCTL.
d. Interest charged from the year of
Rs. 32 lakhs
e. Difference to be treated as principal
Rs. 8 lakhs
f. The interest irregularity portion to be
Rs. 32 lakhs
g. The principal irregularity portion to
Rs. 8 lakhs
cash losses
irregularity (CD)
converted into FITL
be converted into WCTL
6. Start-up expenses and margin for working capital: The

liquidity problems of the ailing firm may have necessitated
deferring payments to pressing creditors or even statutory
liabilities. Once the firm commences operations under the
rehabilitation package, ensuring uninterrupted supply of raw

material and other services becomes imperative to continue
operations. The bank and other institutions funding the relief
package can pay off pressing creditors and statutory liabilities,

and treat such payments as part of term loans for start up.20
These term loans will carry interest at 1.5 per cent below the
prime lending rate.
7. Promoters contribution: The success of rehabilitation

depends on the total involvement of all capital providers
lenders and equity holders. Hence, the promoters of the firm
will have to evidence their involvement with the rehabilitation by

infusion of fresh long-term funds into the firm. Such fresh
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infusion cannot be less than 20 per cent (generally 30 per cent

is preferred) of the assessed long-term requirement of funds,
including the monetary value of interest sacrificed by banks,
other lending institutions and the government, wherever
applicable. At least 50 per cent of the promoters equity has to
be brought in on the date of implementation of the rehabilitation,

while the remaining amount can be brought in within the
following 6 months, or as negotiated by the package. If the firm
had turned sick due to diversion of funds by the promoters, the

amount of such diverted funds should be compensated by the
promoters within a stipulated period.
8. Relief and concessions from other agencies/institutions:

Apart from banks and other lenders, rehabilitation calls for
sacrifices from the state and central governments, as well as the

management of beleaguered firm itself. An indicative list of such
relief measures is provided in Box 7.2.
State Government
(a) Sales tax loans at low rates of interest; (b) government
guarantee for fresh advances from the bank; (c) preferential
treatment for power supply, and uninterrupted power supply; (d)
rescheduling of payments due for power; (e) duties/levies of the
state government waived or provided at a concession; (f) speedier
resolution of labour disputes; (g) market support for products to be

produced by the firm under rehabilitation and (h) equity
contribution, wherever possible.
Central Government
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(a) Exemption from or reduction of central excise; (b) for firms
operating in industries catering to public interest, budgetary support

through equity or interest free loans and (c) adequate market
support and price preferences.
Sacrifices from the management

(a) Waiver or reduction of remuneration; (b) foregoing interest on
loans made to the firm; (c) agreeing to reconstitution of board, if
necessary; and (d) agreeing for additional collateral.
Sacrifice from labour
(a) Agreeing to retrenchment of surplus workers; (b) phasing out
retrenchment compensation and (c) agreeing not to make fresh
demands till the firm is rehabilitated.
Rights of the Rehabilitating Bank There are two important rights

of the bank rehabilitating a sick firmthe right of review and the
right of recompense.
The Right of Review enables the bank to re-assess the
assumptions under which the rehabilitation has been embarked
upon, and revise conditions of sanction if the actual cash flows of

the firm are different from the expected cash flows. For example,
the bank can revise the interest rates upward (since they have
been lowered to aid the rehabilitation process) if the cash flows

from the firm justify the increase.
The Right of Recompense entitles the bank to recoup the interest

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and other monetary sacrifices made by the bank, once the firm is
rehabilitated, and begins generating adequate positive cash flows.

Cases Where Rehabilitation Should not be Considered Firms
turning sick due to factors like mismanagement, willful default,
unauthorized diversion of funds and disputes among
partners/promoters should not be considered for rehabilitation and

steps should be taken for recovery of bank's dues. The categories
of willful default will broadly cover the following:
Deliberate non-payment of dues to the bank despite adequate

cash flow and net worth.
Siphoning off funds by managers/promoters to the detriment of

the defaulting firm.
Assets intended to be financed from bank funds either have not

been purchased or have been sold and proceeds have been
diverted for other purposes without the bank's knowledge.
Misrepresentation/falsification of records or financial statements.

Disposal/removal of securities without bank's knowledge.
Fraudulent transactions by the borrower.
The views of the lending banks in regard to willful mismanagement
of funds/defaults will be treated as final.
Monitoring by the StatesState Level Inter-Institutional

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Committees
In order to deal with the problems of co-ordination for rehabilitation
of sick Micro and Small (MSE) units, State Level Inter-institutional
Committees (SLIICs) have been set up in all the states. The
meetings of these committees are convened by regional offices of

the RBI and presided over by the Secretary, Industry of the
concerned state government. It provides a useful forum for
adequate interfacing between the state government officials and

state level institutions on the one side and the term lending
institutions and banks on the other. It closely monitors timely
sanction of working capital to units, which have been provided term

loans by SFCs, implementation of special schemes such as Margin
Money Scheme of state governments, National Equity Fund
Scheme of SIDBI and reviews general problems faced by industries

and sickness in the MSE sector based on the data furnished by
banks. Among others, the representatives of the local state level
MSE associations are invited to the meetings of the SLIICs, which

are held quarterly. A sub-committee of the SLIIC looks into the
problems of individual sick units and submits its recommendations

to the forum for consideration.
Debt-Restructuring Mechanism for SMEs

Annexure II outlines the process of Corporate Debt Restructuring
(CDR). Similarly, detailed guidelines have been formulated for
restructuring of SMEs. The guidelines are applicable to potentially
viable SMEsboth corporate and non-corporate. However, SMEs

guilty of fraud or willful default, or those classified as loss assets
(described in the following chapter), will not be considered for
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restructuring.
Credit management in a bank consists of two distinct
processesbefore and after the credit sanction is made. A

sound credit review process is necessary for the long-term
sustenance of the bank. Once a credit is granted, it is the
responsibility of the business unit, along with a credit
administration support team, to ensure that the credit limit is
being operated well. Once the credit is disbursed, credit flies,

financial information and other information will have to be
updated periodically, and the account monitored, to ensure that

the debt is serviced on time. The monitoring policy need not be
uniform, and can instead provide more frequent reviews and
financial updates for riskier clients.
When a borrower turns sick, the bank will have to investigate

(a) the reasons for sickness, and whether remedial measures
can revive the ailing firm; (b) the rationale for categorizing the
borrower as sick; (c) the risks involved in rehabilitating the
borrowing firm and (d) in case the bank decides to rehabilitate,

the requirements for such revival in the form of additional
financing, government support, management inputs or upgraded

technology.
It is crucial for lending banks to be able to identify the signals of
financial distress, detect them early enough and initiate remedial

action, so that bank funds do not turn irrecoverable.
The model to predict financial distress of firms most popular with

bankers and analysts, apart from ad hoc models, is the Altman's
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Z-score model. Since it has been thoroughly tested and widely
accepted, the model scores over various others that have been
subsequently developed and used for predicting bankruptcy.
The aims of establishing a separate workout function are
primarily to examine whether the credit granted is performing as

expected and if not performing according to expectations,
classify problem credits appropriately, and second, to explore
possible solutions to resolve the problem. Generally, banks have

two choices for the workoutrestructure the problem loan or
liquidate it.
The RBI has proposed various rehabilitation/workout schemes
for Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises, (MSME) as well as for

large corporate borrowers (CDR).
1. An over-levered Firm A, financed by Bank X, started making
cash losses. Bank X found the firm potentially viable and hence
decided to rehabilitate the firm. One year after implementation
of the rehabilitation package, the following developments were

noticed in the firm's financial statements.
1. Firm A generated quite a large amount of cash in that year

2. Total current liabilities of Firm A decreased
3. There was a fall in the amount of long-term assets
Give the reasons for the above phenomena

2. Why is it a prudent policy to separate credit appraisal and
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sanctioning from the workout function?

3. You are the banker to Firm B and notice the following features of
the firm's cash flows. Explain how each of these observations
could endanger the bank's ability to collect its dues from Firm B.
1. The firm has used the money given by your bank for working
capital to buy plant and machinery.
2. The firm's COC and ROA is 15 per cent

3. Notes to accounts shows considerable exposure to
currency and interest rate swaps, to hedge the firm's export

activity
4. Notes to accounts shows a large possible write down in
asset value, which has not been carried out in the current
year
5. The firm's contingent liabilities are almost equal to the firm's

balance sheet size
6. The firm's operations also show investments in joint ventures

and off balance sheet special-purpose vehicles
7. The firm had taken over a firm in the same line of activity a
year ago
8. The firm has certain long-term contract deals for which

revenue is getting booked in the current year
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What is the function of MIS in credit management? What kind of

control systems should a bank have to ensure that credit
management is done in a proper manner?
What are the circumstances under which the lender may fail to
perform a financial analysis of the borrower? Why is financial
analysis so vital to credit management?
Develop a checklist for credit reviews in a typical bank.

WARNING SIGNS THAT BANKS SHOULD LOOK OUT FORAN
ILLUSTRATIVE CHECKLIST
Warning Signs Endogenous to the Firm

1. Management related
Lacks technical expertise for the project/running the firm

Failure to control costs
Poor capacity utilization
Improper inventory and receivables management
accumulation of inventory, inefficient collection machinery

Inability to anticipate problems and take effective remedial
measures
Failure to anticipate competition, and loss of competitive

edge
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Diversion of funds, siphoning off funds by management for

personal or uses other than for the business
Indulging in fraudulent or speculative transactions, such as
hoarding of finished goods in anticipation of a price increase,

clandestine sale of goods at a premium
Disagreements/conflicts among promoters/directors/

managers
Improper delegation of duties, or one person dominating

decision-making
Owners have stake in more than one business, and they no

longer take pride in the business the bank has financed
Managers salaries show sharp reduction
Management is unwilling to provide budgets, projects or
interim information
The owners/managers of the firm do not know the present
position the firm is in, and in what direction it has to head in

the future
Frequent changes in senior management

The Board of Directors does not participate effectively.
Management lacks depth
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Resignation of key personnel

Non-compliance with covenants or excessive negotiation of
covenants
Management not able to or unwilling to explain unusual

off-balance sheet items
Visits by the bank to the borrowing firm's place of business

reveals deterioration in the general appearance of the
premises
2. Technology related
Adopting processes that have not been tested on a
commercial scale, or requiring major modifications after

implementation
Choice of obsolete process or technology

Wrong choice of technology or collaborationone that may
not be suited to or succeed in the conditions prevailing in the

country/state where the firm is located.
Unsuitable or non-optimal location of the firm

Design of plant of an uneconomic size
Choice of faulty or unsuitable equipment, without verifying
the credentials and capacity of the supplier
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Production bottlenecks arising from improper balancing of

plant and equipment
Inadequate maintenance of plant and machinery, leading to

frequent breakdowns and production losses
Unusually high production wastages
Failure to take cognizance of environmental factors while
locating the firm
Inadequate quality control procedures, leading to product

rejections by customers
Inappropriate choice of product mix while deciding on plant

and machinery
Factory operating well below capacity

Adoption of obsolete production methods
3. Product related
Overestimation of demand for products of the firm

Orders slowing down in comparison with previous years, and
in relation to the orders received by competitors
The borrower changes suppliers frequently
Inventory to one customer increases
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Concentration shifts from major well-known customer to one

of lesser stature
The firm loses an important supplier or customer.

Demand for product falls
Obsolete product distribution methods are still adopted by
the firm
The firm still supplies to troubled customers and industries

The product is priced improperly
Increasing sales discounts or sales returns
Large orders have been booked at fixed prices under
inflationary conditions
Ineffective marketing set up

Unscrupulous sales and purchase practices
Improper launch of new products
Overestimation of demand for products, both existing and
new
4. Financial management related
Underestimating project costs at the time of project planning

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and implementation
Inadequate working capital due to diversion of funds or faulty
estimation of requirements
Inappropriate costing methods for product pricing.

Financial risk due to high leverage
A liberal dividend policy even under adverse circumstances
Application of bank funds for purposes other than those for
which they were intended
Deferring payment of payables and creditors frequently.

Unusual items appear in the financial statements
Negative trends in key indicators such as sales, gross and
net profits
Slow down in collection of accounts receivables, and

increase in the age of debtors
Where the owners have multiple businesses, intercompany

payables and receivables are not being explained
satisfactorily
Substantial reduction in cash balances, overdrawn cash
balances or uncollected cash during normally liquid periods

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Inability to avail of trade discounts, either because of poor
inventory turnover or the supplier refusing trade discounts

Deferred payment of statutory liabilities
Creditors are not completely paid out at the end of the
working capital cycle
Interim results either not provided at all or provided

incomplete
Late release of financial statements to banks and investors

Suppliers cut back favourable terms
Accumulation of creditors and debtors, with no satisfactory
explanation from the borrower
Large and frequent loans are made to or from managers and

affiliates
The bank overestimates the seasonal peaks and troughs,

and lends excessively
The firm is unable to repay bank debt from internal
generation, and rotates or restructures bank debt for

repayment
Large customers creditworthiness has not been investigated

by the firm
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The firm has over-expanded without adequate working

capital
Financial controls are weak

Excessive investment in fixed assets, not matched by sales
and profit growth
Sale proceeds from fixed assets and other securities used to

fund working capital
Sale of a profitable division or product line

The firm has not been making deposits in trust funds in time,
such as pension and provident funds
There are unexplained significant variances in key result

areas as compared to the previous years or budget
The credit limits are always utilized to the brim, and the firm
approaches the bank frequently for ad hoc increases in
credit limits
Increase in off-balance sheet investments, not adequately

explained by the management
Warning Signs Exogenous to the Firm

1. At the project implementation stage
Currency riskif the project depends heavily on imported

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equipment. Adverse changes in exchange rates may result

in steep increases in the project cost
Upward revision of import duties or excise duties may

escalate the project cost
Delay in receipt of approvals for the project from the

government and other statutory bodies
Delay in sanction of term loans from FIs and banks.

Force major eventsacts of God
2. At the production stage
Non-availability or limited availability of raw material and

other inputs
Power cuts
Transport bottlenecks
Delay in supply of critical components by subcontractors
Bottlenecks arising from monsoons and other acts of God
Technological innovation may lead to production process
becoming obsolete
3. At the sales/marketing stage
Delay in commissioning downstream projects intended for

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purchase of project's output

Withdrawal or reduction in the degree of protection by the
government
Market is saturated since the entry barriers are low and

competition is catching up
Price undercutting by other established firms with more

financial muscle
Availability of cheaper substitutes in the market

General economic downturn
4. Financial Management
Non-availability of adequate credit from banks due to policy

measures of the central bank/government
Inordinate delay in release of adequate funding by banks

and other funding agencies
1. Morton Glantz. Managing Bank Risk, Chapter 9, pp. 299330

(Academic Press, 2003) USA.
2. RBI, Guidelines for Rehabilitation of Sick Small Scale Industrial

Units, dated 16 January 2002.
SMALL/MEDIUM ENTERPRISE AND CORPORATE DEBT RESTRUCTURING

IN INDIA
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Debt-Restructuring Mechanism for SMEs21Salient Features

The RBI defines an SME22 as a small/medium enterprise with
investment in plant and machinery between Rs. 25 lakh and Rs. 10

crore if in the manufacturing activity, and between Rs. 10 lakh and
Rs. 5 crore if engaged in providing services.
Who Is Eligible? Non-corporate and corporate SMEs, who are
viable or potentially viable, are eligble irrespective of their level of

borrowings from a single bank or multiple banks.
Who Is Not Eligible? The following are the ones not eligible:
SMEs who are involved in wilful default, fraud and malfeasance.
SMEs classified by banks as loss assets.
Viability Benchmark The rehabilitated firm should turn financially
viable in 7 years, with the repayment period for the restructured
debt not exceeding 10 years.
How Do We Treat Restructured Accounts? Standard assets

would not be downgraded to sub-standard merely due to the
restructuring or principal installments, provided that the borrowing

firm's outstanding advances are fully backed by tangible security.
Similarly, a standard asset would not downgrade if the present
value of interest sacrifice is either written off or provision made for

the entire amount of sacrifice.
Similarly, sub-standard or doubtful assets would remain in the

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same category provided that the borrower's advances outstanding

are fully covered by tangible security, and the present value of the
interest sacrifice is written off or provided for.
Additional finance provided for rehabilitation would be treated as

standard asset in all cases up to a period of 1 year.
Time Frame for Workout The restructuring package will have to
be implemented by the bank within a maximum period of 60 days

from the date of borrower's request for rehabilitation.
Review On a quarterly basis.
Disclosure Banks should disclose in their annual reports, under
Notes on Accounts, the total amount of assets under restructuring

during the year, classified as standard, substandard and doubtful.
Out of Court Settlement Out of court settlement (OTS) can be
implemented for recovery of non-performing assets below Rs. 10

crores.
Corporate Debt Restructuring [CDR]23Salient Features

The CDR Scheme, originally proposed in 2001, was revised for
implementation in 2002 based on the recommendations made by

the Working Group under the Chairmanship of Shri Vepa
Kamesam, Deputy Governor, RBI.
Objectives of the Scheme The objectives of the scheme are
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Ensuring timely and transparent mechanism for restructuring
debts of those corporate entities facing problems, for the benefit

of all concerned.
Preserving viable corporate entities affected by internal and

external factors.
Minimizing losses to creditors and other stakeholders through

an orderly and coordinated restructuring programme.
Features The features of the scheme are as follows:
The scheme operates as a voluntary, non-statutory system.
It covers all corporate borrowing accounts, whether under
multiple banking, syndication or consortium arrangements.
However, it will not apply to accounts involving only one FI/bank.

It is based on the principle of super majority.
It is applicable to accounts where the minimum outstanding
credit exposure is over Rs. 10 crores.24
Cases pending under the BIFR and the Debt Recovery Tribunal
are also considered for CD, if such accounts are very large and
have been recommended by the CDR Core Group
Cases of willful default, frauds and malfeasance are excluded

from the CDR scheme.
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Two categories of debt restructuring are provided. Accounts
classified as standard and sub-standard in the books of the
lenders, will be restructured under the first category (Category
1). Accounts that are classified as doubtful in the books of the

lenders would be restructured under the second category
(Category 2).
The accounts where recovery suits have been filed by the
lenders against the company, may be eligible for consideration

under the CDR system provided, the initiative to resolve the
case under the CDR system is taken by at least 75 per cent of

the lenders (by value). In addition, the supporting creditors
should constitute at least 60 per cent of the number of
creditors.25
OTS would be allowed under the revised guidelines (2005) to

make the exit option more flexible.
Details of CDR during the year should be disclosed in the

banks financial statements under Notes on Accounts.
The accounting treatment of accounts restructured under CDR

system, including accounts classified as doubtful under
Category 2 CDR, would be governed by the prudential norms

indicated in RBI's Master Circular dated 30 March 2001.
The Methodology The methodology is similar to the rehabilitation
schemes operated for SSI sector (see Section II of the chapter) and
the SME sector.
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Extending the repayment period of loans

Converting the unserviced interest portion into term loans
Reducing the rate of interest on outstanding advances
The CDR Structure The mechanism operates with a three-tier
structure, consisting of the following.
The CDR standing forum: The CDR standing forum would be

the representative general body of all FIs and banks
participating in the CDR system. It is suggested by the RBI that

all FIs and banks should participate in the system in their own
interest. The CDR standing forum will be a self-empowered
body, which will lay down policies and guidelines and monitor
the progress of CDR. The forum will also provide an official
platform for both creditors and borrowers (by consultation) to

amicably and collectively evolve policies and guidelines for
working out debt-restructuring plans in the interests of all
stakeholders. A CDR core group will be carved out of the CDR

standing forum to assist the forum in convening the meetings
and taking decisions relating to policy, on behalf of the forum.
The CDR core group would lay down the policies and guidelines
to be followed by the CDR empowered group and CDR cell for
debt restructuring. These guidelines shall also suitably address

the operational difficulties experienced in the functioning of the
CDR empowered group. The CDR core group shall also
prescribe the timelines for processing of cases referred to the

CDR system and decide on the modalities for enforcement of
the time frame. The CDR core group shall also lay down
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guidelines to ensure that over-optimistic projections are not
assumed while preparing/approving restructuring proposals.

The CDR empowered group: This group is the decision-
making body for individual cases of restructuring. If the group
decides, after studying the preliminary feasibility report, that the

restructuring is feasible and the borrower firm is potentially
viable, the detailed restructuring package will be worked out by

the CDR cell along with the lead lending institution. The time
frame allowed for the decision to restructure is 90 days, which,

at a maximum, can be 180 days. While approving the
restructuring package, the group will also indicate acceptable

viability benchmarks such as, ROCE (return on capital
employed), DSCR (debt service coverage ratio), the gap
between the IRR (internal rate of return) and the COC, and the
extent of sacrifice. If restructuring is not found viable at this
stage, the creditors would be free to initiate recovery
proceedings.
The CDR cell: The CDR standing forum and the CDR
empowered group will be assisted by a CDR cell in all their

functions. The cell will carry out the initial appraisal of the
rehabilitation proposals received from borrowers/lenders, and

make its recommendations to the CDR empowered group,
within 1 month. If restructuring is found feasible, the CDR cell
will prepare a detailed rehabilitation plan with the help of lenders

and, if necessary, outside experts. If restructuring is not
considered feasible, the lenders may start action for recovery of

their dues.
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The Legal Issues The legal issues are as follows:

The debtor-creditor agreement (DCA) and the intercreditor
agreement (ICA) provide the legal basis to the CDR
mechanism.
All participants in the CDR mechanism through their
membership of the standing forum shall have to enter into a
legally binding agreement, with necessary enforcement and
penal clauses, to operate the system through laid-down policies

and guidelines.
The ICA signed by the creditors will be initially valid for a period
of 3 years and subject to renewal for further periods of 3 years,
thereafter. It is to be noted that foreign lenders are not a part of
the CDR system.
An important element of the DCA is the stand-still agreement

binding on both parties for 90 days or 180 days. Under this
clause, both parties commit to a standstillimplying that the

parties would not resort to any other legal action during this
period.
However, the standstill clause will not be applicable to criminal

action against any of the counterparties. Further, during the
standstill period, issues like outstanding foreign exchange
forward contracts, and derivative products can be crystallized,
provided the borrower is agreeable to such crystallization. The

borrower will additionally undertake that during the stand-still
period the documents will stand extended for the purpose of
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limitation and also that he will not approach any other authority
for any relief and the directors of the borrowing company will not
resign from the Board.
CASE STUDIES: DEBT RESTRUCTURED UNDER CDR
A Look at how the Scheme has Worked in India

The data in Tables 7.1 and 7.2 show that the scheme has worked
quite well so far. At the end of March 2009, 184 companies were
being restructured under the scheme, with an outstanding debt of

about Rs. 86,536 crores.
Of these, the iron and steel sector has accounted for a lion's share
of about 36 per cent. This is primarily due to CDR Group having
approved the debt restructuring of three steel majors, Essar Steel,

Jindal Vijaynagar Steel and Ispat Industries, through the CDR
mechanism.
In this annexure, we will also study how two companies could turn
round in a short span aided by a package under the CDR Scheme.

TABLE 7.1 CASES UNDER CDR (STATUS OF PROPOSALS
REFERRED TO CDR AS ON 31 DECEMBER 2009)
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Source: http://www.cdrindia.org
TABLE 7.2 INDUSTRYWISE DISTRIBUTION OF APPROVED
CASES UNDER CDR (AS ON 31 MARCH 2009)
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Source: http://www.cdrindia.org
Case Study I: India Cements Ltd
Need for Restructuring When India Cements Ltd submitted a
CDR proposal to the FIs at the end of 2002, it had stated that the
bunching up of debt repayments over the next few years and
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inadequate cash flow generation was making it difficult for the

company to meet its obligations.
On 31 March 2002, India Cements total outstanding debt was Rs.

1,793 crores made up of Rs. 447 crores of term loans, Rs. 759
crores of debentures, Rs. 164 crores of short-term unsecured
loans, Rs. 363 crores of working capital cash credit/overdraft and

Rs. 60 crores of public deposits. With earnings before interest,
depreciation, tax and amortization of Rs. 83 crores, it would have
been hardly able to meet its debt and preference capital obligations
of Rs. 729 crores for the year (including repayment and interest).
India Cements Debt Restructuring India Cements mandated
HSBC Securities and Capital Markets (India) Pvt. Ltd as exclusive

adviser in the restructuring process. As part of the
debt-restructuring exercise, India Cements agreed to divest its
entire stake in Visaka Cement Industry Ltd. and other non-core

assets, which expected to yield Rs. 410 crores net of debt and
interest outstanding of Rs. 190 crores in Visaka.
The Debt-Restructuring Proposal26 According to the
debt-restructuring proposal, India Cements would use the proceeds

from the sale of Visaka Cement to settle the debt in that company
and then settle certain loans and interest and pressing creditors. It
also created a contingency fund to meet any shortfall in Visaka's
divestment realization. The balance bank borrowings were to be
restructured along with term debt such that the entire outstanding
debt had a moratorium of 3 years on principal repayments, with an

overall tenor of 10 years for principal and interest payments and a
yield to maturity of 11 per cent, achieved through a ballooning of
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interest rates from 2 per cent for FY2003 to 50 per cent for FY2012.
Accordingly, the debt repayment schedule of India Cements and
Visaka together was estimated at Rs. 779 crores in 20022003, Rs.

449 crores in 20032004, Rs. 459 crores in 20042005, Rs. 500
crores in 20052006, Rs. 206 crores in 20062007 and Rs. 116
crores in 20072008. However, the projected operating cash flows

for these years, at Rs. 31 crores, Rs. 117 crores, Rs. 215 crores,
Rs. 371 crores, Rs. 470 crores and Rs. 376 crores for 20072008,
indicated the company's inability to meet its debt obligations.
Post-restructuring, India Cements expected to register a net loss of

Rs. 57 crores for 20022003, and a net profit of Rs. 7 crores the
next year. The net profit was projected to increase to Rs. 31 crores
in 20042005, Rs. 75 crores in 20052006, Rs. 52 crores in
20062007, Rs. 26 crores in 20072008, Rs. 14 crores in
20082009, Rs. 10 crores in 20092010, Rs. 20 crores in
20102011 and Rs. 42 crores in 20112012.
Plan Under the CDR27 In a debt-restructuring plan cleared by the

CDR Forum of FIs and banks, the company had committed to the
following:
Sell off its non-core assets by March 2004, including ICL
Shipping Ltd and real estate assets, to raise about Rs. 60

crores.
Cut 1,000 jobs through a voluntary retirement scheme costing

Rs. 50 crores, but estimated to save Rs. 10 crores per year.
Two-year moratorium on repayments.
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Back-ended payments after the 2-year period with interest rates

under different categories ranging between 3 per cent and 18.5
per cent.
The Rs. 1,706 crores debt-restructuring proposal was cleared by 30

odd lenders comprising banks and FIs, the progress of which would
be monitored by Industrial Development Bank of India.
As per the debt-restructuring proposal approved by the lenders, the

cut-off date for the package was 1 January 2003. All debts
excluding deposits from the public would be restructured. There
would be multiple options available to the lenders with different exit

options and yields. Additional working capital would be released to
the company on assessing requirements.
India Cements Today-Post-CDR28 Partly due to the restructuring

and partly due to the booming cement market, India Cements has
managed to post record profits up to December 2009. Table 7.3
shows the progress.
The net profit of Rs. 112.59 crores for the quarter ended 30 June
2006 is the highest ever profit made by the company. The good
demand for cement and the favourable prices are expected to last
for about 23 years, according to the company sources. Aided by
this trend, the company wiped out its accumulated losses by the
third quarter of 2006.
At the time of restructuring, the company's total debt stood at Rs.
1,280 crores, of which about Rs. 500 crores would come under the
CDR scheme. India Cements hoped to repay a substantial portion
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of this high-cost debt during the year, thus, bringing down its
average cost of borrowings from 10.5 per cent. The debt equity
stood at 1.4 in March 2007, and fell to 0.6 in March 2009.
TABLE 7.3 INDIA CEMENTSKEY FINANCIALINDICATORS

QUARTERS ENDED JUNE2005 AND 2006
Source: www.indiacements.co.in
CASE STUDY II : PRIVATE EQUITY AND CDR
Kitply Industries29
When India Debt Management, a group company of Hong
Kong-based ADM Capital, infused Rs. 120 crores of private equity
into the ailing Kitply Industries in April 2008, it heralded a new trend
in the CDR mechanism. It signified not only restructuring but also a
change of management at the plywood firm that owns the popular
brand Kitply.
The private equity funds brought in will be used partly to repay the
lenders to Kitply and partly to revive its operations. The company
had outstanding loans of Rs. 500 crores to about 15 lenders. The

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company's operations were hit due to an earlier slowdown in the

economy and a family dispute over management control.
The restructuring of Kitply was referred in 2006 to the CDR forum.

The restructuring package proposes that Rs. 7580 crores would
be used to repay the lenders, while the balance Rs. 4045 crores
would be infused as equity into the company. While some of the
lenders have already sold their loans to Asset Restructuring
Company of India (Arcil), other lenders like ICICI Bank, SBI and
IFCI would continue as lenders. Loans to the company are backed

by 1,500 acres of land in Raipur, where the plant is also located.
Lenders would be issued non-convertible debentures of Rs. 40
crores. Pawan Goenka, the promoter, would bring in about Rs. 10
crores. In the wake of private equity infusion, shareholding pattern

of Kitply Industries will change. Restructuring the company's
outstanding bank debt would be done by Kotak Mahindra Bank.
22-08-2015 00:52

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07 - Credit Monitoring, Sickness and Rehabilitation

07 - Credit Monitoring, Sickness and

Analyse whether to nurse or not to nurse

The Need for Credit Review and Monitoring

loan is disbursed to the borrower, it is important to ensure that the

07 - Credit Monitoring, Sickness and Rehabilitation

Loan review helps in the following:

responsibility of the business unit, along with a credit administration

credit files, financial information and other information are updated

An effective credit monitoring system will have to include measures

The bank should periodically obtain and scrutinize the current

Systems should be in place to ensure that covenants are

07 - Credit Monitoring, Sickness and Rehabilitation

The system should periodically ensure that the security

Payment defaults under the loan contract should be immediately

Loans with the potential to run into problems should be

While individual borrowers should be subjected to intense

monitoring, banks also need to put in place a system for monitoring

It is seen that many problem credits reveal basic weaknesses in the

external factors such as the economy or the specific industry. It also

instead provide more frequent reviews and financial updates for

transactions, review and monitoring time could be allocated to high

The structure of the credit review process would have to

periodically examine the assumptions on which every loan was

changed materially enough to endanger the debt-servicing capacity

07 - Credit Monitoring, Sickness and Rehabilitation

Developments in the economy that may have an impact on the

Developments in the industry or sector in which the borrower

The borrower's financial health. Is the credit adequate? Has the

The borrower's payment record in this and other loans so far.

The completeness of loan documentation, and developments in

Adherence to loan covenants. Is there a danger of violating one

Some borrowers may default on debt service due to factors out of

Central banks of most countries have devised country-specific

definitions and control systems to tackle sick borrowers. There are

07 - Credit Monitoring, Sickness and Rehabilitation

Sickness at birththe project itself has become infeasible either

Induced sicknesscaused by management in competencies or

Genuine sicknesswhere the circumstances leading to

sickness are beyond the borrowers control, and has happened

and (d) in case the bank decides to rehabilitate, the requirements

assets, the firm would be unable to meet its current liabilities. An

07 - Credit Monitoring, Sickness and Rehabilitation

value of liabilities exceeds the market value of assets. The result is

fundamental changes in the way firms do business, to sweeping

changes in the economy, industry and markets. The reasons could

Lending banks would, therefore, be concerned with tackling the

What are the signals of financial distress?

remedial action, so that bank funds do not turn irrecoverable?

07 - Credit Monitoring, Sickness and Rehabilitation

Financial Distress ModelsThe Altman's Z Score

past data to forecast values of dependent variables. Discriminant

analysis classifies data into predetermined groups by generating an

from ad hoc models, is the Altman's3 Z-score model. Since it has

The discriminant function Z was found to be:

X1 = working capital/total assets (%)

X2 = retained earnings/total assets (%)

X4 = market value of equity/book value of debt (%)

The firm is classified as financially sound if Z> 2.99 and financially

corporate financeoperating leverage and asset utilization. A high

results in a relatively large change in net operating income. Lenders

07 - Credit Monitoring, Sickness and Rehabilitation

leveragethey should be convinced that the borrowers can